Oncology Nursing Overview
Transcript of Oncology Nursing Overview
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ONCOLOGY NURSING(AN OVERVIEW)
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ONCOLOGY NURSING
It is a branch of medicine that deals
with the study, detection, treatment
and management of cancer
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CANCER
abnormal growth that is characterized by acontinuing, purposeless, unwanted,
uncontrolled and damaging growth of cells
that differ structurally and functionally from
the normal cells from which they developed.
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TERMINOLOGIES
Neoplasia-uncontrolled cell growth that
follows no physiologic demand
Anaplasia-cells that lack normal cellularcharacteristics and differ in shape and
organization
Metaplasia-conversion of one type of maturecell into another; reversible
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Dysplasia-bizarre cell growth resulting in cells
that differ in size, shape or arrangement fromother cells of the same type.
Hypoplasia-incomplete or underdevelopment
w/ decreased number of cellsHyperplasia-Increase in the number of cells
Hypotrophy-decrease in the organ size
/functionHypertrophy-increase in the size
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PREFIX/SUFFIX
Neo- new Plasia- growth Plasm- substance
Trophy- size +Oma- tumor Statis- location A- none
Ana- lack Hyper- excessive Meta- change Dys- bad
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TYPES OF NEOPLASIA BENIGN
- cells grow at the wrong rate, time and location
MALIGNANT
CARCINOMA
-lining cells of skin, the alimentary tract,respiratory tract,bladder or glands such as pancreas, thyroid or salivaryglands
SARCOMA
-bone, cartilage,muscle, fat, fascia, nerve or blood vessel
BORDERLINE/ IN SITU
- in its place
- a tumor that grows only in a specific area (e.g. Bowensdisease)
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
AGE IS THEMOSTOUTSTANDING RISK
FACTOR FORCANCER.
Cancer incidence increases progressively with
age.
Approximately 77% of people diagnosed with
cancer are over age 55.
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LIFE STYLE HABITS and
ENVIRONMENT
AL CARCINOGENS
Tobacco Smoking
Alcohol Betel Nut
Sunshine
Industrial irritants and carcinogen
Diet
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INFECTIONS AND VIRUSES ARE
ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED
RISK OF CERTAIN FORMS OF
CANCER
Human papilloma virus -cervical cancer
Epstein-Barr virus -lymphoma
Hepatitis B and C -hepatocellular cancer
Helicobacter pylori -may be linked to gastric
cancer
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HEREDITY AND GENETIC FACTORS
Tumour Suppressors, Proto-Oncogenes and
Cancer-Oncogenes Cell Cycle Regulatory Genes
Inherited Cancer Genes: Inherited and
FamilialC
ancers
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IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS
Failure of the immune system to respond to and
eradicate cancer cells
Immunosuppressed individuals are more
susceptible to cancer
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PAT
HOP
HYSIOLOGY
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THE CELL
the structural and functional unit of allknown living organisms
the smallest unit of an organism that is
classified as living, and is sometimes called thebuilding block of life
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COMPONENTS
Cell membrane- separate and protect a cellfrom its surrounding environment
Cytoskeleton - acts to organize and maintain
the cell's shape
Genetic material
DNA - for their long-term information storage
RN
A - used for information transport
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CELL CYCLE
Cell Proliferation process by which the cells
divide and reproduce
regulated
Cell differentiation transformation of cell
into specialized cells
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CELL CYCLE
Gap 1 or G1 phase cell enlarges, synthesizes
protein for DNA replication
Synthesis or S phase DNA is replicated,
chromosomes are duplicated
Gap 2 or G2 phase prepares for mitosis
Mitosos or M phase cell division, parent cell
produces identical daughter cells with the
same genetic material
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EVOLUTION OF CANCER CELLS
all cells constantly change through growth,
degeneration, repair and adaptation
neoplasm refers to both benign andmalignant cells
growth control mechanism of normal cells is
not entirely understood
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CARCINOGENS
Are agents that are
known to cause cancer
KNOWNCARCINOGENS:
Viruses
Drugs
Hormones
Chemical and Physical
agents
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TWO GROUPS OF CARCINOGENS
1 GENOTOXIC
CARCINOGENS
- Directly alter DNA and
cause mutations
2 PROMOTER
SUBSTANCES
- Cause other adverse
biologic effects such ascytotoxicity, hormonal
imbalances, altered
immunity or chronic
tissue damage
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CARCINOGENESIS
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(1) INITIATION
Non reversible event that occurs when a
carcinogen invades and damages the DNA of
the cell causing a change in the DNA
structure.
ONCOGENE gene that normally directs cell
growth, if altered, allows growth of cancer
TUMOR SUPRESSOR GENE blocks the
development of cancer
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(2) PROMOTION
Follows initiation
Reversible
Repeated exposure stimulates cellularproliferation of the initiated cell
PROMOTER potentiates the effects of the
initiator
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(3) PROGRESSION
Malignant tumor grows in size, becomes
anaplastic and less differentiated
AN
GIOGEN
ESIS blood supply is establishedthrough the formation of new blood vessels
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(4) METASTASIS
Spread of malignant tumor to other location by
penetrating into the lymph vessels circulating
throughout the body
Considered 2nd cancer
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IMMUNE SYSTEM & CANCER
All cancer is the result of an
immune system that didnt
destroy mutant cells
Immune system destroys 10,000mutated (cancer) cells every day.
When defense ceases cancer
multiplies becomes cancer.
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Cause of the distress to the immune system:
FOOD => ENZYMES destroyed by COOKING =>
PANCREAS doubles its size in trying to keep up
with the demand => EXHAUSTION =>compromised immune system => vulnerable
climate to the formation ofCANCER
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GENETICS & CANCER
AUTOSOMAL
DOMINANT
CONDITION
50% chance of having a
child (male or female)
who will also have the
condition
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GENETICS & CANCER
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
CONDITION
one gene in the pair
changed, not expectedto have signs or
symptoms (CARRIER)
25% chances of having a
child with the condition
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X-LINKED RECESSIVE
Female = carrier
Since a male has only one X
chromosome, he has only
one copy of each gene on
that chromosome.
Therefore, if one of the
genes on his X
chromosome has a
mutation, he will have
whatever condition is
associated with that
mistake
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BENIGN VS. MALIGNANT
BENIGN
Usually encapsulated
Cells similar in structure to cells from which they
originate
Well-defined borders
Slow growing and limited to one area
Possible growth displacement (but not invasion)to adjacent tissue
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BENIGN TUMORS
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BENIGN VS. MALIGNANT
MALIGNANT
Not encapsulated; not cohesive, and irregularpattern of growth
No resemblance to cell of origin
No well-defined borders
Growth into adjacent cells rather than displacingor pushing them aside
Rapid growth through rapid cell division andmultiplication
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MALIGNANTTUMORS
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BENIGN VS. MALIGNANT
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