Open Data and the transparency of the lists of beneficiaries of EU Cohesion Policy in Europe

www.opencoesione.gov.it www.dps.tesoro.it/opencoesione

Open Data and the transparency of the lists of beneficiaries of EU Cohesion Policy in Europe!

Luigi Reggi!Department for Cohesion and Economic Development!!!Croatia Study Visit!March 7, 2013!!

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Open Data & Transparency EU rules and initiatives

.

E-government action plan 2011-2015 •  Improvement of Transparency •  Access to information on government laws

and regulations, policies and finance •  Re-use of Public Sector Information

The Digital Agenda for Europe “Turning government data into gold”


Re-use of Public Sector Information Directive (2003) A common legislative framework regulating how public sector bodies should make their information available for re-use in order to remove barriers such as discriminatory practices, monopoly markets and a lack of transparency. In December 2011, the Commission presented an Open Data Package: 1.  A Communication on Open Data 2.  A proposal for a revision of the Directive, which aims at opening

up the market for services based on public-sector information, by •  including new bodies in the scope of application of the

Directive such as libraries (including university libraries), museums and archives;

•  limiting the fees that can be charged by the public authorities at the marginal costs as a rule;

•  introducing independent oversight over re-use rules in the Member States;

•  making machine-readable formats for information held by public authorities the norm.

3.  New Commission rules on re-use of the documents it holds


Structural Funds Regulation 2007-13 Art. 7 Reg. 1828 8 dic 2006 “the managing authority shall be responsible for organising the publication, electronically or otherwise, of 1. the list of beneficiaries, 2. the names of the operations and 3. the amount of public funding allocated to the operations”


European Transparency Initiative (2008) - Indicative table for setting the list of beneficiaries of EU Funding

A measure for Open Data quality

Open data and the “invisible

hand”

Public Value & Data divide

Government should only

publish data in open, machine-

readable formats

Government should consider different users needs (public

value) and provide also

easy-to-access data in

processed form (data divide) Brito, 2007

Robinson et al., 2009 Dawes and Helbig, 2010

Gurstein, 2011 Harrison et al, 2011

Relevant literature on open data policy!

A measure for Open Data quality

Source: Dawes, S: Stewardship and usefulness: Policy principles for information-based transparency. Government Information Quarterly 27, p. 381 (2010).

Stewardship principle includes the actions and policies addressed to data “care” and aiming to ensure information quality and detail, reduce the risk of misuse, and consequently increase users’ confidence in government information. Usefulness includes the creation of added value for citizens and enterprises and innovation promotion, thus understanding the actions aimed at making data more accessible to end-users.

Relevant literature on open data policy!

An evaluation on the transparency the lists of beneficiaries of EU Regional Policy

The goals

•  To compare the performances of EU MS & Regions

•  To explore the information-based strategies that European public agencies are pursuing when publishing their data on the web

EU Regional Policy

Common EU policy all EU 27 Countries are involved full comparability: same rules and regulations

Minimum set of information required by the Regulation (Reg. No. 1828/2006 of 8 December 2006, art. 7)

Multilevel governance Regional and/or National agencies are Managing Authorities of Operational Programmes

⇒ They are free to decide the

level of information disclosed in terms of detail, quality, access and visualization.

The background!

Data collection

•  Web-based survey on availability and quality of the lists of beneficiaries of EU Regional Policy

•  All EU Countries and Regions included

•  434 Operational Programmes reviewed [European Commission - DG Regional Policy database]

•  Starting point: EC DG Regional Policy and DG Employment dedicated portals

•  Three waves: Oct 2010, Oct 2011, Oct 2012

Methodology!

Data collection Starting points of the web-based analysis!

Stewardship variables

Category) Characteristics) ETI) Italy)Av.)%)

EU27)Av.)%)

Content) Final&Beneficiary&& Yes) 100) 97)) Project& Yes)) 100) 97)) Axis&& ) 65) 45)) Specific/Operat.&Objectives&& ) 52) 25)) Intervention&Line&& ) 25) 15)) Project&description& ) 12) 18)) Award&and&payment&dates&& Yes) 75) 70)) Project&start/end&dates& ) 2) 17)) Status&(active/completed)& ) 6) 19)Financial)Data) Financial&value&allocated&&

to&the&project&)

Yes))

100))

97)) Payments& Yes) 65) 43)) EU&coFfinancing&& ) 17) 37)) National&coFfinancing&(or&other)&& ) 10) 12)Downloadable)file)format))

PDF& ) 87) 64)DOC& ) 0) 1)

) HTML&(single&page)& ) 6) 6)) HTML&(multiple&pages)& ) 12) 23)) XLS& ) 8) 31)) CSV& ) 2) 1)) XML,&JSON& ) 0) 0)) RDF,&linked&data& ) 0) 0)Information)Quality))

Last&update&date& Yes) 88) 91)Update&frequency& ) 8) 19)

) Data&description& ) 12) 16)) Fields&description&in&another&language&& ) 4) 13)) Number&of&clicks&from&home&page&<&3& ) 25) 65)&

October 2011

Usefulness variables

Category) Characteristics) ETI) Italy)Av.)%)

EU27)Av.)%)

DB)consultation))through)masks))

Search'by'Fund'type'' ) 6) 29)Search'by'Project' ) 10) 27)

) Search'by'OP' ) 2) 31)) Search'by'Axis/Object./Action' ) 6) 17)) Search'by'Beneficiary' ) 10) 13)) Search'by'Resources' ) 2) 8)) Search'by'Territory/Area' ) 10) 19)) Search'by'Project'status'' ) 0) 7)

Advanced)Functions)

Georeferencing''through'maps' ) 0) 16)

) Visualisation'through'graphs'and'other'elaborations''

) 2) 17)

) Data'with'subEregional'detail' ) 29) 18)

'October 2011

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ERDF- EU Average

ESF-Italy ESF-EU Average


Format (1/4)

Format' Score'(%)'

PDF$ 16.7$DOC$ 16.7$HTML$(multiple$pages)$ 16.7$HTML$(single$page)$ 33.3$XLS$ 50.0$CSV$ 66.7$XML,$JSON$ 83.3$Linked$data$model$supporting$format$(e.g.$RDF)$ 100.0$

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A score is assigned that is directly proportional to the degree of openness and re-usability of the information provided. It takes into account whether the formats used are machine-readable, open or, at best, consistent with the linked data model.

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Three different publication strategies Factor analysis!

Three different publication strategies

-1.5 0 1.5 3.0 4.5

-3.0

-1.5

0

1.5

3.0

Dimension 1

PDFGeoreferencing

Research masks

Content

HTML

XLS / CSV

Financial Resources

Ease of search

Update and description

Dimension 2

Group 3Regulation-centred

Group 1Reuse-centred

Group 2User-centred

61%

21%

18%


19% 14%

24% 14%

57% 73%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

ERDF ESF

Group 3- Regulation-centred Group 2-User-centred Group 1 - Reuse-centred

28% 11% 8%

20% 21% 27%

52% 67% 61%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

CONV RCE Cooperation



57% 44%

60%

41% 89%

12%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Decentralised Centralised


7%

54% 19%

23% 74%

22%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

EU15 NEW MSs


Towards the new Regulation EU rules and initiatives

Art. 105 General Regulation (EC proposal) Machine-readable format: CSV, XML single national website or portal Mandatory data fields include • Beneficiary name (only legal entities; no natural persons shall be named); • Operation name; Operation summary; • Operation start date & Operation end date (expected date for physical completion or full implementation of the operation); • Total eligible expenditure allocated to the operation; • EU co-financing rate (as per priority axis); • Operation postcode; • Name of category of intervention for the operation; • Date of last update of the list of operations. • The headings of the data fields and the names of the operations shall be also provided in at least one other official language of the European Union.

Towards the new Regulation EU27 2007-2013 OPs average level of compliance with the requirements set by the Regulation for 2014-2020 !

The path to a balanced approach

Usefulness

Stew

ards

hip

Closed data

Data quality approach FOCUSED ON

raw data, advanced user, mash-up apps

Data visualization

approach FOCUSED ON

processed data, non technically-oriented

citizens

Open, hi-quality,

useful and accessible

data

Re-‐user centered

User centered

Regula<on centered

Some examples….

Usefulness

Stew

ards

hip

Re-‐user centered

User centered

Regula<on centered

DE

UK

ES

GR

BG EE

NL

DK

HU

IT

PL FR

Open questions

•  How will these three different strategies evolve over time? •  How do information management issues influence openness

and transparency (e.g. centralization / decentralization)? •  What are the determinants of openness and transparency?

For example: •  Regional context (size, innovation, ICT diffusion, etc.) •  Transparency and Democracy indicators •  Economic variables (amount of funding, FEIs vs. grants..)

•  How to compare the performance of EU27 Regions and Member States? Composite indicator

Open Data and the transparency of the lists of beneficiaries of EU Cohesion Policy in Europe

Technology

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