Online Civil Engieering_ September 2010
-
Upload
smishra2222 -
Category
Documents
-
view
10 -
download
2
Transcript of Online Civil Engieering_ September 2010
Page 1ONLINE CIVIL ENGIEERING: September 2010
08-11-2013 12:22:04http://civil-online2010.blogspot.no/2010/09/
EVERYTHING FOR A CIVIL ENGINEER CAN BE FOUND HERE
ONLINE CIVIL ENGIEERING
Home Free Blogger Templates
Subscribe to feed
To search, type and hit enter
► Concrete ► Cement ► B E Test ► Test Test
CARBONATION DEPTH MEASUREMENTTEST
Carbonation of concrete occurs when the carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere in
the presence of moisture, reacts with hydrated cement minerals to produce
carbonates, e.g. calcium carbonate. The carbonation process is also called
depassivation. Carbonation penetrates below the exposed surface of concrete
extremely slowly. The time required for carbonation can be estimated knowing
the concrete grade and using the following equation:
t=(d/k)2
where,
t is the time for carbonation,
d is the concrete cover,
k is the permeability
Typical permeability values are shown in Table 1.
The significance of carbonation is that the usual protection of the reinforcing
steel generally present in concrete due to the alkaline conditions caused by
hydrated cement paste is neutralized by carbonation. Thus, if the entire concrete
cover over the reinforcing steel is carbonated, corrosion of the steel would occur
if moisture and oxygen could reach the steel.
EQUIPMENTS
If there is a need to physically measure the extent of carbonation it can be
determined easily by spraying a freshly exposed surface of the concrete with a
1% phenolphthalein solution. The calcium hydroxide is coloured pink while the
carbonated portion is uncoloured.
PROCEDURE
The 1% phenolthalein solution is made by dissolving 1gm of phenolthalein in
90 cc of ethanol. The solution is then made up to 100 cc by adding distilled water.
On freshly extracted cores the core is sprayed with phenolphthalein solution, the
depth of the uncoloured layer (the carbonated layer) from the external surface is
measured to the nearest mm at 4 or 8 positions, and the average taken. If the
test is to be done in a drilled hole, the dust is first removed from the hole using
an air brush and again the depth of the uncoloured layer measured at 4 or 8
positions and the average taken. If the concrete still retains its alkaline
characteristic the colour of the concrete will change to purple. If carbonation has
taken place the pH will have changed to 7 (i.e. neutral condition) and there will
be no colour change.
Another formula, which can be used to estimate the depth of carbonation,
Categories
Aggregate (4)
BLeeding of Concrete (1)
cement (4)
Cement Testing (2)
concrete (8)
Cracks (3)
Earthquake Engineering (1)
Eco-Friendly Building Materials (1)
Geotechnical Engineering (1)
Grouting (1)
Lab Tests (26)
NDT of Concrete (1)
Pile (4)
Precast Concrete (1)
Road (1)
self compacting concrete (1)
Shear Stress (1)
Popular Posts
PERMEABILITY TEST
Permeability of concrete is important when dealing withdurability of concrete particularly in concrete used for waterretaining stru...
Flow Table Test (DIN Flow Table)
The flow table test (Tattersall 1991; Bartos 1992; Wong etal. 2000; Bartos, Sonebi, and Tamimi 2002) measures thehorizontal spread o...
SCHMIDT REBOUND HAMMER TEST
The Schmidt rebound hammer is principally a surfacehardness tester. It works on the principle that the rebound ofan elastic mass dep...
SLUMP TEST
The slump test is the most well-known and widely usedtest method to characterize the workability of fresh concrete.The inexpensiv...
Grouting
Grouting is the injection of pumpable materials into a soil orrock formation under pressure to change the physicalcharacteristics of the ...
Page 2ONLINE CIVIL ENGIEERING: September 2010
08-11-2013 12:22:04http://civil-online2010.blogspot.no/2010/09/
utilizes the age of the building, the water-to-cement ratio and a constant, which
varies depending on the surface coating on the concrete.
y=7.2XC2/(R
2(4.6x-1.76)
2)
where,
y is age of building in years,
x is water-to-cement ratio,
C is carbonation depth,
R is a constant (R= αβ).
R varies depending on the surface coating on the concrete (β) and whether the
concrete has been in external or internal service (α). This formula is contained in
the Japanese Construction Ministry publication “Engineering for improving the
durability of reinforced concrete structures.” α is 1.7 for indoor concrete and 1.0
for outdoor concrete. β values are shown in Table 2.
RANGE AND LIMITATIONS
The phenolphthalein test is a simple and cheap method of determining the
depth of carbonation in concrete and provides information on the risk of
reinforcement corrosion taking place. The only limitation is the minor amount of
damage done to the concrete surface by drilling or coring.
Modified Slump Test
The modified slump test (Ferraris and de Larrard 1998; Ferraris 1999; Ferraris
and Brower 2001) is intended for use as a field test to measure both the plastic
viscosity and yield stress of concrete mixtures. The test adds the parameter of
time to the standard slump test in order to measure plastic viscosity.
The apparatus for the modified slump test consists of a vertical rod that
extends from a horizontal base plate through the center of the standard slump
cone. The slump cone is filled in accordance with ASTM C143 and a sliding disk is
placed atop the fresh concrete. Once the slump cone is removed, the time for
the disk to slide a distance of 100 mm is measured. The sliding disk comes to
rest on a stop located on the vertical rod. After the disk comes to rest, the
concrete continues to subside to its final position. The final slump measurement
is recorded no later than 60 seconds after the slump cone is removed. A
schematic of the test procedure is shown in Figure below.
+1 RecommendthisonGoogle
Shotcrete (1)
Slab (1)
slump test (3)
Soil Tests (9)
Strain Energy (6)
Stress-Strain (1)
Structural Analysis (7)
Follow by Email
Email address Submit