Ontologia
description
Transcript of Ontologia
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Ontologia
Representação do vocabulário de um determinado domínio e suas conceituações.
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Ex: Ontologia de Análise orientada a objeto
ClasseObjetoHerançaInstância
Normalmente precisamos conhecer os termos e seu significado para poder emitir opiniões
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Ontologia[Studer et al 98]
Especificação explícita e formal de uma conceitualização compartilhada
definições de conceitos, instâncias, relações, restrições e axiomas são explícitas
declarativamente definida, portanto, compreensível para agentes e sistemas
Conhecimento consensual
Modelo abstrato de parte do conhecimento
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Ontologia
Exemplo: Ontologia de PalestraEspecificação explícita e formal de uma conceitualização compartilhada
Conceitos: Titulo, Duração, Data, Autor..
<palestra> <titulo>Web Semântica</titulo> <autor> Fernando Gauthier</autor></palestra>
Alguém não concorda que Palestra tem Título?
Palestra, Curso, Apresentações de Trabalhos..
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Elementos de uma ontologia
Conceitos (Classes) + hierarquiaPropriedades dos conceitos (slots/atributos)Restrições sobre as propriedades (tipo, cardinalidade,...)Relações entre conceitos (Igualdades, disjunções,...)Instâncias de conceitos
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Como construir uma ontologia
Determinar o domínio e o alcanceEnumerar os termos importantesDefinir classes e hierarquiasDefinir atributos e relaçõesDefinir restrições (cardinalidade, tipo…)
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OWL (Web Ontology Language)
linguagem recomendada pelo W3C (10 de fevereiro de 2004) para representar conhecimentoOWL pode ser utilizada para expressar o significado dos termos em vocabulários e as relações entre eles. A linguagem tem mais dispositivos para expressar significado do que XML, RDF, and RDFS estando portanto acima delas para representar conteúdo compreensível pelas máquinas na WEB.
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OWL constitui uma revisão da linguagem DAML+OIL
DAML- DARPA Agent Markup Language).OIL - Ontology Inference Layer OIL - Ontology Interchange Language
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OIL
DAML
DAML+OIL OWL
RDF
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fornece três sublinguagens com capacidade expressiva crescente
OWL Lite, OWL DL,OWL Full.
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OWL Lite
supports those users primarily needing a classification hierarchy and simple constraint features. For example, while OWL Lite supports cardinality constraints, it only permits cardinality values of 0 or 1.
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It should be simpler to provide tool support for OWL Lite than its more expressive relatives, and provide a quick migration path for thesauri and other taxonomies.
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OWL DL
supports those users who want the maximum expressiveness without losing computational completeness (all entailments are guaranteed to be computed) and decidability (all computations will finish in finite time) of reasoning systems.
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OWL DL includes all OWL language constructs with restrictions such as type separation (a class can not also be an individual or property, a property can not also be an individual or class).
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OWL DL is so named due to its correspondence with description logics [Description Logics], a field of research that has studied a particular decidable fragment of first order logic.
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OWL DL was designed to support the existing Description Logic business segment and has desirable computational properties for reasoning systems.
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OWL Full
is meant for users who want maximum expressiveness and the syntactic freedom of RDF with no computational guarantees. For example, in OWL Full a class can be treated simultaneously as a collection of individuals and as an individual in its own right.
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Another significant difference from OWL DL is that a owl:DatatypeProperty can be marked as an owl:InverseFunctionalProperty.
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OWL Full allows an ontology to augment the meaning of the pre-defined (RDF or OWL) vocabulary. It is unlikely that any reasoning software will be able to support every feature of OWL Full.
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Protegé
Ferramenta para criar e gerenciar ontologiasTrabalha com várias linguagens inclusive OWL
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Exemplo de ontologia
Desenvolver uma ontologia de web semântica a ser utilizada para material didático disponibilizado na web por professores universitários.
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Compartilha-se existência de..
Tipos de Documentos:Planos de Aula;Exercícios;Textos;
Informações sobre o autor:NomeTitulaçãoInstituição com Vinculo
Informações sobre o documento:TipoData de publicaçãoNome da disciplinaAutor
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Desenvolvimento no Protégé
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Criando as classes:
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Lista dos atributos, chamados de propriedades no Protégé
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Cardinalidade e tipos dos atributos
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Atributo com inverso:
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Incluindo os atributos nas classes
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Incluindo os atributos nas classes
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Incluindo os atributos nas classes
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Criando instancias ou indivíduos da classe Autor
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Mais uma instância de autor
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Criando uma disciplina
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Criando outra disciplina
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Criando uma instancia de texto
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Selecionando o autor do texto
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Selecionando a disciplina do texto
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Criando outro texto
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Criando uma instância de plano de aula
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Exibindo todas as instâncias de documentos
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Pesquisando na ontologia com a ferramenta Queries.
Quais os autores com vínculo com a FURB?Quais os documentos da disciplina Introdução à Inteligência Artificial?Quais as disciplinas que tem documentos com autor com vinculo com a FURB?
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Exibindo todas as instâncias de documentos
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Quais os autores com vínculo com a FURB?
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Quais os documentos da disciplina Introdução à Inteligência Artificial?
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Quais as disciplinas que tem documentos com autor com vinculo com a FURB?
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Outras ferramentas para trabalhar com ontologias
OilEdOntoEditKAONOntoBuilder