PORTFOLIOOleg Kurilenkob.arch woodbury university.

If less is more maybe nothing is everything.Rem Koolhaas

less is more.Mies van de Rohe

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2013.SPRING.DEGREE PROJECT.Curt Gambetta Revbio 2012.FALL.STUDIO 5A.Theresa Hwang interFACE2012.SPRING.STUDIO 4B.Alan Loomis GECO [Glendale.Ecological.Neighborhood] 2011.FALL.STUDIO 4A.Nick Roberts woodbury university film school2011.SPRING.STUDIO 3B.Gerard Smulevich T.L.C [Textile.Living.Centre]2010.FALL.STUDIO 3A.Paulette Singley GenP appartment complex2010.SPRING.STUDIO 2B.David Freeland sliding plates cemetery2010.SPRING.PRO PRAC.Giulio Zavolta yoga house2009.FALL.STUDIO 2A.Linda Chung pacific rim culinary academy2009.SUMMER.INTERNSHIP.Grace Farenbaugh burbank cultural center model 2008.FALL.MATERIALS AND METHODS.Eric Olsen peter zumthors vals baths construct

Molly Hunker

Casey Huges

ANALYTICAL DIAGRAM OF THE THESIS PROJECT

Superfund sites are remnants of an industrial age in Los Angeles. They are a ghostlike presence in the landscape of the city, contaminating surrounding communities. In order to revitalize these sites, the remediation of contaminated soil within the con nes of the site must be linked to the revitalization of the neighborhoods that surround it. Revbio is a revitaliza-tion project in which three distinct elements symbioti-cally interact with one another to create a hybridized landscape where alternative methods of composting combine with urban agriculture. The project devises an alternative trajectory for organic waste, integrating the afterlife of organic waste into the reinvigoration of contaminated sites.

13.9 % OF TOTAL W

ASTE

IN

TH

E U

SA

Full Service Fast Food

Groc

ery Store

s

Lar

ge Ho

tels

Unive

rsitie

s

33 99 %% OO TOOTTAATTL WW

AAWWWWSSTT

ENN

TTHHE

UUSSAA

Large-scaleMethods

Separation o

f

Impurities

Mixing(dry + w

et/ N-rich + C-ric

h/

rough

+ fine)WettingDehydration/Drying Disintegration

Separation ofImpurities

STOR

AGE

Trans

porta

tion

DRYING(aeration, mix

ing)

Mixing/Turning

(dry and wet,

hot and cool zon

es)aeration

mixing

Turned

Windr

ows

Landfill

cattle

20:1

70 30

bark

60

timothy grass pigs

urinepaper

vegetables

80:1

tomatoclover

140

130

leaves

fish m

eal

feces

50

50

0

sawdust

75-85

wood, wite fir

10

100

40

lawn clippings

110

45-55

130

120

110

50-55

fern potato tops

50:1

30

onion

wheat straw

90

sheep

cabbage

20

70:1

soyb

ean m

eal

horse

0

120

45

160

75-90

carrot

60:1

150

40

chicken

10:1

90

compostablepaper

150

35

foodscraps

oat straw

100

30:1

90

40:1

80 10

15

20

80

0

5

25

140

CropResidues

C:N RatioEffects onCompostingWoody

Material

Live StockManure

OrganicFertelizer

KitchenWaste

Time(days)

Temperature

C:N Ratio

Water Content

MaturationStage

ThermophilicStage

Humanure

Turning Freq.Effects onComposting

MesophilicStage

Medium-scale

Methods

Small-scaleMethods

Processing

Preparation

In-vessel

Vermicompost

Dimensions

Small-scale 16 sq in x 25 in

Institutional scale 5' x 6'

Capacity

Input per day 45-55 lbsOutput per week 200-250 lbs

Medium-scale

Length 18 to 42 feet

Capacity 1250-3500 lbs/week

Processing Time 4-14 days

Large-scale

Capacity 2 tons/day

Compost

Pile

Passive Pile

Transfer Station Composting Facility

Landspreading

In-vessel

Composting

Aerated Static Pile

C:N Ratio

Turning Frequency

30:1

60:140:1

3 days

30 days10 days

COMPOST

FE

ED STOCK

BIOREMEDIATIO

N

SCREEN-

MONITORING

PREPARATION OF WINDROW MAT

COMPOSTANALYSIS

WINDROWDISASSEMBLY/ DISPOSITION

WINDROWFORMATION AND HANDLING

AERATION OF WINDROWS

EXCAVATION

1

A superfund site in National City, San Diego acts as the main composting ground, where compost serves the purpose of bio-remediation and soil fertilization for community agriculture. Revbio is envisioned as a new type of Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), bringing together diverse users, ranging from local farmers to the surrounding community of National City.

SITE LOCATION DIAGRAM

RENDERING OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY

2

13.9 % OF TOTAL WASTE IN THE USA

Full Service Fast Food Grocery Stores Large Hotels Universities

foodscraps

compostable paper

Landll

Transfer Station Composting Facility Compost

THE CYCLE OF BIOWASTE3

Compostanalysis

Windrow disassembly and disposition

MonitoringWindrow formationand handling

Excavation Screening Preparation of windrow mat

Aeration of windrows

BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS

PREPARATION OF A SITE

Below is a general overview of ex-situ bioremediation process that is used to cure hydrocarbon contaminated soil at superfund sites. Gener-ally, excavated soils have to be transported to another location where they are stockpiled in long heaps called windrows until bioremediation process is complete. However, on-site applicaiton of this method is also a practical solution.

BIOREMEDIATION OF SUPERFUND SITES

MAP OF SUPERFUND SITES IN CALIFORNIA

4

NATIONAL CITY, CALIFORNIA

West 22nd Street and Wilson AvenueNational City, CaliforniaUnited States

SUPERFUND SITE ANALYSIS

SITE LOCATION DIAGRAM

PARK SIDE

The park side of the site is currently used by the city as a garbage transfer station and collection point for street sweeping materials.

FACILITY SIDE

A release from former underground storage tanks located on the maintenance yard has impacted soil and ground water in the southern portion of the property.

5

Residential

Citys garbage transfer station

Paradise Creek

A charter bus company

National Citys Public Works Departments maintenance yardand administrative of ces

FACILITY SIDE

PARK SIDE

ANALYTICAL SITE PLAN

6

excavation

The proposed method of soil bioremediation was inspired by crop URWDWLRQPHWKRGVXVHGLQIDUPLQJWRUHYLWDOL]HQXWULHQWGHSOHWHGHOGV

Combining compost with excavated soil and transfering it to temporary adjacent location for ELRUHPHGLDWLRQ

Establishment of temporary FRPSRVWLQJIDFLOLW\

Establishment of three adjacent VRLOURWDWLRQHOGV

Establishing permanant composting IDFLOLW\DWWKHELRUHPHGLHGORFDWLRQ

excavation

bioremediation

bioremediationwindrow formation disassembly and disposition

t

ELRUHPHGLHG]RQH

initial stage 0 - 1/2 years 1/2 - 1 years1/2 - 1 year

BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS AT THE SITE

Soil Rotation

Shown is the stage of establishing composting facility at the site prior to any DJULFXOWXUDOHVWDEOLVKPHQWVDQGIDUWKHUELRUHPHGLDWLRQHIIRUWV

DIAGRAM OF THE BIOREMEDIATION STAGES

7

Using compost from permanantly established composting facility for ELRUHPHGLDWLRQSXUSRVHV

Adjacent bioremediated zone is used as temporary storage ORFDWLRQIRUH[FDYDWHGVRLO

Permanent composting facility is established at all three bioremedi-DWHGORFDWLRQV

excavationbioremediation excavation

bioremediation

2 year1 - 1 1/2 years 1 1/2 - 2 years

BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS TIMELINE

8

FACILITY SIDE

Investigations conducted to date indicate concentrations of volatile organic com-pounds, such as benzene, may be present in soil and ground water above state action levels.

PARK SIDE

Current environmental conditions in this area of the site include elevated petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the soil and undocumented ll materials.

BIOREMEDIATION AREAS

MAP OF BIOREMEDIATION AREAS

9

PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

USERS AND METHODS

FACILITY SIDE

Intensive Agriculture

USERS

Farmers and Scientists

TECHNOLOGY

Advanced technology and methods pivot irragation system windrow turner tractor ...

PARK SIDE

Horticulture

USERS

Community of National City

TECHNOLOGY

Simple tools and equipment

Allocation of the program to these areas of the site takes into account the qualities of each. The site is subdivided by the Paradise Creek into two parts with their own distinct characteristics. The right, bossiness and commercial portion of the site is surrounded by the void of parking lots that disconnect it from the populated areas of National City. On the other hand, the left, residential por-tion is inhabited by the neighbouring community.

MAP OF PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

10

5-0

8-1/4

75-0

ARCHITECTURE OF PRECISION

Center-pivot irrigation systems have low labor requirements, and are economically feasible option when it comes to irrigation of larger areas of land.

PIVOT IRRAGATION SYSTEM DIAGRAM

COMPOSTING FACILITY DIAGRAM

11

PLAN OF COMPOSTING FACILITY5 10 20 40

The leftover space between adjacent circles, which is considered the major disadvantage of center-pivot irrigation system, becomes a positive element in the design of the landscape. Circular arrangement of the program on the site is directly related to the technology used at these particular locations. In this way, the leftover space becomes the only designable space that is not subject to any limitations. The program at these parts of the landscape is in direct relationship to the RQHZLWKLQWKHFRQQHVRIWKHFLUFOHV

LEFTOVER SPACE DIAGRAM

12

FIELD CONDITION

q7RJHQHUDOL]HDHOGFRQGLWLRQFRXOGEHDQ\IRUPDORUVSDWLDOPDWUL[FDSDEOHRIXQLI\LQJGLYHUVHHOHPHQWVZKLOHUHVSHFWLQJWKHLGHQWLW\RIHDFK)LHOGFRQGLWLRQVDUHERWWRPXSSKHQRPHQDGHQHGQRWE\RYHUDUFKLQJJHRPHWULFDOVFKHPDVEXWE\LQWULFDWHORFDOFRQQHFWLRQV,QWHUYDOUHSHWLWLRQDQGVHULDOLW\DUHNH\FRQFHSWV)RUPPDWWHUVEXWQRWVRPXFKWKHIRUPVRIWKLQJVDVWKHIRUPVEHWZHHQWKLQJVr

6WDQ$OOHQ

),(/'&21',7,213$77(512)7+(6,7(

4 years 6 years 8 years

TIME is the central element that gives life to the project. Biore-mediation is seen as a gradual process that is undertaken by the community of National City and local farmers using simple machinery and methods of bioremediation in order to create Community Supported Agriculture (CSA).

13

10 years 12 years 14 years

RENDERING OF ESTABLISHING HORTICULTURE ON THE SITE

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT TIMELINE

14

Harding Ave.

W 21st St.

W 22nd St.

W 20th St.

Wilson Ave.

Wilson Ave.

Hoover Ave.

SITE PLAN10050 200 400

WaterwaysCirculation

Community PlotsTerraced Gardens

IslandsChimampas

Small FieldsLarge FiledsComposting Facility

Horticulture

Legend

Creek Park

Agriculture

15

80402010LONGITUDINAL SECTION

RESIDENTIAL AREA

16

COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY GARDENING

Underground RainwaterCollection Tank

The shading devices are strategically placed in locations of the site where most of communal work takes place. Besides creating a shaded atmosphere for work and recreation, these collect runoff water during rainy seasons, thus making self-suf cient farming possible.

17

HORTICULTURE

CREEK PARK

Sheet-Pile Sea Wall

Retaining wall

Original Sectionof the Creeck

18

FARMERS

SMALL SCALE AGRCULTURE

19

AGRICULTURE

LARGE SCALE AGRICULTURE

20

SADIMENSITE RUNPRECIPIT

FARMERS/SCIENTISTS

COMPOST PROBE STATION

Leachate Collection Pool

21

NTNOFFTATION

2-4 3-41

COMPOSTING

COMPOSTING FACILITY

Bioremediated soil

Contaminated soil

22

RENDERING OF COMPOSTING FACILITY

A network of compost probe stations that are interlinked by a series of bridges above the com-post piles allow for on-site compost probing, making the process more ef cient and less time consuming.

23

PHOTO OF THE SECTIONAL MODEL (COMPOSTING FACILITY)

PHOTO OF THE SECTIONAL MODEL (CREEK PARK)

24

interFACE

SERVICE LEVEL RENDERING

The intention of the project is to augment the feeling of HOME in an old hotel in the heart of Downtown Los Angeles that houses neighboring homeless community. It accomplishes that by recon guring various aspects of the buildings initial design, which enhances communal interaction and creates a closer bond between the residents and social workers.

The project is very person oriented. One of the goals of design was to reincorporate this variable into the equation of architecture. Through several community engagement sessions students were able to person-ally interact with the residents of St. Marks and hear of its positive and negative sides. This information helped to formulate guiding principles that informed the design stage of the project.

25

CALIFORNIA, U.S.ALOS ANGELES

SKID ROW

DEVELOPMENT St Marks HotelYEAR COMPLETED 1992ARCHITECT CavaediumDESCRIPTION 89 SRO unitsSUBSIDY 89 Section 8 subsidized units

PHOTOGRAPH OF BUILDINGS FACADESITE LOCATION MAP

SITE ANALISIS

26

105 20 40FIRST FLOOR PLAN (ORIGINAL)

Legend:

01 Elevator02 Lounge03 Entry04 Lounge/Kittchen05 Light Court

06 Storage07 Trash Room08 Janitors Closet09 Bathroom10 Guest Room11 Managers Appartment

01

03

02 01 05 01 05 06

0708 09

09

05 10

101004

11

10

Removal of existing lightwells will free up the oor plan and permit reorganization of the program

27

NOTABLE ISSUES/COMMENTS

DESIGN PROBLEM Inadequate storage space for personal belongingsDESIGN GOAL Create an enlarged storage/locker areaPROJECT NARRATIVE To investigate how incorporation of additional storage space may make living conditions more bearable

DESIGN PROBLEM Inadequate number of bathrooms (unisex/ADA)DESIGN GOAL Upgrade and increase the number of bathroomsPROJECT NARRATIVE To explore how incorporation of additional EDWKURRPVZLOOIUHHXSWKHWUDIFDQGHOLPLQDWHVRFLDO problems between residents

DESIGN PROBLEM Some locations require more privacyDESIGN GOAL Introduce the element of privacy through rearrage ment of the program and selective use of protective materialsPROJECT NARRATIVE To explore how emphesis on privacy in selective areas alter the notion of home

DESIGN PROBLEM Lobby area is too smallDESIGN GOAL Enlarge lobby area by selectively rearranging/ removing spacesPROJECT NARRATIVE To explore how the factor of spaciousness reinforces the notion of comfort

DESIGN PROBLEM Reception area holds mail for two buildingsDESIGN GOAL Incorporate personal mailboxesPROJECT NARRATIVE To explore how direct access to personal mail extends the notion of home

28

LEVEL 1 EXTRUDED FLOOR PLAN

LV 1 CONGREGATION AREA

LV 1 MAJOR PATH / MAIL BOX AREA

29

ENCOURAGE FRIENDLY ENCOUNTERS

Brief encounters are enhanced when a limited number of people share a common open space.

APPLICATION Major routes pass through communal open spaces Incorporate seating along major routes

DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLES

CLUSTER SERVICES

Clustering services around some common open space or communal area encoureges interaction between the occupants.

APPLICATION Clustering services

SHARED WORKSPACE

Sharing a common workspace provides a possiblity for collaboration between residents.

APPLICATION Incorporate facilities that meet common need around the dwelling units.

VISUAL PERMIABILITY

A feeling of spaciousness and visual interaction between the residents is a necessary aspect of an infomal environment.

APPLICATION ,QFRUSRUDWHORZZDOOVWRGHQHVSDFH Use transparency whereever possible

PROTECTION OF PRIVACY

+LJKGHQVLW\HQYLURQPHQWRIWKHUVWRRUZKLFKLVWREHFRQYHUWHGLQWRDQLQIRUPDOVSDFHZLOOstill need to address the privacy needs of the occupants.

APPLICATION Incorporation of Tanslucency in formal/private spaces Double-grazing as a noise brarier

30

LV 2 COMMUNAL / GARDENIG AREA

LV 2 CLOSET SPACE / COMMUNAL AREA

LEVEL 2 EXTRUDED FLOOR PLAN

31

SHARED WORKSPACES are an important element of the project that helps to reestablish the spirit of community in otherwise very individual oriented atmosphere. The strategic placement of this area along the main route allows for constant interaction between passersby and those engaged in the activities that it offers.

COMMUNITY GATHERING PLACE/ GARDENING AREA RENDERING

32

1 25 mm pear-veneered moulded plywood element2 stainless-steel support3 60/6 mm stailess-steel angles bolted to primary supporting member on both sides4 vinyl upholstery

1 60/6 mm stailess-steel angles bolted to primary supporting member on both sides2 vinyl upholstery

14 3

2

12

CONGREGATION AREA SEATING DESIGN

MAJOR PATH SEATING DESIGN

1 25 mm pear-veneered moulded plywood element2 stainless-steel support3 60/6 mm stailess-steel angles bolted to primary supporting member on both sides4 vinyl upholstery1

4

32

LV 2 COMMUNAL AREA DESIGN

33

105 20 40

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

Design of the furniture for major areas of the project links the overall design and enhances the feeling home.

34

105 20 40

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

35

105 20 40

LONGITUDINAL SECTION

36

+ =

GECO (Glendale Ecological Neighbourhood)

MODEL PHOTO

What will happen if the contrasting qualities of suburban area are blended together with the urban ones? Will this relationship create an atmosphere of tension with the surrounding environment, or will it gradually assimilate and become a part of the city?

37

Neighbourhood Name Distinguishing Quality Ongoing Activities Predominant Typology Span

Eco-CommunityGardening

JoggingWalkingBiking

Single Family Houses Geneva St.N. Glendale Ave.

Eco-Gardening

Neighbourhood Name Distinguishing Quality Ongoing Activities Predominant Typology Span

Typical Commerceoriented

Department storeFast-food restaurantResidential Appartments

Geneva St.N. Glendale Ave.

Commercial

134 FreewayN.

Glen

dale

Ave.

+

=This project is a utopian vision that blends distinctive qualities of suburban environment in an urban setting, attempting to create an innovative solution to urban farming. To ac-complish this, it establishes symbiotic relationship between two adjacent neighborhoods in Glendale, California. Separated from one another by freeway, these neighborhoods evolved distinctive qualities which when combined together create a super unit that stiches together fragmented city fabric.

Agricultural urbanism is the link that fuses together eco-community gardening neighbor-hood and commercially oriented one. By introducing contrasting qualities of an agrarian life-style into the city environment, the project looks at a possibility of such implementa-tions in a hasty urban environment like Los Angeles.

The transformation process happens mostly at the level of implementation, rather than demolition. The removed elements of existing city fabric are replaced by ones that serve similar purpose in the proposed urban farming scheme.

The aim of the studio was not to seek out working solutions to existing problems, but rather take existing conditions and respond to them in an innovative and creative way.

NEIGHBOURHOOD MAP

38

100300 sq ft

167000 sq ft

329862 sq ft

122713 sq ft

1%

3%

90%

6%

Analysis of existing neighborhood struc-ture shows that approximately 95% of the neighborhood is residual space that may be subjected to transformation.

NEIGHBOURHOOD ANALYSIS DIAGRAM

39

furnace feed

LIVESTOCK PROCESSING AGRICULTURE

wormcomposting

cane forage andpasture

legumes

export production

rice and beans

corn and sorghum

patiostorage

GRAINS - FRUITS - VEGETABLES

recycled water - irragationdirtywater

EGGS - MEAT - MILK

Birds

Pigs

Cattle

GXFNDQGVKpond

rain water collection

PHDWDQGVKPHDOIRUKXPDQIRRGDQGDQLPDOV

1HDUJUDVVHOGV Near trees

Near water pond

irrigation

animal food

fertelizer

chopper

OWUDWLRQ

latrine

KITCHEN

Transformation of the neighborhoods involves incorporation of features of self-sustaining farm design, in which relationship between separate sectors plays a crucial role.

SELF-SUSTAINING FARM DIAGRAM

40

EXISTING CONDITIONS SITE PLAN

Movement through the site is a dif cult task due to several reasons. The site is framed by on-way streets on the western and southern side, so in order to get to desired destination a driver has to cover long distances, at times, circulating around the entire block. Replacement of these streets with agricultural elds and incorpora-tion of alternative infrastructure to serve the needs of agrarian community was chosen as compromise to achieve the goals of the project.

EX50 100 200 400

XISTING CONDITIONS SITE PLAN

Movement through the site is a dif cult task due to several reasons. The site is framed by on-way streets on the western and southern side, so in order to get to desired destination a driver has to cover long distances, at times, circulating around the entire block. Replacement of these streets with agricultural elds and incorpora-tion of alternative infrastructure to serve the needs of agrarian community was chosen as compromise toachieve the goals of the project.

50 100 200

41

INTERGRATION SITE PLAN

Alterations to the existing environment happen at several levels. At the neighbor-hood scale, it is incorporation of large, agricultural elds which become shared-workspaces that foster a communal atmosphere. At the level of dwellings it is individual plots that offer an option of speciali-zation.

Irrigation of the elds is maintained by a grav-ity based irrigation system that relies on two basins that eventually drain into a pond located at the entrance to the freeway.

INTE

Altehoosharof dzatio

Irrigity on tdraithe free

50 100 200 400ERGRATION SITE PLAN

rations to the existing environment happen at several levels. At the neighbor-d scale, it is incorporation of large, agricultural elds which become red-workspaces that foster a communal atmosphere. At the level

dwellings it is individual plots that offer an option of speciali-on.

ation of the elds is maintained by a grav-based irrigation system that relies two basins that eventually n into a pond located at entrance to theway.

50 100 2005 00LAN S

200RATIO PLANRATION TE PSITT

42

SITE PLANSIT50 100 200 400

TE PLAN50 100 200 4

43

HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

Incorporation of these main elements into the fabric of existing neighborhood subdivides the farming community into specialized zones that require hybridiza-tion of the newly implemented elements with existing conditions. Several typologies that arise from this are market typology, livestock farm typology, sh farm typology, wash farming typology.

HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

Incorporation of these main elements into the fabric of existing neighborhoodsubdivides the farming community into specialized zones that require hybridiza-tion of the newly implemented elements with existing conditions. Severaltypologies that arise from this are market typology, livestock farm typology, shfarm typology, wash farming typology.

FISH FARM TYPOLOGY

WASH FARMING TYPOLOGY

MARKET TYPOLOGY

LIVE STOCK FARM TYPOLOGY

44

COMMUNAL GARDEN COLLAGE

FISH FARM COLLAGE

Is this sort of life-style possible in the urban context?

45

LIVE STOCK FARM COLLAGE WASH FARMING COLLAGE

If so, how the values of life associated with community oriented gardening will in uence the neighboring community?

46

FREEWAY SECTION COLLAGE

The produce from the farm is regularly sold at the farmers market located in the commercial area on the opposite side of 134 freeway.

The terraced gardens and sh farm create a place with opportunities for recreation.

GARDEN SECTION COLLAGE

47

Large agricultural elds link neighbors closer together, fostering atmosphere of community and cooperation.

48

INTERIOR RENDERING

WOODBURY UNIVERSITYFILM SCHOOL

The central part of the project is the grand stairway that besides serving its main purpose also acts as a congregation space. As one ascends or descends it, he is constantly bombarded by visual stimuli, be it silk-screen printed glass overlaid with a layer of moving people behind it, or a direct view into a production space. This experience that affects all the senses forms in the mind of a spectator an overall image of the lm school.

49

The main materials used in the project are concrete and glass. With the aid of silk-screen printing they are transformed into visual billboards that speak to the inhibitors of the space through means that go beyond their material properties.

This new cinematic aesthetics of density seems to be highly appropriate for our age. If we are surrounded by highly dense information surfaces, from city streets to Web pages, it is appropriate to expect from cinema a similar logic. In similar fashion, we may think of spatial montage as re ecting another contemporary daily experience working with a number of different applications on a stream of traditional cinema.

Lev Manovich

EXTERIOR RENDERING

CONCEPT DIAGRAM

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

The intention of the project is to manifest the idea of montage in architecture. The major part of its conceptual design is in uence by Lev Manovichs spatial montage theory.

The attempt to recreate spatial montage experience within the project relies on the graphic methods used by Herzog & de Meuron in Eber-swalde Library, combining them together with an assortment of views that unfold before a spectator as he journeys though the building.

The shape of the building that is very minimal in its nature is created through simple subtractions from a solid rectangular form. This elementary cutting and editing process produces visually permeable space with an extensive opportunity for montage experience.

50

00 SOUND STAGE

11 Legend01 Equipment02 Set Shop03 Sound Stage04 Control Room05 Dressing Room06 Makeup Room07 Costumes08 Props09 Service Elevator10 Freight Elevator11 Hallway12 Restrooms13 Fan Room

02

05

01

13

03

09

0405

06

07

08

10

8

10 20 40 80

51

01 PRODUCTION

20

0904

09

07

18

17

1016

15

09

08

11

1903

01 02

10

07 07

Legend01 Sound Editing Classroom02 Still Photo Studio03 Motion Capture Roo04 After Effects05 Ajunct Space06 Conference Room2IFHV08 Garden09 Classrooms10 Cafeteria11 Lobby12 Restooms13 Service Elevators14 Freights Elevator15 Set Shop16 Sound Stage17 Main Entrance18 Arcade19 Pool

0

10 20 40 80

52

02 CLASSROOMS/ADMINISTRATION

The grand stairway, at various levels, morphs into an outdoor social space where students may congregate in their spare time.

01

14

15

06

05

02

07

03

10

09

12

10

0408

09

13

16

08

11

16

Legend01 Parking Lot Entrance02 Loading Dock03 Media Library04 Directing Studio05 Screening Room06 Projecting Room07 Classrooms08 Seminar Rooms09 Editing Rooms10 Sound Editing Room11 Administration12 Gym13 Equipment14 Dressing Room15 Swimming Pool16 Restroom

10 20 40 80

53

03 ROOF PLAN

03

04

01

02

Legend01 Parking Lot Entrance02 Service Elevator03 Loading Dock04 Swimming Pool05 Gym

05

10 20 40 80

54

01

55

06 05

08 03

06

02

04

Legend01 Outdoor Garden02 Caffe03 Lower Level Lobby04 Sound Stage05 Directing Studio06 Entrance to the Screening Room07 Projection Room08 Equipment

03 Lower Level Lobby

5 10 20 40

LONGITUDINAL SECTION

56

05

07

03

04

57

13

01

09

02

11 14

10

12

08

Legend01 Main Entrance02 Caffe03 Lounge04 Interior Pool05 Elevators/Stairs06 Loading Dock07 Library08 Projection Room09 Screening Room10 Grand Stair11 Hallway12 Rooftop/YAZAKI Solar Cooling Panels13 Props14 Dressing Room

5 10 20 40

CROSS SECTION

58

The method of construction uses tilt-up walls out of precast concrete. Use of concrete is bene cial for the program of the project that requires noise free environment in the area of production.

CIRCULATION DIAGRAM

STRUCTURE DIAGRAM

CONCRETE

STEEL

VERTICALCIRCULATION

HORIZONTALCIRCULATION

The grand stairway that cuts diagonally through the building, starting at the upper level and going all the way down into the basement is the primary circulation path. The secondary path-ways branch off of it, like nerves in the spinal cord.

59

The envelope of the building consists of precast concrete rain screen panels and double glazing windows with silk-screen pattern printed on them.

ACCESSIBLE ROUTES DIAGRAM

ENVELOPE DIAGRAM

LIFE-SAFETYAND EXITING

Primary life-safety and exiting routes are indicated by yellow arrows. In case of re, either primary circulation routes or enclosed re stairs may be used.

60

Interior pool coolsGRZQLQFRPLQJDLUcurrents

People, lights, and surroundingsbecome potential heating sourcesfor air currents

%\PHDQVRIQDWXUDOFRQYHFWLRQZDUPDLUHVFDSHVWKURXJKthe opening on the opposite side.

7KHVORSHRIWKHJUDQGVWDLUZD\aids in leading the currents outof the space.

61

YAZAKIAbsorbtionChiller

Silkscreen Film

Sunlight

Limited Exposureto Exterior Light

$LURZWKURXJKadjustable vents

Radiant HeatingTubing

Chilled Beams

StorageTank

Solar ThermalCollector

ENVIRONMENT/LIGHTING DIAGRAM

The silk-screen printed glass that lines the skin of the building serves as protection mechanism against excessive solar radiation. Only insigni cant amount of light enters into the space, thus providing only enough solar energy to illumi-nate the space but not to warm up the concrete mass. In the long run this conceptual move that serves double purpose reduces energy cooling costs without requiring much maintenance.

62

THE HOMELESS CAPITAL OF THE NATION

T.L.C. is the missing thread in the urban fabric of downtown Los Angeles that acts as a mediator between the HOMELESS and the COMMUNITY, a TEXTILE RECLAMATION and the FASHION DISTRICT. Production and distribution of clothing form a cycle that gives clothing and homeless a new chance in life.

Participation of the homeless is a vital part of the textile recycling program that establishes sym-biotic relationship between the contrasting INDUSTRIAL scale and the ASSISTANCE CENTER. Acting as both primary and secondary elements for the homeless, the textile recycling program helps to give new opportunities to those in need by enriching their moral character and opening the door to a better place in society.

The southern faade of the building is a constant FLUCTUATING CLOTHING BILLBOARD that uses sunlight as the primary process to dry and sanitize washed textiles. In addition to acting as a useful brise- soleil that shades and lters sunlight, it is a COMMUNITY FAADE that creates oblique visual corridors to the interior as well as passages for the body to move through. This surface is a veil that creates ambient conditions for the T.L.C. The rest of the surface for the building is organized by the tectonic order where the transparency of the building is gradually dispersed as ones eyes move vertically along the building. The factory is seen as transparent, of ce as semi-transparent, and housing as private-transparent. The limit of perception of the interior belies the condition of transparency and spectacle from the exterior.

The CELEBRATION OF CLOTHING becomes a visible symbol of a new typology in the urban fabric of downtown L.A.

T.L.C [TEXTILE.LIVING.CENTRE]rethreading humanity back into the urban fabric

Team Members:Aaron Guilford

Kevin LeOleg Kurilenko

CALIFORNIA, U.S.A

SKID ROW

63

LOS ANGELES

EXTERIOR RENDERING

SITE LOCATION DIAGRAM

64

singlerooms

cubicles

bunks

cloth

ing c

arou

sel.

cloth

ing c

arou

sel.

cloth

ing c

arou

sel.

cloth

ing c

arou

sel.

production factorydistribution (market)

administration+

treatment facilities

housing

retail

PROPOSAL FOR FACTORY, ASSISTANCE + HOUSINGTYPICAL MIXED USE PROGRAM

PROGRAM CONCEPT DIAGRAM

65

PRODUC

TION

DISTRIB

UTION

damaged clothingfrom homless

donation truckgood will

donation binshelping hands

loundry facilities

clothing carousel

refurbished clothingto holemless

fashion institute ofGHVLJQDQGPHUFKDQGLVH>GP@919 grand ave.1.2 mi

DPHULFDQDSSDUHO>DD@747 warehouse st.1.1 mifashion district9 th st. & towne ave.0.8 mi

IN

OUT

The process of clothing operates as a cycle PRODUCTION + DISTRIBUTION

66

EN

7 pm

3 pm

12 pm

9 am

east sixth street

south

san p

edro

stree

t

TENANTS REMOVE + FOLD CLOTHESFROM CAROUSEL

AMBIENT LIGHT IS FILTEREDAFTER PASSIVE THROUGH CLOTHES

june sun

winter sun

SOUTHWEST

CLOTHING CAROUSEL: BRISE SOLEIL

SUN DIAGRAM

The clothing carousel is oriented to the south, where clothes are ex-posed to warm California sun throughout most of the day.

67

CLOTHING RACK:SWAP MEET + DISTRIBUTION01 1-1/4 Z-FRAME TUBING02 4 DIA. INDUSTRIAL CASTERS03 61 LENGTH X 69 HIGH04 WELDED SUPPORT TUBE @ 45 DEG.

CLOTHING DONATION BIN01 1/4 STEEL PLATE02 2 TUBING; APPLY ANTI-RUST PAINT03 SEMI-ENCLOSED LOCK BOX

01 01

02

02

03

03

04

PANTS

WORKERS MOVE CLOTHESTO WASH

HATCH ALLOWS TENANTSTO DROP CLOTHES TOFACTORY

SHIRTS UNDIES

CLOTHING CHUTE: CIRCULATION + DIRTY LAUNDRY01 ELEVATOR02 CLOTHES BIN

01

02

68

C CLOTHING CAROUSEL: MECHANICAL SYSTEM

01 GUIDE GEAR02 CHAIN TRACK SYSTEM03 CLOTHING HANGING RAIL04 CLOTHING LINE STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY05 TENSION BRACING

01

02

03

04

05

The factory manufactures products that SHADE the homeless who reside there.

INTERIOR PATIO RENDERING

69

DT: C

DT: B

DT: A

2 units available

4 units available

16 units available

per

modu

le pla

n

per m

odule

plan

per m

odule

plan

16 housing: single room

15 housing: single room

14 housing: single room

18 roof

01 ground level: factory00'-00"

344'-0"

332'-0"

208'-0"

220'-0"

196'-0"

181'-0"

166'-0"

151'-0"

136'-0"

121'-0"

106'-0"

91'-0"

76'-0"

61'-0"

47'-6"04 lobby mezzanine: cafeteria

02 lobby + cafeteria

OREE\PH]]DQLQHRIFHV

23'-6"

35'-0"

05 exterior space

06 housing: bunk beds

09 housing: bunk beds

08 housing: bunk beds

07 housing: bunk beds

10 housing: cubicles

11 housing: cubicles

12 housing: cubicles

13 housing: cubicles

17 housing: single room

Cots

Bunks

SROs

SOUTHWEST SECTION20 40105

70

B STRUT DETAIL

01 12" I-BEAM02 3" STEEL DECK03 CONCRETE FLOOR04 STEEL PIPE05 GUSSET PLATE06 STEEL BOLTS

01

02

03

04

05

06

A ADMINISTRATION FLOOR ASSEMBLY+ TRUSS SYSTEM

01 T MEMBER02 INSET FLOOR PANELS03 STEEL STRUT04 GUSSET PLATE05 STEEL BOLTS

01

03

0402

05

71

02

05

07

06 03

01

04

01 lobby

02 main entrance

EHUUHFODPDWLRQPLOO04 receiving area

05 laundry

06 clothing line

07 drop-off area

08 clothing market area

LVL 00 FACTORY

205 10 40

The heart of the building is its lower level. This is the beginning and the end to the whole cycle of operation that happen on it premises.

72

205 10 40

LVL 06 HOUSING; TYP.

05

03

0402

01

01 bunks

02 circulation core

03 clothing chute

04 sorting area

05 clothing carousel

73

MODEL PHOTO OF THE LOWER LEVEL

VIEW OF THE CLOTHING CAROUSELWORMS VIEW OF THE BUILDING

The structure ehibits the free plan methodology to contradict the principle of load distribution.

74

Helix Wind Turbines

POWERED BY BIOF

UEL

PPPen

Public vs Private Diagram Circulation Diagram Concept Diagram

75

Algae PhotoBioreactor

Steel Collumns of ExistingPower Station

Reinforced Concrete Construction

Solar Panels

SummerSolstice

WinterSolstice

Equinox

BatteryBank

CO2

Recycled WaterWater ProcessorAir ProcessorNutrients

The intention of this project is to introduce safe and ef cient ways of generating energy in an urban environment. It aims to accomplish this by rejuvenating an old, unwelcoming pow-er station that stands in the midst of lively environment near LAX.

This monument to ancient technology nds its new beginning in the self-sustaining apartment complex, which becomes the symbol of a new generation, when reliance on a single power source is a thing of the past.

Elevated high above the ground level, the apartment complex is il-luminated by the sun from its southern side year-round. In addition, its proximity to the ocean is the cause of a windy and humid en-vironment. These potential forces of nature become the sources of power generation through the use of windmills and biotechnology.

Modi ed to accommodate load of the building existing steel structure of the power station provides foundation for the reinforced concrete construction.

Power Distribution Diagram

SITE PLAN

76

OHOO

O

OO

OO O

OH

OH CH3O

CH3OCH3O

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

Sun light

Oil Extraction

AlgaeMonoculture

ExistingTechnology

BiofuelProduction

CH3OHKOHheat

Protein Residue

A population of algae is stored in the panels that make up the main skin of the building, which act as environmental protection barrier. Relying on natural process of photosynthesis algae absorbs sunrays and harmful carbon di-oxide from the surrounding environment and release oxygen and biodiesel fuel as the by-products of this process. By having enough of these panels on the building and also creating arti cial conditions for algae growth in the place of older power station this project aims at greener ways of produc-ing energy and contributing to the economy through production of biofuel.

PROCESS DIAGRAM

77

Gulan

a Ave.

Talbert Ave.

lana A

ve.

Talbert Ave.

The shape of the building reveals its func-tions through strategic mixture of the wind turbines and algae stations with the program of the apartment complex, which gives it chess board-like organization in elevation.

BIRDS EYE VIEW

ELEVATIONAL VIEW

78

Organization of the units follows the shape of the bio-fu-el molecule, breaking down living space into a se-ries of subspaces appropriated for different functions.

ONE BEDRROOM UNIT PLANONE BEDRROOM UNIT PLAN

79

THREE BEDRROOM UNIT PLANTWO BEDRROOM UNIT PLAN

0 5 10 30

Three Bedroom

Two Bedroom

One Bedroom

THREE BEDRROOM UNIT PLANTWO BEDRROOM UNIT PLAN

0 5 10 30

80

Modi ed steel structure of the power station pro-vides foundation for the reinforced concrete construction.

81

Three Bedroom

Two Bedroom

Single

One Bedroom

Private Spaces

Vertical CirculationVertical Circulation

0 5 10 20SECTION

82

The lower level parking area can only be accessed through a gently sloped ramp running between two wings of the apartment com-plex. Staircases and elevator serve as the main circulation routes.

0 10 20 40

MECHANICAL

EQUIPMENT

ELEVATOR LOBBY

TRASH

PARKING LEVEL PLAN

83

0 10 20 40Second (Typical) Floor Plan of the building shows general distribu-tion of dwelling units and wind turbine stations throughout the build-ing. Most of the horizontal and vertical circulation is located on the inner side of the building, which is protected from direct daylight.

Horizontal Circulation

Vertical Circulation

TYPICAL LEVEL PLAN

84

A A

Several bands of paper constructs are joined together to create a eld condition with unique spatial characteristics.

FIELD CONDITION PLAN

JOINING DIAGRAM

FIELD CONDITIONS STUDIES

85

Paper studies of the chosen eld condition revealed possible manipulations that could be applied to the landscape on the site. BIRDS EYE VIEW

86

0 50 100 200Key:

Steep Slope

Flat SlopeShallow Slope

Slope Angle

East

West

Chapparal

Oak and Walnut

Major Plant Communities Significant Slope Orientations

SITE ANALYSIS DIAGRAMATIC PLAN

SITE RESEARCH

87

Careful examination of the map revealed that the slope, which is the main variable in water runoff, is directly in uenced by the runoff in return. It is dis-tinctly visible when slope orientation and hydrology layers are examined. Concave regions created by erosion house a wide variety of vegetation.

Knowing the effects of water runoff on the formation of the slope, it is possible to point out potentially

dangerous zones on the site where the building would be the most susceptible

to natural forces.

DIAGRAMATIC SITE MODELKEY PLAN

RESEARCH GROUP MEMBERS:

Oleg KurilenkoManuel Sanchez

88

The design of the cemetery may be viewed as a series of sliding plates that by oating on the surface of complex topography cre-ate a variety of opportunities. The site having a slope that is beyond acceptable limits, is accessible by a series of ramps that wind around the plates. These begin at the lower elevation and gradually as-cend higher, breaking down the space into a series of sub-areas.

CEMETERY BIRDS EYE VIEW

SLIDING PLATES

CEMETERY

89

Over time, natural features slowly inte-grate themselves into the layout of the cemetery. Using gabion wall as the main reinforcing strategy will eventually make architecture a part of nature.

The program is localized in these areas in such a way that the circulation through the space becomes meaningful. As one ascends the ramps, he is always walking towards scenery framed by surrounding walls or a memorial space.

In addition, features like interplay of shad-ows and light and framed view ahead in-tensify experience of the space.

VIEW OF THE LOCULI

INTERIOR RENDERING

90

Male/Female Restrooms and LavatoriesChapelsDrinking FountainsOfficesAsh Distribution Location

Program

4

1

2

3

5

0 20 40 80

1

1

5

22

2

2

3

3

4

Memorial spaces, instead of breaking continuity of the eld condition estab-lished on the site, are integrated into it in such a way that its integrity is preserved.

SITE PLAN

91

Natural Burial PlotsInurnments ColumbariaLoculli

Burial Plots

0 20 40 80

BURIAL PLAN VIEW

92

NATURAL BURRIALPLOTS

GABION WALL

COMPACTED SOIL

SECTION DETAIL

SECTION DETAIL

93

0 10 20 40

INURNMENTS PLOTS

CONCRETE WALL

SECTION DETAIL

The placement of the plots strictly responds to conditions set by the site, particularly hydrology and ora. The natural burial plots are located at higher elevation, whereas loculli, columbaria, and inurnments are placed at lower locations depending on appropriateness and necessity.

Location of the natural burial plots at higher elevation aids in fertilization of the soil. Water runoff caries nutrients and minerals to the surrounding vegetation and also washes away the toxins. Thus the water that ar-rives to the collection pond at the bottom of the hill is free of pollutants.

SITE SECTION

94

Orderly appearance of the cemetery on the face of unorderly landscape, establishes a new order. A eld condition created by the sliding plates al-lows expansion upon necessity. It may be adapted to nearby hillside con-ditions, which facilitates future planning and management of the cemetery.

SITE MODEL

95

MATERIAL DIAGRAM

gabion walls soil concrete

CIRCULATION DIAGRAM

MORPHOLOGY DIAGRAM

96

Fictional client chosen for this project is a 74 years old certi ed yoga instructor, who specializes in esoteric methodic to combat Multiple Sclerosis. Due to personal reasons he was urged to move from his Beverly Hills house in California, where he has been teaching yoga classes since 1951, to the newly designed one.

He wants the atmosphere of his new place to resemble the one of his prior dwelling, and incorporate into it as many of the memorable features as possible. Those would be: a spacious meditation room, where he conducts classes on regular basis, and a small garden space, where he likes to meditate.

He prefers natural materials over man made ones, because he believes that these act as transistors of energy that circulates within the universe. Wood, to which he is already accustomed to, would be a perfect choice.

His main emphasis in the program of the space is the yoga studio, because he spends most of the time there. Its preferred location would be close to the garden facing the hillside. The rest he leaves up to our design crew and entrusts us to design a convenient dwelling place that would satisfy his material needs.

He also likes to maintain the spirit of companionship and celebration in the house, so he keeps a close relationship between himself and his students. Thus, he requested that the house has an open plan, and the studio space is not alienated from the rest of it.

YOGA HOUSE

97

SCHEMATIC DESIGN

CONCEPTUAL SKETCH

ELEVATIONSSITE PLAN

98

The site chosen for the project is a sloped one. Elevating the building above the ground and placing a carport below proved to be a successful strategy for redistribution of soil.

99

0 5 10 20

SITE PLAN

100

101

0 5 10 20

SITE SECTION

102

0 4 8 16

103

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

104

0 4 8 16

CROSS SECTION

105

0 4 8 16

NORTH ELEVATION

106

0 1 2 4 WALL DETAIL

107

0 1/2 1 2

FOOTING DETAIL

108

Garden Space

Seminar Space

Locker Rooms/Restrooms

Kitchens/Workstations

Storage

Library

Conference Room

Private Office/Open Office

Public Restrooms

Cafe

Bookstore

Restaurant

Auditorium

Program Diagram of the building analyses distribution of spaces in relationship to each other.

Cutting and slicing is an important part of culi-nary art. One may even speculate that it is the most essential act which begins the process. This notion is expressed in the sectional form of the building that exposes interior spaces and as the result accentuates the open nature of organic farming, which has nothing to hide be-cause it offers only that which nature provides.

PACIFIC RIM CULINARY ACADEMY

PROGRAM DIAGRAM

109

Main circulation stairway that connects the three stories is exposed to the public. Interior circulation that is associated with private mat-ters is concealed from the public within the wall of the building.

CIRCULATION DIAGRAM

STUDY MODELS

CONCEPT DIAGRAM

110

INTERIOR RENDERINGThe gardens provide outdoor lounge areas for students.

111

NSE

W

NE

SE

SW

NW

Horizon Plane

Winter Shadow at Midday

Summer Shadow at Midday

Sunrise

Sunset

9 AM

6 PM

Midday79 degrees

32 degrees

Location: Pasadena, CaliforniaLatitude: 348' 52'' NLongitude: 1188' 40'' W

SUN DIAGRAM

112

Garden Space

Lounge

Restaurant

Audito

Outdoor Cafe

W

S/FS

W

S/F S

10 40

20

The stepped-slab typology of the build-ing makes gardens an inseparable part of the building. Oriented south, they are elimi-nated by the southern sun most of the year, which increases their yield capacity. Besides that winter, spring and fall sun light enters into workshops and lounge areas provid-ing natural light throughout most of the year.

113

PublicRestroomsEmployee Room

Bookstore

Library - StacksReading Room

Library - Stacks

Semenar SpaceLockers - Men Lockers - Women

Kitchen/Workshop Kitchen/Workshop

Main Enterance

orium

M W

Restrooms

LONGITUDONAL SECTION

114

Auditorium

Garden Space

Library - Stacks

Library - Stacks

Kitchen/Workstations

Semenar Space Semenar Space

10 40

20

Classrooms are located above the ground level, close to the gardens and away from noisy environment of the street. The rest of the program, on the other hand, gravitates towards the ground lev-el that is freely accessible to the public.

115

Auditorium

Restaurant

Outdoor Cafe

Garden Space

Garden Space

Lounge

CROSS SECTION

116

BookstoreOutdoor CafeRestaurant

B St. An

In plan the building emphasises openness of space and re ects sec-tional morphology of the building.

117

Library - Stackse

C

Andrew Ave.

Hollywood Blvd.

0 5 10 20

GROUND LEVEL PLAN

118

Reading Room

Garden Space

Open Office

AuditoriumSeating AreaRestaurant

119

Library - Stacks

e Space Private Office Public Restrooms

Conference Room

0 5 10 20

Stage Lobby

PublicRestrooms Entrance

Employee Room Entrance 0 5 10 20

UNDERGROUND LEVEL PLAN

FIRST LEVEL PLAN

120

Team Members:Castellanos, Paul

Kurilenko, OlegYang, Mike

Design Firm: Gangi Architecture in cooperation with Debbie Gates

Development Consultant: Grace Farenbaugh

The internship was mainly focused on construction of a scaled model of Burbank Cultural Arts Center designed by Gandi Architec-

ture rm. The intention of the project was rejuvenation of an old Burbank neigh-bourhood through introduction of a cultural center with a large programmatic spectrum.

DETAILS VIEWSOF THE MODEL

BIRDS EYE VIEW OFTHE MODEL

121

SITE PLAN

BIRDS EYE VIEW / PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

122

MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE THERME VALS BY PETER ZUMTHOR

EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE CONCTRUCT

123

The objective of the project was to choose a precedent for a thorough study and analyse materials, and methods of con-struction used in the project. Based on the information obtained each group of students was asked to design a small space that would communicate the essence of the project. Peter Zumthors Baths at Vals, Switzerland was the project of choice for our team.

The space was designed in such a way that the main open-ing that admits light into the space is a slit created by partition-ing of the roof. The interior of the space has a chamber like enclosure that is intended to be lled up with water so the wet surface of stone would glitter in the dim interior atmos-phere. Unfortunately the project, when presented, was miss-ing a roof because the concrete did not cure completely. Nonetheless, functionality of the space did not suffer from this.

INTERIOR VIEW OF THE BATHS

GROUP MEMBERS:Cesar BeltranOleg KurilenkoChristinaJoel Leon

124

EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

125

15 c

m15

cm

15 c

m

STONE SLAB PATTERN DIAGRAM

STONE SLAB PATTERN PHOTOGRAPH

126

STRUCTURAL DIAGRAM

Concrete

Stone Slabs

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSIn the original construction the stone is the framework into which concrete is poured, so when the stone bonds with the concrete a lay-ered wall is created that is able to withstand and preserve high thermal levels in the baths.

The original method of construction could not be followed because of unavailability of the natural stone used in construction. In-stead, thin slate was cut to the right thick-ness and attached to the wooden frame-work into which concrete was poured.

127

128