On Compromise and CoercionOn Compromise and Coercion

Raphael Cohen-AlmagorRaphael Cohen-Almagor

Ever since I assumed my present office my main Ever since I assumed my present office my main purpose has been to work for the pacification of purpose has been to work for the pacification of Europe, for the removal of those suspicions and those Europe, for the removal of those suspicions and those animosities which have so long poisoned the air. The animosities which have so long poisoned the air. The path which leads to appeasement is long and bristles path which leads to appeasement is long and bristles with obstacles. The question of Czechoslovakia is the with obstacles. The question of Czechoslovakia is the latest and perhaps the most dangerous. Now that we latest and perhaps the most dangerous. Now that we have got past it, I feel that it may be possible to make have got past it, I feel that it may be possible to make further progress along the road to sanity. further progress along the road to sanity.

Neville ChamberlainNeville ChamberlainPeace in Our Time (1938)Peace in Our Time (1938)

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OutlineOutline

I. IntroductionI. Introduction II. Principled and tactical II. Principled and tactical

compromisecompromise III. Internalized and Designated III. Internalized and Designated

Coercion Coercion IV. ConclusionsIV. Conclusions

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On CompromiseOn Compromise

Definition:Definition:

““compromise” is a “settlement of a dispute compromise” is a “settlement of a dispute by which each side gives up something it by which each side gives up something it has asked for and neither side gets all it has asked for and neither side gets all it has asked for.” has asked for.”

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ArbitrationArbitration

voluntary voluntary and and compulsorycompulsory

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On CompromiseOn Compromise

directly negotiateddirectly negotiated and and third-partythird-party compromise compromise

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underpinning foundations of underpinning foundations of democracydemocracy

norms of respecting others and of not norms of respecting others and of not harming others harming others

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mutual respect mutual respect Different types of conflict will generate Different types of conflict will generate

different sorts of compromise, according to different sorts of compromise, according to the nature of the diversity at issue, the the nature of the diversity at issue, the content and context of the dispute, and the content and context of the dispute, and the complexion of the groups involved. complexion of the groups involved.

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AbortionAbortion

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The Deadly DozenThe Deadly Dozen

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The Nuremberg FilesThe Nuremberg Files

ABORTIONISTS: the baby butchers

Lawson Akpalonu (CA) Ben Graber (FL) Norman M. Neches (DC)

Edward Allred (CA) William Graham (LA) James Newhall (OR)

Kevin W. Alexander (DC) Marshall Grandy (TX) Richard S. Newman (DC)

Eduardo Aquino (TX) Richard P. Green (DC) Mark Nichols (OR)

Gostal Arcelin (FL) Thomas H. Gresinger (VA) Mario Ochoa (TX)

(SEND US MORE NAMES!) David A. Grimes (SEND US MORE NAMES!)

Carl L. Armstrong (OH) Jay M. Grodin (MD, VA) Soo-Young Oh (MD)

Ali Azima (FL) David Gunn (Fl) Tati I. Okereke (NY)

(SEND US MORE NAMES!) R.V. Guggemheim (OR) (SEND US MORE NAMES!)

Fritz Bailey (CA) Tom Gunter (CA) Kathleen A. Olson

Carlos Baldocedas (IL) Moshe Hacamovitch (TX) G.W. Orr (NE)

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sanctity of lifesanctity of life

a person who believes in the sanctity of a person who believes in the sanctity of life no matter what would principally object life no matter what would principally object to abortion, euthanasia and capital to abortion, euthanasia and capital punishment. punishment.

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Reasons for abortionReasons for abortion

Caribbean cruise Caribbean cruise

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Teaching abortionTeaching abortion

Silent ScreamSilent Scream

httphttp://://wwwwww..silentscreamsilentscream..orgorg//

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CompromiseCompromise

People compromise between the “ought” People compromise between the “ought” and the “is,” between what they aspire to, and the “is,” between what they aspire to, and what is given in realityand what is given in reality. .

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principledprincipled and and tacticaltactical compromise compromise

A principled genuine compromise is a A principled genuine compromise is a mutual recognition by each side of the mutual recognition by each side of the other’s rights, which leads them to make other’s rights, which leads them to make concessions to enable them to meet on a concessions to enable them to meet on a middle ground. It is made in good faith and middle ground. It is made in good faith and both sides reconcile themselves to the both sides reconcile themselves to the results. results.

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Principled CompromisePrincipled Compromise

Camp David 1979Camp David 1979

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Compromise – contCompromise – cont..

There can be principled compromise and There can be principled compromise and tactical implementation of the compromise. tactical implementation of the compromise.

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PornographyPornography

online pornography revenues in the U.S. online pornography revenues in the U.S. alone will grow from $230 million in 2001 alone will grow from $230 million in 2001 to $400 million by 2006to $400 million by 2006..

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RICE v. PALADIN ENTERPRISES

Paladin Press publishes the book “Hit Man” -1983

Lawrence Horn hires James Perry to kill Horn’s family so he may collect his disabled son’s $2million+ legal settlement

Both Horn and Perry are found guilty of charges against them.

Surviving family sues Paladin Press for aiding and abetting Perry and Horn in the triple murder

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Publication of books

Should there be limits on books’ publication?

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Principled CompromisePrincipled Compromise

by principled compromise I mean by principled compromise I mean accepting the mechanism of compromise accepting the mechanism of compromise as a matter of principle, genuinely as a matter of principle, genuinely attending the debate with your counterpart attending the debate with your counterpart with the willingness to recognize the with the willingness to recognize the other's interests and together establish a other's interests and together establish a common ground. Both sides respect the common ground. Both sides respect the personal autonomy, or dignity, of their personal autonomy, or dignity, of their counterpart counterpart

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James and Grace, Colin and James and Grace, Colin and KarenKaren

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Tactical CompromiseTactical Compromise

settlements might turn out to be no more settlements might turn out to be no more than a temporary arrangement, reached than a temporary arrangement, reached as a result of constraints related to time.as a result of constraints related to time.

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Two forms of tactical compromiseTwo forms of tactical compromise

distinction can be made between tactical distinction can be made between tactical compromise that still respects the rights of compromise that still respects the rights of the opponents, and tactical compromise the opponents, and tactical compromise that is based on deceit. that is based on deceit.

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deceitful tactical compromisedeceitful tactical compromise

Oslo Peace AccordsOslo Peace Accords

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deceitful tactical compromisedeceitful tactical compromise

Munich SummitMunich Summit

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On CoercionOn Coercion

The word "coercion" comes from the Latin The word "coercion" comes from the Latin coercere,coercere, meaning "to surrender," and meaning "to surrender," and even more suggestively from two older even more suggestively from two older Latin words, Latin words, arcaarca ("box" or "coffin") and ("box" or "coffin") and arcere arcere ("to shut in"). ("to shut in").

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while coercion is a form of power not all while coercion is a form of power not all exercises of power are exercises of exercises of power are exercises of coercion.coercion.

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coercion - not necessarily coercion - not necessarily malevolentmalevolent

instances in which we must resort to instances in which we must resort to coercion.coercion.

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Coercion to protect weaker Coercion to protect weaker individualsindividuals

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coercioncoercion

When we speak of coercion it is essential When we speak of coercion it is essential that one party successfully alters or affects that one party successfully alters or affects another party’s choice of actions by either another party’s choice of actions by either a constraining action or by communicating a constraining action or by communicating to the other a credible, conditional threat – to the other a credible, conditional threat – by which is meant an announced by which is meant an announced conditional intention to degrade the latter’s conditional intention to degrade the latter’s prospects for acting. prospects for acting.

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academic coercionacademic coercion

Jack KevorkianJack Kevorkian

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Internalized and Designated Internalized and Designated CoercionCoercion

When a given sub-culture in society When a given sub-culture in society denies some freedoms and rights to a denies some freedoms and rights to a certain group living in that same culture, certain group living in that same culture, we may feel that some form of coercion is we may feel that some form of coercion is being exercised.being exercised.

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designated coerciondesignated coercion

Difficulties arise when some women in the Difficulties arise when some women in the said cultural or religious group fail to said cultural or religious group fail to internalize fully the system of norms that internalize fully the system of norms that discriminates against them. discriminates against them.

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female genital mutilationfemale genital mutilation

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Hofer v. HoferHofer v. Hofer

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Hofer Vs. Hofer – contHofer Vs. Hofer – cont..

People have a basic interest in their capacity to form and revise their conception of the good

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ConclusionConclusion

Democracies are advised to enhance and Democracies are advised to enhance and promote civic education which includes promote civic education which includes discussions on the merits of tolerance, discussions on the merits of tolerance, based on respect for others, and of based on respect for others, and of compromise, based on mutual genuine compromise, based on mutual genuine concessions between different groups of concessions between different groups of society. society.

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ConclusionConclusion - cont - cont..

Democracies should also come to the help Democracies should also come to the help of designated individuals whose basic of designated individuals whose basic liberties are infringed by the exercise of liberties are infringed by the exercise of coercive methods employed by intolerant coercive methods employed by intolerant and illiberal elements among the and illiberal elements among the community in which they live. community in which they live.

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Thank youThank you