Oleh: Dr.Ir. Tri Widjaja, M.Eng.
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Transcript of Oleh: Dr.Ir. Tri Widjaja, M.Eng.
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Oleh:Dr.Ir. Tri Widjaja, M.Eng.
JURUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA FTI-ITS
Kuliah PLI:PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR SECARA BIOLOGIS 2
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Aerobic Digestion
Merupakan salah satu proses pengolahan sludge dengan mengalirkan
oksigen untuk membantu metabolisme bakteri dalam mengkonsumsi
senyawa organik dan mengubahnya menjadi karbondioksida.
Pengolahan sludge
dengan metode ini lebih
cepat dibandingkan
dengan metode
anaerobik, namun dari
sisi ekonomi pengolahan
ini lebih banyak
memerlukan biaya
terutama untuk keperluan
pemompaan udara.
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Keuntungan dan Kerugian Pengolahan secara Aerobik :Keuntungan : Dapat menghasilkan level yang lebih tinggi dalam
penanganan daripada septic tank (anaerobik) Membantu melindungi sumber air yang berharga
ketika sistem septic tidak dapat Bisa memperpanjang umur drainfield Bisa mengurangi ukuran drainfield
Kerugian : Membutuhkan biaya operasi yang lebih tinggi
daripada anaerobik Membutuhkan listrik Harus memperhitungkan kerusakan mesin Memerlukan perawatan yang lebih rutin daripada
anaerob Bisa melepaskan lebih banyak nitrat ke air tanah
darpada sistem anaerob
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The system plan for waste and wastewater treatment process
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Penguraian organik oleh mikrobiologik
cell
Organik + O2 +N +P cell baru + CO2 + H2O + SMP
Cell + O2 CO2+ H2O +P + N +sisa cell +SMP
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CO2
H2O
Cell baru
Absorbsi
Adsorpsi
Organik terlarutO2
NutrientN, P
Koloid dan Suspended Solid
CELL
CatatanPada proses anaerobik yang keluar dari cellberupa CH4 , CO2
(untuk bakteri2 methan)
berupa CO2, H2, asam2 organik (untuk bakteri2 acetogenik)
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Mekanisme Biodegradasi
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Pertumbuhan mikroba memerlukan antara lain :
- Unsur C (dari kandungan polutan organik)- Unsur N, P dan lain – lain (dari nutrient)- O2
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Gambar 1. Penggunaan O2 terhadap waktu
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Proses biologis aerobik :
- Aerobik tersuspensi (suspended growth)
- Aerobik melekat (attached growth)
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Aerobik tersuspensi :Proses lumpur aktif (activated sludge process)- Sistem selokan oksidasi (oxydation ditch)- Lagoon
Aerobik melekat :- Sistem saringan tetes (trickling filter)- Rotating biological contactor (RBC)
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ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
Activated sludge : massa (floc) yang mengandung kumpulan mikroba yang heterogen yang terdiri dari berbagai bakteri, yeast, jamur dan protozoa dan juga “organic matter” serta “slime material”
Activated sludge :
- MLSS : 2000 – 5000 mg/l- Oksigen terlarut : > 2 mg/l
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Modifikasi dasar pembebanan organik & waktu aerasi :
- High Rate Activated Sludge- Standard Rate Activated Sludge- Extended Aeration
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Klasifikasi berdasar sistem inlet & outlet :
A. Lumpur aktif konvensionalB. Stabilisasi kontakC. Lumpur aktif pengadukan lengkap
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PROSES BIOLOGIS DENGAN LUMPUR AKTIF
Koagulan
Effluent
Zat Organik = Se
Lumpur Aktif
DibuangXv
ClarifierTangki Aerasibiomassa = Xv
TERADUK SEMPURNA
Air Limbah
Zat organik = So
ALIRAN SUMBAT
KONTAKTOR
Sistem tercampur sempurna, dimana aerasi terjadi dalam bak/tangki dengan pengadukan mekanis; sistem plug-flow, dimana baknya sempit, panjang dan pengadukan diberikan oleh udara yang diberikan dari bagian bawah bak.
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Design and Operation Parameter for Activated Sludge WWTP (general)
BOD Loading kg BOD/M3 aeration tank.day : 0.4 – 1.6 g BOD/g volatile solid.day or F/M : 0.1- 1.0 kg BOD/M2 surface area. day : 0.015 – 0.15
Air requirement M3 air/ kg BOD removed : 19 – 95 M3 air/ waste water treated : 3.7 - 15O2 requirement kg O2 /kg BOD applied.day : 0.7 - 2.4O2 transfer rate Kg O2 transferred/kWh : 1.2 – 2.4 Sludge concentration MLVSS or Xv : 1500 – 4000 mg/l
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AERATED LAGOON
Aerated lagoon adalah bak dengan kedalaman 2,5 - 5 m, dan luas permukaan beberapa ratus meter persegi serta diaerasi secara mekanis atau difusi udara, sehingga organik dalam air limbah dapat terurai.
Aerobik lagoonDO dan suspended solid dijaga uniform dalam bak
Fakultatif lagoonDO dijaga tetap hadir dibagian lapisan air dalam bak,sebagian suspended solid dipertahankan.Lapisan bawah adalah anaerobik
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Aerobik Lagoon
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FAKULTATIF LAGOON
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FAKULTATIF LAGOON
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Aerobik lagoon • W tinggal : 1-3 hari.• BOD di Feed : 50 – 750 mg/l ;Xv (MLVSS) : 0,5 BOD umpan• Power : 2,8 – 3,9 W/M3• Eficsiensi : 80 -90%
Facultative lagoon• Waktu tinggal : 3,0 -10 dari• BOD di Feed : 50 -750 ; Xv (MLVSS) : 50- 100 mg/l.• Power : ± 0,79 W/M3 (harus cukup jaga DO dan SS uniform di
lapisan atas)• Efisiensi : 80 - 90 %
Gabungan seri aerobik dan fakultatif lagoon menghasilkan mutu air yang sama dengan proses lumpur aktif. Hanya penanganan lumpurnya perlu diperhatikan seksama.
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TRICKLING FILTER
Trickling filter adalah reaktor biologi berbentuk packed bed dari batu atau plastik sebagai media filternya dimana proses kimia-biologis berlangsung, media packing akan ditumbuhi lapisan slime / mikrobiologi aerobik.
Parameter desain dan operasionalHydraulic loading• Low rate, M3 flow/M2.day surface area : 1 – 4• High rat, M3 flow/M2.day. surface area : 8 – 40BOD loading Low rate, kg BOD/M3.day. filter volume : 0.08 – 0.4 High rate, kg BOD/M3.day. filter volume : 0.3 – 1.0RecirculationLow rate ( % feed rate ) : 0 – 50High rate ( % feed rate ) : 25 - 300
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Rock orPlasticpacking
Trickling Filter
Waste water Recycled Effluent
Clarifier
Effluent
Sludge
Pada umumnya trickling filter tidak dapat mengurangi BOD lebih dari 85%. Namun secara umum lebih mudah dan lebih murah dibandingkan proses lumpur aktif.
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TRICKLING FILTER
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TRICKLING FILTER
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ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS (RBC)
RBC dibuat dari lempengan2 plastik yang dipasang pada sumbu berputar. 40% volume alat ini dibenamkan dalam tangki air limbah. Dipermukaan lempengan akan tumbuh lapisan mikroba setebal 1–4 mm. Bila kontaktor ini diputar akan membawa sejumlah air limbah ke udara dan menyerap O2 sehingga mikroba aerobik dapat mengoksidasi zat organik terlarutnya. Unjuk kerja alat ini serupa trickling filter.
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ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS
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ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS
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Ukuran partikel, mm
Org. & anorg. terlarut
Suspensi koloid
Filtrasi/microstraining
Sedimentasi/flotasi
Padatan tersuspensi dan padatan mengambang
Koagulasi kimiawi
Screening
Biological oxidation
1.E-04 1.E-031.E-05 1.E+011.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+051.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04
Presipitasi
Transfer gas
Ion exchange
Reverse osmosis
Elektrodialisis
Adsopsi
1.E-04 1.E-031.E-05 1.E+011.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+051.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04
TREATMENT PROCESS
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Gambar 2. Proses biologis aerobik
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Gambar 3. Lumpur aktif konvensional
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Gambar 4. Stabilisasi kontak
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Gambar 5. Lumpur aktif pengadukan lengkap
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Gambar 6. Oxydation ditch
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Gambar 7. Aerated lagoon types
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Gambar 8. Trickling filter
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Gambar 9. Rotary Biological Contactor
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Tabel Baku Mutu Limbah Industri Ethanol
BAKU MUTU LIMBAH CAIR UNTUK INDUSTRI ETHANOL
Volume Limbah Cair Maximum per Satuan Produk70 m3/ton produk
Parameter Kadar Maximum (mg/l)
BOD5
CODTSS
Sulfida (sebagai H2S)pH
1504003000.5
6 - 9
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Skema Pengolahan Limbah
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PT. SIER
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AJINOMOTO (MALAYSIA)
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Synthetic Fiber Mill
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Do’s1. Do maintain the contract service arrangement offered by the manufacturer after the initial two-
year period has expired (unless your community offers its own management program). It is extremely important that aerobic systems receive regular maintenance.
2. Do keep your system accessible for inspections and pumping, yet protected from unauthorized entrance. If access to your system is locked, make sure that your service contractor has a key.
3. Do call a service professional whenever you experience problems with your system, whenever the alarm is activated, or whenever there are any signs of system failure.
4. Do keep detailed records about your aerobic system, including a map of where it is, and general information, such as model name, capacity, state license, date installed, contract service agreement, records of service visits, and maintenance performed.
5. Do conserve water to avoid overloading the system. Be sure to repair any leaky faucets or toilets.
6. Do divert other sources of water, like roof drains, house footing drains, and sump pumps away from the aerobic system.
7. Do become familiar with how your own particular system operates, and the way it looks, sounds, and smells when it is working correctly. This way, you may be able to identify problems before they become serious and alert your service provider to anything unusual.
8. Do be sure to ask your service provider questions about how to know if your unit is malfunctioning.
Don’ts1. Don't allow anyone to drive over or park on any part of the system.2. Don't make or allow unauthorized repairs or changes to your aerobic system without obtaining
the required health department permits.3. Don't use your toilet as a trash can or poison your treatment system and the groundwater by
pouring harmful chemicals down the drain. Harsh chemicals can kill the beneficial bacteria that treat your wastewater.
4. Don't use a garbage disposal without checking with your local regulatory agency to make sure that your aerobic system can accommodate this additional waste.
5. Don't attempt to clean or perform maintenance on any sealed aerobic unit components.
Aerobic System Do’s and Don’ts
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