Ontological knowledge Management System of Islamic...

Journal of Independent Studies and Research – Computing Volume 11 Issue 1, January 2013 35

Ontological knowledge Management System ofIslamic Concepts

Hayat AliMS Computing

Shaheed Zulfiar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology90 and 100 Clifton

Karachi -75600

Abstract— This study is focused on the conceptual relationshipbetween different ayah of Al-Quran. Let’s take an example whatAllah says about Muttaqee in the Al-Quran, the Quran sayMuttaqee are those “They are on (true) guidance from theirLord” or “Those who got Falah” but when we go in the contextof “Falah” we don’t find such word related Muttaqee means therelationship is there like if someone ask, who are Muttaqee theanswer will be “Those who got Falah”; similarly if it is askedthat who got Falah the answer is Muttaqee. There are severalexamples available in the Quran where we are not aware whatwill be the next related ayah to it. Another example in surah Al-Baqara Allah says: “The month of Ramadan in which wasrevealed the Qur'an” but next related ayah which we found insurah Al-Qadr in which Allah says: “Verily! We have sent it(this Qur'an) down in the night of Al-Qadr (Decree)” means theAllah revealed Al-Quran in Ramadan also in next surah it isfurther explained that it was revealed in lailat-ul-qadr.

Keywords— Quranic Ontology, Semantic Web, Classes,Individuals, Protégé, OWL and etc

I. INTRODUCTION

To study the whole Quran is the challenging task for everyperson along with the relevancy in different ayah likeAakhirat, Falah, Deen, Rasool, Rah e Hidayat and etc. Theontological Knowledge Management System of the Islamicconcepts covers the different topic of Al Quran. The requiredobjective of this study is to find out the relevancy between thedifferent ayah of Al Quran. Like if Allah deliver a message inone ayah, so what are the similar ayah having the samemessage. This study will cover all aspects of semanticrelationship between different ayah.

The information on the web is increasing day by day,Specially when we are talking about Islamic knowledge onething comes in mind that is authenticity; we may get therelevant information on the but who can assure that thatinformation is correct. The topic of our study is veryspecialize in the sense of we work with “Tafseer ul Quran bilQuran” means explanation of the verses of Quran from Quran.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

In 2012 a research has been conducted in Leeds UniversityUK, Computing Department, “QurAna: Corpus of the Quranannotated with Pronominal Anaphora” the topic of corpus ofthe Quran annotated with pronominal anaphora, the researcherhas personated QurAna as language resource for scholars,students and the researcher who are from the computationallinguistics community. They have tagged around 24, 00Quranic pronounce with their antecedence information.According to researcher, the QurAna characterize in twoparts: comparatively large number of pronounce tagged with

antecedence information and second is the maintenance ofontological concepts list refereeing same pronounce. Initiallythey have counted total number of 1st person, 2nd person, 3rdperson, gender and number wise pronounce. In the annotationprocess they made the 128,000 words segments of Al-Quranand maintained in a MYSQL database with unique id toperformed ontological concept to get desired result. [4]

Another research has been conducted in Leeds UniversityUK 2009-2010, “Quran ‘Search for a Concept’ Tool andWebsite” Kais Dukes proposed a solution on Quranicontology; initially he proposed solutions in two phases: thefirst one was the key word search module and second was theconcepts search module where he as divided Quran intofifteen categories. i.e. Angels, Event, Holy Book, Religionetc. However, in reality there may be many categories inwhich Quran can be divided. According to the researcher’sontology, when we go in Angel’s category it shows 4different Angles. Similarly when any person wants to searchthe holy book, 4 different books will appears. By selectingany attribute, that shows the further classification of it. Ingeneral there will must be Lots of many categories in Islambeside this we cannot say the developed ontology is wrongthis is the perception any person that he/she may thinkdifferently. [5]

1, March 2010 “Towards Context-Sensitive Domain ofIslamic Knowledge Ontology Extraction” a research has beenconducted by Saidah Saad and et al in university of Malaysia,these researcher tried to extract knowledge by designingdifferent methodologies. Initially they have identified theinformation available on the internet related quran and sahihhadith are in the natural language format. The objective ofthis study is to explain the Islamic knowledge with the help ofmethodologies that composed of different rules andtechniques. This study has defined some prerequisites tounderstand the semantic or work with quran. According totheir study different Islamic concepts has been describe tounderstand the semantic of Quran. According to the researchthe Quran contains many narratives that point out the someimportant aspects of quran messages like guidance andreminders. This study also discussed the Mohkamat andMutashabihat; Mohkamat is basically the thing known toAllah only but mutashabihat are those which have differentmeanings. The methodology that is based on the subject toextract knowledge are al-jahad, religion, science, arts, judicialrelationship and etc. the researcher has developed differentpatterns to identify the concepts but in reality the researcherhas gathered all the information on single platform that maycreate complexity because every ayah of Al-Quran hassemantic with other ayah. [6]


In May 2012, a research paper has been presented inNational Research Conference (NRC 2012) on “Ontologydevelopment of intelligent query answering of the conceptssearch”. In this study the researcher focused on daily routinelife activity in the light of Islam with the help of a book called“Taleem ul Islam” by Muftee Kfyat Ullah. This book explainsthe basic knowledge about the Islam on which ontology hasbeen developed. The objective of this paper is to facilitatepeoples who want to study what Islam is; and what are thenecessary things to be followed being a Muslim. Theresearcher has identified the classes and subclasses from thebook to developed ontology. Suppose when a person want toknow about the Pray (Namaz) so different type of prayes willappear, similarly in case of angels different four angles willappear with their properties or duty assigned by Allah. [3]

In June 2009, International University Islamabad, a paperhas been presented with the name of “Quranic ontology andthe Status of Al-Haq” this is basically the reply the of criticalappraisal of an article “Is Al-Haq” one of the asma ul husna.According the required study the word Al-Haq 227 times inAl-Quran in different forms but reference the study of quranicontology that consist of three major principles. i.e Allah is theorganizer of every thing; Allah is the creator and Amar(command) also ordered by him. Based on these principles theproposed ontology has been divided the whole organizationinto main categories. [7]

In 201O, International Conference on Computer Designand Applications (ICCDA 2010) a paper has been presentednamed “Research on semantic web mining” the objective ofthis paper is to improve web service level and lack ofsemantic problem. The researcher has defined the sevendifferent layers of semantic web and describe the integrationof two web mining based on semantic. According to thisstudy, a semantic web-mining model has been proposed underthe framework of agent. This researcher also mentioned thatdue to immaturity of the relevant technology and differentaspect of limitation, this proposed solution is not the concreterealization of the model, which will be covered in futurestudy. [8]

So far, not much research has done on Islamic Ontology,and as far as this topic is concerned, no study has been foundthat relates to “Tafseer ul Quran bil Quran”.

III. METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION

A. Methodology

In this, study both the comparative and experimentalresearch has been used to employ this ontology. Thecomparative research in the sense of keyword search and theexperimental research for observing the semantic relationshipbetween different ayah of Al Quran.

B. Implementation

The dataset has been taken from the book “BriefIndication of Al Quran” by Dr. Ather Muhammad Ashraf.This book contains many topic like Azan, Rasool, Aazab,Falah etc and each these topic have multiple ayah that showthe same topic belongs to how many ayah.

Due to not availability of the same dataset into English,we have translated every single ayah of the relevant topic intoEnglish to incorporate with required ontology. It was verytime taking work and the translation has been taken place

from “Dar us Salam” the Islamic community by Dr.Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali, Ph.D. & Dr. MuhammadMuhsin Khan.

C. Classes and Sibling Classes Identification

After the completion of translation process of the requireddataset, the next task to find out classes, subclasses, siblingclasses and individual from the dataset as mentioned below.

S.No Classes

Sub/Sibling classes

Properties / Members

Ayah AyahNo.

1 Aakhirat

Al-Anbiyah

Allah Says:“Draws near formankind their

reckoning, whilethey turn away inheedlessness”[11]

1

Al-Lail Allah Says: “Andtruly, unto Us

(belong) the last(Hereafter) and

the first (thisworld)” [11]

13

Al-Isra Allah Says: “Andwhoever desiresthe Hereafter andstrives for it, with

the necessaryeffort due for it

(i.e. do righteousdeeds of Allah's

Obedience) whilehe is a believer (in

the Oneness ofAllah IslamicMonotheism),

then such are theones whose

striving shall beappreciated,thanked andrewarded (byAllah)” [11]

19

Al-Isra' Allah Says: “Seehow We prefer

one above another(in this world) and

verily, theHereafter will begreater in degrees

and greater inpreference” [11]

21

Al-Ankabut

Allah Says: “Andthis life of theworld is only

amusement andplay! Verily, the

home of the

64


Hereafter, that isthe life indeed(i.e. the eternal

life that will neverend), if they but

knew” [11]Ar-Rum Allah Says: “They

know only theoutside

appearance of thelife of the world

(i.e. the matters oftheir livelihood,like irrigating or

sowing orreaping, etc.), andthey are heedlessof the Hereafter”

[11]

7

Az-Zukhruf

Allah Says: “Andadornments of

gold. Yet all this(i.e. the roofs,doors, stairs,

elevators, thronesetc. of their

houses) wouldhave been nothingbut an enjoymentof this world. Andthe Hereafter withyour Lord is onlyfor the Muttaqun”

[11]

35

An-Najm Allah Says: “Butto Allah belongs

the last(Hereafter) and

the first (theworld)” [11]

25

Al-Qasas Allah Says: “Andwhatever you

have been given isan enjoyment ofthe life of (this)

world and itsadornment, andthat (Hereafter)which is with

Allah is better andwill remain

forever. Have youthen no sense?”

[11]

60

Al-Ma'idah

Allah Says:“Surely, those

who believe (inthe Oneness ofAllah, in HisMessenger

69

Muhammad(PBUH) and all

that was revealedto him from

Allah), those whoare the Jews andthe Sabians andthe Christians, -

whosoeverbelieved in Allahand the Last Day,

and workedrighteousness, onthem shall be no

fear, nor shallthey grieve” [11]

2 Aadab –e-Majli

s

Al-Mujadila

h

Allah Says: “Oyou who believe!When you are toldto make room inthe assemblies,(spread out and)

make room. Allahwill give you(ample) room

(from HisMercy)” [11]

11

3 Azmaish

Al-Ma'idah

Allah Says: “Oyou who believe!

Allah willcertainly make atrial of you with

something in (thematter of) the

game that is wellwithin reach ofyour hands andyour lances, thatAllah may testwho fears Himunseen” [11]

94

At-Taubah

Allah Says: “Doyou think that youshall be left alonewhile Allah hasnot yet tested

those among youwho have strivenhard and fought

and have nottaken Walijah”

[11]

16

Ale-Imran

Allah Says: “Youshall certainly betried and tested inyour wealth andproperties and in

your personalselves,” [11]

186

Al- Allah Says: 35


Anbiyah “Everyone isgoing to tastedeath, and We

shall make a trialof you with eviland with good,

and to Us you willbe returned” [11]

3 Assman

andZame

en

Al-Baqarah

Allah Says: “TheOriginator of theheavens and theearth. When Hedecrees a matter,He only says to it

: "Be!" - and itis.” [11]

117

Al-Baqarah

Allah Says: “andsent down water(rain) from the

sky and broughtforth therewith

fruits as aprovision for you”

[11]

22

Al-Anbiyah

Allah Says: “Havenot those who

disbelieve knownthat the heavens

and the earth werejoined together asone united piece,then We parted

them?” [11]

30

Al-Anbiyah'

Allah Says: “AndWe have made the

heaven a roof,safe and well

guarded.” [11]

32

Al-Anbiyah

Allah Says: “Wecreated not the

heavens and theearth and all thatis between them

for a (mere) play”[11]

16

Ale-Imran

Allah Says: “Andto Allah belongs

the heritage of theheavens and the

earth;” [11]

180

Ale-Imran

Allah Says:“Verily! In thecreation of the

heavens and theearth, and in the

alternation ofnight and day,

there are indeedsigns for men ofunderstanding.”

190

[11]Ale-

ImranAllah Says:“Those who

remember Allah(always, and in

prayers) standing,sitting, and lying

down on theirsides,” [11]

191

Ar-Rahman

Allah Says: “Thenwhen the heavenis rent asunder,and it becomesrosy or red likered-oil, or red

hide.” [11]

37

Ar-Rahman

Allah Says: “Andthe heaven He hasraised high, andHe has set up theBalance.” [11]

7

Qaf Allah Says: “Havethey not looked atthe heaven above

them, how Wehave made it andadorned it, and

there are no riftsin it?” [11]

6

Qaf Allah Says: “Onthe Day when the

earth shall becleft” [11]

44

Qaf Allah Says: “Andindeed We created

the heavens andthe earth and allbetween them in

six Days andnothing of fatiguetouched Us.” [11]

38

Al-Hijr Allah Says: “Andindeed, We have

put the big stars inthe heaven andWe beautified it

for the beholders.”[11]

16

An-Nahl Allah Says: “Hehas created theheavens and theearth with truth”

[11]

3

An-Najm And to Allahbelongs all that isin the heavens and

all that is in theearth

31

Ar-Rahman

Allah Says: “Andthe heaven He has

7


raised high, andHe has set up theBalance.” [11]

4 Aagse

Bacho

At-Tahrim

Allah Says: “Oyou who believe!

Ward off fromyourselves andyour families a

Fire (Hell) whosefuel is men and

stones” [11]

6

5 Aamdani

At-Talaaq

Allah Says: “Letthe rich man

spend accordingto his means, andthe man whoseresources are

restricted, let himspend according

to what Allah hasgiven him” [11]

7

6 Ajar An-Nisa Allah Says: “Andwhoso obeysAllah and the

Messenger(Muhammad

PHUH), then theywill be in the

company of thoseon whom Allah

has bestowed HisGrace” [11]

69

Al-Mu'minu

n

Allah Says:“Those who arefaithfully true totheir Amanat (allthe duties which

Allah hasordained, honesty,

moralresponsibility andtrusts etc.) and totheir covenants;And those who

strictly guard their(five compulsorycongregational)

Salawat (prayers)(at their fixedstated hours).

These are indeedthe inheritors.

Who shall inheritthe Firdaus

(Paradise). Theyshall dwell therein

forever.” [11]

8-11

Al- Allah Says: “Save 25

Inshiqaq those who believeand do righteousgood deeds, forthem is a rewardthat will nevercome to an end(i.e. Paradise).”

[11]Al-Kahf Allah Says:

“Verily! As forthose who believeand do righteousdeeds, certainly!

We shall notsuffer to be lostthe reward of

anyone who doeshis (righteous)

deeds in the mostperfect manner.”

[11]

30

Al-Kahf Allah Says: “(Hehas made it)

Straight to givewarning (to the

disbelievers) of asevere

punishment fromHim, and to giveglad tidings to thebelievers (in the

Oneness of AllahIslamic

Monotheism),who work

righteous deeds,that they shall

have a fair reward(i.e. Paradise).”

[11]

2

D. Ontology Development

The identified data set has been converted into theontological components including classes, sibling classes,individuals and properties for developing ontology. Now, seehow ontology has been prepared by this sampling data.

E. Aakhirat

The topic of Aakhirat in Al Quran exist in many chapters,according to the book the “Brief indication of Al Quran”Allah discuss same topic in Al-Anbya, Al-lail, Bani Israil,Akaboot and etc. So from the ontology point of view theAakhira is the sub class of Al Quran and the super class ofthose who are related from the topic Aakhirat. i.e.


Here we can see that Aakhirat is the super class of a list ofchapter like Al-fatir, At-taubah, Al-lait, Al-Qalam and etcwith association of “is-a” relationship, and these sub classesare sibiling class to each others. Let’s take in-depth view offew subclasses of Aakhirat in asserted model.

This is an asserted model that show “is-a” relationshipbetween the subclasses.

F. Azmish

Another thopic Azmish that exist in around four chaptersof Al Quran like Al-Anbiyah, Al-Ankabut, Al-Mulk and at-Taubah. Again, this is subclass of Al Quran also havingspecialization of four subclasses. The ontological model ofthe required subclass are as follows:

The asserted model that of the azmish subclass with theassociation “is-a” relationship as follow.

Here one thing very import is the chapter Ankabut have 3subclasses and these subclasses are associated with is-arelationship.

G. Assman and Zameen

This is one of the most important topic many of peoplehave confusion about it what Allah says about zameen andassman, how these has been created and who created it sothere are lots of question rais on this topic. From the ontologypoint of view, we gathered all the chapters related Assmanand Zameen and made as subclass of Al Quran. According tothe ontology the specialize class assman and zameen hhavearoung 11 subclasses and these subclasses are the siblingclasses to each other. The ontological model of the Asslamand Zameen as follow:

These sibling classes have the same association of “is-a”,some of the asserted model of the required topic are as follow.

The asserted model show the subclass at-tur hasinformation about zameen and assman.

H. Ehkamat

According to ontological approach the class ehkamad hasdifferent subclasses like Ale-Imran, Al-Fatir and so on. Inaddition, every of sub class has different individuals thatrepresent the property of that classes.

Figure 2: Aakhirat Ontological Model

Figure 3: Asserted Model Aakhirat (Ad-Duha)

Figure 4: Asserted Model Aakhirat (Al-Ankabut)

Figure 5: Ontological Model Azmish

Figure 6: Asserted Model Azmish

Figure 7: Ontological Model Assman and Zameen

Figure 8: Asserted Model Assman and Zameen (At-Tur)


Similarly if we talk about the chapter Al-Baqarah theassociated property with this subclass of the topic Ehkamatare as follow.

I. Aamal

The topic Aamal is one of the essential topic but it moreimportant to know what Allah says about Aamal in Quran. Inconsideration of ontology this topic gathered around 6chapters of A-Quran that explain how to get better you livingstyle. The ontological model of the class Aamal as follow:

Here you can see the every subclass of Aalam has theirindividual / attributes. Like if, we take a subclass Qaf so themodel is:

The asserted model of the class that show the relationshipbetween the super and subclasses are as below.

J. Ajar

Every good work has regards but regards from Allah notcomparable. The topic Ajar is the core topic in the light ofIslam and from the Quranic point of view Allah explainsabout Ajar in different chapters like Al-Burooj, AlMu’minum, Al-Anshiqaq and etc. the ontology model for theclass Ajar is as follow:

The asserted model that of the required topic with “is-a”relation as follow:

Figure 9: Ontological Model Ehkamat

Figure 10: Ontological Model Al-Baqarah (Individuals)

Figure 11: Ontological Model Aamal

Figure 12: Ontological Model Aamal (Individuals)

Figure 13: Asserted Model Aalam (Sibling Classes)

Figure 14: Ontological Model Ajar


IV. ONTOLOGY MODEL

User model shows how the process may complete on eachuser request. Suppose when a person issue a command/queryto this information management systems the request goes tothe ontological mapping process where keyword has beenconverted to the ontological library. Then send the samerequest to an API (Framework) for querying the ontologicalcontents. The framework plays an important role that query toRDF or OWL. Once the required query has been completed,the semantic result forwarded to the users.

Initially a dataset has been prepared for the required studymeans translation the Urdu verses into the English. Once thedataset has been prepared then it is converted to ontologicalcomponents i.e. classes, subclasses, sibling classes and

individuals. Now these ontological components used toconstruct ontology for the required system by using the toolProtégé. The protégé store this information in to a RDF orOWL format and these format are used by the frameworkcalled Jena. Jena is a Java supported framework that providean interface for the SPQRQL to the RDF or OWL.

V. RESULTS

In reality, it is very difficult to understand when Al-Quranwas reviled; to know such information, a person must have tostudy the whole Quran. Allah says in the chapter 1, Al-Baqara“We reviled this Quran in the month of Ramadan” in anotherchapter Ad-Dukhan Allah says “We sent it (this Qur'an) downon a blessed night [(i.e. night of Qadr, Surah No: 97) in themonth of Ramadan” also in the last chapter Al-Qadar Allahsays: “Verily! We have sent it (this Qur'an) down in the nightof Al-Qadr (Decree)”.

See the gap, same message in different chapters. Now seethe developed ontology how it get the required result.

It can be seen that by searching of word “Quran”, threedifferent Surah has been appeared that will be having theinformation about the Quran, now let’s further drilldownthese surah of Al Quran.

We can see that the complete message of revolution of AlQuran exist in different chapters. Moreover, in very short timeit is almost not possible to study the whole Quran.

Figure 15: Asserted Model Ajar (sibling classes)

Figure 16: User Model (Ontology)

Figure 18: Result (Example 1)

Figure 17: Development Model (Ontology)

Figure 19: Result (Example 1-a)


Another good approach of the ontology is that we cansearch in the reverse order. Initially the search was takingplace by topic now see the different look of this ontology.Suppose if we want to search Surah Al-Baqarah, that howmany topics it covers. See this example below.

By searching the “Al-Baqarah” list of topic has beenappeared that covered in the same surah. Like Al-Baqarahcovers Aamale e sualeha, Deen e Islam, Allah kon hy, Itikafand etc. this is very helpful for those scholars or researcherswho what study the Al Quran in a very short time.

Another example of Surah Al-Ma’idah, the same surahbelongs to the following topic i.e.

Atta-at

Deen Kamil

Ehkamat

Zyadti

Allah Ka Gazab

Rasool Allah ki Zimmedaryan

See on the right side of this ontological model attributesare presented of Al-Baqarah.

VI. CHALLENGES

Different challenges has been faced while developing thisontology information management system, the first thing iscollection of the dataset. The dataset too large for the requiredstudy is from Al Quran and it was very time taking worktranslate each Urdu ayah into English. There were aroung 110to 120 topics and each topic consists of multiple ayah fromdifferent surah.

Secondly, lost of effort was done on the topic PronominalAnaphora to sahih hadith; due to limitation of the time framewe left this topic and went to the ontological informationmanagement system. The main problem with this study wasthe dataset if we take an example of one of the book Saha eSatta (Sahih Bukhari) that has three sets (copies) and thedataset is too long in consideration of this time frame.

VII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

The study of Ontological Information ManagementSystem of the Islamic concepts is now producing the requiredobjective “Tafseer ul Quran Bil Quran” means the explanationfrom the versus of Quran from Al Quran. For this problem anontological approach has been proposed in which a hugeabout of dataset has been identified from Al Quran. Inconsideration of the ontology construction we took the help ofUrdu book “Brief indication of Al Quran” by Dr. AtherMuhammad Ashraf, the book contain list of topic likeAakhirat, Falah, Deen, Rasool, Rah e Hidayat and etc and inagainst of these topic there are multiple ayah from differentsurah of Al Quran. We translated these ayah into English andconverted into ontological components like classes,subclasses, sibling classes and individuals and etc. with thehelp of ontological tool/software we construct the ontology onthe required subject.

Truly, the study will facilitate those researchers, scholarand the lover of Islam who really want to study the wholeQuran in very short time as the examples mentioned above.

In future, the first priority will be an interfacing to thisresearch because it is very important the required productshould come in the public forum so that the people can use itand should get the awareness what guidance and messages arefrom Allah to the Muslims. The next target will be related to aresearch studied in the literature review, the researchers hasidentified the 1st, 2nd, 3rd number and gender wisepronounce from Al Quran; suppose if Allah use any of the

Figure 20: Result (Example 3)

Figure 21: Result (Example 3-b)

Figure 22: Result (Example 3-c)


pronounce in Al Quran, the researcher has identified thereason why that pronounce has been used and what thatperson in against of that pronounce. Ideally, I have targetedthat research to sahih hadith, although the dataset is too longbut again informative thing.

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[3] 2012, NRC (National Research Conference 2012 at SZABIS-Karachi,Pakistan) “Ontology Development for Intelligent Query Answering ofthe Concept Search”

[4] International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation(IREC) 2012, Abdul Baqee M. Shareef, Eric s. Atwell “QurAna: corpusof the Quran annotated with pronominal anaphora”.

[5] “Ontology on Quranic Concepts” Quran ‘Search for a Concept’ Tooland Website Leeds University UK, Computing Department,by Mr.Abbas, Kais Dukes “ 2009.

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[11] Quran Translation by http://www.dar-us-salam.com/

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[13] SPARQL: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa303673.aspx

[14] Ontology Tutorial 101http://protege.stanford.edu/publications/ontology.../ontology101.pdf

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