On the problem of zoogeographical division of the...

10
V E R T E B R A T A H U N G A R I C A TOM. XXIII. 1989 p. 57.56 On the problem of zoogeographical division of the rodent fauna of Vietnam (Mammalia, Rodentia) By CAO van Sung (Received 30 November, 1986) "On the problem of zoogeographical division of the rodent fauna of Vietnam (Mam- malia, Rodentia)" - CAO van Sung - Vertebr. hung., 23: 57-66. 1989. Abstract: Having analysed the rodent fauna of Vietnam author proposes t o d i - vide Vietnam into two zoogeographical provinces; a northern one consisting of the north-western, north-eastern and North Truong-son district and a southern one with two districts - South Truong-son and Nam Bo. The boundary between the two provinces is the range o f H á i V a n . An analysis of the rodent fauna of Vietnam and that of the surrounding countries may assist us in the zoogeographical division of these countries into regions. The boundary be- tween the subtropical and tropical regions crosses the territory of Vietnam, a fact that fo- cusses interest on the zoogeography of this country. In this paper I attempt to discuss on the basis of distribution data of rodents the problem concerning the zoogeographical division of Vietnam. MATERIAL AND METHODS Distribution data were studied of rodent collections deposited in the following institu- tions: Institute of Ecology and Bioresources, National Center for Scientific Research of Viet- nam (Hanoi), University of Hanoi, Institute Pasteur (Ho-Shi-Minh City), Musée Nationale Histoire-naturelle Paris, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, and Zoological In- stitute of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Leningrad. JACCARD's (1902) formula was used for calculating the similarity coefficients between the rodent faunas inhabiting Vietnam's different areas: n 100 . Co = 'n. + n 1 2 where C = number of species common to the two compared areas, n^ and n^ = number of the species exclusive to each areas, respectively RESULTS Before discussing the zoogeographical division of the rodent fauna of Vietnam it is nec- essary to briefly summarize the physico-geographical characteristics of the country.

Transcript of On the problem of zoogeographical division of the...

Page 1: On the problem of zoogeographical division of the …publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/verthung/verthung_1989_vol23_57.pdfVERTEBRATA HUNGARICA TOM. XXIII 198. p 57.56 .9 On the problem of zoogeographical

V E R T E B R A T A H U N G A R I C A TOM. X X I I I . 1989 p. 57.56

On the problem of zoogeographical division of the rodent fauna of Vietnam (Mammalia, Rodentia)

By

CAO van Sung (Received 30 November, 1986)

" O n the p r o b l e m o f z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l d i v i s i o n o f t h e r o d e n t f auna o f V i e t n a m ( M a m ­m a l i a , R o d e n t i a ) " - C A O v a n Sung - V e r t e b r . h u n g . , 2 3 : 5 7 - 6 6 . 1 9 8 9 .

A b s t r a c t : H a v i n g a n a l y s e d t he r o d e n t fauna o f V i e t n a m a u t h o r p r o p o s e s to d i ­v i d e V i e t n a m i n t o t w o z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l p r o v i n c e s ; a n o r t h e r n one c o n s i s t i n g o f the n o r t h - w e s t e r n , n o r t h - e a s t e r n a n d N o r t h T r u o n g - s o n d i s t r i c t and a s o u t h e r n one w i t h t w o d i s t r i c t s - South T r u o n g - s o n and N a m B o . T h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n the t w o p r o v i n c e s i s t he r a n g e o f H á i V a n .

A n a n a l y s i s o f t h e r o d e n t f auna o f V i e t n a m and t h a t o f t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n t r i e s m a y assist u s i n the z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l d i v i s i o n o f t hese c o u n t r i e s i n t o r e g i o n s . T h e b o u n d a r y be ­t w e e n the s u b t r o p i c a l and t r o p i c a l r e g i o n s c r o s s e s t h e t e r r i t o r y o f V i e t n a m , a fact t h a t f o -c u s s e s i n t e r e s t on the z o o g e o g r a p h y o f t h i s c o u n t r y . I n t h i s p a p e r I a t t e m p t t o d i s c u s s o n t h e b a s i s o f d i s t r i b u t i o n da ta o f r o d e n t s t h e p r o b l e m c o n c e r n i n g the z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l d i v i s i o n o f V i e t n a m .

M A T E R I A L A N D M E T H O D S

D i s t r i b u t i o n da ta w e r e s t u d i e d o f r o d e n t c o l l e c t i o n s d e p o s i t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g i n s t i t u ­t i o n s : I n s t i t u t e o f E c o l o g y a n d B i o r e s o u r c e s , N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h o f V i e t ­n a m ( H a n o i ) , U n i v e r s i t y o f H a n o i , I n s t i t u t e P a s t e u r ( H o - S h i - M i n h C i t y ) , M u s é e N a t i o n a l e H i s t o i r e - n a t u r e l l e P a r i s , H u n g a r i a n N a t u r a l H i s t o r y M u s e u m , B u d a p e s t , and Z o o l o g i c a l I n ­s t i t u t e o f t h e S o v i e t A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s , L e n i n g r a d .

J A C C A R D ' s (1902) f o r m u l a w a s u s e d f o r c a l c u l a t i n g the s i m i l a r i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s b e t w e e n the r o d e n t f aunas i n h a b i t i n g V i e t n a m ' s d i f f e r e n t a r e a s :

n 100 . C o =

' n . + n 1 2

w h e r e

C = n u m b e r o f s p e c i e s c o m m o n t o the t w o c o m p a r e d a r e a s , n ^ a n d n ^ = n u m b e r o f t he s p e c i e s e x c l u s i v e to e a c h a r e a s , r e s p e c t i v e l y

R E S U L T S

B e f o r e d i s c u s s i n g t he z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l d i v i s i o n o f the r o d e n t f a u n a o f V i e t n a m i t i s n e c ­e s s a r y to b r i e f l y s u m m a r i z e the p h y s i c o - g e o g r a p h i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e c o u n t r y .

Page 2: On the problem of zoogeographical division of the …publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/verthung/verthung_1989_vol23_57.pdfVERTEBRATA HUNGARICA TOM. XXIII 198. p 57.56 .9 On the problem of zoogeographical

T h e t e r r i t o r y o f V i e t n a m o c c u p i e s the e a s t e r n p a r t o f the I n d o - C h i n e s e p e n i n s u l a and i t e x t e n d s f o r a d i s t a n c e o f 1650 k m f r o m sou th t o n o r t h , f r o m 8 ° 3 0 ' t o 2 3 ° 2 2 ' . M a x i m u m w i d t h o f the c o u n t r y f r o m w e s t t o e a s t i s 650 k m f r o m l o n g i t u d e 1 0 2 ° 1 0 ' t o 1 0 9 ° 2 1 * . T h e w h o l e a r e a o f V i e t n a m c o v e r s 3 2 9 . 600 k m 2 (VU 19 7 9 ) .

A c c o r d i n g to the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f r e l i e f a n d t he t y p e s of v e g e t a t i o n t he a r e a o f V i e t ­n a m can be d i v i d e d i n t o 8 g e o g r a p h i c a l r e g i o n s : n o r t h - e a s t e r n , n o r t h - w e s t e r n , N o r t h and South T r u o n g - s o n , l o w l a n d s o f R e d R i v e r , T h a n h - N g h e - T i n h , South T r u n g - b ô a n d the d e l t a o f the M e k o n g .

One o f V i e t n a m ' s m o s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e s i s h e r m o u n t a i n o u s t e r r a i n . I n V i e t n a m the m o u n t a i n s f o r m t h r e e m a i n r a n g e s : the r a n g e s o f t he N o r t h - E a s t , t he n o r t h - w e s t e r n m o u n ­t a i n s and t h e r a n g e o f T r u o n g - s o n . F r o m the se r a n g e s e m e r g e v e r y h i g h p e a k s s u c h a s the P h a n Si P a n , 3143 a. s . l . , t he s e c o n d h i g h e s t one N g o c l i n h , 2598 m a n d f r o m the l a s t one C h i i d à n g s i n , 240 5 m .

T r u o n g - s o n r u n s p a r a l l e l t o t h e sea s h o r e a l o n g t he b o r d e r b e t w e e n L a o s , C a m b o d i a a n d V i e t n a m , e a s t w a r d i t e x t e n d s t o t h e s e a s h o r e and f o r m s v e r y h i g h m o u n t a i n r i d g e s N g a n g , H á i V a n , C à and o t h e r s ) .

T h e r e a r e s o m e h i g h l a n d s i n V i e t n a m ' s m o u n t a i n s , s o m e t i m e s l y i n g above 1000 m . H i g h l a n d s o f t he n o r t h a r e T a p h i n h , M ô c c h â u , t h o s e o f the sou th a r e P l e i k u , L a m v i e n and D i i i n h ,

V i e t n a m p o s s e s s e s huge r i v e r - s y s t e m s w i t h a n u m b e r o f t r i b u t a r i e s w h i c h f l o w m o s t l y f r o m the w e s t t o the eas t i m m e d i a t e l y i n t o the sea . T h e s e r i v e r - s y s t e m s ac t as n a t u r a l b a r ­r i e r s to a n i m a l m i g r a t i o n .

T h e s e c o n d m o s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e o f V i e t n a m i s the v e r y h u m i d t r o p i c a l c l i m a t e of the c o u n t r y . T h i s i s r e v e a l e d by t he t e m p e r a t u r e and r a i n f a l l p a r a m e t e r s . A n n u a l r a i n ­f a l l v a r i e s b e t w e e n 900 and 3500 m m . A l s o v e r y h i g h a r e these v a l u e s f o r the m o u n t a i n zones . T h e a n n u a l m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e i s i n m a n y p l a c e s h i g h e r than 20 ° C . I n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f V i e t n a m the d a i l y as w e l l as t h e y e a r l y f l u c t u a t i o n s o f t e m p e r a t u r e a r e m o d e r a t e . O n the o t h e r s i d e , i n the n o r t h e r n p a r t s o f the c o u n t r y , t he f l u c t u a t i o n o f t e m p e r a t u r e i s v e r y h i g h ( in w i n t e r t he t e m p e r a t u r e m a y s i n k t o +4 - + 8 ° C , w h e r e a s i n s u m m e r i t r a i s e s t o +36 - +38°C).

A n o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e o f V i e t n a m ' s c l i m a t e i s the m o n s o o n . T h e s u m m e r m o n ­soon i s s a t u r a t e d w i t h h u m i d i t y a n d i t b l o w s f r o m the sou th f r o m A p r i l t i l l O c t o b e r . T h i s t y p e o f m o n s o o n i s s t r e a m i n g i n t w o d i r e c t i o n s . T h e w e s t e r n c u r r e n t s t r e a m i n g t h r o u g h the w e s t ­e r n s l o p e s o f T r u o n g - s o n i s l o s i n g a p a r t o f i t s h u m i d i t y and r e a c h e s o u r c o u n t r y a s a hot and d r y i n g w i n d ( " w i n d f r o m L a o s " ) , O n the c o n t r a r y t he o t h e r c u r r e n t i s s t r e a m i n g f r o m Sou th­eas t A s i a , i s s a t u r a t e d w i t h h u m i d i t y and b r i n g s a b u n d a n t r a i n f a l l s .

T h e w i n t e r m o n s o o n b l o w s f r o m the n o r t h w i t h c o l d a i r w h i c h i s p o o r i n h u m i d i t y , i t c auses f r o m O c t o b e r t i l l M a r c h i n t h e w h o l e c o u n t r y a c o l d , d r y w e a t h e r . T h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n ­ed s y s t e m o f m o n s o o n s c a u s e s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i v e r g e n c e b e t w e e n t h e n o r t h e r n and s o u t h e r n p a r t of V i e t n a m .

I n s u m m a r i z i n g the a b o v e - r e p o r t e d da t a w e have t o m e n t i o n t h a t t h e n o r t h e r n a n d s o u t h ­e r n p a r t s o f V i e t n a m ' s t e r r i t o r y a r e d i f f e r i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m e a c h o t h e r .

L e t u s a n a l y s e the z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l d i v i s i o n o f t he r o d e n t f auna o f V i e t n a m . U n t i l n o w we have n o t a n y u n i f o r m l y a c c e p t e d t h e o r y abou t t h e z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l d i v i s i o n

o f V i e t n a m . T h e f i r s t a t t e m p t w a s m a d e by B O U R R E T (1942) w h o o u t l i n e d a z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l d i v i s i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y based on t h e a n a l y s i s o f g i b b o n s ' d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e a u t h o r s f o l l o w i n g h i m s u g g e s t e d the s c h e m e o f V i e t n a m ' s z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l d i v i s i o n a c c o r d i n g t o d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s o f a n i m a l s : f i s h e s ( M A I 1963 , 1 9 7 3 ) , b i r d s (VO 1 9 7 1 ) , m a m m a l s ( D A O et a l . 1 9 7 0 ) , r o d e n t s ( C A O 1978; D A O 1978) . O n the b a s i s o f a l l o f t h e s e g r o u p s V i e t n a m ' s t e r r i t o r y c o u l d c l e a r l y be d i v i d e d i n t o t w o p r o v i n c e s : a n o r t h e r n and a s o u t h e r n one , the b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n t h e m r u n s a l o n g the r i d g e H á i V a n ( " C l o u d " ) .

S e t t i n g ou t f r o m r o d e n t m a t e r i a l D A O (1978) d i v i d e s the t e r r i t o r y o f V i e t n a m i n t o t w o z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l p r o v i n c e s : i n t o a n o : h e r n one - w i t h t h r e e d i s t r i c t s : n o r t h - e a s t e r n , n o r t h ­w e s t e r n a n d n o r t h - A n n a m e s e - a n d i n t o a s o u t h e r n one - w i t h t w o d i s t r i c t s : s o u t h - A n n a m e s e and s o u t h e r n d i s t r i c t .

F o r o u r z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l a n a l y s e s the a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d s c h e m e s have been a d o p t e d , w i t h s o m e m o d i f i c a t i o n s , n a m e l y t he d e l t a o f B a c b ô , i s r a n k e d u n d e r the n o r t h - e a s t e r n d i s ­t r i c t , w h e r e a s s o u t h - A n n a m w i t h t h e H i g h l a n d T a y nguyen u n d e r Sou th T r u o n g - s o n . B y t h i s w a y z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l l y V i e t n a m c a n be d i v i d e d i n t o f i v e n a t u r a l u n i t s : n o r t h - e a s t e r n , n o r t h ­w e s t e r n , N o r t h T r u o n g - s o n , South T r u o n g - s o n and N a m B o .

Page 3: On the problem of zoogeographical division of the …publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/verthung/verthung_1989_vol23_57.pdfVERTEBRATA HUNGARICA TOM. XXIII 198. p 57.56 .9 On the problem of zoogeographical

A s i t w i l l be s een i n the f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r the a v a i l a b l e z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l da t a sup ­p o r t t h i s s c h e m e .

H a v i n g a n a l y s e d t he s p e c i e s c o m p o s i t i o n o f the r o d e n t f auna o f V i e t n a m (see T a b l e 1) i t s m o s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e b e c o m e s c l e a r : a m i x i n g o f the t e m p e r a t e and s u b t r o p ­i c a l e l e m e n t s f r o m t h e n o r t h e r n fauna w i t h t h e t r o p i c a l o n e s f r o m the s o u t h e r n f a u n a s . A t t e n ­t i o n m u s t be p a i d t o the f ee t t h a t f o r s o m e f o r m s o f t h e t e m p e r a t e zone ( E o t h e n o m y s , M i c r o - m y s , N i v i v e n t e r c o n f u c i a n u s ) and t h o s e o f t he s u b t r o p i c a l zone ( R a t t u s f l a v i p e c t u s , R a t t u s n i t i d u s , C a l l o s c i u r u s e r y t h r a e u s ) N o r t h V i e t n a m r e p r e s e n t s the s o u t h e r n l i m i t o f t h e i r r a n g e s ; a n d o n the c o n t r a r y f o r s o m e t r o p i c a l f o r m s ( C a l l o s c i u r u s f l a v i m a n u s , R a t t u s e x u l a n s , H y l o -p e t e s s p a d i c e u s , M e n e t e s b r e d m o r e i e t c . ) i t i s the n o r t h e r n l i m i t o f t h e i r r a n g e s .

O n the b a s i s o f t he da t a f r o m a n u m b e r o f a u t h o r s w e have t o p o i n t o u t t he f o l l o w i n g g e n ­e r a l z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t he r o d e n t f auna o f V i e t n a m .

1 . C o s m o p o l i t e s p e c i e s : t o t h i s g r o u p b e l o n g o n l y t w o s p e c i e s ( 3 . 1 % ) . T h e a r e a l o f t h e s p e c i e s M u s m u s c u l u s i n c l u d e s f i v e g e o g r a p h i c a l r e g i o n s ( E t h i o p i a n , I n d o - C h i n e s e , H o l a r c -t i s , N e a r c t i s a n d A u s t r a l i a ) . R a t t u s n o r v e g i c u s - the o t h e r s p e c i e s o f t h i s k i n d - o r i g i n a t e s a c c o r d i n g t o a n u m b e r o f a u t h o r s f r o m N o r t h C h i n a . T h e l a t t e r s p e c i e s h a s been d i s t r i b u t e d b y d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f t r a n s p o r t m e a n s o v e r t h e w h o l e w o r l d up t o da t e .

2 . A l m o s t a l l o f the r o d e n t s p e c i e s o f V i e t n a m b e l o n g t o t h o s e o f t he i n d o - C h i n e s e fauna - 58 s p e c i e s ( 9 2 % ) ; t h e s e s p e c i e s d e t e r m i n e the g e n e r a l f e a t u r e o f t h e r o d e n t fauna o f o u r c o u n t r y .

3. 13 s p e c i e s ( 2 0 . 8 % ) a r e c o m m o n w i t h t h o s e o f t h e I n d i a n f auna , 30 s p e c i e s ( 4 7 . 2 %) r e p r e s e n t c o m m o n e l e m e n t s w i t h t h e Sunda f a u n a , 14 s p e c i e s ( 2 2 . 2 % ) a r e c o m m o n f a u n a l e l e m e n t s w i t h t h e P a l a e a r c t i c f auna and o n l y t h r e e s p e c i e s a r e s h a r e d by the V i e t n a m e s e fauna w i t h t h a t o f W a l l a c i a n . A n d a t l a s t , t h e r e a r e s p e c i e s w h i c h c a n be f o u n d o n l y i n t h i s d i s t r i c t - t h e s e a r e e n d e m i c s p e c i e s o r s p e c i e s d i s c o v e r e d as new f o r s c i e n c e ( R a t t u s o s - g o o d i ) . T h e a b o v e - r e p o r t e d d a t a u s e d f o r t he z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l a n a l y s i s w e r e s u i t a b l e t o d r a w the f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s .

T h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e r o d e n t f auna o f V i e t n a m i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t he f a c t t h a t i n t h e n o r t h i t h a s been m i x e d w i t h P a l e a r c t i c e l e m e n t s , i n t h e s o u t h w i t h t h o s e o f the I n d o - M a l a y a n f auna . T h e m i x e d c h a r a c t e r o f t h e fauna a g r e e s t o the g e o g r a p h i c a l s i t u a t i o n o f o u r c o u n t r y . B u t t he V i e t n a m e s e r o d e n t f auna i s s t r o n g l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t he d i s t r i c t s o f the I n d o - M a l a y a n r e g i o n f u r t h e r i n the s o u t h . S m a l l e r i s the n u m b e r o f the f a u n a l e l e m e n t s b e i n g c o m m o n w i t h the P a l e a r c t i c ( 2 2 . 2 % ) and I n d i a n ones ( 2 0 . 8 % ) , e s p e c i a l l y s m a l l i s the n u m b e r o f s p e c i e s s h a r e d by t he W a l l a c i a n s u b r e g i o n (4 . 7 % ) . N o t one s p e c i e s o f t h e r o d e n t f auna o f V i e t n a m o c c u r s i n t h e E t h i o p i a n o r t h e A u s t r a l i a n r e g i o n s . I t s e e m s r e a s o n a b l e t o suppose t h a t i n t h e f o r m i n g o f the r o d e n t f auna o f V i e t n a m e l e m e n t s o f the O r i e n t a l r e a l m h a d a d e t e r m i n i n g r o l e .

I n a n a l y s i n g the f auna o f V i e t n a m we have t o r e l y f i r s t o f a l l on t he c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a ­t u r e s r e v e a l e d by the p r e s e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e s e v e n r o d e n t -f a m i l i e s i n h a b i t i n g t h i s c o u n t r y . T h e s i m p l e s t s t r u c t u r e i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y t he f a m i l i e s C r i - c e t i d a e a n d A r v i c o l i d a e b o t h o f t h e m have o n l y one t y p i c a l s p e c i e s ) , and the r a n g e i n h a b i t e d b y t h e m t o the r i d g e P h a n Si P a n .

F o r the s p e c i e s o f the o t h e r f a m i l i e s t w o v a r i a n t s e x i s t . T h e r e a r e s p e c i e s w h o s e range l i e s i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f V i e t n a m , e . g . C a l l o s c i u r u s f l a v i m a n u s , C a l l o s c i u r u s n o t a t u s , H y l o p e t e s l e p i d u s , H y l o p e t e s s p a d i c e u s , S u n d a s c i u r u s h i p p u r u s , e t c . and t h e r e a r e s p e c i e s h a v i n g t h e i r r a n g e s i n t he n o r t h e r n p a r t s o f V i e t n a m , e . g . C a l l o s c i u r u s e r y t h r a e u s , C a l l o - s c i u r u s p y g e r y t h r u s , D r e m o m y s p e r n y i e t c . T h e r a n g e o f m a n y o t h e r s p e c i e s o c c u p i e s the w h o l e t e r r i t o r y o f t h e c o u n t r y ( T a b l e 1 ) . W e s h o u l d b e a r i n m i n d t h a t a l l o f t h e l a s t - m e n t i o n ­e d s p e c i e s a r e t y p i c a l f o r t h e O r i e n t a l r e a l m . T h e n u m b e r o f e n d e m i c s p e c i e s i s v e r y s m a l l . O n l y t h r e e s p e c i e s h a v e been r e c o r d e d by u s ( R a t t u s g e r m a i n i , R a t t u s o s g o o d i , M a x o m y s m o i ) , w h i c h a r e f o u n d o n l y i n m o u n t a i n o u s l o c a l i t i e s o f d i f f i c u l t a c c e s s .

I t c a n be s t a t e d t h a t i n s p i t e o f the h e t e r o g e n e o u s c h a r a c t e r o f t he r o d e n t f auna o f V i e t ­n a m p r e p o n d e r a t e i n i t t he e l e m e n t s o f the O r i e n t a l r e a l m . A g r o u p o f " s o u t h e r n " s p e c i e s o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m the M a l a y a n s u b r e g i o n can be f o u n d i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f V i e t n a m , w h e r e ­as the g r o u p o f " n o r t h e r n " s p e c i e s o f N o r t h - C h i n e s e and B u r m e s e - I n d i a n o r i g i n i n h a b i t s the

A n a l y s i s o f t he r o d e n t fauna o f V i e t n a m

Page 4: On the problem of zoogeographical division of the …publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/verthung/verthung_1989_vol23_57.pdfVERTEBRATA HUNGARICA TOM. XXIII 198. p 57.56 .9 On the problem of zoogeographical

T a b l e 1. L i s t o f the R o d e n t s of V i e t n a m

F a m i l i e s and s p e c i e s

. Z o o g e o ­

g r a p h i c a l

r a n k i n g

Z o o l o g i c a l r e g i o n s F a m i l i e s and s p e c i e s

. Z o o g e o ­

g r a p h i c a l

r a n k i n g 1 2 3 4 5

I . H y s t r i c i d a e B u r n e t t , 1830

1 . A t h e r u r u s m a c r o u r u s ( L i n n a e u s ,

1758) S. IC + + + + + 2 . H y s t r i x b r a c h y u r u s L i n n a e u s , 1758 S. IC + + 3, H . h o d g s o n i G r a y , 1874 I C . I . P . + + + + +

I I . R h i z o m y i d a e M i l l e r et G i d l e y , 1818

4 . C a n n o m y s b a d i u s ( H o d g s o n , 1842) I C . I . + 5. R h i z o m y s p r u i n o s u s B l y t h , 1851 I C . S. + + + + 6. R h . s i n e n s i s G r a y , 1831 I C . P . + 7. R h . s u m a t r e n s i s ( R a f f l e s , 1821) I C . s. + + +

I I I . P e t a u r i s t i d a e L i n k , 179 5

8. B e l o m y s p e a r s o n i ( G r a y , 1842) I C . I . + + + + + 9. H y l o p e t e s a l b o n i g e r ( H o d g s o n , 1836) I C . I . + + + + +

10 . H . l e p i d u s ( H o r s f i e l d , 1822) I C . s. + + 1 1 . H . s p a d i c e u s ( B l y t h , 1847) I C . s. + + 12. P e t a u r i s t a e l e g á n s ( M ü l l e r , 1839) I C . S. I . + 13. P . p e t a u r i s t a ( P a l l a s , 1766) I C . S. I . + + + + +

I V . S c i u r i d a e G r a y , 1821

14. C a l l o s c i u r u s e r y t h r a e u s ( P a l l a s ,

1778) I C . P . + + 15. C . f i n l a y s o n i ( H o r s f i e l d , 1824) I C . + + 16. C . flavimanus ( G e o f f r o y , 1831) I C . + + + 17. C . n i g r o v i t t a t u s ( H o r s f i e l d , 1823) S. I C . + 18. C . n o t a t u s ( B o d d a e r t , 1785) S. I C . + 19. C . p y g e r y t h r u s ( G e o f f r o y , 1832) I C . + 2 0 . D r e m o m y s p e r n y i ( M i l n e - E d w a r d s ,

1867) I C . P. + + 2 1 . D . r u f i g e n i s ( B l a n f o r d , 1878) I C . S. P . + + + + 2 2 . M e n e t e s b e r d m o r e i ( B l y t h , 1849) S. I C . + + + 2 3 . R a t u f a a f f i n i s ( R a f f l e s , 1822) S. I C . + + 2 4 . R . b i c o l o r ( S p a r r m a n n , 1778) I C . S . I . + + + + + 25 , S u n d a s c i u r u s h i p p u r u s ( G e o f f r o y ,

1831) S. I C . + 2 6 . T a m i o p s m a c c l e l l a n d i ( H o r s f i e l d ,

1840) S. I C . I . + + 27 . T . m a r i t i m u s ( B o n h o t e , 1900) I C . + + + + 2 8 . T . r o d o l p h e i ( M i l n e - E d w a r d s , 1867) I C . + + + 29 . T . s w i n h o e i ( M i l n e - E d w a r d s , 1874) I C . P . + + + +

V , C r i c e t i d a e F i s c h e r i n V a l d h e i m , 1817

30 . T y p h l o m y s c i n e r e u s M i l n e - E d w a r d s ,

1877 I C . +

V I . A r v i c o l i d a e L a c e p è d e , 1799

3 1 . E o t h e n o m y s m e l a n o g a s t e r ( M i l n e -

E d w a r d s , 1871) I C . P . +

V I I . M u r i d a e G r a y , 1821

32 . B a n d i c o t a b e n g a l e n s i s G r a y et

H a r d w i c k e , 1833 I . I C . S, + + + + 33. B . i n d i c a ( B e c h s t e i n , 1800) I C . S. I . + + + + +

Page 5: On the problem of zoogeographical division of the …publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/verthung/verthung_1989_vol23_57.pdfVERTEBRATA HUNGARICA TOM. XXIII 198. p 57.56 .9 On the problem of zoogeographical

( T a b l e 1 ( c o n t i n u e d )

F a m i l i e s a n d s p e c i e s Z o o g e o ­

g r a p h i c a l r a n k i n g

Z o o l o g i c a l r e g i o n s F a m i l i e s a n d s p e c i e s

Z o o g e o ­g r a p h i c a l r a n k i n g 1 2 3 4 5

34. B e r y l m y s b e r d m o r e i ( B l y t h , 1851) • • : . + + + 35. B . b o w e r s i ( A n d e r s o n , 1879) I C . s. + + + + 36. C h i r o m y s c u s c h i r o p u s ( T h o m a s , 1891) I C . P . + + 37 . C h i r o p o d o m y s g l i r o i d e s ( B l y t h , 1856) I C . s. + + 38. H a p a l o m y s d e l a c o u r i T h o m a s , 1927 I C . + 39. L e o p o l d a m y s e d w a r d s i ( T h o m a s , 1882) I C . S. P . + + + + 4 0 . L . sabanus T h o m a s , 1887 I C . s. + + + + 4 1 . M a x o m y s m o i ( R o b . et K L , 1922) E . + + 4 2 . M . s u r i f e r ( M i l l e r , 1902) I C . s. + + + 4 3 . M i c r o m y s m i n u t u s P a l l a s , 1771 I C . P . + 44 . M u s c a r o l i B o n h o t e , 1902 I C . s. + + + + + 45 . M . c e r v i c o l o r H o d g s o n , 1845 I C . S. I . + + + + + 4 6 . M . c o o k i R y l e y , 1914 I C . + + 4 7 . M . m u s c u l u s L i n n a e u s , 1766 c. + + + + + 4 8 . M . p u h a r i T h o m a s , 1916 I C . P . + + + 49 . N i v i v e n t e r b u k i t ( B o n h o t e , 1903) I C . s. + + + + + 50 . N . c o n f u c i a n u s ( M i l n e - E d w a r d s , 1871) I C . P . + 5 1 . N . c r e m o v i v e n t e r ( M ü l l e r , 1900) I C . s. + + + + + 52 . N . n i v i v e n t e r ( H o d g s o n , 1836) I C . I . P . + + + + + 53. R a t t u s a r g e n t i v e n t e r ( R o b . et K L , 1916) I C . s.w. + + + + 54 . R . e x u l a n s ( P e a l e , 1848) I C . s.w. + + + 55. R . f l a v i p e c t u s ( M i l n e - E d w a r d s , 1871) I C . + + + 56. R . g e r m a n i M i l n e - E d w a r d s , 1872 E . + 57 . R . k o r a t e n s i s K l o s s , 1919 I C . I . + + + + + 58 . R . l o s e a ( S w i n h o e , 1870) I C . s. + + + + 59. R . m o l l i c u l u s R o b . e t K l . , 1922 I C . + + + + 60 . R . n i t i d u s ( H o d g s o n , 184 5) I C . I . W . + + + 6 1 . R . n o r v e g i c u s ( B e r k e n h o u t , 1789) c. + + + + 62 . R . o s g o o d i M u s s e r , 1985 E . + 63. V a n d e l e u r i a o l e r a c e a B e n n e t t , 1832 I C . I . + +

Signs a n d a b b r e v i a t i o n s

I C . = I n d o - C h i n e s e s u b r e g i o n 1 . N o r t h - E a s t D i s t r i c t S. = Sundan 2 . N o r t h - W e s t I . = I n d i a n 3. N o r t h T r u o n g Son P . = P a l e a r c t i c 4 . South T r u o n g Son

W. = W a l l a c e a n 5. N a m B o E . = E n d e m i s m

n o r t h e r n t e r r i t o r i e s o f V i e t n a m . I n c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h i s i n the m i d d l e zone of V i e t n a m we can f i n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e s p e c i e s o f " m i x e d c h a r a c t e r " . H e r e r u n s the s o u t h e r n b o u n d a r y o f t h e r a n g e f o r s p e c i e s o f t he n o r t h and on t he c o n t r a r y the n o r t h e n l i m i t o f t he r a n g e f o r spe ­c i e s o f the s o u t h . I t i s c l e a r t h a t the b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n the t w o m a i n g r o u p s o f r o d e n t s r u n s t h r o u g h the m i d d l e o f the t e r r i t o r y o f V i e t n a m , bu t on the o t h e r h a n d , w e a r e no t f o r c e d t o d r a w the z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l b o u n d a r y at the s a m e p l a c e . F o r s e t t l i n g t h i s p r o b l e m e x a c t l y w e t r i e d t o use the q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s m e t h o d a c c o r d i n g t o J A C C A R D ' s (1902) f o r m u l a . B y u s i n g t h i s m e t h o d i t w a s p o s s i b l e t o d r a w t h e b o u n d a r y not o n l y on t he l e v e l o f g e o g r a p h i c a l p r o v i n c e s , but on t h a t one o f v e r y l o w d i s t r i c t s , t o o . T h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d f o r the s i m i l a r i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s b e t w e e n the d i f f e r e n t t e r r i t o r i e s o f V i e t n a m a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e 2 .

Page 6: On the problem of zoogeographical division of the …publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/verthung/verthung_1989_vol23_57.pdfVERTEBRATA HUNGARICA TOM. XXIII 198. p 57.56 .9 On the problem of zoogeographical

T a b l e 2 . S i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n the r o d e n t f aunas o f the d i f f e r e n t z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i c t s o f V i e t n a m

N u m b e r o f 1 2 3 4 5 the s p e c i e s

1

1 33 4 3 . 0 62 . 8 50. 0 37 . 8

1 33 26 27 27 18

2 36 43 . 0 52. 0 4 7 . 3 2 5 . 0

2 36 26 X 25 27 14

3 37 62 . 8 52 . 0 73 . 4 54 . 3

3 37 27 25 X 36 25

4 48 50 . 0 47 . 3 73 . 4 57 . 6

4 48 27 27 36 30

5 34 37 . 8 2 5 . 0 54 . 3 57 . 6

5 34 18 14 25 30

I n t he n u m e r a t o r : s i m i l a r i t y c o e f f i c i e n t a c c o r d i n g t o J A C C A R D I n the d e n o m i n a t o r : the n u m b e r o f c o m m o n s p e c i e s i n the t w o c o m p a r e d t e r r i t o r i e s

1. N o r t h - e a s t e r n d i s t r i c t 2 . N o r t h - w e s t e r n d i s t r i c t 3. N o r t h T r u o n g - s o n 4 . South T r u o n g - s o n 5. N a m B o

A s i t c a n be seen f r o m T a i s q u i t e s u f f i c i e n t f o r r e a c h i n g c r e a s e of the s i m i l a r i t y c o e f f i c i T r u o n g - s o n (47 . 3 ) . I t c o n f i r m s H á i V a n .

100 80 60 40

b l e 2 t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n N a m B o and the o t h e r d i s t r i c t s t h e l e v e l o f a s u p e r - p r o v i n c e . A t the s a m e t i m e a sudden de-en t t a k e s p l a c e b e t w e e n the N o r t - w e s t e r n d i s t r i c t and South t he e x i s t e n c e of a n a t u r a l b o u n d a r y r u n n i n g a l o n g the r i d g e

©

0

®

©

®

Va

8 0 6 0 4 0

20 0 %

o f s i m i l a r i t y

20 0

F o r e l u c i d a t i n g the m u t u a l f a u n -i s t i c a l c o n n e c t i o n s e x i s t i n g b e t w e e n the d i f f e r e n t d i s t r i c t s , t h e y w i l l be s h o w n by m e a n s o f a d e n d r o g r a m ( F i g . 1) .

I t c a n be seen f r o m the d e n d r o ­g r a m s t h a t a v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t d i v e r ­gence e x i s t s o n l y on the l e v e l o f the p r o v i n c e s . A c c o r d i n g t o i t V i e t n a m c a n be d i v i d e d i n t o two p r o v i n c e s ; t h e n o r t h e r n p r o v i n c e c o n s i s t s o f N o r t h - e a s t e r n , N o r t h - w e s t e r n a n d N o r t h T r u o n g - s o n d i s t r i c t , t he s o u t h ­e r n one h a s t w o d i s t r i c t s - South T r u ­o n g - s o n and N a m B o . T h e b o u n d a r y

F i g . 1 . D e n d r o g r a m o f t he c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n the r o d e n t - f a u n a s o f d i f f e r e n t

z o o l o g i c a l r e g i o n s o f V i e t n a m

1. = N o r t h - E a s t r e g i o n ; 2 . = N o r t h - W e s t ; 3 . = N o r t h T r u o n g s o n ; 4.= South T r u o n g 5. = N a m B o son ;

% o f s i m i l a r i t y

Page 7: On the problem of zoogeographical division of the …publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/verthung/verthung_1989_vol23_57.pdfVERTEBRATA HUNGARICA TOM. XXIII 198. p 57.56 .9 On the problem of zoogeographical

b e t w e e n the t w o p r o v i n c e s a g r e e s w i t h t he b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n South and N o r t h T r u o n g -s o n .

I n c o n f o r m i t y o f t he a b o v e - s u g g e s t e d s c h e m e of z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l d i v i s i o n o f V i e t n a m o u r c o u n t r y can be d i v i d e d i n t o t w o z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l p r o v i n c e s h a v i n g as a b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n t h e m s e l v e s the r i d g e H á i V a n . T h e n o r t h e r n p r o v i n c e c a n be d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e d i s t r i c t s : N o r t h - e a s t e r n , N o r t h - w e s t e r n and N o r t h T r u o n g - s o n . T h e s o u t h e r n p r o v i n c e c o n s i s t s o f t w o d i s t r i c t s : South T r u o n g - s o n and N a m B o ( F i g . 2 ) .

F i g . 2 . M a p of the z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t he r o d e n t s of V i e t n a m N u m b e r s as i n F i g . 1

I n the s u m m a r y of the p r e s e n t c h a p t e r the g e n e r a l f e a t u r e s o f the z o o l o g i c a l e l e m e n t s f o r e v e r y d i s t r i c t s h o u l d be g i v e n .

T h e n o r t h e r n z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l p r o v i n c e i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by the d o m i n a n c e of the s o u t h ­e r n C h i n e s e and I n d o - B u r m e s e f a u n a l e l e m e n t s . T h e r o d e n t f auna o f the N o r t h - e a s t e r n d i s ­t r i c t s e e m s t o be q u i t e s i m i l a r t o t he f a u n a o f South C h i n a ( C a l l o s c i u r u s e r y t h r a e u s , T a m i o p s m a c c l e l l a n d i , N i v i v e n t e r b u k i t , N i v i v e n t e r n i v i v e n t e r , N i v i v e n t e r c o n f u c i a n u s , R h y z o m y s s i n e n s i s , D r e m o m y s p e r n y i ) .

T h e r o d e n t fauna o f t he N o r t h - w e s t e r n d i s t r i c t i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t he i n f i l t r a t i o n o f e l e m e n t s o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m South Y u n n a n , B u r m a and the H i m a l a y a M o u n t a i n s ( T y p h l o m y s c i ­ ne r e u s, M i c r o m y s m i n u t u s , E o t h e n o m y s m e l a n o g a s t e r , R a t t u s n i t i d u s , B e l o m y s p e a r s o n i , C a l l o s c i u r u s p y g e r y t h r u s ) .

Page 8: On the problem of zoogeographical division of the …publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/verthung/verthung_1989_vol23_57.pdfVERTEBRATA HUNGARICA TOM. XXIII 198. p 57.56 .9 On the problem of zoogeographical

N o r t h T r u o n g - s o n h a s a t r a n s i t o r y c h a r a c t e r . H e r e r u n s the s o u t h e r n l i m i t o f c e r t a i n n o r t h e r n s p e c i e s as R a t t u s f l a v i p e c t u s , C a l l o s c i u r u s e r y t h r a e u s , H y s t r i x h o d g s o n i , C a l l o -s c i u r u s p y g e r y t h r u s and the n o r t h e r n one f o r s o m e s o u t h e r n s p e c i e s as C a l l o s c i u r u s f l a v i ­ m a n u s , T a m i o p s r o d o l p h e i , M e n e t e s b e r d m o r e i , R a t t u s e x u l a n s e t c .

South T r u o n g - s o n i s a l s o o f t r a n s i t o r y c h a r a c t e r , w i t h d o m i n a n c e o f s o u t h e r n f a u n a l e l e m e n t s : H y s t r i x b r a c h y u r u s , H y l o p e t e s s p a d i c e u s , H y l o p e t e s l e p i d u s , M e n e t e s b e r d m o r e i , B e r y l m y s b e r d m o r e i .

D i s t r i c t N a m B o has a t y p i c a l l y I n d o - M a l a y a n c h a r a c t e r , w i t h a m a j o r s h a r e o f Sun-dan e l e m e n t s ( H y l o p e t e s s p a d i c e u s , H y l o p e t e s l e p i d u s , M e n e t e s b e r d m o r e i , R a t u f a a f f i n i s , C a l l o s c i u r u s n o t a t u s , C a l l o s c i u r u s n i g r o v i t t a t u s , S u n d a s c i u r u s h i p p u r u s ) .

A s i t i s w e l l - k n o w n z o o g e o g r a p h y h a s no t o n l y t he t a s k t o d e s c r i b e t he p r e s e n t d i s t r i ­b u t i o n o f a n i m a l s , bu t t h a t one t o r e v e a l the h i s t o r y and o r i g i n o f the f a u n a , t o o . T h a t v i l l be s h o w n i n the f o l l o w i n g p a r t o f t h i s p a p e r .

H i s t o r y and o r i g i n o f the r o d e n t fauna o f V i e t n a m

W i t h r e s p e c t to i t s s p e c i e s c o m p o s i t i o n and o r i g i n t he r o d e n t fauna o f V i e t n a m m a y be c o n s i d e r e d a s v e r y c o m p l e x . U p t o da te a v e r y few p a l e o n t o l o g i c a l da t a have been g a t h e r e d a n d t h a t i s t h e r e a s o n w h y i t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o e l u c i d a t e t he phase s o f the h i s t o r y , o r i g i n and e v o l u t i o n o f the V i e t n a m e s e r o d e n t f a u n a . T h e b a s i c and m o s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o r e o f the l o c a l fauna i s m a d e up by t he a n c e s t r a l g r o u p of e n d e m i c f o r m s , w h i c h a r e i n a d d i t i o n o f r e l ­i c t c h a r a c t e r and f o r m the m a i n p a r t o f the I n d o - C h i n e s e fauna ( C a l l o s c i u r u s e r y t h r a e u s , C a l l o s c i u r u s p y g e r y t h r u s , C a l l o s c i u r u s f i n l a y s o n i , C a l l o s c i u r u s f l a v i m a n u s , R a t t u s o s g o o d i , R a t t u s g e r m a i n i , R a t u f a b i c o l o r ) . B e s i d e s t h e s e a s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n o f C h i n e s e f a u n a l e l e m e n t s ( R a t t u s f l a v i p e c t u s , R h y z o m y s s i n e n s i s ) and t h a t o f I n d o - C h i n e s e ones ( R a t u f a b i - c o l o r , M u s c o o k i ) , but e s p e c i a l l y o f t h a t one o f M a l a y a n e l e m e n t s ( M e n e t e s b e r d m o r e i , R a ­ t u f a a f f i n i s, S u n d a s c i u r u s h i p p u r u s , C a l l o s c i u r u s n o t a t u s , R a t t u s e x u l a n s e t c . ) c a n be es ­t a b l i s h e d . T h i s can be e x p l a i n e d o n l y b y t he c o m p l i c a t e d l i n k a g e o f p a s t and p r e s e n t p e r i o d s .

T h e f a c t t h a t the r o d e n t fauna o f V i e t n a m has a b s o r b e d t o such a l a r g e e x t e n t d i f f e r e n t e l e m e n t s s h o w s c l e a r l y t h a t t h i s t e r r i t o r y e x c e l l e d d u r i n g g e o h i s t o r i c a l p r o c e s s e s w i t h s i m ­i l a r e c o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , p h y s i c o g r a p h i c a l f a c t o r s , but e s p e c i a l l y w i t h i t s u n i f o r m i t y . T h e p r e s e n c e o f e n d e m i c r o d e n t s p e c i e s i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c no t o n l y f o r V i e t n a m , but f o r the w h o l e O r i e n t a l r e a l m , t o o ; t h i s s e e m s t o p r o v e the f o r m e r e x i s t e n c e o f an a n c e s t r a l , i n d e p e n d e n t f a u n o g e n e t i c c e n t e r . B e s i d e s the a n c e s t r a l e l e m e n t s the t e r r i t o r y o f V i e t n a m w a s i n v a d e d by c e r t a i n s p e c i e s f r o m o t h e r r e g i o n s , t o o , a s M i c r o m y s m i n u t u s , N i v i v e n t e r c o n f u c i a n u s , E o t h e n o m y s m e l a n o g a s t e r e t c . f r o m the n o r t h e r n P a l e a r c t i c , H y s t r i x b r a c h y u r u s , H y l o p e t e s s p a d i c e u s , R a t t u s e x u l a n s , B e r y l m y s b e r d m o r e i and M e n e t e s b e r d m o r e i f r o m t h e M a l a y a n r e g i o n , o r M u s c o o k i . M u s p a h a r i , C a n n o m y s b a d i u s , R h y z o m y s p r u i n o s u s , R a t t u s k o r a t e n - s i s , B a n d i c o t a i n d i c a and V a n d e l e u r i a o l e r a c e a f r o m the w e s t .

I t m i g h t have been s u f f i c i e n t l y s h o w n by r e c o r d e d da ta t h a t t he r o d e n t f auna o f V i e t n a m i s the r e s u l t o f a l o n g and c o m p l i c a t e d s e l f - d e p e n d e n t e v o l u t i o n .

T h e r o d e n t fauna o f V i e t n a m h a s been i s o l a t e d f r o m the s u r r o u n d i n g t e r r i t o r i e s by s u c h n a t u r a l b a r r i e r s as the P a c i f i c f r o m I n d o n e s i a , w h e r e a s the r i v e r s r u n n i n g i n t he w e s t - e a s t ­e r n d i r e c t i o n p r e v e n t e d i n f a c t t he i m m i g r a t i o n o f the a n i m a l s o f C h i n a i n t o t he s o u t h e r n a r e a s .

I t i s w o r t h o f m e n t i o n i n g t h a t s o m e s p e c i e s o f C h i n a ' s t e m p e r a t e zone h a v i n g a w i d e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( the g e n e r a A p o d e m u s , M i c r o t u s ) as w e l l as t h a t ones o f I n d i a ' s s e m i d e s e r t zone ( M e r i o n e s , C r i c e t u l u s e t c . ) a r e ab sen t f r o m V i e t n a m s i n c e t he c o n d i t i o n s o f t h i s c o u n t r y a r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t . O n the c o n t r a r y a n u m b e r o f r e l i c t s p e c i e s w e r e a b l e t o s u r v i v e i n V i e t ­n a m u n t i l p r e s e n t ; t h e y w e r e p r e s e r v e d by the f a v o u r i t e l i f e c o n d i t i o n s and the i s o l a t i o n o f the f a u n a . O n the w i d e h i g h l a n d s o f T a y n g u y e n x e r o p h i l i c f o r e s t s and x e r o p h i l i c g r a s s l a n d s d e v e l o p e d . I n t he se a r e a s s u c h t h e r m o p h i l i c s p e c i e s o f s o u t h e r n o r i g i n s e t t l e d t h a t w e r e ab l e t o adap t t h e m s e l v e s t o the s e v e r e h a b i t a t , as M e n e t e s b e r d m o r e i , H y l o p e t e s s p a d i c e u s , T a ­ m i o p s r o d o l p h e i .

I t d e s e r v e s a t t e n t i o n t h a t s o m e r o d e n t s p e c i e s o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m v e r y f a r c o u n t r i e s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n V i e t n a m by l o c a l l y h i g h l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d f o r m s , e a c h h a v i n g an i s o l a t e d a r e a o f i t s o w n . W e m a y r e f e r t o t h e f o u r s u b s p e c i e s o f t he r e d - b e l l i e d S q u i r r e l ( C a l l o s c i u r u s e r y t h r a e u s e r y t h r a e u s , C . e. e r y t h r o g a s t e r , C . e. c a s t a n e o v e n t r i s , C . e. c u c p h u o n g i s ) as

Page 9: On the problem of zoogeographical division of the …publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/verthung/verthung_1989_vol23_57.pdfVERTEBRATA HUNGARICA TOM. XXIII 198. p 57.56 .9 On the problem of zoogeographical

w e l l as f i v e s u b s p e c i e s o f t he y e l l o w - h a n d e d S q u i r r e l f r o m the s o u t h e r n p a r t of V i e t n a m ( C a l ­ l o s c i u r u s f l a v i m a n u s p i r a t u s , C . f. f a n r a n g i s , C . f. c o n t u m a x , C . f. d a c t y l i s , C . f. g r i s e i - manu s ) .

I n t h e Q u a t e r n a r y o n t h e t e r r i t o r y o f V i e t n a m t h e r e w a s an i m m e n s e g e o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y ( t e c t o n i c as w e l l as v o l c a n i c ) . A s a r e s u l t o f s u c h g e o l o g i c a l m o v e m e n t s b e f o r e 600, 000 y e a r s the b a s a l t p l a t e a u o f T a y n g u y e n w a s l i f t e d , t o o . A n d e v e n h e r e w e c a n f i n d a v e r y c h a r a c ­t e r i s t i c v e g e t a t i o n ( D i p t e r o c a r p u s f o r e s t s , r i c h g r a s s y f i e l d s ) . T h i s p e c u l i a r v e g e t a t i o n s e r v e s as h a b i t a t f o r a n u m b e r of t y p i c a l r o d e n t s p e c i e s .

A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i s t h a t t h e t h a w i n g of t he ice ' f o l l o w i n g e a c h g l a c i a l s r a i s e d the s e a - l e v e l b y 200 m . T h i s a l l o w e d the p a r t i n g o f t h e Sunda i s l a n d s f r o m the I n d o - C h i n e s e m a i n l a n d . T h e f a u n a l e l e m e n t s o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m the Sunda i s l a n d s a n d b e i n g p r e s e n t n o w i n the r o d e n t f auna o f V i e t n a m p r o v e the f o r m e r c o n n e c t i o n ( H y l o p e t e s s p a d i c e u s , M e n e t e s b e r d ­m o r e i , H y s t r i x b r a c h y u r u s , C a l l o s c i u r u s n o t a t u s , C a l l o s c i u r u s n i g r o v i t t a t u s , S u n d a s c i u r u s h i p p u r u s , e t c . ) .

T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t he r o d e n t f auna o f V i e t n a m depends on the c l i m a t e and g e o g r a p h i c a l r e l i e f c o n d i t i o n s . Spec ies o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m P a l e a r c t i c have t h e i r r a n g e s a t p r e s e n t m a i n l y o n the t o p s o f m a s s i v e s and h i g h m o u n t a i n s ( E o t h e n o m y s m e l a n o g a s t e r , M i c r o m y s m i n u t u s ) . Some o t h e r s p e c i e s as M e n e t e s b e r d m o r e i , H y l o p e t e s s p a d i c e u s , C a l l o s c i u r u s f i n l a y s o n i e t c . a r e i n h a b i t a t i n g the x e r o p h i l i c d e c i d u o u s f o r e s t s o f V i e t n a m w h i c h a r e v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h e i r o r i g i n a l r a n g e l o c a t e d i n t h e Sunda i s l a n d s . T h u s , t he r o d e n t f auna of V i e t n a m i s c o m p o s e d o f e l e m e n t s , w h i c h a r e d i f f e r e n t bo th a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r e c o l o g i c a l t y p e a n d t o t h e i r o r i g i n .

T h e z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l d i v i s i o n o f V i e t n a m s e e m s t o m e e t - i n i t s m a i n f e a t u r e s - t he p r e s e n t l i f e c o n d i t i o n s o f t he c o u n t r y . E a c h p r o v i n c e and d i s t r i c t has i t s o w n p a r t i c u l a r a n d s p e c i a l f a u n a . B u t the a i m o f z o o g e o g r a p h y i s n o t o n l y to e s t a b l i s h t he e l e m e n t s o f w h i c h t h e fauna c o n s i s t o f a g i v e n t e r r i t o r y , bu t a l s o t o e l u c i d a t e i t s g e n e s i s .

In t he r e c e n t fauna o f V i e t n a m a n u m b e r o f a n c i e n t e l e m e n t s o f t he O r i e n t a l r e a l m i s r e p r e s e n t e d , t h e r e f o r e the a n c e s t r a l c h a r a c t e r of t he e n d e m i c fauna i s w i t h o u t d o u b t . T h e m i x e d c h a r a c t e r o f the r o d e n t fauna o f V i e t n a m i s c l o s e l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t he e c o l o g i c a l p l a s ­t i c i t y o f t he e l e m e n t s and t h e i r a d a p t a b i l i t y t o t he v a r i o u s l i f e c o n d i t i o n s o f V i e t n a m . F r o m the f ac t t h a t t he r o d e n t s p e c i e s o f n o r t h e r n o r i g i n a r e r e s t r i c t e d to the n o r t h e r n p a r t o f V i e t -n e m , w h e r e a s t h o s e of s o u t h e r n o r i g i n t o the s o u t h e r n p a r t s o f t he c o u n t r y , i t can be c o n c l u d ­ed t h a t i n t h e p a s t the e x p a n s i o n of n o r t h e r n e l e m e n t s t o t h e s o u t h w a s p r e v e n t e d by n a t u r a l b a r r i e r s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i t c a n be e x p l a i n e d by t h e s e b a r r i e r s w h y a r e l i v i n g c e r t a i n s p e c i e s on l o c a l i t i e s s i t u a t e d v e r y f a r f r o m e a c h o t h e r . C a l l o s c i u r u s f i n l a y s o n i can be f o u n d on t h e i s l a n d P h u quoc and i n Sa t h a y i n d i s t r i c t G i a L a i - K o n T u r n . T h e f o s s i l i c f i e l d v o l e ( M i c r o t u s ) s p e c i e s e x c a v a t e d i n t he n o r t h e r n p a r t s o f V i e t n a m r e v e a l t he f a c t t h a t a l l o f t hese s p e c i e s r e a c h e d i n t h e g e o l o g i c a l p a s t o u r c o u n t r y , bu t t h e y b e c a m e e x t i n c t , b e c a u s e l i f e c o n d i t i o n s w e r e no t s u i t a b l e f o r t h e i r s u r v i v a l .

R E F E R E N C E S

B O U R R E T , R . ( 1942 ) : L a faune de l ' I n d o c h i n o i s e . L e s G i b b o n s . - H a n o i . C A O v a n Sung ( 1 9 7 8 ) : R o d e n t f a u n a o f V i e t n a m . - S e i . R e p o r t . B i o l o g y , H a n o i : 1 3 1 - 1 3 9 . C H A S E N , F . N . ( 1940 ) : A h a n d l i s t o f M a l a y s i a n M a m m a l s . - B u l l . R a f f l e s M u s . N o . 15 . D A O v a n T i e n ( 1 9 7 8 ) : E x p e r i e n c e o f z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l z o n a t i o n o f V i e t n a m . - Z o o l . J . 57 ( 4 ) :

5 8 2 - 5 8 6 . D A O et a l . ( 1 9 7 0 ) : R e s u l t s o f z o o - p a r a s i t o l o g i c a l s u r v e y o f N o r t h V i e t n a m i n 1 9 6 2 - 1 9 6 6 . -

G e o - B i o l o g i c a l J . 8 ( 1 - 2 ) : 4 - 3 2 . E L L E R M A N , J . R . et M O R R I S O N - S C O T T , T . C . S , ( 1951 ) : C h e c k l i s t o f P a l e a r c t i c and I n d i a n

M a m m a l s . - B r i t . M u s . N a t . H i s t . L o n d o n : 4 5 6 - 6 7 0 . J A C C A R D , L . (1902) : L o i s de d i s t r i b u t i o n f l o r a l e dans l a zone a l p i n e . - B u l l . Soc. V a u d o i s e

Sc. N a t . 5: 38 . H O N A C K I , H . E . e t a l . (ed.) ( 1 9 8 2 ) : M a m m a l s s p e c i e s o f w o r l d . - L a w r e n c e ( K a n s . ) : 694 p p . L E A K A G U L , B . e t M c N E E L Y , J . A . ( 1 9 7 7 ) : M a m m a l s o f T h a i l a n d . - B a n g k o k . M A I D I N H Y E N (1963 ) : O n t h e c o m p o s i t i o n , o r i g i n and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f i s h p o p u l a t i o n i n R e d

R i v e r . - G e o b i o l o g i c a l J . 2 ( 1 ) : 3 4 - 3 9 .

Page 10: On the problem of zoogeographical division of the …publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/verthung/verthung_1989_vol23_57.pdfVERTEBRATA HUNGARICA TOM. XXIII 198. p 57.56 .9 On the problem of zoogeographical

M A I D I N H Y E N (1973 ) : O n the g e o g r a p h i c a l f e a t u r e o f f i s h fauna i n N o r t h V i e t n a m . - G e o -l o b i o l o g i c a l , J . , 1 1 : 1-2 .

O S G O O D , W . H . (1932) : T h e m a m m a l s o f K e l l e y - R o o s e v e l t ' s and D e l a c o u r A s i a t i c e x p e d i ­t i o n s . - F i e l d M u s . P u b l . Z o o l . 1_8(10): 339 .

V A N P e e n e n , P . F . D . e t a l . ( 1 9 5 9 ) : P r e l i m i n a r y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n m a n u a l f o r m a m m a l s o f South V i e t n a m . - W a s h i n g t o n : 310 p p .

V O Q u y ( 1 9 7 1 ) : B i o l o g y o f c o m m o n n e s t i n g b i r d s i n V i e t n a m . - S c i e n c e H a n o i : 283 p p . V U T u L a p ( 1 9 7 9 ) : V i e t n a m , G e o g r a p h i c a l D a t a . - " L i t e r a t u r e " , H a n o i : 280 p p .

A u t h o r ' s a d d r e s s : D r . C A O v a n Sung I n s t i t u t e o f E c o l o g y and B i o r e s o u r c e s N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h o f V i e t n a m H a n o i V i e t n a m