I !

. .

New Mexico B u r e a u of Mines & Mineral R e s o u r c e s

O p e n - F i l e R e p o r t 86

HYDROGEOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE

SOCORRO LANDFILL SITE BY

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES

AND MINERAL RESOURCES

William J. Stone and R o y W. zoster

D e c e m b e r , 1977 ..”

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Results of Auger-Hole Investigations . . . . . . . . . 1 Water-Well Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

General Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Results of Chemical Analyses . . . . . . . . . . 6 .

Ground-Water Table and ?qovement . . . . . . . . . . . 11

References Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Appendix A: Results of Textural Analyses . . . . . . . 19 Appendix B: Trilinear Plot of Dissolved Solids . . . . 6 2

INTRODUCTION

Operations a t t h e S o c o r r o s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l b e g a n i n O c t o b e r , 1 9 7 7 .

The l a n d f i l l s i te i s i n a t r i b u t a r v o f Nogal Arroyo located northwest

o f t he C i ty o f Socorro Bldg. a t Escondida. Most o f t he ope ra t ion i s

l o c a t e d i n t h e s o u t h e a s t q u a r t e r o f S e c . 2 6 , T . 2 . S . ; R?.1 W. C i t i z e n s

from the community of Escondida voiced concern over t h e l o c a t i o n o f

t h e l a n d f i l l f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f l i t ter and po ten t ia l contaminat ion

o f t h e l o c a l water supply. I n r e s p o n s e t o t h i s c o n c e r n a d d i t i o n a l

investigations have been conducted by the Environmental Improvement

Agency and the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources.

T h i s r e p o r t i s a summary o f t he s tud ie s done by members o f t h e s t a f f

of the Bureau. Included are analyses of two a u g e r h o l e s d r i l l e d f o r

the Ci ty of Socorro by Albuquerque Test ing Labs under the supervis ion

of Dennis Engineering C o . and b a s e l i n e water data f rom wells i n t h e

v i c i n i t y o f t h e l a n d f i l l o p e r a t i o n . D e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t e x t u r a l

analyses and water chemistry are on f i l e a t the Bureau. Addit ional

da ta on trace elements and c lay analyses w i l l be. forwarded as soon as

a v a i l a b l e .

~~

RESULTSQF A~UGER HOLE- INVESTIGATIONS

On November 1 7 and 1 8 , 1 9 7 7 two auger ho les were d r i l l e d t o

de termine the depth t o ground water and the na ture of the sed iments

unde r ly ing t he area of t h e S o c o r r o s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l . D u r i n g d r i l l i n g

operat ions samples were c o l l e c t e d a t 5-fOOt i n t e r v a l s by personnel

of Dennis Engineering Co. and the N e w Mexico Bureau of Mines. The f i r s t

t e s t (Auger Hole 1) was d r i l l e d n e a r t h e n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r of Sec. 35,

T .2 S. , R . l W. t o a depth of 80 f e e t . T h i s t e s t i s a t t h e s i te o f t he

planned water well for the Ci ty o f Socorro and reached the water t a b l e

a t a depth of 7 3 f e e t . Auger Hole 2 was l o c a t e d i n t h e l a n d f i l l

about 1 2 0 0 f ee t no r th o f Ho le 1 i n t h e s o u t h e a s t q u a r t e r o f Sec. 2 6 ,

T .2 S. , R . l W . Th is test was d r i l l e d t o a depth of 9 5 f e e t and

encountered the water t a b l e a t 87 feet . Elevat ions measured by Dennis

Engineering show t h a t Hole 2 i s s l i g h t l y over 15 f e e t h i g h e r t h a n

Hole 1; t h e water table i s t h e r e f o r e n e a r l y a t t h e same e l e v a t i o n

i n t h e t w o wells. During d r i l l i n g it was n o t e d b y t h o s e p r e s e n t t h a t

samples were mois t f rom the sur face t o t h e water table. F u r t h e r ,

t h e water c o n t e n t a p p e a r e d t o b e g r e a t e r i n H o l e 2 a t t h e l a n d f i l l .

The genera l na ture o f the sands and grave ls pene t ra ted in the

two auger holes are shown i n F i g u r e 1. The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s based

on microscopic examination of t h e c u t t i n g s a n d t h e g e n e r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f g ra in sizes i s es t imated .

Sediments penetrated in Hole 1 c o n s i s t o f l i g h t t o medium brown

clayey sands and grave ls . In Hole 2 s ed imen t s cons i s t o f l i gh t brown

t o l i g h t y e l l o w i s h brown sands and gravels with a smaller percentage

of c lay and s i l t . I n Hole 1 t h e l a r g e r clasts cons i s t mos t ly of

vo lcan ic material; i n Hole 2 t h e s e are minor volcanic clasts wi th

most of t h e material cons i s t ing o f f r agmen t s o f qua r t z , qua r t z i t e ,

f e l d s p a r a n d g r a n i t e .

Sediments under ly ing the h igher sur face nor th of Nogal Arroyo

i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f Hole 2 were deposited by the Rio Grande. The

s o u r c e f o r t h e s e sediments i s t o t h e n o r t h a n d , based on t h e t y p e

of clasts p resen t , was derived from a Precambrian terrane such as

i n t h e Ladron o r Manzano Mountains. The mater ia l under ly ing the lower . I )

" , ..

Auger Hole # I City Water Well Location

Elev.4664.84' Deoth

NENE Sec.35,T.Z.S;jR.I W.

X-301665.03'

Y- 1127815.78'

sd:mbn,vf-c,gran&pebs,cly,sity; ang-sr:qtz,fisp,&volc frogs; few.frags sdy caliche; pebs increase toward base, gravel;m bn,voic pebsto2" matrix sim to above; few sdy,gran clay balls

peb s d sim too-10'interval

sim to io-25'interval but lacking cloy balls

sd: It bn,gran to small pebs; f-m,ang-sr,minorwrgrns; small amaunt o f silt;qtz,flsp, . volc frogs . ..

sd: rn bn, peb, ciy,slty: f-rn

WT-73' (no samples)

s i m b 65-70; less clay

cly - slty - s d - sdy - vf: - f: . - . , -

. m -. c - vc - : gram-

pebs - kobs - I. . I- ..

clayey s i l ty sand sandy

-veryf ine f in'e medium

very coarse coarse

granules pebbles cobbles . .~

ang - angular

s r - subrounded sa - subangular

q tz - quartz rdd - rounded

qtz t - quartzite f l sp - feldspar volc - volcanic bn - brown ywh - yellowish It - light fmgs - fragments

grns - grains slm - simi lar

inc - increase WT - watertable

Auger Hole %A2 Sani tary Landf i l l

Eiev.4680.22

. .~ 3

Hales drilled by Albuquerque Testing Lob. Figure 1.. Logs of Auger Holes 1

. . .

sd; I f hn,peb,vf-c,.sa-rdd,sliy; sdgrns qtz8qtzt;pobsof qtz,qtrt, granit-e 6. fewvolc.

gravei:Iibn-Itywlibn,vf-vc,y& becoming c-pabinlawarport , sa; pebs of qtraqtzt; sd grnso fq t r ,q t z t& f I sp

sd:ltywhbn,peb,gron~~l-vc,ong- rdd;grnsofqlz,qizt,&flsp,fsvr volc pobs. . .

- sim taabave;inein lurgorpabs and some small cobs,

i, dim: decreasain amount ofpsbs

- WT- 87' sim;grns in upper part cootcd'wiih clay .

SESE Sec26, T2S, R.1 W.

-X textural analysis

. .

and 2 *

-. . . . . . . -

. .

4

area near the site of Hole 1 is younger and was deposited by the

drainage system of Nogal Arroyo following dissection of the higher

surface to the north. The primary source for the material would be

from a volcanic terrane such as exposed to the west in the Socorro

and Lemitar Mountains.

Textural analyses were made of 13 samples, six from Hole 1,

and seven from Hole 2. The location of these samples is indicated

by an asterisk on Figure 1 and the results are summarized in Table 1.

Only one of the textural parameters determined, size range, is

presented in the table. From these data it can be seen that the

sediments in Auger Hole 2 at the landfill are in general. coarser

than in Auger Hole 1. In addition the average amount of clay and

silt is only 3.37 percent in Hole 2. The presence of clay minerals

is highly important in a sanitary landfill in. that certain clay

minerals can attenuate lateral or vertical movement of toxic

substances and thus potential contamination.of ground-water supplies.

It is doubtful from the small amount of fine-grained material

encountered at the landfill that there is sufficient clay to form

an effective natural barrier to migration of possibly hazardous

substances.

"

The clay mineralogy was determined by George Austin of the

Bureau staff. Samples were divided into plus and minus two rnicron

fractions and the finer material sedimented on glass slides.

Samples were analyzed by x-ray diffraction of the original material,

following saturation with ethylene gylcol and finally after being

heated to 375OC for one hour.

4a

All of the eleven samples contained illite, kaolinite and

random mixed-layer illite-smectite. One sample (G 780001) from

Auger Hole 1 contained a small amount of smectite. Non-clay

minerals in the minus 2 micron fraction included quartz, feldspar

and calcite. The depth interval studies for each of the auger

holes and relative proportion of clay minerals (in parts of 10)

are given in table 2..

In t e rva l (depth i n feet) Auger Hole 1

15-20 5-10

25-30 35-40 55-60 75-80

Averages

Auger Hole 2 5-10

30-35 20-25

45-50 65-70 75-80

.90-95 Averages

TABLE 1: TFXNRAL ANALYSES AUGER HOLES 1 AND 2*

(Values given in weight percent)

Gravel Pebble Granules Very Coarse Coarse Medim Fine Very Fine

Sand S i l t and Clay

>4m 2-4mn

- 1-2nan 0.5" 0.25-0.5m 0.125-0.25mn 0.062-0.125mn < O . O G h

3.75 5.33 7.43 11.23 13.74 1 4 ;45 8.70 11.58 12.55 13.54 14.02 10.8K

18.90 16.91 22.72 l d . 3 1

6.53 38.37 13.10

5.78

5.47 4.27

10.06 14.54 16.81 . ' 17.69 11.63 9.48 9.62 7.00 15.21 31.87

8.32 23.27

". ._

8.38 4.44

5.42

-. ." 16.95 7.32 R.4K

28.64 __ 4.18 6.23 15.98 15.78 12.59 9.10 16.20

7.50 6.89 8.02 11.23 14.15 17.76 12.87 12.88

- ~ ~. _. .. - - - - - -

18.84 4.81 ~ 3.87 29.53 10.36 , ;11.97

5.43 20.06

17.42 24.49 11.70

54.62 15.41

4.86 6.16 13.82 14.09 . 4.88 7.94 2.25

1.0

13.45

0.56 2.50

19.24 6.56 10.05 24.63 27.85 8.78 1.91 ..~. n ~ w

46.79 5.05 6.58 14.46 10.82

18.16 ~ 6.86 25.39

1.48

6.21 - 8.51 9.91 22.58 29.35 1.66

13.78 5.02

~~ . ""

9.55 ; 15.55 28.09 8.07 - - - - _. . -

_." 0.86 0.63

4.54 26.58 7.10 9.16 18.05 21.48 10.69 3.57 3.37

~~

*Complete results given in ?.pp.ndix A

5a

Sample E

G 780001

G 780002

G 780003

G 780004

G 780005

G 780006

G 780007

G 780008

G, 780009

G 780010

G 780011

Well

1 1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

Table 2: CLAY MINERALOGY

De9th I11 "

10'

25-30'

35-40'

55-60'

57-80'

5-10'

20-25'

30-35'

65-70'

75-80'

90-95'

2

3

5

4

3

5

3

0

3

3

3

CLAY MINERALOGY

" Kao Smec Mx Layer

3 1 4

3 0 4

3 0 2

4 0 2

5 0 2

5 0 0

3 0 4

5 0 5 3 0 4

. 4 0 3

4 0 3 Q

Remarks

w/quartz, feldspar, calcite

w/quartz, feldspar

w/quartz, feldspar w/quartz, feldspar, calcite .

w/quartz,.feldspar, calcite

w/quartz, feldspar, calcite w/quartz, feldspar, calcite

very little clay - size material

w/quartz , feldspar

w/quartz, feldspar w/quartz, feldspar

. .

. .

6

WATER-WELL STUDY

General Statement

In order to determine the present water-table position and

baseline ground-water chemistry in the vicinity of the new Socorro

landfill, a study of water wells in the Escondida-Florida area

(Sec. 25, 26, 35, and 36, T. 2 S . , R. 1 W.) was carried out

during early October, 1977. This study focused on 25 wells; five

wells (1, 3, 4, 20, and 23) lie outside the area cited above but

add useful information (fig. 3). Results of the well inventory are

given in Table 3. Water samples were obtained from 23 of the 25

wells inventoried. Results of analyses foricommon dissolved con-

stituents are given in Table 4. Analyses for trace elements have

not yet been completed; results will be furnished as Table 5 when

available. A trilinear plot of dissolved solids appears in Appendix B.

Results of Chemical Analyses

Calcium and sodium are the major anions present in the samples

(Table 4). Calcium may be readily derived from various sedimentary

rocks (limestone, dolosfone, gypsum, gypsiferous shales), whereas

sodium is available mainly from clay and feldspar minerals and

salt beds. Sewage,and industrial waste may also be sources for both

constituents. The concentration of sodium approaches the recommended

limit for domestic use in only 2 of the samples (wells 1 and 11,

Table 4). There is no recommended limit for calcium.

Bicarbonate is the principle cation detected in the samples;

sulfate, or in some case chloride, is the next most abundant cation.

Bicarbonate and sulfate may be derived from the same sedimentary

rocks as listed above for calcium and sodium whereas chloride is

7 . ..

. . A .

Figure 3. Portion of Socorro.7.5' topographic'quadrangle . . .. .

showing location of study area and major wells inventoried .(see Table- 3 for .additional Information).. . .

. .

. . . . . , L t . <

.-x

Table 3. Records of Wells Included i n Sooorro Lmclf i l l Study

Well NJnr

Nogal No. 1

O l g u i n Sanitariwn

Olguin Shaw Citv No. 2

Cole Sickle

Torres Mossberg Nuanz Herron mice Kennedy Daniel Kelly house Kelly ranch Nogal Eo. 2

Field No.

ABS-

1

1 2 3 A 5 6 7 a

10 9

11 1 2 13 1 4 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25

Location No. 2

2.1.29.423 ,

2.1.35.221 2.1.31.222a 2.1.31.22233 2.1.25.341 2.1.35.221 2.1.25.344 2.1.36.122a ~ ~~~~

2.1.36.12233 2.1.36.122~ 2.1.25.231 2.1.25.344 2.1.25.342a 2.1.25.34233 2.1.25.3422 2.1.36.323 2.1.36.321 2.1.36.312 2.1.36.314 3.1.2.244 2.1.36.143 2.1.36.241 2.1.22.133 2.1.26.333 2.1.26.313

WPrnX. Blev.

4682 4900

4600 4600 4640 4685 4625 4625 4630 4630 4625 4620 4620 4620 4620 4628 4630 4640 4630 4610 4630 4605 4835 4755 4760

"P': ( f t )

34 NA 35 R 25 R

110 R NA NA

NA 52.5 R

NA NA NA NA NA NA

120 R 60 R

130 R NA

80 R 89

94 R NA

259 >500

water ( f t )

16

18 R NA

42 R 1 4 R

NA NA 35.5 R NA NA NA

(.15 R NA

NA NA 35 R NA

NA.

20

35 R NA

, N A

140.5 >500

90-100 R

WaterTable Elev. ( f t )

4884

4582 NA

4586 4598 NA NA 4590 NA NA NA NA 4605 NA

4593 NA

4545 (?) NA

4590 m. N4 4570

4615 NA

< 4260

Drilled

Driven Drilled

Driven NA NA

Dril led NA

Dril led

Dri l led Dri l led

Dri l led Dri l led

Dri l led Dri l led Drilled Dri l led Dri l led NA Drilled Drilled Dri l led Dri l led NA NA

s D D

D s

D P

D D

D D

D D

s S IR D D D IR D D D S S

SWled Renwrks 5

X X

X X

X WL = 9' , 1960(R)

X X X X X X X X

X X

X X p q x d a t 600 gpn

X l eve l s uncertain X sample kcin tap X sanple fm tap X

X X

PNX PNW

..

m

L

. .

9

R A N G E -IO E. . '

~ 6 miles ~

SECTION 2.4

211 i 212 221 I222 "(2IO)""

223j 224. 213: 214 (2iO)-

: Eo01 : * ; [zoo] : 131 i 132

-4420)" -(4lO)- ~"1320)"- ---(310)- 421 : 422 411 : 412. 321 322 311 : 312 2433 244 233 234 I43 i 14-4 133 i 134

--~(230)--(240)- ----(14!3--- ---(130)-- 241 242 231 232 141 142

I

I I

I

: I . I

I m i l e %

PIGURX 2-Method of numbering wells and springs: a) suhdivision of a township into sections, b) subdivision of a section 'into quarter-quarter-quarter section blocks (dot indicates location of a well numbered . 5d fO'.24.213) -

10

Table 4. Dissolved Solids in Ground Water, Escondida-Florida Area

Well Anions (ppm)

ABS- No. Ca Mg Na K - 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1 2

1 3

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

59.4

31.0

124.0

95.0

37.0

40.0

25.0

46.0

86.0

99.0

46.0

57.0

49.0

66.0

35.0

36.0

36.0

63.0

26.0

56.0

100.0

9.8

5.6

34.0

28.0

7.5

6.9

7.2

10.0

22.5

19.0

21.0

15.0

15.0

19.0

12.0

8.5

8.3

16.0

5.0

14.2

17.0

Recommended Limits (ppm)

None 125.0

108.0

26.3

94.0

69.0

24.0

27.0

28.0

48.0

76.0

112.0

79.0

38.0

30.0

36.0

30.0

30.0

27.0

38.0

50.0

40.0

41.0

115.0

2.6

1 . 2

3.6

4.6

3.4

1.4

2.9

3.3

4.3

13.0

3.4

3.2

3.2

3.7

3.0

2.5

2.8

3.2

1.5

3.4

4.3

HC03 s04 Cations (ppm)

c1 co3 N03

227.0

120.0

270.0

195.0

112.0

112.0

100.0

224.0

212.0

261.0

114.0

134.0

134.0

151.0

146.0

144.0

151.0

171.0

146.0

188.0

220.0

None None

179.0

4.3

175.0

238.0

53.0

59 .O

29.0

23.0

193.0

228.0

216.0

104.0

97.0

124.0

56.0

42 .O

39.0

128.0

46.0

89.0

138'.0

250.0 'See Appndix B for trilinear plot of dissolved solids. -

21.0

13.4

94.0

65.0

17.0

15.0

19.0

29.0

57.0

80.0

25.0

45.0

33.0

42.0

19 .o

19 .o

13.0

29.0

17.0

31.0

52.0

250.0

12.0

4.0

0.0

10.0

6.0

6.0

8.5

11.0

11.0

11.0

11.0

0 ... 0

0.0

0'. 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

None

0.0

.5

.9

1.0

1.3

.04

.7

2.0

7.9

0.0

019

1 . 5

0.6

0.4

7.0

0.8

0.6

1.5

0.8

3.3

1.2

44.0

'For domstic use (California State Water Pollution Control % a d ) -

Calculated TDS

( PPd

496.3

182.0

660 .O

600.0

201.0

207.0

164.0

276.0

555.0

684.0

516.0

330.0

294.8

367.0

235.0

211.0

202.0

450.0

219.0

331.0

464.0

500.0 3

31000.0 ppm i S ~ acceptable but 500 is recolrnnended by U.S. Public Health Service ~~

Table 5. Trace Elements i n Ground Water (ppm), Escondida - F l o r i d a Area

Well No. p04 F Fe' Mn Cd cu Zn C r

1 0.16 0.66 2 0.39 0.62 3 ' 0.22 0.52 4 0.31 0.41 5 ' 0.25 0.47 6 <O.l 0 -52 7 0.28 0.52

' 8 - 0.7 0.43 9 0.25 0.42 10 0.19 0.47 11 0.13 0.42 12 . 0.26 0.43 13 0.18 0.46 14 0.23 0.49 15 0.22 0.40 16 0.38 0 -56 17 <0.1 0.57 18 0.25 ' 0.56 19 CO.1 0.52 20 0.33 0.51 21 <0.1 0.51 22 <0.1 0.38 24 0.22 0.45

Recamended

Healthnamestic - limits1 for None 1.5

38.0 0.19 0.69 0.68 1.3 0.48 1.1 0.33 1.0 0.15 2.7 <0.05 0.26 0.35 2.0 0.21 1.05 0.07 1.05 0.04 0.51 0.66 0.45 0.41 0.35 0.06 0.14 0.05 0.20 0.09 0.45 0.09 0.16 0.07 2.1 0.06 0.11 0.05 0.76 0.04 0.19 0.02 3.6 0.06 0.23 <0.01

1.0 0.2

0.0008 <0.0005 0.0013 0.0009 <0.0005 0.0026

< .001 < .001 < .001 < .001 < . O O l < .001 .003 .005 .002

< .001 < .001. < .OOl < .001 < .001

< .OOl . < -001 < -001

0.01

.005 -008 -003 .008

-01 -01 0.012 0.0026 0 "034 0 -01 0.004 0.024 0.007 0.018 0.024

. o.oas 0.006 0.005 0.02 0.007 0.150 0.022 0.068

1.0

.51

.06 -39

<.05 c.05 <.05

. <.05 -50 .37 .06 -05

<.05

130 < .05 < .05 <.05 < -05 .44 -07 .15 .18

< -05 -16

10.0

Use (PP) 'U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

. . . .

<.Ol <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.Dl <.01 <.01 <.Ol, <.01 <.01 <.01 < .01 <.01 <.01 < -01 <.01 < .01 <.01

0'. 05

11

e available from most rocks and soils, sewage, and industrial effluents.

Only three wells approach the recommended limit for sulfate

(well numbers 4, 11, and 12, Table 4). None of the samples analyzed

contains excessive chloride. There is no recommended limit for

bicarbonate.

The presence of nitrate in most of the samples is of special

interest. This cation may be derived from decayed organic matter,

nitrate fertlizers, animal excrement, and sewage. Although nitrate

does not exceed the recommended limit in any of the samples, its

presence may be an indication that domestic sewage is locally coming

in contact with the ground-water supply and septic tanks should be

examined.

e Total dissolved solids (TDS) contents of the waters are

excellent, falling generally well below the recommended 500 ppm

(parts per million) standard for drinking water: several do not

even approach half of this value (Table 4 and fig. 4). Only 5 samples

exceeded this standard (wells 3 , 4, 10, 11, and 12); one of these

(number 4) is not used for domestic purposes. There is no need for

concern over the remaining 4 wells as water is considered potable

and fresh if TDS content does not exceed 1000 ppm; lacking better

quality supplies, many communities have reportedly used even more

saline waters without harmful effects.

Ground-Water Table and Movement

Local water levels were difficult to measure at all but 4 of the

e wells owing mainly to methods of well completion (no access for

water-level-indicator cable). Reported values were obtained, however,

12

26

- for 10 other wells (Table 3).

13

It should be noted that the se

reported values are for different times in the past and thus are

not necessarily compatible or representative of the present

situation. Based on levels measured in the present study, the

water table near the landfill appears to slope toward the Rio

Grande (fig. 5). It occurs at an elevation of about 4964 ft. at

well number 1 ( 3 miles west of the landfill), at about 4620 ft.

in well number 24 (1 mile west of the landfill) at 4592 ft. and

4593 ft. in Auge.n. Holes 1 and 2 at the ,landfill and at about 4590

ft. at well number 8 ( . 2 mile east of Interstate 25).

An anomalous water-level measurement was obtained at well

number 25. At this well, located just short of a mile west of the

landfill, the entire length of a 500-ft. water-level-indicator

cable was lowered without reaching water or the bottom of the well.

If this well is open to the water table, this means that the

water table there lies at an elevation less than 4250 ft. At well

number 24, located directlv across Nogal Arroyo to the west (fig. 3),

water was encountered at a depth of 140.5 ft. (elevation 4590 ft.)

or at least 340 ft. above that at well 25.

One explanation of this discrepancy is that the 2 wells are

separated by a fault or fracture along which there has been

vertical movement displacing the water-bearing strata upward on the .

west and downward on the east. Although wells 24 and 25 did not yet

exist, Waldron (1956) postulated the presence of a fault in the same

area on the basis of a refractive seismic wrofile which showed an

14

Figure .5. Map showing generalized ground-water'table and movement in study.area. Upper values are depths to water; lower values are elevations of water table (reported values are-in parentheses). See Table 3 for other well da,ta; A-1 and A-2 are auger holes sh.own in fig. 1:''

~. . .

.. I

._

15

abrup t 35 - f t . o f f se t i n wha t was i n t e r p r e t e d t o b e t h e water t a b l e .

Further s tudy would be necessary to confirm t h e presence of a f a u l t

and t o determine why seismic d a t a show a 3 5 - f t i r r e g u l a r i t y i n

water tab le whereas wel l 25 sugges t s more than 300 f t . of offset.:

The ques t ion may be merely academic as regards ground water a t t h e

l andf i l l because wa te r levels near there and i n adjacent Escondida

and Flor ida seem t o be compatible ( a l l a v a i l a b l e water l e v e l s ,

wi th the except ion of the anomalous va lue for well 25 and an uncertain

r e p o r t e d v a l u e f o r well 18 , are p l o t t e d on f i g . 5 ) .

Because loca l da ta are spa r se , r eg iona l compi l a t ions o f water

level were consul ted to conf i rm the de te rmined water - tab le conf igu-

ra t ion . Regional water - leve l maps were p l o t t e d by Waldron (1956)

and Bushman (1963) . In conjunct ion wi th a reconnaissance s tudy

f o r t h e New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources of the

hydrogeologic aspects of the Socorro Peak geothermal area, Stone

( 1 9 7 7 ) prepared maps f rom ground-water da ta ava i lab le in var ious

Bureau Circulars . The Bureau of Mines maps cover the area from

Magdalena t o j u s t across the Rio Grande east of Socorro and from a

few miles no r th of Po lvade ra t o a few miles south of Socorro.

Based on these va r ious r eg iona l maps the fo l lowing may be

concluded:

1. Two f low systems operate on the west s i d e o f t h e R i o

Grande Valley: one next t o the mounta in f ront in which

flow is e a s t e r l y and one i n t h e lower f l o o d p l a i n areas i n

which flow i s sou the r ly . The r e s u l t a n t f l o w d i r e c t i o n

e i n t h e zone where the 2 systems merge i s s o u t h e a s t e r l y

1 6

( f i g . 5 ; flow is pe rpend icu la r t o wa te r - l eve l con tour s )

The s o u t h e a s t e r l y t r e n d of the lower part of Nogal Arroyo

may be a r e f l e c t i o n o f t h i s r e s u l t a n t f l o w d i r e c t i o n .

2. The water-chemistry of the 2 f low systems differs ; ground

waters nex t t o t he moun ta in f ron t are f r e s h (TDS much less

than 1 0 0 0 ppm) whereas ground waters on the lower f lood

p l a i n are s l i g h t l y s a l i n e (TDS i n e x c e s s o f 1 0 0 0 ppm).

3. Local ly , opposi te favorable places on the mountain f ront ,

ground waters i n t h e lower f l o o d p l a i n are anomalously

f r e s h owing t o d i l u t i o n by f r e s h waters from the mountain flow

sys tem ( f ig . 4 ) .

4 . The waters of the mountain f low system are f resh because

t h e y o r i g i n a t e o n l y a s h o r t d i s t a n c e t o t h e west i n t h e

Magdalenas and t r a v e l r a p i d l y (waters d i scha rg ing a t Socorro

Spring have been determined t o move through the ground a t

a rate of about 35 f t / d a y o r 7 times normal; Holmes, 1963)

across the Snake Ranch F l a t s , t h r o u g h f r a c t u r e s i n t h e

mountains, and down the d ra inage of Nogal Arroyo.

5. The s a l i n i t y o f waters of the f lood plain f low system may

be exp la ined i n several ways. F i r s t of a l l , t h i s water

i s c l o s e l y related t o r i v e r water. S a l i n e i r r i g a t i o n r e t u r n

flow is one source of elevated t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s i n

b o t h t h e r i v e r and assoc ia ted f lood p la in g round waters.

Al so , t he re are n a t u r a l s o u r c e s f o r t h e d i s s o l v e d

c o n s t i t u e n t s as mentioned above: l imestones, dolostones,

and gypsum (occur r ing as l a y e r s i n b o t h t h e a n c i e n t

bedrock and valley f i l l and as v e i n s o r f r a c t u r e - f i l l i n g

material i n mudstones of the ancient bedrock and valley

f i l l ) .

.11

e 17

With t h i s r e g i o n a l p i c t u r e i n mind, t h e local ground-water

s i t u a t i o n a t t h e l a n d f i l l c a n b e more r e a d i l y summarized. The l a n d f i

l i e s i n a n area i n which ground water i s dominated by the mountain

f low sys t em. In t h i s a r ea , a tongue of fresh ground water flows

e a s t e r l y from the mountain front, along Nogal Arroyo, toward the Rio

Grande. This tongue of ground water i n t e r r u p t s t h e f l o o d p l a i n f l o w

sys tem in the v ic in i ty o f Escondida and F lor ida . This condi t ion i s

suggested by bo th ava i l ab le wa te r - t ab le data a n d r e s u l t s of chemical

analyses of local ground waters ( f i g s . 3 , 4 , and 5 ) . Although it

w a s not the purpose of t h e water-well s tudy to de te rmine whether o r

n o t t h e l a n d f i l l w i l l r e s u l t i n ground-water contamination, it is wi th in

the scope of t h i s r e p o r t t o p o i n t o u t t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e ground-

water s e t t i n g d e t e r m i n e d f o r t h e a r e a . The s igni f icance o f such a

s e t t i n g is tha t should any contaminat ion occur a t t h e l a n d f i l l , it

can be expec ted to migra te eas te r ly toward various r e s i d e n c e s i n

Escondida o r southeas te r ly toward those in F lor ida .

18

REFERENCES CITED

Bushman, E. X., 1 9 6 3 , Ground water in the Socorro Valley:

New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 14th field

conference, p. 155-195 .

Folk, R. F., 1 9 7 4 , Petrology of sedimentarv rocks: Austin,

Hemphill Publishing Company, 182 p.

Holmes, C. R., 1 9 6 3 , Tritium studies, Socorro Spring: New

Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 14th field

conference, p. 152-154.

Stone, W. J., 1977 , Preliminary hydrologic maws of the Socorro

Peak area: New Mexico Bureau of ?lines and Mineral Resources,

Open-File Maps, 4 sheets.

Waldron, J. F., 1956 , Reconnaissance geology and ground-water

study of a part of Socorro County, New Mexico: Stanford

University, Ph.D. thesis, 2 5 5 p.

Nentworth, C. K . , 1 9 2 2 , A scale of grade and class terms for

clastic sediments: Journal of Geology, v. 30, p . 377-392.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Chemical analyses were performed under the direction of

Lynn A. Brandvold, Bureau chemist. Water wells were inventoried

by Robert C. Brod and Scott K. Anderholm, Bureau research

assistants. Textural analyses were made by Robert C. Brod.

The trilinear plot was prepared by Scott X. Anderholm.

19

Appendix A

qesults of Textural Analyses

e

e

20

EXPLANATION

The texture of the 13 samples studied was determined by

sieving with a whole phi sieve set (difference between

adjacent sieves in the stack was 1 phi unit). The pages

which follow are Xerox reductions of computer-printout sheets

designed to present the various results of sieve analyses. For

each sample there are 3 sheets. The first gives raw weights,

calculated percentages (by weight), and cumulative percentages

(by weight) for each size class based on the sieving (see

Table 1 for names corresponding to numerical size classes).

The second sheet shows the grain-size distribution for the sample

by means of a bar graph or histogram and a cumulative curve.

*

Textures of samples may be compared both visually and statistically

through the use of these graphs. The third sheet presents the

statistical characteristics of the grain-size distribution. The

statistical parameters given are defined below following Folk

(1974) :

Mean (measure of average grain size)

arithmetic mean = DW Z W where Zmeans the sum,

/

D is the phi size of the class midpoint, and W is the

class weight.

graphic mean = (@16 + 450 + @84 : ayecage of grain 3

sizes (in phi units) corresponding to the 16th, 50th,

l and 84th percentiles on cumulative curve.

e * The phi unit ( 4 ) is a logarithmic transformation of the Wentworth (1922) millimeter grain-size scale,employed for ease in computations.

21

Median = g r a i n s i z e co r re s ' pond ing t o t he 50 th pe rcen t i l e .

Mode = mos t f r equen t ly occu r r ing g ra in s i ze ; no t g iven on

computer -pr in tout shee ts bu t apparent in Table 1.

Standard deviation ( ,measure 'of cen t r a l t endency o r , i n t h e

case of sed iments , sor t ing)

q u a r t i l e d e v i a t i o n = ($75 - 625) ; focuses on 2

c e n t r a l h a l f o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n ' .

y raph ic s t anda rd dev ia t ion = (484-016) ; covers

b roade r po r t ion o f t he d i s t r ibu t ion . 2

inc lus iv 'e g raphic devia t ion = (084-416) ~ + -,,(1$195-65) ; 4 6.6

cove r s ex t r emes ' o f t he d i s t r ibu t ion ;

b e s t measure o f so r t ing :

lnclusive Graphic Devia 'kion . . .

0.350 = very w e l l s o r t e d

0.35-0.'500 = w e l l so r t ed

0 ,50-0 .710 = moderately well so r t ed

0 .71 -1 .000 = moderately sor ted

1.'00-2.'000 = poor ly sor ted

2 .00 -4 .000 = very poor ly sor ted

4 . 0 0 0 = ext remely poor ly sor ted

Skewness (measure of symmetry of g r a i n - s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r

presence of excess f i n e o r c o a r s e m a t e r i a l )

22

best measure of symmetry (excess fines or coarse materials):

+1.0 to + 023 = strongly fine skewed

+0.3 to + 0.1 = fine skewed (excess fines)

+0.1 to - 0.1 = nearly symmetrical

-0.1 to - 0.3 - coarse skewed (excess coarse) -0.3 to - 1.0 = strongly coarse skewed

Kurtosis (measure of peakedness of grain-size distribution).

graphic kurtosis = $95-6.5 2.44 (@75-$25)

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Appendix B

Trilinear Plot of Dissolved Solids

63

EXPLANATION

The total dissolved solids contents of the-.water samples

were plotted on a trilinear diagram to permit their comparison

and classification. Trilinear diagrams consist of 3 parts:

2 triangular fields and a diamond-shaped field. The triangular

fields depict the distribution of cations and anions separately,

whereas, the diamond-shaped field shows the combined chemistry

of the water. Each sample is thus represented by 3 points on the

trilinear diagram, 1 in each of the 3 parts. Points in the cation

and anion fields are located on the basis of percentage of

specific ions. Points on the diamond field are located at the

intersection of lines projected, parallel to percentage boundaries,

from the cation and anion triangles (see points plotted for

"PI' in accompanying diagram) . In making trilinear plots, the concentrations of dissolved

solids are converted from parts per million values (as used in Table

4) to a value which better reflects the true chemical character

of the water,equivalents per million (eprn). The epm value is

obtained as follows:

epm = ppm of ion

equivalent weight o,f iqn and

atomic weight of ion chemical valence of ion

equivalent wt. =

The conversion of ppm to epm in this study was done by computer.

The accompanying table is a Xerox reduction of the printout sheet

giving epm values and computed percentages for each ion. The

0 trilinear diagram given here was prepared from these data.

6 4

Waters from different aquifers may plot in distinctly

different portions of the trilinear diagram. The waters

involved in this study, however, all come crom essentially

the same (single) aquifer and thus plot in about the same

region on each part of the diagram.

Ground waters may be classified on the basis of dissolved

constituents. To facilitate this, the cation and anion

triangles in the trilinear diagram are subdivided into 'smaller

fields, corresponding to dominant ions in the water. These

subdivisions are used in classifying the water (see small

triangles at sides of the diagram); a water is assigned a name

from first the cation triangle and then another from the anion

triangle. The waters in the vicinity of the Socorro land

fill would be classified as calcium-sodium-magnesium-sulfate-

bicarbonate waters.

YKLL

1

2 3 4

6 5

9 7

10 11 1 2 13 14 15

1 7 16

,19 18

20 2 1 22

. . ~. . . . e ..* " ' '

4.71,7 R . 5 3 J

1 .1 '17 3.716

3 .117 lC.157

I .?'.S 1.177

l . l 3 h 7 . 1 6 6

1 . 6 1 3 t ( ; . m

! . ? l a 3.1Jh

7.1'15 5.>17

5 .?G3 11.6'13

3 . 4 2 1 9.561

3 . 5 2 3 7.t.53 1:r37 5 .603

.I . 3 ,J 7 5 . I. 7 7

I . I r r 5 6.515

1.3'14 l.sj73

1.3h7 ' 4 . 1 2 4

1 . 7 1 7 2 . 7 7 5

1.737 6,.1'9? 7.710 3.'47" ( . D 2 7 9.797 l . v n n.>ns

AU.R(I I

62.?93

41.325

5 6 . 3 h 9

34.033

5 5 . 1 4 0

62.745

75.600

4 2 . 5 h l

19.RRe

3O.OP7

39.001

42 .710

39.647

5 8 . J 5 C

6 2 . S 9 9

67.b90 44.1.01,

6 2 . 4 5 1

53.Of.7

4 5 . 4 ~ 3

7.021 11.197

74.720 . 1 7 , 7 7 9

13.216

11.516

I 1 . 4 5 4

15.377

12.870

19.3R1

22.518

9,469

1b.G74

l n . 9 ~ 1

t q . z ! n 10.0sa .

13.OQ6 .

1 3 . U 1 0

15.053

1 2 . > 1 6

1 8 . 4 9 1

m m

-

New Mexico Bureau o f Mines and Mineral Resources

66

Water Q u a l i t y D i a g i a m

Trilinear plot of dissolved solids encountered in ground waters of Socorro landfill study area