Making Products from CO2 and Olivine (accelerated weathering)
Olivine! - Emporia State Universityacademic.emporia.edu/abersusa/go340/students/price.pdf ·...
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Olive the info you need to know about Olivine! by Philip Price [email protected] ES 567 Gemstones of the World Image from JR Jewelers Image from P. Price
Transcript of Olivine! - Emporia State Universityacademic.emporia.edu/abersusa/go340/students/price.pdf ·...
Olive the info you need to know about
Olivine!
by Philip Price
ES 567 Gemstones of the World
Image from JR Jewelers
Image from P. Price
Susie2
Sticky Note
Hello, Welcome to my presentation. As you can see, the purpose of this presentation is to give you “olive” the information you need to know about olivine.
Table of Contents
Essential facts about olivine
Chemical Characteristics
History and folklore
Olivine as a gem stone
Sources of Olivine Image from Lavinsky, 2010
Susie2
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First this presentation will cover what I deem to be essential facts about olivine. This is followed a summary of olivine's chemical properties and makeup. Next we will go over the origin of it’s name, history and folk lore associated with the gem. This is followed buy a section about the mineral as a gem stone. And finally we will cover sources and origins of the mineral.
Essential Facts About Olivine
Olivine is…
a mineral named after a green olive due to its color.
an abundant mineral subsurface in our planet because
it is a major component of igneous rock.
a gemstone known as peridot (pear-uh-doe).
6.5 on the hardness scale with a conchoidal fracture,
clear streak, and vitreous luster Friedman, 1997-2012
Susie2
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These are what I believe to be essential facts about Olivine. If one were to only learn this knowledge about the gem from watching this presentation, I believe they would have taken away with them a solid understanding of olivine, the mineral and gem. -Olivine is one of the most abundant minerals in our planet. -It derives its name from an olive due the fact that it is predominantly olive green in color. -Olivine is a member of the olivine series. The Olivine series includes silicate mineral with different percentages of Mg and Fe. Other elements may be substituted for Mg or Fe, but are more rare. The Fe end member is Fayalite, and the Mg end member is Fosterite. -Olivine of often found in mafic rocks such as basalt, however it is also found in metamorphic rocks such as serpentinite. -A few defining characteristics for identifying this mineral in the field are as follows: Olive green color, conchoidal fracture, clear streak, 6.5 hardness, and vitreous luster. -Gem stone varieties of Olivine are often referred to as peridot.
Chemical Characteristics
Olivine has…
a chemical formula of (Fe, Mg)SiO4.
a series of minerals and generic formula, M2SiO4
where M= Ca, Fe, Mn, Ni, and/or Mg.
is a silicate with primary end members fosterite
(Mg2SiO4 ) and fayalite (Fe2SiO4).
a basaltic rock host and first mineral to crystallize
out of the mafic-rich magma.
Schumann, 2009
Susie2
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Chemical makeup -The Chemical formula for Olivine is (Fe, Mg)SiO4. This type This mineral is known as Olivine. -Olivine is a member of the Olivine series or group. This group of minerals always contains the general chemical makeup of one Silica tetrahedron and one other cation. This can also be stated as M2SiO4 Where M= Ca, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Mg. When these other cations are used the following minerals are produced which make up the Olivine series: When Ca=M the mineral is Calcio-Olivine, when Fe=M the mineral is Fayalite, Mg=M Forsterite, CaMn=M Glaucochchroite, CaFe=M Krischsteinite, when one ferious and one feric iron= M the mineral is Lauhunite. -However the two most prominent and more important to remember are the end members Forsterite and Fayalite. The other are more rare. All M2SiO4 combinations in the olivine series will form a orthorhombic crystalline structure when in solid state. This is a from with three axis of different size which are all 90 degrees from each other (“Gemstones of the world”, fourth edition, Schumann) -Olivine and Ca rich plagioclase have a high melting points and also crystallizes out at higher temperatures. As a basaltic magma cool , olivine and Ca rich plagioclase are the first mineral to crystallize out .
Chemical Characteristics Olivine is a nesosilicate with an
orthorhombic crystal structure.
It is found in vesicular basalt
Images from Wikimedia Commons, 2004
Image from The Wiccan Gecko, 2012 (above); image from Alden, 2009 (right).
Susie2
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Examples of chemical makeup -Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock containing mafic minerals such as Fe and Mg. Often times a basaltic magma will cool too quickly allowing only time for the olivine to crystallize out. This occurs because olivine has a higher melting point than other minerals. Here is an example of a basaltic rock with olivine crystals in the matrix of basalt which cooled too fast to create other minerals. -Silica tetrahedron is the building block for most silicate minerals. In the Olivine series it is bonded with predominantly two elements Fe and Mg. When the tetrahedron contains Mg it is called Forsterite (Mg2SiO4 ) and when the tetrahedron contains Fe it is called Fayalite (Fe2SiO4)
History &Folklore
Information from
USGS/NPS Geology in the Parks, 2002
Essence-of-mineral-makeup, 2008-2012
AllAboutGemstones.com, 2012
Glimmerdream, 2003-2012
Historically peridot was… mined on Zagbargad, St. John’s island, in the Red Sea over 3,500 years
ago according to Greek historian Pliny the Elder (below, left) in his book
Naturalis Historia (Natural History) in AD 70.
Historically mined in Pakistan, Burma, Brazil, US-AZ & Hawaii
known as evening emerald and historians suggest Cleopatra wore peridot
instead of emeralds
Found in eastern
Siberia, 1749,
in a meteorite fall.
Zagbargad, Egypt; image from Allaboutgemstones, n.d.
Susie2
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History Historically olivine has been mined for as long as 3000 years. An island which is owned by Egypt called Zagbargard was the first recorded mining spot for olivine The crusaders brought Peridot to central Europe in the middle ages Its most popular era was during the Baroque area
History &Folklore Peridot folklore states that… For centuries, dating back to the ancient Egyptians and Greeks,
Olivine has been regarded as a stone of the sun… stone of lightness
and beauty.
Olivine dispels nightmares and evil spirits if the gem is set in gold.
Powers do not work to protect against evil spirits unless tied to the
tail of a donkey and worn around the left arm
Olivine is the birthstone of August & assigned to planet Saturn.
Information from
Gem Select, 2005-2012
Schumann, 2009
JJKent, Inc, 2004 Image from Emily’s Gems, n.d.
Susie2
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Folklore -Commonly associated with the sun, -olivine was though to dispel nightmares. This power of the stone would only work when set in gold. -For protection from evil spirits olivine was tied to the hair of a donkey and attached to the left arm (www.jjkent.com/articles/history-folklore-chrysolites.htm) (www.essence-of–mineral-makeup.com)
Olivine as Gemstone
• Found as both faceted and tumbled gems, cut in step, oval, brilliant, rose
• Predominately found in small crystals but 319 ct from Zabargad, Egypt is
housed in the Smithsonian Natural History Museum
• Peridot is a idiochromatic gem which means it gets its color from the Fe or Mg
in its fundamental chemical makeup and not from inclusions
• Characteristic inclusion is the lily pad
Images from GIA a & b, 2002-2012
Susie2
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Olivine as a Gemstone -The most popular gemstone of the olivine series is peridot and is also referred to as chrysolite -Peridot is found only in shades of green. -Unlike some other gemstones, treatments are not used to enhance the color or quality of olivine -Olivine gems are in both tumbled and faceted. Tumbled gems can be used as baroque style beads for necklaces and bracelets (amounts other things) and faceted olivine can be used set in gold rings or pendants etc. Some of the more popular cuts for faceted cuts are as follows: step, brilliant and rose. Due to its green color, Peridot has been mistaken for emerald. It has been said that some of the emeralds that Cleopatra wore were actually Peridot.
Olivine as Gemstone
Treatments are not used to enhance the quality of the gem
Price per carat for Peridot can range greatly depending on the depth of color,
cut, and clarity.
Information from:
Gem Select, 2005-2012
Schumann, 2009
Images from: GIA c, 2002-2012 HealingCrystals.com, 2012 Etsy.com, 2012
Susie2
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Olivine as a Gemstone -The average peridot crystal ranges between 2 to 6 mm, weighing around 2 cts. However the largest one ever cut is 319 ct and now resides in the Smithsonian museum Peridot gets its color from the iron in its fundamental chemical formula. It does not range in color with the presence of different impurities, peridot is always a shade of green. The price for peridot can range from anywhere from 10 dollars per ct to 1000 dollars depending on the quality size and cut
Sources of Olivine Historically famous Red Sea island but today, number one in abundance is
Arizona, which produces between 80-90% of the world’s peridot.
Famous in high quality peridot is both Burma (Myanmar) and Pakistan
Found in Wyoming (The Gem Hunter, 2012), New Mexico and Hawaii
in the US, and also China, Norway, Brazil, Australia, Kenya, Mexico,
Sri Lanka, South Africa, and Tanzania
& for a map see mindat.org (Ralph, J., 2011)
Image from <<The Brazilian Connection And Arizona Skies Meteorites >>
Susie2
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Sources of Olivine -References state that the most historical mining spot of Peridot took place on an island called Zegbargat in the Red Sea close to Egypt. This source has been taped for thousands of years, however, sources report different ages ranging between 5000 to 3000 years ago. Egyptians mined peridot from the island and transported it back to royalty in Egypt -United states is the number one producer of peridot by quantity. The San Carlos Indian reservation in Arizona produces the most peridot in the united states. However this peridot in know for having inclusions and cleavage planes which diminish the value of the gem -Some of the Highest quality gems are mined in Myanmar and Pakistani -It is also found in New Mexico, and Hawaii, in the US, China, Pakistan, Norway, Brazil, Australia, Kenya, Mexico, Sri Lanka, South Africa, and Tanzania -Peridot also is found in meteorites called pallasites. Pallasites are iron rich meteorites which come from extinct planets. It is believed that during the formation of out solar system around 4.5 billion years ago, planets crashed into each other and broke apart creating meteorites. This iron rich planet fragment is said to be from the layer between the iron rich center and silica rich mantle of the paleo planet. -Note: research shows there is a significant difference between sources for the mining of minerals in the olivine series as an industrial agent compared to mining of a gem stone. This report focuses on the mineral as a gem (http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/01/minecarb/kramer.pdf) Found in most outcrops of Basalt, for example it is very common on the basaltic islands of Hawaii. So much so that some beaches are green due to the Peridot weathered out of the basalt
Amethyst Galleries, 1995-2012. The mineral olivine. Retrieved from
http://www.galleries.com/Olivine
Arizona Skies Meteorites, 2003-2012. Pallasides and mesosiderites.
Retrieved from http://www.arizonaskiesmeteorites.com/AZ_Skies
_Links/Stony_Irons/index.html
Arizona-Peridot.com , 2008-2011. Arizona peridot. Retrieved from
http://www.arizona-peridot.com/Loose_Peridot/
Alden, A., 2009. Olivine phenocrysts in basalt: Hawaii. Geology About.com.
Retrieved from http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/phenocrysts/
phenocryst-olivine.htm
References & Links
Susie2
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Thanks for visiting... now expand your knowledge by linking to each of these worthy websites! to learn even more about peridot, the gem variety of olivine!
AllAboutGemstones.com, 2012. Gemstones: Peridot. Retrieved from
http://www.allaboutgemstones.com/gemstones_peridot.html
Anne97432, 2008. Olivine. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved from
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Olivine.jpg
Barthelmy, D., 1997-2010. Forsterite mineral data. Mineralogy
Database. Retrieved from http://webmineral.com/data/Forsterite.shtml
Emily’s Gems, n.d. Peridot chips. Retrieved from http://crystal-
cure.com/peridot-gem.html
Essence-of,-mineral-makeup. 2008-2012. Peridot-(Olivine, Chrysolite.
Retrieved from http://www.essence-of-mineral-makeup.com/peridot.html
References& Links
References & Links
Etsy.com, 2012. Rose cut peridot ring. Retrieved from
http://www.etsy.com/listing/104771642/rose-cut-peridot-ring-18k-gold-and
Friedman, H., 1997-2012. The olivine mineral series. The Mineral &
Gemstone Kingdom. Retrieved from
http://www.minerals.net/mineral/olivine.aspx
Gem Select, 2005-2012. Peridot. Retrieved from www.gemselect.com/gem-
info/peridot/peridot-info.php
GIA a 2002-2012. Lily pad inclusion. Retrieved from
http://www.gia.edu/image_resources/educational/lilypad-inclusion-in-
peridot.jpg
GIA b 2002-2012. Oval cut peridot. Retrieved from
http://www.gia.edu/image_resources/educational/peridot.jpg-
GIA c 2002-2012. Peridot ring. Retrieved from
http://www.gia.edu/research-resources/library/featured-
gemstones/peridot/index.html
Glimmerdream, 2003-2012. Peridot: Emerald of the crusaders. Retrieved from
http://glimmerdream.com/gemjourneys/peridot/history
HealingCrystals.com, 2012. Tumbled peridot chip necklace. Retrieved from
http://www.healingcrystals.com/Crystal_Necklaces_-
_Peridot_Tumbled_Chips_Necklace.html
References & Links
References & Links
JJKent, Inc., 2004. The history and folklore surrounding chrysolites.
Retrieved from http://www.jjkent.com/articles/history-folklore-chrysolites.htm J. R. Jewelry, 2004-2010. August birthstone: Peridot. Retrieved from
http://www.jrjewelersblog.com/
Lavinsky, R. 2010. Forsterite-Olivine. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Forsterite-Olivine-4jg58b.jpg
Nelson, S. A., 2012. Magma and igneous rocks. EENS 1110 Physical
Geology lecture, Tuland University. Retrieved from
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens1110/igneous.htm
Ralph, J., 2011. Olivine source map. Mindat.org. Retrieved from
http://www.mindat.org/min-2983.html
References & Links
Schumann, W., 2009. Gemstones of the world. NY: Sterling Publishing
Company.
The Gem Hunter, 2012. Peridot gemtones & geology and TheLeucite Hills,
Wyoming (2011). Peridot Blog. Retrieved from
http://peridot1.blogspot.com/ and http://leucitehills.blogspot.com/
The Brazilian Connection, n.d., Peridot. Retrieved from
http://www.thebrazilianconnection.com/miscperidot.html The Wiccan Gecko , 2012. Peridot and the Goddess Pele: Peridot green sands
of Hawaii. Earthegy Blog. Retrieved from http://blog.earthegy.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/01/greenbeach.jpg
References & Links
USGS/NPS, 2002. Olivine-peridotite – harzburgite and dunite.
Retrieved from
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Notes/olivine.html
Weller, R., 2011. Peridot photos. Cochise College. Conchise County,
Arizona. Retrieved from
http://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/mingem/gemtp/peridot/peridotL.htm
Wikimedia Commons, 2004. Atomic structure of olivine. Retrieved from
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atomic_structure_of_olivine_1.png
Tivol, T. ,2012. Peridot: August birthstone . Tom Tivol Fine Jewelry.
Retrieved from http://www.tomtivoljewels.com/peridot-august-birthstone/
Tivol, T. ,2012. Peridot: August birthstone . Tom Tivol Fine Jewelry.
Retrieved from http://www.tomtivoljewels.com/peridot-august-birthstone/
