Omega 3 & Omega 6 Fattyacids for the(6)

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    Haritha chowdaryM. S (Pharm.)

    (Sem. I)

    Department of Natural ProductsNational Institute of PharmaceuticalEducation and Research (NIPER)Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) Punjab-

    160062 1

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    WHAT ARE FATTY ACIDS??????

    CLASSIFICATION

    COMMON FOOD SOURCES OF OMEGA

    3 AND 6 FATTYACIDS

    DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS

    SYNTHESIS & USES

    GENERAL MECHANISM OF OMEGA FATTYACIDS

    OMEGA 3 FATTYACIDS A PROMISING NOVEL THERAPY FOR

    NONALCHOHOLIC FATTYLIVER DISEASE

    OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS KEY REGULATORS OF HEPATIC GENE EXPRESSION

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    Fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long unbranched

    aliphatic chain.fattyacids generally have a chain with

    even number of carbon atoms, from 4-28. Fatty acidsare important sources of energy storage , as they

    metabolize they yield large quantities of ATP.

    3Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2009, 109, (4), 668-679.

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    4Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2009, 109, (4),668-679.

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    5

    The American journal of clinical nutrition 2000, 71, (1), 343-348.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flax_seeds.jpg
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    6The American journal of clinical nutrition 2000, 71, (1), 343-348.

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    2005 Dietary

    intake (DRI)

    Identified as

    adequate

    intake(AI)

    ALA Recommendations

    1.6 grams per day for men 19 years

    or older

    1.1 grams per day for women 19

    years or older

    LA recommendations

    17 grams per day for men

    between 19 and 50 years old

    14 grams per day if over 50 per

    men

    12 grams per day for women

    between 19 and 50 years old

    11 grams per day if over 50 for

    women

    7Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006. Circulation 2006, 114, (1), 82-96.

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    Research

    suggests

    potential

    Health-

    promising

    Benefits

    Reduce inflammation in heart

    disease, inflammatory bowel

    disease and rheumatoid

    arthritis

    Help prevent blood from

    clotting and sticking to artery

    walls

    Help lower risk for blocked

    blood vessels and heart attacks

    Prevent hardening of the

    arteries

    Decrease risk of sudden death

    and abnormal heart rates

    Decrease triglyceride levels

    Neutral or lower levels of

    inflammatory markers

    Replacing saturated and

    trans fat with omega-6

    fatty acids associated with

    decreasing risk of heart

    disease

    Improve insulin resistance

    and reduce the incidence

    of Diabetes

    Lowers blood pressure

    Lowers cholesterol levels

    9Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006. Circulation 2006, 114, (1), 82-96.

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    10http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12006582

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    OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS: A PROMISING

    NOVEL THERAPY FOR NON-

    ALCHOHOLIC FATTYLIVER DISEASE

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    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined

    by the pathological accumulation of fat in the liver

    when no other explanatory disease is present: it

    encompasses isolated hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic

    steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis.

    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease affects 10

    35% of theadult population worldwide; there is no consensus on

    its treatment

    12Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

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    Classically, it is considered to be the outcome of 'two

    hits. Steatosis, primarily in the form of triglycerides, and

    insulin resistance are thought to occur first.

    13Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

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    sss

    Development of Fatty liver

    Increased adipose tissue harmone

    sensitive lipase activity

    Increased NEFA delivery to

    tissues

    Increased expression of SREBP

    and ChREBP

    Increased denovo lipogenesis

    (DNL)

    Insulin Resistance Hyper Insulinemia

    14Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

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    Sraeli researchers reported in 2009 that drinking too much

    sweetened soda or too much fruit juice can cause fatty

    liver. They reported that people who drink more thanabout four cups daily of sweetened drinks were five times

    more likely to get a fatty liver. Sweetened sodas and

    natural fruit juices have a lot of sucrose (table sugar) or

    high-fructose corn syrupand it doesnt matter which,because both of them are about half glucose and half

    fructose. While we burn off the glucose quickly or store it

    in our brains and muscles, we process fructose through our

    liver, where the excess gets converted into fat in the cellsof our liver.

    15Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

    http://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/S0168-8278(09)00532-7/abstracthttp://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/S0168-8278(09)00532-7/abstract
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    OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS : KEY REGULATORS

    OF HEPATIC GENE EXPRESSION

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    Omega-3 fatty acids are key regulators of hepatic gene

    transcription, with peroxisome proliferator-activated

    receptor alpha (PPARa) and sterol regulatory element

    binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) being best known.

    These have diverse effects on carbohydrate and lipid

    metabolism and may act like hydrophobic hormones:i.e.

    upon ligand binding and activation, they bind to and alter

    the function of specific response elements in target genes.

    OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS: KEY REGULATORS OF

    HEPATIC GENE EXPRESSION

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    PPAR is a transcription factor known to reduce plasma lipidsand increase mitochondrial beta oxidation.

    Two studies employing a murine model of NASHdemonstrated that infusion of a PPAR agonist can preventsteatohepatitis and reverse established disease.

    Omega-3s are potent activators of PPAR, which upregulateseveral genes associated with fatty acid and lipid metabolismthat stimulate fatty acid oxidation.

    Interestingly, in addition to improvements in steatosis, theremay be an independent, anti-inflammatory effect via PPARmediated suppression of TNF-a and IL-6.

    18Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

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    There are three isoforms of SREBP: 1a,1c and 2. SREBP-

    1a is a potent activator of all genes under SREBP

    regulation; SREBP-1c primarily influences genes involved

    in fatty acids synthesis; SREBP-2 is implicated in

    cholesterol synthesis.

    For simplicity, 1a and 1c will be considered jointly as

    SREBP-1. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1

    plays an important role in insulin resistance and is also a

    key regulator of fatty acid synthesis.

    19Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

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    OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS POTENT

    ACTIVATORS OF PPAR ALPHA

    AND SUPPRESS SREBP1

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    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a common and growing problemworldwide. Although frequently asymptomatic and relatively benign,

    NAFLD has the potential to progress to cirrhosis. Cirrhosis, when

    decompensated, has a poor prognosis.

    Currently, the mainstays of treatment are dietary advice, help and

    encouragement to lose weight, and exercise, and energetic treatment of co-existing disorders, especially, Type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

    It is very difficult to get enough omega3 & 6 fatty acids in our daily diet.

    To do so we would need to eat oily fish AT LEAST 3 times a week, which

    most people are unable to do. Maintaining good health just makes sense,and supplementing your diet with necessary nutrients forms part of a

    balanced programme.

    CONCLUSION

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