OLATINPO KEROGEN PRESENTATION
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 1
KEROGEN: COMPOSITION AND CLASSIFICATION
BY
OLATINPO, OLUSEGUN AYOBAMIMATRIC NO: 14/68ET003
APRIL 29, 2015
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 2
OUTLINE
• What Kerogen is• Composition of Kerogen• Classification of Kerogen• Summary and Conclusion
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 3
WHAT KEROGEN IS Defined by solubility:
Organic Matter insoluble in organic solvents because of the large molecular weight up to several thousand Daltons
Defined by petroleum: • Organic Matter capable of producing petroleum• End result of diagenesis stage during the process of
petroleum formation is conversion of organic matter to kerogen
Extraction method alters kerogen properties: physical, compositional, and structural!
• Can be mixed with other insoluble OM: tar, asphaltene, bitumen!
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 4
Ingredient for generating kerogen • For kerogen to be generated, organic matter must be present in
abundance • Organic matter is accumulated mostly in a dispersed state in
predominantly clay-sized marine deposits • It comprises mainly algae and plants, and some animal matter • However, the type and amount of kerogen generation from organic
matter in a basin depends on: nature of the organic matter in the sediments abundance of the organic matter thermal maturity (degree of cooking by heating) of the
organic matter during burial nature and type of environment in which the organic matter
accumulated
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 5
NOTE!!!
* The amount of Organic Matter in source rocks is critical because < 75% of the Organic Matter is converted to petroleum.
* Ideally the Organic Matter content of the source rock should not < 0.5%. If it is > 50%, however, the rock is termed an oil shale.
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 6
“The decomposed components of bacteria, zooplankton (esp. foraminifers &
crustaceans), macro benthos, etc along with that from primary producers (i.e. molecules derived from proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, lignin) form the organic matter that is found
in sediment” (Armstrong, 2010)
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 7
COMPOSITION OF KEROGEN• Organic matter is divided into:
1. Humic OM: results in the formation of coal & gas.
2.Sapropelic OM: gives rise to liquid & gaseous HCs.
• On average, the composition of organic matter in sediment is as follows: 40% Proteins 40% Carbohydrates 10% Lipids 10% Lignin
• These materials are supplied by: Trees, Herbaceous plants, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Bacteria, and Faeces
• All of these + Time + Temperature + Pressure = KEROGEN
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 8
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 9
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 10
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 11
Composition (in wt %) of Living Matter
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 12
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 13
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 14
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 15
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 16
CLASSIFICATION OF KEROGEN
• The extreme types of disseminated organic matter correspond to the class of Kerogen formed.
• According to the van Krevelen diagram, kerogens can be classified based on the ratios of H/C and O/C.
• The different classifications include:Type I kerogenType II kerogenType III kerogenType IV kerogen
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 17
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 18
Type I kerogen or Liptinite
• Rich in lipids particularly aliphatic chains with derivates of oils, fats, & waxes
• Derived from algae present in fresh water lakes & lagoons.
• Abundant in lacustrine source rocks.
• High proportion of H:C ratio (1.6- 1.8) and low O:C ratio (0.06)
• Usually with the exception of a few algae (e.g. Botryococcus sp.) most of the organic matter is unrecognizable. The prolific oil shales of Colorado, Utah, Wyoming (Green River shales) seem to result from a combination of both algae and mirobial lipids.
• Oil prone; yields high (up to 80%).
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 19
Lacustrine Oil Shale From Queensferry (Q0309). Botryococcus Sp. Arrowed (Redfern, 2010)
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 20
Type II kerogen or Exinite
• Most prolific global source rocks • Rich in lipid • It is an admixture of
i. Marine material - phytoplanktons , zooplanktons, algae
ii. Terrestrial (plant) material- spores, pollen, and cuticle
• Its assemblages dominate in the marine source rocks e.g. Kimmeridge Clay Fm (NS), Akata Fm (ND)
• Intermediate H:C (about 1.3) & intermediate O:C (0.1) • Oil & gas prone; yields 40—60% • Sulphur, where present, influences the timing and rate of
maturation of Type II kerogen.
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 21
A Photomicrograph Showing Type II Kerogen Assemblage (Redfern, 2010)
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 22
Type III kerogen (or Vitrinite)
• Rich in lignin derived from woody land plant debris
• The debris occurs abundantly in coals
• Low H:C ratio (< 1.0) & high O:C ratio (0.15)
• Low yield for oil but gas prone
• Low in aliphatic compounds but rich in aromatic compounds
• Example of vitrinite-dominated source rocks include the Carboniferous Coal Measures of the southern North Sea basin
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 23
Type IV kerogen (or Inertinite)
• High in carbon and very low in hydrogen
• Often termed “dead-carbon”
• No effective potential to generate petroleum
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 24
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
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OLUSEGUN OLATINPO 25
I APPRECIATE YOUR ATTENTION