B n ö jiH O T eK a(J m jio jio r a

O.JI. KaMeHCKaü

TEKCTH

KOMMYHHKAIJIM

f lp n y iu f iH O r o c y d a p c m a e u H b i M x o M u m e m o M CCCP no HüpoÖHOMy o O p a s o ß a m a o e Km ecm ae yneÖHOZO nocoöusi djm cmydenmoa

uHcmumymoG u tpaKyjibmemos

U H O C m paH H blX H3 blK 0 8

MocKBa «Bi.icmas uiKcma»

1 9 9 0

BBK 81.2 Op-923 K18

Pei(c ii3eH Tti:K a c f ie/ ip a o 6 m e r o h c p a B H H T C J ib H o r o H 3 b iK 0 3 H a n n > i M o c k o b c k o t o r o c y n a p c T -

B e i i n o r o y H M B e p c H T C T a h m . M.B. J Io M O H o c o B a (3 a B . K a < fx ; j ip o M a n a n c M M K IO.B.Po*aecTBeHCKnii);;i-p r ( )n . io j i . n a y K , npcxj). E.M. Bepemarmi ( M H c r H T y T p y c c K o r o H 3 i,iK a Axafle- Mini nayK CCCP)

KaMeHCKaa O.J1.K18 TexcT h KOMMyHHKamia: Y hc6. iiocoohc jijih hh-tob h

(f>aK-TOB HIIOCTp. H3.-M.! BblCIU. LUK., 1990. — 152 C.: HJI. (B-Ka 4>njiojiora).

ISBN 5-06-000246-2n o f lo ö n o c IIOCOÖHC HiUIHCTCil nepBbIM n o KOMMyHHKaTHBHOH TCOpMH TeK-

cTa h iia im ca n o c yweTOM HOBeMnmx paöoT, KaK oTCMecTßeHHbix, Tan h 3apy-

Go k i i l i x b o 6 ;ia c ra Tcopra i reKCTa. H cjii, n oco6n fl-B L ip a6 oTK a y c t v a c h t o b na-

BbiKOB caM 0CT0flTej]L]i0ix> aHajiH3a npou ,ecca KOMMyHHKauHH. B neM paccM aT- pHBaeTCjj cT p yK 'ryp a KOM M yiraxaTHBuoro aKxa, npH nujm bi Hcnc>jib30BaHHS

BIiyTpwreKCTOBblX CBH3eÖ, MCXaHH’lM nOHMMaHMH TCKCTa. M .’UHOCTpaTHBHblM

MaTcpwaJioM c jiy jK a r H ayH H o-Tex iM 'iecK H e h xy ;io> «ccT B C iiiiL ic TeKCTbi Ha

(fipanuyacKOM , aurraiiicKOM , h c m c u k o m H pyccKOM ;cib iKax.

4602000000 (4309000000) - 012K ---------------------------------------- 31-90 BBK 81.2 Op-923

001 (Oi) - 90 4H(p)

ISBN 5-06-000246-2 © OJL KaMencKaa, 1990

nPEaHCJlOBME

n p e fljra ra eM o e y n eo n o e nocoÖ H e cojjep>KHT cncTeM aTH H ecKoe h3jio- «e H H e KOMMyHHKaTHBHOH TeopH H TeKCT3 B COOTBCTCTBHH C yHeÖHbIMH uporpaMMaMH KypcoB: «BßeneHHe b H3biK03HaHne», «O ö in ee H3biKO- 3H3HHe», a TaiOKC no JICKCHKOJIOrHH, CTMJIHCTHKe M TCOpCTH'ieCKOM rpaMMaTHKe, HHTaeMbix Ha (^aKVJibieiax m OT/jejiemiHX MHOCTpamihix

H3bIKOB yHHBepCHTeTOB H nejiarOrHHeCKMX HHCTHTyTOB. CooTBeTCTByK)- ihhh pa3fleji BRiiioHeH TaioKe b nporpaMMbi KaHflHjiaTCKux 3K3arvienoB n o Cj3HJTOJIOrHHeCKHM Cnei;HaJTbHOCTHM. U ,ejlb nOCOÖHfl HayM HTb CTy-

jieHTOB KOHCTpyKTHBHOMy n o ;ixo/ iy k a n a ju n y (JtyHKi^HOHHpoBaHHH pe- ajibHoro TeKCTa b peajibHoü KOMMymiKanMH, noHHMaHHio ocHOBHbix npHHUHnOB HCn0Hb30BaHHa CpeflCTB H3hIKa KOMMyHHK3HTaMH B npo-n eccax nopo>KxieHHH/BOcnpHHTHH TeKCTa.

KoMMynHKaTHBHaa TeopHH TeKCTa — Hoßoe Hanpanneim e b jihhfbh- CTHKe, HHTeHCHBHO pa3BHBaioiu,eecH KaK b H am en CTpane, TaK h 3a py- 6e>KOM. O flH a H3 npHHHH 3TOrO — HayMHO-TeXHHHeCKaH peBOJTIOUHH, co- ripH>KeHHafl b 3HaHHTejibHOH Mepe c npoßjieiviaM H npOH3BOncTBa, nepe- pa6oTKH h ncn0nb30BaHHH HHcJjopMauHH, b tom HHCJie TeKCTOB Ha ecTe- CTBeHHOM H3bIKe. H3VMeHHe CjjyHKUHOHHpOBaHHH TeKCTa B KOMMyHH- KaiI,HH CTaHOBHTCH 3aflaHeß Me>KJIHCi;HIIJ[MHapHbIX HCCJieflOBaHHH, B

KOTOpbix HHHrBHCTMKe npnna;uie>KHT BeaymaH pOJIb. nocoÖ H e BKJiioHaeT BBejteiine h t p h n iaBbi.

B o eeedeHuu oßocHOBbrnaeTCH aKTyajibHOCTb kom m yh h karh bH oro

n o flx on a K H3VHeHMK) H3bIKa.

B n ep eoü rjiaBe onpenejineTCH CTaTyc reKcra KaK e ;iH H iin b i Bepöajib-

h o h k o m m yh h k a n h h . B Heß H3JiaraeTCH oGocHOBaHHe KOMMyHHKaTHB-

H oro n o flx o fla k an a jin 3y TeKCTa, npoaHa;iH3HpOBaHbi «3biKOBOH h m m c-

JTHTejIbHblH KOMnOHeHTbl, 05yCJI0BJIHBaK)IHHe CeMaHTHKy TeKCTa.

B o e m o p o ii m aß e t c k c t HCCJienyeTCH b CHCTeMe H3biKa. PaccM aTpw -

BaeTca eflH HH ua TeKCTOBoro ypoBHH, KOHCTHTynpyeMa>i HHBapnaHTHbi-

m h CBOHCTisaMH TeKCTa. O n n cb iB acT O i CTpyKrypa TeKCTa h M exam rsM3

CjDVHKUHOHHpOBaHHH BHyTpHTeKCTOBblX CBH3CH B n pO IjeC C e KO M M yH H -

K aqH H . riO flpO O H O HCCJie^VIOTCH pa3JTHMHbie BH flbI BHyTpHTeKCTOBblX

CBH3CH H CTpOHTCH HX THnOJIOrHH.

B mpembeü raaBe na ochobc c jjh h oh ko iiu c iih h h paccMaTpHBaKvrcH flHHaMHMCCKHe npOlteCCbl IIOpO>KaeHHH/BOCnpHHTHfl TeKCTa. OnHCbl-

BaiOTCH HeoßxojiHMbie juih peajiH3anHH 3thx npoueccoB MOjiejiH naMH- th h Te3aypyca jih h h octh . OopMajiHjyiOTCH iioh h th h MOTHBaijHH, p e - MeBOH HHTeHUHH, peHCBOH H peMCMblCJIHTeJIbHOH ACHTCJlbHOCTH. f la eT -

ch onpene^eHHe KOMMyHHKaTHBHoro riopTpeTa peuHnweHTa. Ha stoh OCHOBC CTPOATCH CTpyKTVpHO-(pyHKHHOHajlbHbie MOflCJlH n p o u e c c o B

nopoaaleHHH/BoenpH flTHH TCKCia. 3 th n p o n eccb i paccMaTpHBaiOTCH c yneTO M a ieu H C jjH K H MbiiiuieiiHH KOMMyHHKanTOB, r p a K T y e M o ro KaK hx HHJIHBHAyaJIbHOe 3HaHHe. TaKOH II0JIX03 o6eCIieHHBaCT pa3HOCTOpOH- n ee ocB em eH H e p o jin h M ec ra TCKC ia b npon,ecce KOMMyHHKauHH.

OcoßenHOCTbK) H ay 'H io-M CTo;ioJ iorH H ecKoro coflep»caHHH KHHrH h b-

jineTCH n o c jie flO B a T e jib H O n poB O / jH M biü CHCTeM Hbiw n o a x o n , b nacTH O -

CTH IHHpOKOe HCII0Jlb30BaHMC K O H U eilTV a jlbH b lX M O fle jieH n p H JIHHTBH-

c th h c c k o m H 3 y ie H H H K O M M yH H K aTH B H oro n p o u e c c a .

B KHHre 3 a T p o H y r o o n iH p in .iH Kpyr M a j7 0 p a 3 p a 6 0 T a n n b ix BonpocoB T eop H H TencTa. A b topom h c c ia i in j ia c b (a jia n a r io a p o 6 H O ocBexnn> Bce 3TH npOfwiCMbl. O flH aK O HC()6xOJIHMO 03HaK0MHTb HHTaTeJieß c COUH- ajibHbiMH h HayMHbiMH npe;uiocbiüKaMH n0CT3H0BKH s th x n p o 6 jie M . TaKO H n o f lx o f l , n o m hchhio aBTopa, 6yaeT c T H M y iin p o B a T b a a jib H e H - myio caMOCTOHTeubnym HayMHO-HCCJieflOBaTejibCKyK) paöoTy CTyaeH- tob , c o fln o H C T o p o u b i, h >Ka>KeT hm B03M0>KH0e HanpaB.neHHe HayMHO- r o noHCKa — c A p y r o n .

Y 'jeÖ H oe nocoöne HaiiHcaiio c yneTOM n oc ;ie jjH H x paöoT b oöjiacTH TCOpHH TeKCTa KaK OTeHCCTBCHHblX, TaK H 3apy6e>KHbIX, B HeM TaiOKe Hdio;ib3yK)TCH pe3yjibTaTbi caM ocroH Te jibU b ix HCCJieflOBaHHH aBTopa.

A b t o p c S j ia r o f la p n o c T b K ) n pH M C T Bce KpM TH H ecKH e la M en a H H H h

no>KejiaH H H , H an p aB J ieu H b ie n a y j iy H iu e u H e h coB epm eH C TB O B aH H e

KHHrH.

Aemop

BBEHEHHE

OUHHM H3 OCHOBHblX oß-bCKTOB HCCJICJIOBaHHH B H3bIK03H3HHH nO-

cjic jihhx JieT CTaji tck c t. 3 t o ooycxioBJieno KaK conHaJibHbiMH noTpe6- HOCTHMH, TaK H JIOI'HKOH BHyTpeHHerO p33BHTHH MCX3HH3M3 CaMOH na- yKH.

«MHoroMepHüCTb'> MejiOBCKa KaK oöbCKTa no'itianHH a u k ty c t Heo6- xojiHMOCTb KOMiuieKCHoro i i0AX0j;a k e r o HCCJieflOBaHHK). B cbh3h c 3t h m r ie p e j i H 3 b iK 03 n an n cM , KaK h n e p e j i n p y ra M H H ayKaM H o nejTOBe-

Ke, BCTaeT 33 fl3n a pacK pb iTH H n p H p o ^ b i, cT p yK T yp b i h p o jiw H ejiO B eH e-

cko io cpaKTopa, h to l ip e j io i ip e j ie j iH C i M syM euM e B3aMMOj[eiicTBHH roBO- p a m e r o h c n y m a io in e r o c tckctom b n p o n e c c e K O M M yn H K aijH H .

B XOne HCTOpH’ieCKOrO p33BHTHH JIHHTBHCTHHeCKOrO 3H3HHH Ha iicpB b iM n j ia n B b iAB iira jiH C b h c p a 3 H b ix n o3 H i;H H Hecne.noB3.nHCb o t -

j je j ib H b ie cocT aB J iH io in H e aKTa KO M M VH H KauH H . P a ccM a T p H B a a pa3JiHH-

Hbie o ö in e H a y n u b ie nojixoflb i k 3 toh npoojie\ie, o tm cthm npe>Kfle Bcero Bä>KHyiO ponb OÖlUCMeTOJlOJlOrHMeCKHX yCT3HOBOK B OCMbICJieHHH HCC- jie ; iy e M b ix cfiaKTOB. «n o x u iH H H o e ;u)M>KCnne n ayK H o H3biKe 6a3H poBa-

JlOCb He TOJIbKO H a p e3 y j]b T a T a x KO H KpeTH blX HCCJieflOBaHHH H3b IK a , HO

h n a o ö m e M e T o y o jio rH M e c K H x n pe flC TaB J ieu H H x T eop H H n o3H 3H H H »

(K o jiL iiaH C K H H , 1975, c. 11). B ’ i n c j i e o ß m cH a y M H b ix kohuchhhh m o*m o H33B3Tb JIOrHHCCKHH nOAXOfl. B pSM KaX 3TOTO nO AXO fla OCMbICJieHHe «3 b iK a r ip oH C xo flH J io Ha 0CH0Be n p em io jio > K eH H H O flH HaKOBoro j\nn

B cex j io iH H e c K o r o m m u u ieH H H . H a n ep B b iH n n aH B b iflB H ran ocb onnca- nne o6uj,hx 3aKOHOMepHOCTeü nejiOBeMecKoro H3biKa h b h3cthocth«33A3H3 C03flaHHH CMCTCMbl 0 6mejlHHrBHCTHHeCK0 H K3Ter0pH3aHHH, CHCTCM3THKH A3bIK0BbIX CpeflCTB H (jjOpM B COOTBeTCTBHH C HX (JjyHK- HHen b CTpyKType HJbiKCBoro MexaHH3Ma, c yHeTOM hx ccMaiiTHHecKO- ro cTaTyca b CHCTeMe H3biKa» (K ch ko , CXnbxoBHKOB, 1982, c. 29).

B HHHTBHCTHKe CCjjOpMHpOBajICH H flpyrOH nOflXOH, nCHXOJIOrHHe- CKHH, HJieH KOTOpOrO BOCXOJIHT K FyMÖOJlbflTy. fljIH Bcex pa3iIHMHbIX

i i ik o j i , npeACTSBJiaiom H x n c H x o jio rH 3 M , xapaK TepeH o 6 i i j h h m c t o a

MfaimjieHHH. Oaiihm mj ocHOBononaraiomHX npHHUHnoB flBJiflJioci» IipCi[CTai!JICHHe O H3bIKC KaK npOJTVKTC nCHXO(pH3HMCCK()H JieflTCJIbHO

CTH H nOOTOMV (JjaKTbl H3bIKa rpaKTOBajIMCb C II03HUHH IICHXOJIOrHH H c ncn0Jib30BaHneM KO iineinyajibH oro annapaTa 3toh HayKH.

Ba/KHciiincii ocoocunocTbro ncnxojiornM ecKoro nojjxo fla 6biJio BKJlIOHeHHe B H3yMCHHe H'iblKa yMaCTHMKOB KOMMyHHKaUHH — TOBOpH- m e io H CJ7ymai0IIJ,Cl’0 — H CBH33HHWX C JTHM npOOJlCM, HTO HllJlJIJIOCb 3aKOHOMCpiIbIM CJICACTBHCM HCCJiejIOBaHHH nCHXHMCCKOH nCHTCJIbHO-

CTH HOCHTCJICH H SblKa. «C HCKJHOHHTCJIbHblM pBCHHCM HCCJieflOBajIH SUiblKU, HO CJIHUIKOM MajIO — eOßOpsiU^eeO HCAOaeKCl» — IIHCaJIH O CBÖHX npenurecTBCHHHKax MJiajiorpaMMarHKH (Ocrrocp h BpyrMaH, c. 187).

H a Heo6xoflHM()CTb in y 'ia i b »3biK b npouecce pcreBOH xienTejibHO- cth , y4HTbmaTb nponeccbi, npoHCxoflHinne npn cjiymaHHH h roBope- hhh, Ha pau iH 'iiib ie po jin lo iiopn iH cro n c jiym a iom ero b nponecce KOMMyHHKaUHH, 0ÖpaiU3JIH BHHM3HHC MHOIHe yMCHbie, ripeflCTaBJIHB- u ine ncHxojiorHHCCKyio iiapa;uirMy. TaK, m/icio o pasjiHHHOM noHHMa- hhh cjiob m Bbipa>KenHH roBopHiumvi h cjiym aiom HM b riponecce KOM- MyHHKanMH BcrpcMacM y noxcOHH, IU rcHinajiH , Bojiy Jiia g e KypTeH3, Boropo/uiUKoro. OjjuaKO nonbiTKa MiyMCiiHH H ibiKa c y 'ic roM ynacTHH- kob KOMMyHHKanHH npmsc.ia k 06pa30Banni0 cronb c jio jk h o io oöbCKTa HCCJieflOBaHHH, mto cpejiGTBaMH cymccTBOBaBiuero na 3tom 3Tane pa3- BHTHH JIHHIBHCTHKH KOHll,CIITyaJlbHOrO aniiapara OH HC MOr ÖblTb afleK-BaTHO onwcaH.

y * e OTflCJibiibie lipejicraBHTejiH u c h x o jio ih ' icckoh napaflwrMbi no- HHM3J7H, MTO MHOrHC HBJICIIHH M3bIKH IIC MOryT ÖblTb Oß-bHCHCHbl npHaTOMHCTHMCCKOM n o flx o / ic k c r o o r iH c a H H io h nbiTajTHOb BBecTH b nayKy 3JieMeiiTbi CH CTCM noro anajin3a. B nanane X X BCKa b H 3yH eH H e öbiJiH BOBJTCHeHbl HOBbie aCIICKTbl, HOBblC CBOHCTBa, HOBbie 3aKOHOMepHOCTH

H3bIKa.

n ep e ji jim hibhcthkom BCTajia sajui’ ia oiiHcanHH hoboto conepao- hhh, KOTopoe He moi'jio ßbiTb oiiH cano b paMKax npe>KHHx napaanr-

MaJIbHblX yCTäHOBOK. Bo3HHKJia HCOSxOAHMOCTb nepeOCMbICJieHHfl CTa-

pb ix H nOCT3HOBKH HOBblX ripOOJICM, C03flaHHH HOBOrO KSTeropnajibHO-

ro annapaia jijih hx MCCJiejiOBauHH. Tcm caMbiM C03najiHCb npenno-CblUKH flUH B03HHKH0BCHHH HOBOH OÖIHeHayHHOH KOHHenUHH B JIHHT- BHCTHKe, KOIOpan B COOTBCTCTBHH CO CBOCH OCHOBHOH yCT3HOBKOH MO- >KeT ÖblTb Ha3BaHa CHCTeMHO-CTpVKTypHOH. Ee B03HHKH0BeHHe CBH33HO c HMeHeM O. ne Cocciopa. npejjCTaBHTejiH hoboh napaanrM bi OTKa3a-

jiHCb ot oöineH aynubix ycTSHOBOK ncH xojion iH ecKoro noaxoaa. O hh H3BJieKJin npeflMeT CBoero HCCJieflOBaHHH — H3biK — H3 KOHKpeTHoro aK- Ta KOMMyHHKaUHH, HCKJIIOHHJ1H HCMXOJIOI H'ieCKMC XäpäKTepHCTMKM H3

OnHCaHHH M3bIKOBbIX IIOHHTHH, OTK333JIHCb OT 3TOMHCTHHCCKOrO nOA-

6

x o n a k H 3biKy. O i iH c a n n e H3biKa KaK c h c t c m i>i oö'fjCKTOB c o n p e ^ e jiC H -

H b iM H c b o h c t b s m h npH B eJ io k c o i j ia i iH K ) K O im e n T y a jib H o ro annapaTa Hjih en H H O o6 p a 3 H oro o n n c a m iH 3aK 0H 0M epH 0C TeH H3biKa.

XO TH B OCHOBe CMCTeMHO-CTpyKTVpHOH KO H U enU H H JIO K a JlH H H b ie

o o m e H a y w H b ie ycranoiiKii, b h c h n cn o jib30Bajrncb n n c;icH H b ie n pe .n cra - BHTeJiHMM ncHXöJiorHMecKOM napajim'Mbi iioh h th h , nepeocMbicjieH- Hbie B HOBOM KOHTeKCTe. B m CCTC C TCM, BBCJUI B ccp cp y HlV'iCHMM JIMHI- BHCTHKH HOBblH oß b t'K T HCCjlt'AOBailHH — CHCTCMUblC OTHOUieHHH BH3biKe — npcA craB H T ejiH cMC'reMHO-CTpyKTypnoM napa jiH rM bi, r iep exo -

f l « k onH caH H io bcc 6 o jiee b w c o k u x vpOBneii H3biKOBOH cn creM b i, co -

3 ga jin 6a3y a j ih H3yMeHHH h o b o io oöbCKTa (rc K c ra ) b e ro CTaiHKe h h h - HaMHKe.

O/inaKo b paMKax c h c tc m iioc rp y K i vp iio io no;ixo;ia nccjicaoBaiiMC reKCTa cboahjiocij b ochobhom k BiiyTpnM ibikobom v a m u n w , OIIHCaHHe CCM3HTMKH H3blKOBblX CJUIHHII, OipaHHMHBajlOCb llpejlCJiaMH H3bIKa, 6e3 y^era JKCTpajiHHnsMcni'iccKux cf)aK'ropoB. TaK, b paMKax c|)op\ia;n>- hoh MOflejiH, paspaooxannoH b TpaHCcJ)()pMaii,n0HH0-reHepaTiiBH0H TeopHH, CMbICJl UOHMMaJICH KaK KOMÖHHaUHH yilHIiepCaJIbHblX CCM3HTH- WCCKHX KOMIIOHCHTOB. OCMblCJICUHOCTb NSblKOIiblX BbipaÄCHHH OIipC- jiejiHJiacb BHyrpH ccManrHHecKoii CHCxeMbi h ycranaBJiHBajiac'b no na- JIHMHIOTOH HJIH HIIOH CCMaHTHMCCKOH CTpyKTypbl K3K KOMÖHIiaHHH CC- M3HTHMCCKHX KOMIIOHCHTOB. IlCXO/lH HS 3THX IipCflHOCbUIOK Bbip3/KC- HHe HBJIHeTCH ÖeCCMblCJICIIIIblM, eCJIH CMV HCJ!b3H IipnilHCaTb HHK3K0H CCMaHTHMCCKOH penpesen rauHH. Heojino3iiaH iiocTb Bbipa>KCHHH onpe- ACJIHeiCH B03M0>KH0CTbK) UpMlIHCaTb CMV ÖOJ1CC, MCM OJ(ll\ CCMaHTHMC- CKyK) CTpvKTypy. fla a Bbipa>KeniiH c h h t3K)tch c h iio h m m u m iih m h , ccjih HM npHHMCblBaCTCH OJIHHaKOBaH CCMaHTH'ICCKaU CTpyKTVpa.

TaKHM oopasoM, ceManTHMecKan reopiiH b paMKax chctcm ho - CTpVKTypnoro iio,nxo,na onncbiBajia hckjiio ' ih tcjii>ho «JinniBHCTHHe- CKOe 3HaHHC» K3K TCOpCTHMCCKHÜ KOIICTpyKT, COCTOHIH.HH H3 3JICMC1I- TOB, TO CCTb CCMaHTHHCCKHX OÖbCKTOB, COOTBCTCTByiOIHHX «CeM3HTHKe H3bIKa», BHC CBH3H CO 3H3HHCM O MHpe CI'O HOCHTeJICH, Tt’M CaMbIM HO

cvmecTBy 6c3 yneTa HeuoBeMCCKoro cfMKiopa. r ip n an a jin ie npooJieMbi II0HHM3HHH HC yHHTblBajIHCb liaMHTb, BHHMaHHC, MOTHB3HHH H flpy- n ie ncHXHMecKne xapaKTepncTiiKH iiochtcjim >i3biKa.

TaKOH ii()j;xoji n e iuxjbojihji peuiHTi, hobbic sayaM H , ooyc jiO B J ien - H b ie n ocT yn aT C J ib H b iM jibm/Kchhcm HavKH h 3 a n p o ca M H oöiu cctbchhoh IipaKTHKH, OOTieAHHeUHblMH KpyrOM HBJICHHH, IIOJIV'IHBIIIHM HaSBailMC «HHC|)OpMaHHOHHblH B3pbIB». B o i ip o c b l xpaiiCHHH, 06pa00TKH, HOHCK3 HH(f)OpMaUMH CCpOpMMpOBajIHCh B OJIIIV H i OCHOBHblX lipOOJICM 3HOXHHTP. Pa3B H TH e cpexicTB MaccoBoü H iic p o p M a iu ih r p c o y c T oTBeTOB n a B o n p o c b i, CBH33HHbie c i ic p c jia 'iC H h B O d ipu H TH C M coodiuchuh. Ha n o -

7

BecTKy flHH BCTajr Bonpoc 06 H3yneHnn M Horax acneKTOB cJ^hkuhohh- POB3HHH H3bIKa B UpOUeCCe KOMMyHHKaUHH.

AHanH3 pe3y;ibTaTOB, nojiyHeHHbix b H3biK03H3HHH k HacToam eMy BpCMeHH, T3K>Ke UOlBOJIHeT CflCJiaib BblBOJI, HTO H3yHeHHe H3bIK3 KaK 33MKHyTOH CSMOflOCTaTOHHOH CHCTCMbl He MOvKCT 6 bITb MCMepUblBaiO- UJHM H flOJI>KHO ÖblTb paCLIIHpCHO 33 CHCT OIIHCäHHfl MexaHH3Ma (JjyHK- HHOHHpOBaHHH H 3b IK a B npOHCCCC KOMMyHHKaUHH.

3aKOHMeHHIjIM COOÖlUCHHeM, Bbipa>KeHHbIM B BepÖajlbHOH 4>OpMe, hbjihctch tckct. M3yHCHHe tckcts, ero ceMaHTHKH, npoueccoB ero no-pOXyiCHHH H BOCIipHHTHH, CIO CBOHCTB, CBH33HHbIX C (})yHKUHOHHpOB3- HHeM B KOIIKpCTHOM aKTe KOMMVHHKaiJHH, IipHOÖpeTaeT B3>KHOe TeOpe- THMecKoe h npaKTH'iecKoe 3iia'ienne. KaK OTripaBHTCJib nopo>miaeT oc- MbicjieuHbiH tckct? KaK peuHiiHCHT ero BocnpHHHMaeT? Mto, KaKHe C|)aKTOpbI JlCJiaiO'I TCKCT OCMblCJICUHblM? KaK JtOJI/KCH ÖblTb COCT3BJieH TCKCT AJ1H ero 3;iCKB3THOIO nOHHM3HHH? «B03HHKJia HeOÖXOflHMOCTb KOHCTpVHpOBaHHH 3J[CKBaTIIOH ICOpHH 3H3HCHHH, TO eCTb T3KOH, KOTO- pan JKCIUTHUHpOBajia Öbl CIIOCOÖHOCTb HOCHTCJIH H3bIKa nOHHM3Tb 3TOT H3biK h HCiiojib3()Barb ero ocMbicjiCHHO b KOMMyHHKaUHH» (üaBH^e- hhc, c. 283).

B p3MKax CHCTCMHO-CTpyKTypHOH rmps/iHrMbi, M30JiHp0B3BuieH H SyiCHHe H3bIKa OT yM3CTHHKOB KOMM yHHKSIJHH, OT yCJTOBHH eTO 4>yHK- HHOHHpOBaHHH, OTH IipOOJICMbl pCIIJCHbl ÖblTb HC MOrJiH. CT3JI0 HCOÖ- XOUHMblM p3CIIIHpCHHC paMOK HCCJICAOB3HHH H IiepeXOfl OT BHyTpHCH- CTCMHOIO 3H3JIH33 K H3VMCHHIO H3bIKa BO B33HMOCBH3H CO CpejIOH, BHyTpH KOTOpOH OII CJ}VHKHMOHHpyeT, T3K K3K HCCJieflOB3HHe OÖliCKTa KaK CHCTCMbl B MCTO/IOJIOI HMCCKOM njiane IieOTflCJlHMO OT 3H3JIH33bhcujhch cpeaw (AcpanacbeB, 1980, c. 160).

U,ejibiH pH/i la/ia’ i, ts k h x ksk Bepösnbuoe B03fleHCTBHe Ha nejiOBeKa B npOHeCCC OÖyMCHHH, BOCHHTäHHH, BOIipOCbl «MCJlOBeKO-MamHHHOrO» OÖIUCHHH B CBH3H C HeOÖXOAHMOCTblO BCeOÖlUCH KOMnbPOTepH3aUHH, IiepCCTpOHKa B b ic iiie ro H IIIKOJIbHOIO 0Öpa30B3HHH, TeCHO CBH33HbI C pa3p3ÖOTKOH KOMMVHHK3THBHOTO nOflXOfla K H3bIKV, H3yMeHHCM CfiyHK- HH0HHP0B3HHH H3bIKa B npOyeCCaX MOKJ1HHHOCTHOH, M3CCOBOH H He-

JIOBCKO-M3UIHHHOH KOMMyHHK3UHH.B 3TOH CBH3H CT3IIOBHTCM aKTyajlbHOH 3afl3Ha H3yHeHHH TeKCTa KaK

OCHOBHOH ejIHHHHbl KOMMyHHKaUHH. PeiUaKMUCC 3H3HeHHe npn TaKOM aHajiH3e npHOöperaeT hcjiobc'icckhh cf)aKTop —H3yneHHe B3aHMOjjeH- CTBHH TeKCTa C JIHHHOCTbiO KOMMyiHlK3HT3 B KOHKpeTHblX yCJIOBHHX OÖU;CHHH. ßjIH Opr3HH33UHH pCMCBOTO B03ACHCTBHn HeOÖXOflHMO 3Ha- HHe KaK ocHOBHbix 3TanoB, TaK u npouecca peMeMbicjiHTejibHOH aea- TejlbHOCTH KOMMyilHKaHTOB B HCJIOM.

McTOflOJTOrHHeCKOH H TCOpeTHMeCKOH OCHOBOH H3yHeHHfl pOJIH H8

M eCTa TeKCTa B KOM M yHHKaiJHH flBJIflCTCfl flH a jieK TH K O -M aTepH a jIH C TH -

MeCKHH nOflXOA K KOMM yHHK3THBHOH flCHTCJIbHOCTH KaK COL],HaiIbHO-

OÖyCJIOBJieilHOMV MBJICHMIO. O o p M H p o s a u n e 3HaHHH O M H pe , oß-beKTH-

B H p y e M o ro b TeKCTe, p a c cM a ip H B a e x cH Ha o c h o b c j ic h h h c k o h T eop H H

OTpa>KeHHH. T eo p eT H M ecK ü H o c h o b o h ;u ih oriH can H H (f)yH K U H 0 H H p 0 Ba-

HHH TeKCTa B HpOU,eCCC KO M M yH H KaUH H flBJIflCTCH CHCTCMHblH IlO flXO fl

KaK rp a H b MapKCHCTCKO-JICHHHCKOH MCTOAOJIOrHH, JlHajICKTHMCCKOC y n e H n e o B3aH M oneücTBH H H H flH B H fly a jib H o ro h c o n n a j ib H o r o , o CBH3H H3bIKa H MblUJJieHHH.

TaKOH nonxoji iu h b o j im c t orincarb c eflHHbix m c i o /io j io i ’H ' ic c k h x n03H UH H CBOHCTB3 TCKCT3 B npOHCCCe BblHOJIHeHHH HM KOMMyHHKa- THBHOH CjjyHKUHH.

IVIABA I

MblCJIMTEJlbHblE H H3bIKOBbIE KATErOPM H B TEKCTE

§ 1. CounoreHe3 h h3mk

CoHHaJlbHO-HCTOpHMeCKOe pa3BHTMC OÖmeCTBa Hepa3pbIBHO CBH3a- HO C pa3HbIMH BHJiaMH flCHTejlbHOCTH, OIipeflCJlHeMblMH B3aHMOfleÖCT- BHCM HeJTOBCKa C OKpy>KaR)IHMM MHpOM. ÜC..IUIHIipaBJICHHOe ripeoöpa- 30B3Hne npc;(MCTiKHi cpe/ibi, BKJHOH3H h ee no3HaHHe, h ynoBJieTBope- HIIC Ha 3TOH OCHOBC ÖHOJIOrHMeCKHX, «yXOBHblX H COHMajlbHblX nOTpeß- HOCTCH, COCTaBJIHCT OCHOBHüe COJtCp>KaHHC >KH3HH MCJIOBC'MCCKOrO 06-

mecTBa.M 0 >KH0 B b lflC J IH T b r p i l O C H O B H b lX BMJ13 f lC H T e jlb H O C T H : I ip e H M C T H O -

n p a K T H M e c K y io , n o i i ia B a rc jib H y K ) 11 k o m m y h h K a r w B H y io 1. T a K o e a e n e -

HHe HweeT rjiaBHbiM 0öpa30M MeToaojiorHHecKHH xapaKrep; npaKTHHe-CKH BCC DTK i p n BHJUl f lO IT C J lb H O C T H B 3ä M M O C B H 3a H b I H B 3a M M 0 0 6 yCJI0 B -

jieHbi h OHCHb nacTO nporcKaior napaiu iejibno, coBMem aacb bo BpeMe- h h . yn;iam eH iaJii>nbim cjjaKropoM hbjihctch to , mto mcjiobck He TOJib- ko ;u:HCTByc r b to m hjih h iio m npupoanoM n cou,najibHOM okpvjkch h h , HO H B3aHMOJICHCTByeT C JipyrHMH JHOflbMH. riepBOnpHHHHa 3Toro CO- CTOHT B OD'bCKTHBHOH IICOOXO/IHMOCIH KOJIJICKTHBHOH TpyflOBOH «CH-re n b H C X 'T H , c o / ih o h c T o p o u b i , h p a v ie jic iiH H rpyna b n p o i ; e c c e n p o H 3 -

B O flC T B a — c a p y r o f i , w B C J ie jicT B H e j t o i o n e o ö x o f lH M O C T H B C T y n a T b b o n -

p e f le jT C H H b ie n p O H 3 B O flC T B e H H b IC OTHOIXICHHH. «JIlO flH, — yKa3bIBajl K.

M ap n c , —He Moryr n p on s B o ;u rn > , n e c o c jim h m H C b H s B C C T iib iM 06pa30M JIJIH CO B M C C T H O H flC H T e jlb H O C T H H flJIH B3äHMHOrO (X )M C H a CBOCH A C fl -

r e j ib H O C T b io » (M apK C K ., 3 n ren b c < t ., t . 6 , c . 4 4 1 ) .

OcuoBHan connajibnan cJwhkuhh KOMMyHHKauwH coctoht b tom, mto ona ooecucMHBacT npeflMeTHO-npaKTHHecKVK) jicHTeiibHOCTb jihöo KaK OBJianenne 3toh neHTejibHOCTbio, jihöo KaK njiaHHpoBaHHe hjih ko- opAHHanHK) ee. B cbh3h c 3thm peneBaH TieHTejibHOCTb (paccMaTpHBae- Nian KaK Ae>nejii>ii()cn>, iipojiyKTOM KOTopon hbjihctch bhciiihhh tckct) noHTH Bceraa upefliiojiaracr HeKOTopyio HepeHeeyio uejib.

̂ B CBH3M C pa3pa60TK0H B3aHMOaeMCTBHJJ pa3HbIX THITOB n03HaBaTe.1bH0M aejITejIbHO-

cth B -A . JleKTopcKHM yKa3biBaeT na Tan HaibiBaeMyio npoeKTMBHO-KOHCTpyKTopcKyio aea-

Te.ibHOCTb. HMeiomyio na>KHoe 3Hawemie a.ia BbixcHemuj xapaKTepa TexHHMecKoro 3Hamw

B yc.TOBHSx H T P (1985, c. 34).

10

r ip H M e H H T e j lb H O K n 0 3 H a B a T e jT b H 0 Ö J ieH T e jlb H O C T H K O M M yH H K a -

TH B H 3H ACH TCJIbH O CTb O Ö eC H eH H B S eT O Ö M eH H H C fX tpM aU H C H , K O T O pb lH

H eO ß x O A H M flJ If l C 03 flaH H H O Ö IH eC TB O M KOJIJieKTHBHOI'O 3H aH H H , 0 6 0 6 -

m ,a io m e r o 3 H aH H H e r o o r a e j r b H b ix h j i c h o b h , c ,n p y ro H c T o p o H b i , a j i h

n p H O ö p e T e H H H O T f le u b U b iM H H J ieH a M H o ö iu e c T B a y>Ke c o 3 a a H H o r o k o j i - J ieK TH B H O rO 3 H aH H H .

I l p o u e c c o ö o ö iu e H H H h o ö m c h 3 3 H 3 H H Ü M H b o ö iu e c r B e n p e a n o j i a -

r a e T o ö -b C K T H B a n w io 3 n a n n M b c fjo p iv ie i ip e jtM C T O B 1 h t c k c t o b . Oöme- C T B e u H b if i x a p a K x e p Tp y flO B O H ; i c > n e jn ,H 0 c in h n e o ö x o j iH M O C T b k o jt -

J ieK TH B H O rO 3H 3 H H H OÖyCJIOBHJIM B 0 3 H H K H 0B C H H e IH Ö KO IX ) H y H H B e p -

c a j i b n o r o c p e f l c r B a o ö iu c h m h — e c T e c T B e i in o r o H 3 ijiK a b e r o y e r a o H h , b

f l a j i b n e i im e M , i iH C b M c im o i i c j )o p M e . H m c h h o n e o 6 x ( ) ; in M O C i b y y o B J ie T -

B O peH H H B ce B 0 3 p a C T a i0 m H X K 3K K 3 M eC T B eH H 0 , T a K H K O J IH H eera eH H O

K O M M yH H K a T H B H b lX irO TpeO H O C IC H O Ö IU eCTB a OOyCJIOBHJIO CTaH O BJieH H C

h p a 3 B H T n e cJ jeH O M e iia e c T e c T B e H H o r o H 3 b iK a . W b H a rn e B p e M H , n e -

CM O TpH H a H 3 J lH H H e M H O rO H H C JIC H H b lX H e B C p Ö a jIb H b lX C pe flC TB K O M M y-

h h k 3 i^ h h (c n e u H a j iH iH p o B a r iH b ie c m m b o j ih m c c k h c h s u k h b o m h o t h x

OTpaCJlHX 3 H 3 H M fl, H e p T O K H , K H H O , TCJICBH flCH H e, H 3 0 Ö p 3 3 H T e ;ib H 0 e HC-

KyCCTBO H T .a . ) , H 3b IK OCTaeTCH O C H O BH bIM H H C T p yM C H T O M K O M M yH H K 3 -

THBHOH flC H T e jIb H O C T H .

HaH6ojiee c j io >k h o h h b j ih c t c h CBH3b H 3 b iK a c n o 3 H a B 3 T e j ib n o H flea- T e jib H O C T b K ) (n p o 6 j i e M a «H 3 b iK h M b in u i e u H e » ) . 3 / ie c b m i >i y n a ^ e M H a

T p w B a>K H b ix a c n e K T a 3 t o h n p o ö j i e M b i

— H3bIK KaK CpeflCTBO OOCCIICICHHH «ByCTOpOHHCH CBH'iH MC/KJiy HH- AHBHflyajlbHblM H KOJIJieKTHBHbIM 3H3HHCM;

— pOJlb H3I)IKa KaK OJUIOIO H3 MOLUHblX HHCTpyMeHTOB C03M3HHH HOBOrO iH ä H H H ;

— CBOHCTBO H 3b IK a , K O TO pO e MO>KCT Ö b lT b H 33B3H O «C > K 3 T H e » KO fl3 .

3 a K p e iu ie H H C n h j i h n h y a j i b h oro in a u H M b i b v k o b o h cfiopMc b na-M H T H O T f le j lb H b lX H H flH B M fly yM O B , a 3aTCM H C p e flC T B a M H IIH C b M eH H O -

c t h , c f l e n a j iH B 03 M 0>K H b iM c o x p a H e H H e 3H aH H H , e r o n e p e j i a H y o t o a h o -

r o Hiiena o ö m e e x B a k j i p y r o M y h na 3 t o h o c h o b c c }x )p M H p o H a H H e k o j i- H eK T H B H O IO 3H3HH51. C f l p y r o i l C T o p o H b i, IJ ia B H b lM 0 Ö p a 3 0 M A 3 b IK rio- 3B0JIHCT H H A H B H J iy yM V yC B O H Tb TO KOJTJieKTHBHOe 3 H 3 H H e , K O T O pb IM

p a c n o jia ra e T e r o c o n n a jib H o e O K py>K ennc.

P O J lb H 3 b IK a B n p O fly t lH p O B a H H H HOBOrO 3H 3H H H OÖyCJIOBJieH3 T e M ,

HTO H 3b IK O B b IM 3H 3 K 3 M IipHCyiHH H e TOJIbKO c {)y H KI 1,111-1 «KOflHfJjHKaUHM

* M M eiorca b Bitay KaK BHOBb co3jaBaeM bie B npouecce TpyaoBOH jeaTe.ibiiocTM

npejM eTbi. TaK h cnoco6bi Mcnoab30Bam w npupoziHbix niie.jMeroB BHeuiHero MHpa.

11

CMbicjia», ho h cbohctbo «onepaijHOHajibHOCTH». HejiOBenecKoe Mbirn-

JieH H e MO>KeT öbiTb a o n o jiH e H O , a H H o rn a 3aM eH eH O o n ep au H O H a jib H O H fleH TejIbH O C TbK ) CO 3H3KaM H. O n ep H p O B a H H e CO 3H3K3M H H3bIKa, CMHT3-

eT P.H. riaBHJieHHC, paBHOCHJibHO npeo6pa30BaHHK) co,aep>KameHCH bHHX HHCf)OpMaUHH, MTO n03B0JIHCT CCjjOpMHpOBaTb HOByK) HH(J)OpMa- UHIO, KOTOpaH HeKOHC i pyHpyCMa 6e3 H3bIKa M flaCT B03M0>KH0CTb BblH- t h 3a npeaejibi HenocpeacTBeHHoro onbiT3 (c. 101).

B fljiHTe^bHOM n p o i je c c e n c T o p H M e c K o ro pa3BHTHH mcjiobck Ha- CTOJIbKO OKpy>KHJI CC6h MHpOM 3H3KOB, npOK/lC BCerO 3H3KOB H3bIK3, Ha- CTOJIbKO «C/KHJICH» B CBOCH M bIC J IH TejIbH 0-n 03H aB 3TejIbH 0H JlCHTCJlbHO- CTH C 3THM BTOpbIM MHpOM, MTO H3bIK CT3JI «HeHOCpC;(CTBeHHOH flCHCT- BHTCJIbHOCTbK) MbICJlH/>. OliJiaj(C[IMC H'lblKOM BCCl/ia 03HaMajl0 He TOJIb- KO 3H3HHe CpeflCTB H3bIK3 H yMCHHe OnepHpOBSTb HMH, HO H yCBOCHHe CBH33HHOrO C H3bIKOM, 3a4>HKCHpOBaHHOrO B HCM, 3H3HHH O MHpe. H eC- jth na>Ke no3HaBaTejibHaH aenTejibHOCTb ne cboahtch Henocpe/iCTBCHHO K OnepHpOB3HHIO CHMBOJI3MH, OHa HCB03MTOKH3 6e3 H3bIKOBbIX 3H3KOB,

rjiaBHaa rHOceojiorHMecKan ĉ yh k u h h k o t o p m x — öbiTb cpencTBOM b w - pa>KeHHH 3H3HHH, OTpatfOIOIHHX OÖ'beKTHBHyiO pe3JIbHOCTb (M3HT3T0B,c. 37).

IIpH M eH eH H e ecTecTBeHHoro H3biKa h jih h h u x cnocoöoB npeflCTaB- JieHHH h 3aKpenjieHHH M bicjiHTejibnoro coflep>KaHHH npnaaeT eMy «BTopHMHyio HarjiHflHOCTb» (AneKceeB, c. 167), mto noBbiiuaeT 3

j i o cjiOBa napoxod. r i p « HeoßxojiMMOCTH JKcriJinnnpoBäTb s t o noHarae n p H x o flH J io c b Hcnojib30BaTb ero MHOrocjioBHoe onHcaHne «KOpaöjib, n pH B O flH M b ifi b ABH>KeHHe n a p o B o n M a iu H H O ö ». A H a j io r H H H a « CHTya-

i jh h HaSjiiOflaeTCH npn h o m h h 3 u ,h h h flpynix h b jic h h h . HanpHMep, n o -HHTHe MOJIHU5L B pa3B epH yTO M B H fle SKCnJIHUHpyeTCH COMeT3HHeM CJIOB

«3JieKTpH H eCKH H pa3pfl/ ( MOKXty XIByMH OOJI3K3MH HJIH M OKJiy OÖJiaKOM

h 3 eM J ieß ».

O TCyTCTBHe B H3bIKe «O K 3Tb IX » KOflOBblX 0003Ha'ieHHH j i j ih pac-

CMOTpeHHblX nOHHTHH, TO eCTb OTCyTCTBHe CJIOB nCipOXOÖ H MOJIHUSl,

npH B ejio 6b i k y n e jiM 'ie iim o oobC M a t c k c t o b , co;iep>KaLU,HX s t h n oH H -

THH, KnaCCHHeCKHM n p H M ep O M TeKCTOB T a n o ro pO jia MO>KCT CJiy>KHTb

H3BeCTH0C CTHXOTBOpeHHC « f lO M , KOTOpblH HOCTpOHJI JJ>KCK».

riOJIOÖHOC yflJlHHCHHC TeKCTOB npHBCJIO 6 b l K 3H3HHTCJIbHOMy 33MejI-

j ie H H io T e M n s n e p e jia H H H H t})op M au H H b n p o i;e c c e k o m m y h h k s h h h ,

TeM caM b iM y M e H b u iH jio c b 6 b i 6b iC TpojieH C TB H e h , KaK CHeflCTBHe,

yXyflHJHJIOCb 6 b l K3HCCTBO KO M M yH H KaTH BH blX IipOU,eCCOB. OTCIOflS Bbl-

TeK 3eT OÖOCHOBSHHOe IipeAIIOJIO>KCHHe, HTO B T3K0M CJIV’ ia e KO M M yHH-

K3THBHbie I ip o u e c c b l B M H p e B HX COBpeM eHHOM O ß te M e ßblJIH 6b l H e-

B03M0>KHbi. ( f l o c T a r o 'n i o n p en cT a B H T b ceöe, x o th h a o c y p a n y K ), h o T eo -

peTHHCCKH B n o jin e o ö o c iiO B a n H y io c H T y a n n io : i ip n OTcyTCTBHH «c>Ka-

T b ix » KOflOBblX 0603H aM eH H H HCKOTOpblH BIIOJIHe «H O p M aJ Ib H b lH » C Ce-

TOflHHIHHeH TOHKH 3peH H H TCKCT yflJIHHHJICH 6b l HaCTOJIbKO, HTO HJIH

e r o BoenpH H TH H H exB aTH Jio 6b i >kh3 iih p e n H iiH e iiT a . O ie / iy io m e M y p e -

U H iiH eH T y n p H iu j io c b 6b i H an a T b CH ona h t . j i . ) . O t m c t h m , h t o c b o h c tb o

«C Ä3TH H K O fl3 », CymeCTEVIOIHCC B H eap 3 X HJblKOBOH CHCTeMbl, OblJIO

OHeBHflHO HHTyHTHBHO 0C03H3H0 yH eH b IM H pa3H bIX OÖJiaCTCH 3H3HHH H

CTHXHHHO «B3HTO Ha BOOpy>KeHHe», BbIJIHBlUHCb B «T e p M H H b l H O lipC flC -

J ieH H H » — H e 0 6 x 0 flH M b IH 3TpH Ö yT HSyHHOTO 3H3HHH.

§ 2. K O M M yH H K aU H » H TeKCT

B H3CTOMIHCC BpeMH HMCCTCH OOJIbIHOe HHCJIO pa3JIHHHbIX BHflOB HHC^OpMaiJHH1, a T3K/Ke CymeCTByiOT MHOrOHHCJieHHbie CII0C06bI H Tex- HHHecKHe cpe^CTBa ee nepeaSHH. O jih oh h3 H3n6ojiee pacnpocTpaHeH- Hbix cjrapM nepejiaHH HHcjaopManHH HBHHeTCH Bep6ajibH3}i (JxipMa, cy-

mecTByiomaH b BHße ycraoß h nncbMeHHOH penn. TexHHHecKHe cpefl- CTBa oÖMena HHcJ>opManHeH cjiy>KaT Jinuib hjih yBejinnenHH jis ji lh o c th

̂ 3aecb MHc()opMamw TpaKTycicH KaK f|)opMa cfiyHKUHOHHpoBaHiM inanna b BUjxe TeKCTa (h/ih KaK0M-jin60 hhom). c>THy>K;ieHHoro o t HHflHBH;iyyMa-co3aaTe.n)i h.™ HocHTe/ia

3Toro aHaHHa. ^

H paCIIJHpeHHH 30HbI aeÖCTBHH BepÖajlbHblX 4 >OpM HHCjjOpMaUHH.

ü p o u e c c b i n e p e a a H H H H cjjopM au H H n o jiyH H J iH H 33BaH ne KO M M yHH-

K a u n n , a c o B O K y n H O d b cp eacT B , n p e flH a 3 H a H eH H b ix a j ih s t o h u e jiH , n a -

3blBaeTCH CpejlCTBaM H (CH CTCM aM H ) KOMMyHHKaUHH. KOMMyHHKaUHH

npeflC TaB JineT c o ö o h oö iu ,ecT B eH H oe m b jic h h c c t o h k h 3 pcn n > i e e bo3-

HHKHOBeHHH, Cym HOCTH, yCJIOBMH e e pa3BHTHH. IJ e jIH KO M M yH H KaUH H

c o n n a j ib u b i h no,ußep>KeHbi b o 3 3 C h c tb h io o ö n ie c T B a . K oM M yiiH K a xH H -

n o e n o iiC jie iiH e — i io b c ,n e n n e o ö iu ecT B C H H o e . 3 th m onpejjCJiMCTCH c n e -

HHCflHKa MejIOBCHCCKOH KOMMyHHKaUHH.

flOCTaTOHHO yCJlOBHO COBpeMeilHbie CHCTeMbl KOMMyHHKaUHH mojkho pa3flejiHTb na ; (bc rpynnbi. K CHCTeMaM nepBOH rp yn r ib i — M ac- COBOH KOMMyHHKaUHH— OTHOCHTCH TaK Ha3bIBaeM bie CpeflCTBa MaCCO

BOH HHcJjopMauHH: panno, TeireBHfleHHe, pa3JiHMHbie nenaTHbie H3fla- h h h , npeAHa3HaHeHHbie ajih aobczichuh HHcj^opMauini a o m h o ih x Hue- hob ooLuecTBa. K 3toh >kc rp y n n e othochtch CHCTeMbl, n p e jjH a3HaMeH- n b ie ju ih pcm eHHH oöpaTH oii 3ajianH — coopa pa3JiHim o r o p oa a CBejie-

h h h ot MJieHOB oöiuecTBa. r ipu M ep aM H TaKOro pOfla CHCTeM abjuhotch, b HacTHOcm , CHCTeMa iip eaB a p n T e jib H o ro 3aKa3a >Kejie3Hoaopo>KHbix ÖHJieTOB IIO OTKpbITK3M HJIH HO Tejie(j}OHy, a T3K»Ce T3KHe CneUH(J)HMe- CKHe CHCTeMbl, K3K OnpOC OOineCTBeHHOrO MHeHHH, Bblßopbl H pecf)e-

peH flyM bl, SnJIOüHCMeHTbl. OCHOBHbIM HpH3HaKOM CHCTeM MaCCOBOH

KOMMyHHKaUHH CJTy>KHT TO, MTO B paM KaX 3THX CHCTeM flBa OT,HejIbHbIX

HHMHBHwyyMa He M Oiyr ycTanOBHTb oöocoÖJieHHbiH oömch HHc})opMa- UHeü M exyiy coöoh.

CHCTeMbl BTOpOH rp y n ilb l — MOKJIHHHOCTHOH KOMMyHHKaUHH —

II03B0J15H0T OTflejlbHblM H Hfl H BHfly YM 3M VCTaHOBHTb OÖOCOOJieHHblH

( o t y p y r n x m jichob o 6u;ecTB3) oÖM en HHC^opMauneH. K HHCJiy t 3khx CHCTeM OTHOCHTCH TCJICCpOlI, TCJICi pSCp H f lp y r a e BHflbI nOHTOBOH CBH3H,

a TaioKe öece flb i, 3K33M enb i h a p y rn e no/ioÖHbie cn o co öb i o ö iu c h h h .

O t m c t h m , hto b nocjie fln ee BpeMH, b p3MKax coBepmaioiueHCH H T P Hsnajio 4>opMHpoBaTbCH e in e ojiho KOMMVHHKaTHBHoe HaripaaJie- h hc « hcjiobck — 3 B M » h jih , öo jiee rnnpoKO, «MejioBCKO-MauiHHHbie ch -

CTeMbl KOMMyHHK3UHH» (CMOJIHH, C. 73).Bep6ajibH35! 4>opM3 riepeaaMH HH(|)opMauHH ocymecTBJiHeTca b b h -

f le TeKCTOB. TeKCT HBJIHeTCH yH HBepcajIbHbIM CpeflCTBOM, KOTOpOe MO-

>KCT HCri0;lb30BaTbCH KaK B CHCTCM3X MaCCOBOH KOM M VHHKaUHH (TeKCT b ra3eTe hjih nepeaaHHbiH no paano h ap .), tsk h b m o k j ih h h o c t h m x (TeKCTbl, KOTOpbIMH OÖMCHHBaiOTCH MCiKJlV COÖOH KOMMyHHK3HTbl).

OömecTBeHHbiH xapsK T ep nejiOBeHecKOH fleH T ejibH O c™ m o >kct npoHBJiHTb ceön h b KOM M yH hKäTH bhbix n p o u e c c a x , npHBOflH k TOMy, HTO n pH peajIH 3aUH H HeKOTOpblX KOMMyHHKaTHBHblX aKTOB, KaK aBTOp,

14

TaK h peuHnneHT MoryT BbiCTynaTb KaK koji jickth Bbi. Flpn stom tckct , nOpOJKfleHHblH KOJIJieKTHBOM aBTOpOB, nO-BHflHMOMy, He HMeeT K3KHX- jih5o crienncjDH'iecKHx ocoöchiioctch h , öo jiee t o io , b iioxtaujiHioincM

öojibuiHHCTBe cjiyMaeB BoenpHHHMaeTCH peunnnenTOM KaK tckct h h - AHBHflyajibHoro aBTOpa1.

B 5 o j ib i i i e ü CTeneHM cneun cJ jH K a H H flM B H xiya jibH oro h k o j ij ic k t h b -

H o ro npoHBJiHeTCH n p H M e iiH T e J ib n o k p e n i in H e m y . O p o n e c c KO M M y-

HHKaUHH C HeHHJ[ H B H flya jII)H b lM peU H IIH CH TO M H M eCT CBOH OCOOCHHO-

CTH H IipCJI'bHBJIHCT CnCH,HCf)HHeCKHe TpCDOBaUHH K TCKCT3M, n p e flH a3 -

H an eH H b iM a j ih j t o ü h c j ih . H eK O T O p b ie a en eK T b i ra K o ro p o a a KO M M y-

HHKaTHBHblX üpOUeCCOB H OCOÖCMHOCTH COOTBCTCTByiOIHHX TeKCTOB 6 y -

n y r p accM O T p eH b i j ia j ie e .

MOJKHO BblflCJIHTb JJBC pa3H01!HJU10CTH HHflHBH/'JVaJIbHblX pC U H IIH - eHTOB: rpyn iiO B O H h KOJiJicKTHBiibiH penHiiHeHTbi. H oa rpyrniOBbiM pe-

HHnHeHTOM ßyjieM iiOHHMarb coBOKynuocib h h ; ih b h ; iob , KOTOphiM aix- peCOBaH flaHHblH TCKCT H C K3}KXIbIM H3 KOTOpblX aBTOp, B c j iy n a e Heoß- XOflHMOCTH, MO>KCT yCT3HOBMTb MOKJIHHHOCTHblH KOHT3KT (lI3IipHMep, THiia «B o n p o c — otbct» ) , H an öo jiee npocTon h paciipocTpaHeHHbifi npHMep TaKoro rana penHiiHCHra — yMeonaa rpyim a, nepcfl KOTopofl n pen o flaB aT C J ib Bi.ic ry n a c i KaK aB iop tckcts .

n O fl KOJIJieKTHBHblM pCHHIIHCHTOM IIOHHM3CTCH laiOKC COBOKyn- HOCTb HHflHBHJIOB (KaK IipaBHJlO, B ÖOJIbLIICM KOJIHMCCI HC, ’ ICM B CJiyHae rpynnoßoro p e iiH iiH C H ra ), KOTOpbiM a jip e co B a n jiaiuibiM tckct, ho H e- nocpeflCTBCHnoe y c ra iiO B J icu n c m ok jih m h octh o io K o m a K ia MOKjiy aB- TOpOM H OflHHM H3 H H JIH BH flyajIbH b lX IipCACTaBUTCJICÜ «KOJUieKTHBa p eu H n H e iiT O B » j ih öo 3 a T p y ju ie i io , jih öo hcbo3mo>kho. rip iiM cpaM H k o j i- JieKTHBHblX peUHUHCHTOB HBJIHIOTOH ÖOJlbLUHC CJIVI I 13TCJIbC’KHC HJIH HHTaTejibCKHe ay/iHTopuH, ayjiHTopnn epe/iCTB MaccoBoii kommvhmk3- IJHH H T.fl.

OflHaKO, HecMOTpa na MHorooöpa3ne v c j io b h h h c h c t c m Bepöajib- HOH KOMMyHHKailHH, B Ka>KJ(OH H3 HHX MOJKHO BblJICJIHTb 3JICMCHTap- HyiO KOMMy HHK3THBHVK) HCnOMKy. E e HCOÖXO/IHMblMH KOMlIOIICHTaMH HBJIHIOTC}! aBTOp — TeKCT — peHHIIHCHT. O p ll OTCVTCTBHH JIIOÖOTO H3 3THX KOMIIOHCHTOB KOM M y H H K3T H B H b l Ü 3 KI HCB03M0>KCH. 3 jIC M C H Tap- haa KOMMynHKaiHBiian uenoHKa npcjicrafuiHer coöo ii MHHMMajibHyio

CTpyKTypy, BHyTpH KOTOpOH MO>KCT Ö blTb H3VMCII IipOHeCC CJ)yHKUHOHH- pOBaHHH TeKCTa B KOMMVHHKaUHH. TaKHM OÖpa iOM, HCIIOMKa aBTOp —

* H m CCTCH B BHay HC CÖOpHHK TeKCTO B ]X13HMX aBTOpOH. a C/1HHMH T C K C T . MOpO>KjeH-

Hblii aBTOpCKHM K0.1.TCKTHBOM (H anpH M ep. COHMHeHUW K o 'il.M b l H p y T K O B a H.1H pOMaHbl

H .ib tya h I le T p o B a ).

15

TeKCT— p eijH n n eH T B b icryn aeT b p o n n KBHHTa KOMMyHHKaUHH. I Io n b iT -

Ka p a 3 fle jiH T b s t o t KBaHT H a c o c T a B J ia io m H e n p u B e fle T k n o T e p e K an ecT -

Ba h , T eM ca M b iM , k y r p a T e o 6 b e K T a H CCJieflO B anio i.

O iip e fle jiH M T en ep b HeKOTOpbie ocHOBHbie ü o h h th h . B paM Kax ajICMClITapHOH KOMMyHHKaTHBHOH U,enOHKH (aBTOp — TCKCT — peu,nnM-

c h t ) GyflCM paanHMaTb flßa BHfla pcHeMbicnHTCJibiiOH flo r re jib H O cra :

— peM eM b ic jiH TejibH yio fle>rrejibHOCTb aBTopa (PMJUa) h— peHeMbicjiHTejibuyio AonejibHOCTb peuHnneHTa (PM flp ).OCHOBHbIM CO flep^aH H eM peneMblCJIMTejIbHOH flCHTCJIbHOCTH aB-

Topa HBJiaeTCH npeo6pa30Baime «M b ic u b — t c k c t » , a o c h o bh o c c o jje p x a -HHe pC'ICMblCJIHTCJIbHOM flOITCJIbHOCTH pCHHIIHCHTa COCTaBJIHeT Ilp e -

oßpaaoBanuc « t c k c t — M b ic jib ». X o t h 0 6 a s t h BH^a peneM bicjiKTejibH O H

JICHTejIbHOCTH BKJIIOHaiOT UCJIblH pHfl TCOKfleCTBCIIHblX, JIHßO, BO BCH-

kom c jiyn ae , BecbM a 6 jih 3 k h x M en Ta iibH b ix h MOTOpHbix aKTOB, M OKjiy

h h m h ecTb cy m ecT B e iiH b ie pa3JinTiMH, 0 6 y c ji0 BJieHHbie npe>Kjie Bcero

HX B3aHM006paTH0H HanpaBJICHHOCTblO.

np()AyKTOM PM,TI,a, KaK npaBHJio, h b jih c tc h t c k c t — ycrabiH h jih nHCbMennbiH, OTiyac/jacMbiß1 o t cyöbeKTa Ha ee saicjiiOHHTejibHOM 3Tane. TaKHM 05pa30M, PM fla ecTb coBOKynHOCTb jiaTeH TH bix h b h c h i- HHX npOU,eCCOB, OXIiaTblBaiOIHHX pflfl MeHTajIbHblX H MOTOpHbix aKTOB HHAHBHAa (aBTopa), HaMHHaa o t pcncBOH h h t c h h ,h h h KOirian c}x)Ha- h,h c h /nanHcaHiieM B uem iiero TCKCTa.

BliyTpH 0 6 0 HX BHflOB PMJJ MOJKHO BblflejIHTb ÖOJiee y3KHH 3Tan — 3Tan peneBOH h c r tc j i lu o c th (P A ) — npHMeHHTejibHO KaK k aBTO- py (P fla), TaK h k peiuinHCHTy (P ^p ). O chobhm m OTJiHHHTejibHbiMnpH3IiaKOM pe'ieBOM fleHTeJIbHOCTH 5IBJIHCTCH 06fl3axejIbH 0C HajIHMHe

B epßajibH bix onepau,HH, to ecTb M eH Ta jibH b ix h jih MOTOpHbix ( b t o m

HHCJie apTHKyjlHH,HOIIHbIx) aKTOB, CBH3aHHbIX HCnOCpCflCTBeHHO C HC-

n0Jib30BaHHeM epefleTB H3biKa b n pou ,ecce nopo>KflCHHH/nocnpiiHTHH

TeKCTa.

PeMeByio florrejibHOCTb aBTopa m o >kho onpeflciiHTb KaK o6"beKTHBa- i; h k > m m c jih epefleTBaMH H3biKa, to ecTb ee Bep6ajiH3au,Hio. PeneBafl fle- HTejibiiocTb peu,HnHeHTa onpeflCJiHCTCH KaK npo ijecc BoenpHHTHfl 3Ha- KOB TeKCTa BHeiUHHMH peijenTopaM H H 3KCTparHpOB3HHe coAcp*:a- TejlbHO-(J)aKTyajIbHOH HH(JX)pMai^HH TeKCTa2. ^ajIbHefitUHH nponecc

1 B HeKOTopbix cjiyiaax PM fl mo>kct orpararamaTbca BHyTpcHHMM nporoBapHBaHH- eM, npoflyKTOM nero amiaeTca EHyi peiiHnü tckct. OflHaKo tbkom tckct He mcokct BbicTy-

naTb Kan KOMnoHeHT KOMMyHHKaTHBHoro npouecca, ncOTOMy roBopHTb b stom cjiynae o cyGteKTe PMJ1 KaK 06 aBTope, no-BHUHMOMy, Hene.iecoo6pa3Ho.

2 TepMHH M.P. TajibriepHHa (1981).

16

n p e o 6pa30BaHHH s to h HHcJ)opMaijHH b KOHuenTyajibHOH c n c r e M e pe-

UHnHeHTa n p o ieK a eT b paM Kax e r o peneM bicnH TejibH O H neH TejibHOcra,

a 3aTeM h n p o ijec coB MbiuiJieHHH. H eoöxoflM M O oTM eraTb , h t o ecjiH

P f la npejiCTaBJiMeT c o ö o i i 3aKJiK)’ u n e jib H b iii jr a n e r o P M f l , t o P f lp , Ha

ft p o th b , HBJiHeTCH HanajiOM e r o P M f l .B npOayKTHBHblX BHAax Pfl (rOBOpeHHe, nHCbMO) KOHC'IHbIM 3Ta-

i i o m Pfla HBJiHeTCH p e n b (TO M n ee B u em H H H p e n b ), T paK T yeM an KaK co - BOKynHOCTb M O T op H b ix (apTH KyjiH U ,M O H H bix, b c j iy n a e CJiOHaUMH yCTHO-

ro TeKCTa, h j ih j jB H ra T e jib H b ix iipn H an n caH H H r iH C b M en H o ro TeKCTa) nponeccoB, b p e3y jTbTaTe K O TO pbix h c p o p M iip y e rc H o t m y>Kflaem b ih o t HOCHTeJIH H3bIKa IipOrtVKT PM fla — TeKCT. B p eu en T H B H b lX BH flax Pfl n a n a jib H b iM S T a n oM PJHp h b j ih c t c h 3HäK0B0e B O cn pH H T iie nucbM eH H O - ro h j ih y c T H o ro TeKCTa, oripeflejiHeMoe KaK n e p i je n u H f l ayn n oB H 3 ya jib - H b iM H p e u e n T o p a M H n o c jie j io B a r e j ib n o c T H niaKOB.

r 1l PCMeMblCnHTe^bHaH ACHTCJIbHOCTb aBTOpa (P M J la ) 1i r “ 1 1

1 M b ia iH T e jib H a «11

M blCXIHTCJlbHO-B h c iiih h h

1 1 1 1

1AeHTe^bHOCTb

iH3 blK OBtlH

aCHTenbHOCTbpCMb 1 1

11 I

IL

ii

P e4 C B a « jicHTCJibHocTb aBTOpa (P J U

!l

Kr~ 1

c\ PeMeMbicJiHTt*;ibHaH jieH T e jib H o cT b p eu H iiH em a (P M J lp ) 1l r

i“ 1 1

i MblCJTMTCJIbHaHM bia iM TeJ ibH o-

«Jb lK O B aH llcp u en u M H 11rtennen bH ocTb

1 1 ACHTe/lbHOCTb 1 1

I | PeMCBan ACHTe.lbHOCTb pCUMnHCHTa ( P i l p ) 1 |

L_ 1

I le p B b iH 3Tan PJ Ia ( c o o t b c t c t b c h h o B ro p o ü s r a n Pflp ) cocraB J iH eT M biejIH TejlbH O -H 3bIKO BaH JICM TejIbH O CTb, KOTOpaH MO/KCT ÖblTb O Iip C / lC -

JieHa KaK coB O K yn u ocT b M e H T a jib H b ix o n e p a ijH H c o cpe jjcT B aM H fl3 b i-

K a1. O CH O BH bie M O M eH Tbl 3TOrO BHJia AeHTCJIbHOCTH ripH ITOpOKJjeHHH

1 O nepH poB ara ie TeM H n.ra h h w m h cpeacTBaM H H3biKa m o jk c t H M eTh m c c t o Ha STane

M bicjiH Te.ibH O M aeH T e jib H o cT H . o iiH aK O a r o r o jT a n a o h o h c 0 6 « 3aTe.nbH 0 h n p u cy T C T B y -

e T b paxiHHHOÖ CTeneHH b 3aBHcnMOCTM o t HH jHBHaya.nbHOCTH h r a n a Mbim neHmi h o c m tc jm

fl3biKa. 3 T a n M b ic .w re .ib H O -M b iK O B o ii a o iT e .ib H ocT H n p e jn o j ia r a e T o 6 « a T e . i b H o e on ep n -

poß aH H e cp ea cT B a M H « b i K a .

17

TeKCTa COCTOHT B BblÖOpe H Tp3HC(f>OpM3U,HH CpeflCTB H3bIKa B KOHKpeT- Hbie rpaMMaTHHecKHe h jiCKCMMCCKi-ie CTpyKTypM ß jifl najibneHm eö (p c 'ib ) rfionauHH hjih HariHcaiiHJi. B c j i y ia e peneBOH ßeH Tejib iiocTH pe- U H iiH eina b paM Kax e r o M bicjiHTejibHO-5i3biKOBOH flCHTejibHOCTH n p o - h c x o a h t nepeKOflnpoBaiiHe ay/iHOBHsyajibno 0 (Jx)pM JieH H 0 H n o c j ie j jo -BaTejIbHOCTH 3IiaKOB TeKCTa B JICKCHKO-CCMaHTHHCCKHH KOfl, HflCHTHCjjH- HHpyiOTHHH co;i;ep>KaiejibH()-(|)aKT>'ajibHyio HiicJjopMayHio TeKCTa.

PaccMOTpeimaH cxeMa pc’ ieM LicjiHTejibnoii jieBTaib iiocTH npefl- CTaBJieHa na c. 17. I Ip H komMyiihKarnbiiom no;;xofle k HCCJiejiOBaiiHio TeKCTa HeOÖXOQHMO yHHTblBaTb KaK >I3bIKOBbie, TaK H MbICJIHTejIbHbie KaTcropHH pCMCMbicjTHTCJibnoii jieaTCJibHOCTH. 3 th KaTeropHH npo>iB- JIHIOTCfl B flHI13MHlieCKHX npOHCCCaX B3aHMOfleHCTBHH TeKCTa C KOMMy- HHKaHTaMH (lIOpO>KJlCHIIC H BOCIipHHTHe TeKCTa).

§ 3. M b ic jn rre jib H b ie MOflejiH h tckct

P e H e M b ic jiH T e jib iia H j ic j iT e j ib i io c T b h b j ih c tc h cpejiCTBOM pe3JiH33-

IJHH M blCJIHTeJIbHOro COACp/KaHHJI C IIO M O IUblO fl3bIKOBbIX eflH IIHU,, n o -

3TO M y B JIIOÖOM TCKCTC II pOMBJIHCTCJI CndJH(j3HK3 MblUIJICHHH KOM M y-

HHKaHTOB, HX n 03H H H H , a T3KJKC CyßliCKTHBIIOC H Cn0JIb30BaiIH e 5I3bIKa

(K o jim a n c K H H , 1980, c . 65 -6 6 ). C o o T B eT C T B e im o b p eH C M b icjiiiTC J ib iiO H

flCHTejibHOCTH B b ifle j i f l io r c H M b ic jiH TejibH b ie K a re ro p H H , xap aK T ep H 3 y io -

m n e , BO -riepB bix , H H flH B H fly a jib iio e 3 iia n H e KO M M yH H KaiiTO B o M H p e h ,

BO-BTOpblX, HX IIpeflCTaBJICH H e 0 6 3KCTpajIH IirBHCTHHeCKHX yCJIOBHHX

aKTa KO M M yH H KaUH H H S3bIKOBbie K aT erop H H , CBH3aHHbie c 3aKOHOMep-

HOCTHMH H CBOHCTBaMH M3bIK3 B HX CVÖ'bCKTHBHOM HC.n0JIb30BaHHH.

M bicjiHTejibHbie KareropHH ne h m cio t b tckctc HenocpeflCTBeHHbix 4>opMajibiibix npH3iiaKOB. 3 th KaTeropHH ne M o iy r ÖbiTb oonapy^ciib i b TeKCTe iiyrcM BiiyTpHCHCTeMiioro anajiH3a, a HflCiiTHC^nuHpyioTCH npn inan mo/ichcthhh tckcts c KOiin,eriTyajibiiOH chctcm oh kommyhh- KaiiTOB. r i o 3 T 0 M y n o B o jiy H .H . / K h h k h h m i m e i : « B u e jiO M H iiT e ju ieK T MTOKIIO IipeflCTaiJHTb K3K JIHIiaMH'ICCKyiO MOflCJIb fleHCTBHTCJIbHOCTH, B KOTOpOll y>KC HCT CJIOB B HX Oßbl'IHOM CCIICOpHOM COCTOHIIHH. Cm wcjio- Bbie CBH3H M O iy r ÖblTb l/pC/ICTaBUCHbl K3K IiarJIflflHbie CXCMbl B p33HO- OÖp33HOH KOHCjjHiypSHHH: B BHflC HCpapXH’ ICCKOrO Acpeea H T.n. 3 to BIiyTpeilHHH (|X)pM3 pC'IH, OH3 HC MO>KeT ÖblTb perJI3MCHTHpOB3Ha, T3K K3K pa3IIbie BHCIIIIIHe 0Ö031iaiICIIHH M O ryT COOTBeTCTBOB3Tb OßHOMy H TOMy >KC CMbICJiy. npOBepK3 BIiyTpeilHCH (|X)pMbI HpOH3BOflHTCH HO Oß- P3THOH CBH3H B liMJIC B33HM0II011HMaiIH>I HapTIiepOB HO K0MMyHHK3-ijh h » ( c. 130).

B OTJIH'IIie OT MblCJIHTCJIbllblX, H3bIKOBbie KaTeropHH pCICMblCJIH- TejibHoii jicjiTCJibiiocTH h m c io t b TCKCTe cf>opM3Jibiioe Bbip3>KeHHe.

18

npoHBJicnne b TeKCTe H3biKOBbix KaTeropnß HeoöxoflHMoe, HO He ;io- CTaTOHHoe ycjiOBHe ero ocM bicjiciinocTH . H3biKOBbie cpejjCTBa cjiy>KaT ocuoBHbiM ycjioBHeM 3KcnjTHKauHH aivropoM h B0CC03flaHHH peunnn- ch to m ceMaHTHnecKOH CTpyKTypbi TeKCTa. A .B . BonflapKO OTMenaeT: «CTaHOBHTCH Bce siCHee, hto 3aKJiiOHennbie b c0flep>KaTejibH0H CTopone H ibiKa 3JieMeHTbi M bicjiHrejibHbix KaxeropHH m o >kho rio3HaTb TOJibKO Hepe3 A3bIK, nyTCM HCCJieflOBaHHH H3bIKOBbIX 3HaneHHH H paCKpblTHH TCX KOrHHTHBHblX JJICMCHTOB. KOTOpblC B HHX ’iajf(>>KC111>1» (C. 63).

TaKHM oßpaiüM, hh m m c jih rejibiian aeATCJibHOCTb b OTpbiBe otH3bIKOBOH, HH H3bIKOEaH Ij OTpblBC' OT MblCJIIlTCJIbHOH HC MOiyT OÖCCIie-

MHTb nOpO>KJieHHe H BOCIipiIHTHC TCKCia KOMMyHHKäHTaMH.

HHflHBHAyajibiioe 3Haime KOMMyiniKaHTOB paccMarpuBaercH KaK KOHHeiiTyajibnaH CHCTCMa (K C )1 — ncnpepbiBHO KOHcrpyHpyeMaH h Mo;iH4)HHHpyeMaH juniaMUHecKan cucreM a aa in ib ix (npe/iCTaBJienHH, MIieHHH, 3HaHHH), KOI'OpOH pac'IIOJiai aCT HHflHBHJl.

Id H flH B H A ya jiijH o e JuauHe HV/KjiacTCH b nH CKpeTH 3auH H . 3 to o ö y c - jiOBJieHO tcm , h to 3Haime H H ju m m a b ucjiom m iKorjia n e cjiv>kht o ö b -

CKTOM ItCpÖajIH iaUHH. B 3TOH pOJIIl MÜ/KCT B bIC TyliaTb JIHIUb KaKaH-TO ero nac’Tb — cf>pai m chi KOimeirryaJibHOH cucrcMbi n o cH rejin H3biKa. Cc- io jihh 6 o ; ie e hjih mchcc jieTajibnoe iipe/iCTaBJieHHe 06 o p ia n n s a n n n K O im eriTya jibH O H chctcm w H iiH H BM fla — ojina m n c p c iu e u H b ix ia ;ian nayKH. l lo s T O M y n p o K / ic h c m a n a jn i3 H p o B a T b c cM a iiT H H ecK yro crpyKry- py TeKCTa MerojiojioniHCCKH hcoöxojimmo jioonpe/ieJiHTb c}x)pMy npefl- craBJienHH 3HaiiHH b K O H H e ir ry a jib H o ii chctcm c kKHOCTb 3TOH IipOÖJIC'Mbl, JUIH HCJieii JIHHrBHCTHHe-

ckhx HCCJieflOBaHHH m o /kho lionbiTäTbCH peiHHTb npyryio, öojiee npo- cry io iajui'iv: iia iirn jiocraTO 'n io ajiCKHarnyK) cpopMy iipe/iCTaiuienHH peiy jib raroB nponecca HHjuiBMjiyajibiioro noiiia iiHH — KOHnenTyajib- HOH CHCTeMbl — 113 OCIIOBC KOTOpOH MO/KHO HCCJICJlOIiaib peneM biaiH - TCJIbHyK) JieHTCJIbHOCTb2.

MeTOJlOJIOI'HMCCKOH Öa30H o/uioro H3 B03M0>KHblX peiHeHHH 3TOH 3ajiaHH HBJIHK)TCH IIIHpOKO HCnOJIb3yCMbie B COBpeMeHHOH HayKe IIOHH- THH MOJICJIH H MOnejIHpOIiaHHH. flOHHTHe MO/ICJIH H IIIHpOKOe HCIlOJlb-

' «KoHuenTya.ibHa»! cMCTCMa-HeripepbiBHO K O H C T p yH p yeM a a cH C TeM a HHcfiopM aiiHH

(MHeHHM, 3HaHH0). KOI OpOM pacriO/iaraeT MH3 MBH4 O aeHCTBHTC.IbHOM M.1H B0 3 M 0 Ä H 0 M MH-

p c » ( I l a B n ie n H c , c . 280).

■ AHa.iorHHHaii jaxana Moxe.ibHoro upe.ic rauxemia He.ioBeMecKOH ncHXHKM H ee ot- fle.ibHbix iipoaB.ieHMH iiocTaB/iciia B nac loimcc upeMJi b cbji.sh c Mcc.iefloBaHHaMH B HHcJrap- MaTHKe (Thxomhpob. 1986. c. 42).

19

30BäHHe MOflCJIHpOBailHH — OflHO H3 BaXCHeßlUMX JIOCTH/KeilHM OÖmeHa- yMHOH MeTOflOJiorHH nocjiejiHHX neT. CneayeT HMeTb b BHay, h to , KaK nnm eT aKajjeMHK B.I\ A(t)aHacbeB, «noHHTHe «M oaejinpoBaH we» hc- iiojih'iyeTCH KaK b mupoKOM, oöiueiioinaBaTCJibHOM CMbicjie, TaK h b y3- kom, criennajibHOM. B mupoKOM CMbicjie cnoBä Mojic/inpoBaiiMe Bbipa- >KaeT HeKOTopbrä BceoöinHH acneKT no3HaBaTejibHoro n pon ecca » (1981, c. 194). «Ilo3H aTb o6t>ckt, — n n m er M.E. H obhk, — 3HaHHT CMoaejrapo-

BaTb e ro » (c. 37).

ripn Bce Boipacraioineii cjio>khocth h oöbCMe nayHHO-TexHHHe- CKHX H COHHajIbHblX Sa/Ut’I, MOJlCJIHpOBailMC BO MHOIHX CJiyHaHX CT3HO- BHTCH CVIHIICTBCIIHIjIM 3C|Kj)eKTHBHbIM CHOCOÖOM HX peUICHMH. B03HHK- nyB BnepBbie b ncjipax tohhbix nayK, b nacTHOc™, b c})H3HKe, b HacToa- m,ee BpeMH MoaejinpoBaHne iimpoKO HcnojibsyeTca b aHCu,HriJTHHax ecTecTBenHO-TexHHHecKoro nHKJia h hhtchchbho pacnpocTpaHaeTca Ha oöjiacrb ryMaHHTapHbix nayK, b tom nncjie cohhojiothio, ncHxojiorH io, jiHHTBHCTHKy. Ba>Knaa pojib M oaenen b ncHxojioraH BbiacnHJiacb b no- cueflHee BpeMH, b H acraoc™ , npn HCCJieaoBanHH n03HaBaTenbH0H aea- rejibHOOTH.

HcXOflH H3 CaMblX OÖIHHX IipCJlCTaBJieHHH, MO*HO nOCTyjlHpOBaTb ABa THiia MoaeucH:

— HfleajibHbie, MbicjiHTejibHbie m o/icjih , « !arpnkch poßah h bic b m o 3-ry »;

— MaTepnajibHbie M oaejin «n a noaxoaH m efi (Jjh shhcckoh cpeae».HajiHHHe flByx thtiob mojicjich OTMenaer B. T. AcjMHacbeB (1981, c.

213): «C tohkh 3pemiH cyöcTaHitHOHajibHOM MOjiejiH hjichhtch npe>Kfle Bcero na MaTepna^bHbie, r.e. 05pa30BaHHbie H3 Bem,ecTBeHHbix ((f>H3H- HeCKHX, XHMHMeCKHX H r./[.) KOMriOHCHTOB, H MieajIbHbie, HBJiaiOIIJ,HCCH

COHeTaHHHMH pa3JIHHHbIX MbICJIHTeJIbHblX (jIOI HMCCKHX, MaTeMaTHHe- CKHX H T.fl.) (j30pM».

OflHaKO b AeHCTBHTejibHOCTH itojio>KeHHe öojiee cjio>KHoe. npe>Kae neM pea^H30Barb jHoöyio Ma repHajibHyio Moaejib, HCJTOBeK (ko jijick th b jn o a eö ) — co3jjaTe.rib M oaejin — a o jm e n M bicjieHno npeacTaBHTb ce6e

crpyKTypy M oaejin, ee KOMiionenTbi, rioaoGpaTb (onnTb-TaKH ripoKfle Bcero MijicjieiiHO) M aiepnaji juih BOiuiomeHHH jth x kom iiohch tob h T.fl. H a 3 to yKa3biBan eu ;e Kapn MapKC, Koraa nncaji: «H o h caMbiti n jioxoü apxHTeKTop o t naHJiy'iineii n>rejiiii c caMoro iianana OT/iHHaer- ca TeM, h to npe>Kae neM cTpoHTb H'ieÜKy H3 BOCKa, oh y>Ke nocTpOHJi ee b cboch rojioBe. B Könne riponecca Tpyaa iKuiynacTca pe3yjibTaT, koto- pbiß y » e b iranajie a roro nponecca hmcjich b npeacTaBJieHHH HCJiOBCKa, T.e. HaeajibHO» (MapKC K., 3rirejit,c (f>., t . 23, c. 189).

TaKHM 0Öpa30M, ripe>Kae neM CTaTb MaTepwajibHOH M oaejib jo, jiio-

20

6aa MO^ejib cymecreyeT nepBOnanajibHO b BHfle HfleajibHOH MOflejin. YMHTbiBaji CTOjib mapoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe «MOflejibHoro» o 6 p a 3a M b iu iJ ieH H H n p n HCCJieflOBaHHH H a y H H t ix 3aoaM , ecT ecT B en H O n o c r a -

BHTb Bonpoc, a He hbjihctch jih B o o ö m e «MOflejibHbifi» c n o c o o Mbiimie- hhh opraHHHCCKH npncymHM HHTejuieKxyajibHO-MbicjiHTejibHOH flea- TejibHOCTH M ejiOBCKa? O r e e T H a 3tot Bonpoc 6mji f la u B .H . J Ic h h h w m : «HejlOBCK He M02CCT 0XBaTHTb = 0Tpa3HTb = 0T06p33HTb npnpoflbl eceü, nojiHOCTbro, ee «HenocpeflCTBeinioh uejibiiocra», oh mo>kct Jiniub een- ho npH6nH)KaTbCH k 3TOMy, co3flaßaa aßcrpaiojHH, iiohhthh, 3aKOHbi, HayMHyro KapTHHy MHpa h t ^ . h T.n.» (t. 29, c. 164).

I l p e o 6jia f la H H e M o f le j ib i io r o o 6p a 3a n o 3H a iiH 5i h M b im jie i iH H h c t o -

p H n ecK H 0 6 y c j i0 BJieH0 p n flO M n p e iiM y m c c T B . IIp a K T H K a T p e ö y e r , h tq -

6 b l p e 3y jIb T a T b I n 03H3HHH B H H flHBH flyaJIbH O M C03H aiIH H rflO pM yjIH pO - Ba jiH Cb b AOCTaTOHHO n p o c T o ü , o n p e f le j ie H H o i i h o 6 ih ,ch cJjopMe, f lo n y -

CKaiOIHCH M H O rO KpaTH blH H n o B03M 0 X H 0CTH MCH66 TpyflOCM KHM a iia -

j i h 3 h CHHTe3 n o jiy H C H H b ix p e 3y jibTaTO B . H m c h h o n 03T0 M y c o f le p x a -

H H e K O H KpeTH blX OGljCKTOB OTO}KflCCTBJIHeTCH C HX aßCTpaKTH bIM H H

H flea jIH 3H pO BaH H bIM H MOflCJIHMH (a B HCKOTOpblX CJiy’ iaHX SIiaKOBblMH

M O AejiH M H , b t o m H H Cne h KO JiH H ecTB eH H oro x a p a K T e p a )1.

MeTOA npo6 h ohih6ok, a T3KOH MeTOfl hbjihctch oaiihm H 3 ociiob- HblX B npaKTHHeCKÖH H n03HaBaTCJIbHOH flCHTejlbHOCTH HejiOBenecTBa, bo MHorax oiynanx jierne npHMeiiHTb k mo^cjih, hcm k fleöcTBHTejib- hocth. OrnocHTejibiiaH npocTOTa MaiiHiiynupoBaiiHH HfleajibiibiMH MOflCJIHMH o6"bHCHHCTCH TOM, HTO OHH COCTOHT H 3 KOHII,eriTOB, C KOTO- pbiMH Jierne onepnpoBaTb, neM c oö'bCKTaMH ff nponeccaMH flencTBH- TejibH O CTH. K a jK flo ä CHTyau,HH r ip H c y m e G ecH H C J iem ioe m h o > k cc tb o

cbohctb, ho JiHHib HeMHorae H3 hhx cymecTBcniibi ajih HHflHBHflyyMa B ero KOHKpeTHOH flCHTejlbHOCTH.

H3-3a orpaHHHenHoro o6-bCMa HejioBenecKOH naMHTH h cJjyinajHo- H a jib H b ix B03M0>KH0CTeH M03ra, a B03M0KH0 h flpyrHx, noKa em e n e n03HaHHbIX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH HHTejUieKTyajlbHO-MblCJIHTejIbHOH fleH- TejibHOCTH nejioBeKa, co3HaHHe b npoijecce B oenpH H TH H MHpa y iH TL i- BaeT npe>Kfle Bcero Te KOMnoHeHTbi HyBCTBeinibix 06pa30B, KOTOpbie Han6ojiee cym ecTBenubi a jih HHflHBHflyyMa. B (JjopMHpyiomeücH npH 3TOM B C03H3HHH n03HaBaTejIbH0H CTpyKType BblflejIHIOTCH, nOflHepKH- BaiOTca o flH H 3JTeMCHTbi h onycKaroTCH, 3aTeiiH iOTCH flpyrne. CcJ)opM H- pO B aH H b iü b C03H3HHH o6pa3 OTpa>KaeT HaHÖojiee c y m e c T B e iiH b ie (c TOHKH 3p eH H H HHflHBHflyyMa) CTOpOHbl (KOMnOIieHTbl) HBJieHHH. «B

1 C m . « 3 3 k o h O T O > K fle cT M eH iia H e T O )K fle c T B e H H o ro » (T o p c K H H , 1984, c. 48).

Moaejin npcACTaBJieubi Te CTpyKTypHbie h 43ynKu,noiiajibHbie CBOöCTBa peajibHOCTH, KOTOpbie no yGe>KfleiiHK) cy6beKTa cymecxnyiOT h OKa3bi- BaioxcH cym ccTB en iib iM H a jiH ero u,ejieM» (AkocJxJ) h SMepH, c. 168). Bo M Horax cjiyHanx cym,ecTBennocTb c b o h c tb peajibHOCTH onpeaenHexcH 3MOU,HOHaJXbHbIM COCTOHIIHCM JIHHHOCTH B MOMCHT BOCnpHHTHfl. M b l

roBopHM, m to «3anoMHHJiocb» naußojiee yflHBHxejibHoe, nopaxaiomee, HpKoe.

K xaKOMy >Ke BbiBO^y n p H xo fljiT h HCCJieflOBaTCJiH b a p y r a x OTpac-

j ih x HayK o HejiOBCKe. H an p w M ep , B .A . I I I tocJkJ) im n ieT , h t o O Tpa»;eH ne

B H erunero M wpa b C03HaiiHH n e h b j ih c t c h «n p o cT b iM nosjieM eH TH biM

ay6jiH>KeM » (c . 274). r ip o u ,ecc B 03 iiH K ii0 r,eH i«i M b ic jiH T e jib iib ix MOfle-

j ie i i naHHiiaexcH y>Ke b a c t c k o m E03pacTe. M i ip B03jiciicTByeT nepc3 op-

ra iib i nyBCTB peoc itK a n a e ro M 0 3 r c m o m c iith po>Kfl;eHHH. C paHHHX JieT

peß en oK BiaHMOfleiiGTBycT c m h p o m h c x p o u x M b icjiH Te jibH b ie M oa e jin

p ea jib H oro M Hpa n a o c h o b c s t o t o B3ah m o jje H c tb h h h e ro pe3yjibTaTOB.

TaKHM oopasoM , h cjio b c k b npou ,ecce n03iiaBaTejibH0H AeM Tejib iio-

c t h u e jie H a n p a B J ic i i iio c t p o h t b c b o c m co3iiaHHH (M 03ry ) M o a e jib H iiTe-

p e c y io m e ro e ro oßbeKTa, «BJieiiHH h j ih n p o i;e c ca . H e n p e p b iB iio e no-

CTpoeiiH e, n ep ecT p o e iiH e , y ro H iie iiH e h ß o n o jin e m ie TaKoro p o fla MOfle-

j ie n h ecTb cfjynKum i H H flH B H flya jib iioro co3nan iiH . H a 3t o npHMO yica-

3biBaji O . 3 n re jib c : «... m i ,i iu ik o i/ui n e 3a6biBaeM, h t o Bce npHoßpexae- M bie naMH 3nann>i n o n eoß xoß H M O c™ o ip a iiH H e iib i h oßycjioBJicnbi

TeMH oßcTOHTejibCTBaMH, npH k o t o p m x M bi h x n p H oß p eTa eM » (M apKC

K ., 3 n re jib c O ., t . 21, c. 302). H , naKoneu;, noBeflCHHe HCJiOBCKa KaK j ih h -

h o c t h , CB>i3aHiioe c yflOBjieTBOpenHeM KaK e ro HHHHBHnyajibiibix, TaK h

cou ,HajibHbix n o T p e ß n o c T e i i T a ioK e ß a3 iipyeT C H na H cn0Jib30BaH H H co-

0TBeTCTByi0in,HX MOACJicii: « ...h c jio b c k KaK h o p y ra e B b icm iie >k h b o -

THbie CTpOHT CBOe (}5H3HHCCKOe IIOBCfleHHe Iia OCHOBe BblpaßOTaHHOH

M03F0M MOflCJiH cp e flb i i i coG cTB eiiiib ix n peacxo jn ii,H x aeöcTBH H b cpe-

a e » (^oöpoB H H , c. 38).

npaKTHHeCKH Bce CTopoHbi >KH3HH HejIOBCKa, HaHHHafl OT HyBCT-

BeHH0 -0Tpa>KaTejibH0r 0 KOHTaKTa c b h c iiih h m m hpom , BKJiiOHan n o 3Ha-

B aTejibn yio a o r r c j ib n o c T b c t o h h jih h iio h CTerie iib io aßcTpaKn,Hh h b h -

paßOTKOH OTBJieHemiblX IIOHJITHH, H KOIIHajI HHflHBHflyajIbHbIM H CO- HHajibHbiM noBex icjm cM , nanpaBJieHHbiM n a yflOBJieTBopenne M aTepn-

a jib iib ix h a y x o B iib ix n oT peß n ocT e ii, ociiOBaHO Ha 4>opMHpoBaiiHH b e ro

C03H3HHH ßOJIbUIOrO HHCJia TeCHO CB>I3aHHbIX M OKfly COßOH MOflCJICÜ

p 33JIHHHOH npH pO flb l H CTpyKTypbl. COBOKynHOCTb Bcex 3THX MOJICJieÜ

oßpa3yeT K0H ii,enxyajibH yi0 CHCTeMy j ih h h o c th h h b jih b tch cj3yiiKU,HO-

najibHOH ßa3o fl liH flH B H A ya jib iioro h con ,H a jibn oro noBcaciiH H HenoBe-

Ka b e ro iio b c c ju icb h o h npeflMeTHO-npaKTHHecKOH / lo ixe jibn ocTH , a

Ta K/Ke npw pem eH H H ö j i h ^ h h i h x h 6 o jiee (HviaJicuiih ix la jia 'i o öh u ien - Horo, TexH H HecKoro, H ayn H oro h, h s k o h c h , o ö in e cT B cn n o io xapaicrepa (A p H A 3e, c. 1 1 0 ).

Y'iHThiBaH ciicnnf|)n>tecKvio npupojiv t3 k o io po;ia M o;iejien uejie- C005pa3H0 BBeCTH flJTH HX 0Ö03Ha'!eHHH CIICII,HajIhHf)IH TepMHH. H a iO- BeM HfleajibHbie M oaejin b HHjiHBH/iyajibHOM co iiia n m i C-M o;ie;i«m h. B HaHÖOJICC OOLUCM BHfle C-MOflCJIb eCTb HCKOTOpa« MblCVIHTCJIbHaH CTpyKTypa, c y m ec n jy io in aH b co3H3hhh (n a h to yKasbiuacr Jin rcpa C >) JIHHHOCTH. Ee KOMnOHCinaMH HBJIHIOTCH IipCJtCTaBJICHHM H HOIIHTHH O iipenM erax h hujichhhx B uem iiero MHpa h OTnomeiiHHx m okjiv hhmm, 3aKOflHpOB3HHbIC B HCKOTOpblX CJIVW3HX BCpÖajIbHblM H HJIH JipYTIlMH 3H3K3MH. npOÖJICMa IICHXOJIOl HMCCKOM peaJIbHOCTH C-MOflCJlCH HV).«- aaeTCH b HCCjie,aoB3HHHx cnenH3JiHCT0B-iiCHX0Ji0r0B. O m iaK o coßpe- McmiaH n cH xo jion ia y>KC pacnojiaraeT ju ihh lim h b riojib3y raKoro

npeflnojio>KeFiHH. Mo3r, KaK OTMenaer H .A . Am ocob (c. 124), «hb jihctch MOIUHOH MOAejIHpyK)IHeÜ yCTaHOBKOH, CO iJUtlOIHCM CBOH MOflCJIH c no- MOIHblO KJieTOHHblX CTpVKTVp, (f)OpMHpyK)III,HXCH B IipOUCCCC yMCHHH H

caM00praHH3aii,Hii. KopnoBbie MojiejiH hbjih iotch «jieHCTByioiu,HMii■>. TO eCTb OHM OTpa>KaiOT HC TOJIbKO CTpVKTypY, IIO H (jjVHKUHH) mo/icjih- pyeMbix chctcm . HejiOBeK Bbipa/Kaer cboh mojicjim ({hi uimcckhmh KOjia- mh: cjiOBaMH, pucynKaMH, cjjopMyjiaMn, mhcjiümh, c noM om bio Ma- IIIHH... ».

T aK H M 0 5p a3 0\ i, C -m c v ic jk , e c r b n jiea jib H a H M o a c j ib b n iiju u u i/ iy -

a j lb H O M C03HaHMH, B KOTOpOH H IIJIHBHH peajlH 3VCT JIHMHOCTHVIO 3KC-

ru iH K aii ,H K ) f l a i i H b i x (n p e ,n c T a B jic m iii, m i i c h h h , 3 h 3 h h h ) o to m h j i h

h h o m c })p a rM eH T e B u e m n c r o M iip a , r o ecn > r o . h t o 011 ( h h j i h b i u i ) j iv M a -

c t , B(X)6 pa>KaeT, n p e f ln o j ia r a e T , 3 H 3 c t 0 6 o o b C K ia x M iip a 11 h x o T n o i i ie -

HHHX, BKJIIOMaH H aOCTpaKTHblC O T IIO U ie ilH H MC/KJIV KJI3CC3MH OÖbCK-

TOB. n O M H M O C -M O fle jieH BCHKOMy H IIJU lB M Jiy IipHC’y iU H H JIpVIHC (|)Op-

M b l nCHXHHeCKOlO OTpa/KCHHH fleilCTBH TeJIb llO C TH ( O m y m C H H H , 3M O -

U HH H J i p . ) KaK H a ypOBHC C03H3HHH, T 3 K H 113 y p O B H e I i e 0 C 0 3 H 3 B a C M 0 r 0 .

O flH 3K O 3/ICCb H e CT3BHTCH 33J13H3 pSCCMOTpCHHH 3TOH CJIO/KIIOH IipO -

ö j i e M b i n c u x o j i o n i H h 3 t o t B o n p o c ocraeTC H O TK pb iTb iM . 1 -a iu c y in c p -

>KfleHHe COCTOHT JIH IHb B TOM, HTO B C p 6 a j I H 3 y C M b i e C ip y K T y p b l ( r o CCTb

n o j u i e > K a i H H e o ö b C K T H B a n M H b o b h c u i h c h — 3 B y M a m ,e H h j i h H a n n c a H -

HOH peMH) HäXOflHTCH B OÖJI3CTH C-MOJ(CJICH.

Kax y>Ke OTMenajiocb, bcc SHaiuie b uejioM , upejicraiuiHCMoe koh-

uenTyajibHOH chctcm oh hochtcjih H3biK3, iniKOiyia hc cji>/Kh t oöbeK- TOM Bep6ajIH33HHM. B 3TOH pOJIH MO/KCT BbICTyiI3Tb JIHUlb KaKaH-TO erO nacTb— C-M onejib hjih coBOKyiiHOCTb C-MOflejiCH, BbiCTynaiomHe KaK

MbicjiHTejibHbie KaTeropHH peneMbicjiHTejibHOH flCHTejlbHOCTH, onpe-

23

f l e j u n o m n e b cboio o n ep e jib c e M a H T H M e c K y io C T p y K T v p y T eK C Ta . B epöa- j iH 3y e M b ie C -M O j ie j iH m o *h o o n p e j i e j iH T b KaK « K o r a n T H B H o e c o jie p > K a - H w e » n o H H T M e , n p e f l j io > K e H H o e A.M. U la x H a p o B H H e M : « . . .M e > K jiy p e - ajIbHOH fleHCTBHTejIbHOCTblO H O Tp a>K a iO IH H M 3 T y a e flC T B H T e jlb H O C T b H 3b IK O B b IM n p O H 3B C JieH H eM (T e K C T O M ) H aX O flH TC H C0 3 H a H I ie M e jIO B eK a ,

4 > o p M n p v io u ;e e K on iH X H B H b ie c o j ie p > K a n H H » (Fojioxi, U la x H a p o B H H , c. 3 4 ) .

§ 4. KjaccHcJjHKauMa C-Moae.ieM

OopM iipoBanne C-MOjiejiefl öau ip v e r o i n a peiyjibxaxax oxpa»ceHHfl Bnenm ero Miipa b co3Hannn jih h h octh . n pon eccb i OTpa>KeHHH npoxe- Kaio r b nepa ipbiBHon cbh sh h napaju icjibno c nponeccaM n inaHMOjieii- CXBHH JIHHHOCTH C BHeilHIHM MIipOM. B MapKCHCXCKOH C^HJIOCOC^HH Xa- koc B3ahmojleHCTBne CBH ibiBac'Tc'H npoK jie Bcero c KaTeropiien ach- XejIbHOCXH, IIOHHMäeMOH 1! U lH p O K O M CMbICJie 3XOIO CJIOBa, KaK Jie«- XCJIbHOCXb IipeAMeTHO-IipaKTHMeCKa>I, ri03HaBaTCJIbHaH H KOMMyHHKa- THBHan (lIOCJie;[HHM B K JIK )H aex H pCMeMblCJTHTCJIbHyiO fleH X C J IbH O C Tb ).

UCHTCJIbHOCTb HISilHCXCH IICTOHHHKOM C-M O/iejICH , B KOTOpblX !a- 43HKCHpoBaH() m a n n e jihm hocth o B n e i im e M M n p e . O flH aK O , H a p n a y c A C H T eJ Ib H O C T b lO , B HaCXOHIHCC BpCM>I IipH 3H aexCH najIHHHC H HpyniX, «BHejlCHTejIbHOCTHblX» C_|)OpM B3äHMOaCHCTBHH CyÖbeKXa C BH eUIH H M M IipOM . B.A. JlCKXOpCKHH B BblCIVIIJICIIHH Ha JIHCKVCCHH O CJJHJIOCOCJD- ckom n o H H M a in iH K a re ro p H H «jicm x e j ib i io c x b » iio/ iH epK H Bae r, hxo ö b in o

Obi IienpaBHJIbHO nO/IBOJlHTb BCe BH/Ibl HejlOBCHCCKOH 3KXHBHOCXH no/i pacniHpHTCJibHO TOJiKycMOc iiohhxhc jieHxejibnocxH, IIOHHMäeMOH b raKOM cjiy 'iae n p o c x o Kan chhohhm iscero c n e n n c })H 'ie cK H H ejiO B enecK O - r o ( 1 9 8 5 , c. 3 1 ) . «... B p a j i j i h n p a B O M cp n o c n n x a x b / leH ie jibn ocxb io , na-

u p H M C p , c o 3 e p n a n n e , 3 M 0 ii,H 0 H a jib iib ie cocxohiihh h t .a . » (T aM >Ke, c. 3 1 ) . «C y iH H O C T b M e jiO B C K a 3 H a H H x e j i i > i io ö o ra n e , p a3 H O C ToponH ee h

cjio>KHee, n eM xo jibK O c n c r c M a ero j ic n r e j ib H o c x H » (B y e B a , c. 4 9 ) . T a K H e «B H C J IC H T e jIb H O C T H b lC » c j^O p M b l BSan MOJICMC'I I1HSI JIHHHOCTH C B H e U I - HHM M HpOM BO MHOTHX CJIVHaHX T3 K/KC npHBOJIHX K c J jO p M H p O B a H H K ) B

C03HaHHH JIHHHOCTH COOTBCTCTByiOIHHX C-M O AejIC H .Ha30BeM C-MOflejin, nopo>KjiaeMbie b pe3yjibxaTe HenocpeflCXBeH-

HOI'O B3aHM0;ienCTBHH (KaK «/(CHTCJII)IIOCTHOIO», T3K H «BIie/lCHTejIbHO- CTHOro») JIHHHOCTH C BU eiU H H M M H pO M , nepBHHHbIMH MOJICJIHMH. l l o CBOeM y COJ(ep>Kai!HH) 3XH MOJiejlH HBJIHIOTCH I ipCVIMCXHbl.MH B TOM

CMbICJie, HTO HX SJieMCHXbl IipC;iCiai!JIHK)T COÖOH nOHHTHH O IipeflMC-

Tax H HX OTHOIIieHHHX. HailÖOJiee ÖOiaXbIM HCTOHHHKOM IiepBHHHblX C -M oaejieü >iBJi>iexc>i rpy/ jo iian xiorrejibHOCTb ne;iOBeKa, a xaic+ce apy- ruc i!H;ibi HejienanpaBJicHHOH npeAMexHO-npaKXHHecKOH flenxejibHO- c t h . M n o/K ecxB o n e p m iH U b ix C '-m o .h c . ic h c o c ia n j in e x nH tJ^opM annoH -

24

HyiO OCHOBy 3H3HHH O M Hpe, B TOM HHCJie H IipOCjjeCCHOHajIbHblX. 3 tO MHO>KCCTBO C-MOflCJICH COCT3BJIHCT 633y HHJIHBHAySJIbHOI'O H COII,H3Jlb-

H o ro n oB e jieH H H , a t 3 k >kc T B o p n e c K o ro , c o 3 H fl3 T e jib H o ro n oTC H H H a jia

JIHHHOCTH.

npOJIVKTOM MbICJIHTCJIbHOH ACH TC'JIbHOCTH HCJIOBCK3 HBJIHIOTCH T3K>Ke M HOrOHHCJieHHbie C-MO/ICJIH, KOTOpbie H330BCM BTOpHHHbIMH,

TaK KaK OHH (J)OpMHpyiOTCH B p t‘ SVJIbTaTC anajIH ia H CHHTC33 MH(J)OpMa- H h h , oo jiep>K a ineH C H b m h o j k c c t b c n ep B H H H b ix C -M o n e j ie n . B t o p h h -

H b ie C -M o jie j iH m o >k h o p a 3 fle jn iT b n a K O M Ö H iianH O H H bie, aöcTpaKTHbie H XVA()>KCCTBeUHO-IIO jTHMCCKlIC.

KOMÖHHaUHOHHbie C-MOflCJIH, B CBOK) OHCpCflb, JICJ1HTCH Iia KOHCT-

pyK TH B H b ie h n p p e a jib H b ie .

K O H CTpyKTH B H bie C -M O fle jlH Otpa>KaK3T OßbCKTbl H OTHOUICHHH, C

KOTOpblMH JIHHHOCTb HC HMCJia HCIIOCpeACTBCHHOI'O KOHT3KT3 B O Kpy-

»a iO U lC M CC M H p e . O jU iaK O BCC JJICMCHTbl KOHCrpyKTHBHOH C -M O fle jIH

p ea jib H iii b t o m C M b ia ic , h t o o h h OTp3>K3iOT o o bCK i bi. KOTOpbie c y m e -

CTBVIOT H M O iyT CVIHCCTBOBäTb. J p v n iM H CJIOBaMH, KOHCTpyKTHBHbie

C -M O fle jiH n p e f lM e T H b i raK >kc KaK h n epB H H H b ie . H a o c h o b c KOHCTpyK-

THBHblX C -M O ae jIC H B OKp\>KaiOIHCM M lip e M O ryT Ö blTb B0CC03JI3HbI CO-

OTBeTCTByiOIHHe OÖ-bCKTbl, OTHOUICHHH H npOUCCCbl HJIH, HIiaHC, COOT-

BeTCTBVKiinHe M a T e p n a jib i ib ie m o / ic jih . H a n ß o j ie e in n p o K O KOHCTpyK

TH BH bie m o a c j ih p a c u p o c T p a H e u b i b n synH O -TexiiH H C C KO M TB opn ecTB e.

FIpHM CpOM MOJKCT CJiy>KHTb 33MbICCJl HOBOI'O TCXHHHCCKOI'O yCTpOHCT-

Ba HJIH I ip o u c c c a . ECJIH OTOT 3aMbICCJI reXHHMeCKH rpaM OTCH, TO COOT-

B eTC TB y iom ee ycT p o iicT B O (n p o u c c c ) m o>k ct o b iu . p ea jiH 3 0 B a ii0 b m s tc -

p n a jibH O H cftopM e.

H p p e a . ib i ib ie C -m o / ic jih x a p a K ic p u syiorcH reM , h t o b h x c rp y K T y -

p e npHCVTCTBVIOT KOM IIO IICHTbl, OTpa>K3IOUi;HC HBJICIIHH, He BCTpenaiO-

ih h c c h b p ea jib H O M M H pe. 3 ™ C -m o ; ic j ih M O iy r ö b iT b pa i/ ic jieu b i Ha

;Ib c r p y n n b i: C K a30H iib ic h (J janTacTH H ecKH e.

CKa304Hbre C-MOJICJIH OCHOBblBaiOTCH, KaK lipaBHJIO, Ha BnOJIHe pe-

ajib iib ix npeflMeTax h o t h o ih c h h h x , o j ih s k o b 3h ti> ix b n ep ea jib H b ix co- HeTaiiHHx. TaKOBbi n inpoKO p acn p ocT p aH en n b ie b pyccKHX napoflH b ix

CK33K3X o6pa3bi pycajiKH, J iem ero , oaöb i-H i i-i h ;ip .

O a H T a c ra w e c K H e C -M o jie j iH xap aK T ep n 3 y ioT C H H ajiH H H CM 0öpa30B

p ea jib H O n e c y m e c T is v io iH H x o 6 t> c k to b — n pen M eT O B h j ih OTHOiueHHH,

H a n p H M ep , K e ü e o p u m (M a r e p n a j i ) , n y :ib - m p a H c n o p m u p o o K a (c n o c o ö

nepeflBH >KeH H H b k o c m o c c ) h a p . H c x o j ih o h 6 a3 on a j ih n o cT p o eH H H KaK

CK330HHbIX, TaK H cj33HT3CTHHeCKHX C-MOflCJICH CJiy>K3T p ea jIH H O Kpy-

> K a io in ero M iip a . « f la ^ c e caM b iH O TH SH H iib ifi c p a in a cT H e n p o in B O jib i io

TBOpHT CBOH o6 p a3 b I, a CH H TCJH pyeT, K O M Ö m n ip yeT HX H3 p e a j lb l lb ix

3JieMeHTOB n p a K T H K H » (M 3H T3TO B , C. 100).

AüCTpaKTHbie C-MO/ICJIH COCTOflT H3 OTBJieMeHHblX H aöcTpaKTHbix K a r c io p n i i h cyH vU cn n ii. B K anecTB e n p iiM ep oB mo>kho n p w B ec™ mho- roMMCJiCHHbie C -m o jic jih , nciiojii>3ycMbic i! pa3JiMHHbix oGjiacTHX Hay- kh. t s k i ia 'ib ii ia c M h ic n a yM h o -iio3HaßaTCJii>Hbie C -m o/icjih . H a n ö o jie e

jaKOHMCHIIblC Iip H M C p b l COHCTaHHH C-MO/ICJICH paiJIM M HblX TH HOB

M l»K H O IiaÜTH BOÖJiaCTH TO H IIb lX H ayK, B MaCTHOCTH, B c fu ra iK e : JiaUHblC

O IipOBCjlCIUIOM 3KCIIcpHM CHTC n03B0JIHK)T IIOCTpOHTb Iiep iS H H liyK )

n p c j iM e T i iy io C -M O ;ic jib . T c o p n > i, r io c T p o e iiH a H n a o c h o b c 3 K c n ep H M e n -

ra, ounpacTCM na a o c r p a K in y io C - m o /ic j i i>, h , naKOHeii,, ru ia ii ö y n y m e r o

: jK C iic p iiM d r ra jib/im c t c h k o h c t p v k t h b i io h C-M O/ic/ibK).

E in e o j ih h KJiacc e o c ra iu iH iO T xv .i0 JK ecT B eH H 0-n 0 3T H M ecK n e C’ -m o -

j ic j ii i. O m i i ia i iM e i ie e ' ic t k o b i>i pa>Kenbi h iia H Ö o jie e T p y/ u io no/i/iaiOTCH

o iiH c a u m o , o n p e j i c j i c i im o h a i ia jm sy. 3 t h C - m o /ic j ih M o iy r co/iep>KaTb B KaMCCTBC KOMIIOHCHTOB JJICMCHTbl BCCX JipV IH X, nCpeMHCJICHHblX Bbl-

IIIC T1IIIOB, OT lipe/IM CTH blX /IO CfXIIITaCTHHeCKMX.

O ö iiin p iiy io ip v ii i iy aocrpaKTHbix C -mojicjich coeTaB/iHK)T TaK iia- ü.iii.iCMbic tfipeiiMbi n CKpmiTbi — ;u iiiaM H ’ iecKne (JjpefiMbi (cuenapnn ). r io iinTne ([ipeiiMa ö i.ijio Bisejieno M . M h iic k h m b cbh3h c n3yMenneM 11poöjicMbi iH KyecTiieiiiioro HirrejuieKTa. M h h ckh h onpc/iejineT (})peHM KaK MUlIllMUJIbilO HCOÖXOaHMVIO COBOKVIIHOCTb IipiISIiaKOB OÖbeKTa HJ1I1 HBJIC111IM, IIO:iBOJIHK)III1\TO H/lCHTMCflHUHpOBaTb 3TOT OObCKT (HBJIC-iih c ), t o ccTi> to M niiHM ajibiioe oriHcaHHe, KOTOpoe e in e coxpam ieT cym nooTb penpe ic irn ipveM oro oöbCKra, iio3bojihh tcm caMHM BbiMJie- HHTb ero n i ()Kpv>Kaioinero Miipa. Jlioßoe coKpaineiine j t o i o o n n c a iiH H , ro ecTb o/uioro 11 s iipiimaKOB, iipHiso/iHT k norepe jto h eym nocTH. B pyCCKOM H iblKC repMIIH fjjpcÜM MO>KCT 6bITb HHTepIipCTUpOBaH KaK paMKü ( KupKitc). aitympcHnuii CKL’.iem, b oöiucm to , na xieM /iep>KHT- o i bo i ocrajib iian , öo j:cc cjicmiiaH kohctpvkuhh . JUHiiaMH'iecKHH (ppciiM upejicraBJiHcr coöoii c rp yK iyp v npH3iiaKOB (/lain ibix), onpe/ie- jiH io iunx HCKOTopyio CTcpcoTHUHyK) CHTyauiiio, iia iip iiM ep , npe6biBa- hhc b KOMiiare, KaÖHnere n p a 'ia hjih n pa i/ u io iiaH H C /ih m pO/K/ieiiHM. C Ka>KJtbIM cfipeÜMOM aCCOUHIipOBailO HCCKOJIbKO BHJIOB HH(f)OpMaUHH. 3tO, HailpHMCp, HII(|)OpMaHHH O TOM, K3K IIOJIbSOBaTbCH /(ailHblM tjjpeil- MOM, HCIO 0>KH/iaib I! CJie/iyiOUlHH MOMCHT, HTO C/iejiaTb, CCJIH 3TH

O/KHflailHH He nO/llBCp/IHTCH H T./t O/IHH H3 KJiaCCHHCCKHX IipHMepOB cjDpcHMa — (JipeHM «K y x iia » — iipHBO/uir A . M o jib (1975, c. 147-148).

CrpyKTypy cjopeiiMa mojkiio upe/icraisHTb b BH/ie ccth H3 V3JIOB — OßbCKTOB H CBH3CH — OTHOIIICHHH. «BepXHHC ypOBHH» (})peHMa cjonKciipoBaiibi ii eo/iep>KaT ziaiiHbie, ucer/ia HCTUHHbie b paccMarpHBae-

MOH CHTyaiJHH. «H n > K H H e yp O B H H » COJiep>KaT MHO/KeCTBO TepM H H ajIO B

(H M eeK ), KOTOpbie M O ryT Ö blTb 3anOJIHCHbI pa3JIHHHbIM H B KaxylO M KOH-

KpeTHOM cjiynae aanH b iM H -03H a ’ inBaHHHMn. C a \ m j t h 03HaHHBaHHH M O ryT ÖblTb MeUbHIHMH « I I O J I c j j p C H C K3>KHhIM TeDMHHaJIOM CBH3aH KOMnJTCKC yCJIOBHH, KOTOpbIM T3KHC 031iaMHBaHHH JIOJl>KHbI >AO BJieiBO pH Tb. FIpO CTbie yCJIOBHH IIOK33bIUaK)T, KaKOBO flOJI/KHO ÖblTb 03H aM H B anne ju ih naHHoro rc p .M m ia jia . Bojicc cjio/Khi.ic ycjiobmh M o ryT KaCaTbCH COOTHOlUetlHH M O KJiy 03 H 3l IH B3I IH H M H JUIH HCCKOJIbKIlX T e p MHHajIOB. O p e i iM b i M o r y r ooTjejuniHTbCH h 0öp330BbiB3Tb c n c T eM b i cfjpeHMOB. Pa3JIHHHbIC (JjpCHM bl, BXOJIHIHHC B CHCTCMV, HCIIOJlb iVlOT OÖ- in .ee M iiü/KecTBO T ep M im a jiO B . H c ii0 J ib 3 0 B a H H e cm ctcm cfipeiiM O B n o -

3BOJIHCT O IIH CblBaTb CTpyKTypbl BIICIIIHerO M H pa — «(jjpCMMOBOC OIIHCa-

HHC». T aK H M OÖpa iOM, CjjpCHMbl, JIO H3BeCTH0H C T d ie i lH , MO/KHO COOT- HCCTH C TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM JICKJiapaTHBHbIM 31iaHHCM (BeJlHMKOBCKHH,

c. 262).flajIbHCHUjee pa3BHTHC J I11X HJlCli IipilBCJIO K IipHJiaHHIO cjjpeÜMy

AHHaMHMecKoro xapaKTepa, h t o b cbo io o«iepejib, iip iiB ejio k cfiopMHpo-

BaiiH io i io h h th h «CKpuiiT» (c u c H a p n i i ) h jih TdK uaibm acM oro pOJieBOH) cjjpeßMa, oiiHCbiBaiomero cran ji3p rn y io iiocjiejioBarejibHOCTb jic h c ib h ü b CTepeoTHimoH CHTyaniiH. T epM im a jib i raKoro cjjpciiMa VKa ii.uiaioT na HCKOTOpbie POJIH, KOTOpbie J(OJI/KHbI ÖblTb SailOJIIICHbl KOHKpCTHblMH JiHuaMH (h c iio jih m tc jih m h p o jie fi) npn o iiiica iim i KOHKpeTiioii curya-

HHH. B KaMCCTBC HCIIOJIHHTCJieH pOJICH B CKpiUITaX MOIYT BblCTyilüTb ne TOJibKO jh o jih , h o h jip yn ie >KiiBbic cymccTBa, a iaK/KC neojiyincBJien- Hbie IipCJIMeTbl. CKpiIIITbl II03B0JU1JIH npCJICTaUHTb B (|)0pMaJIH30BaH-

hom b h a c TaK na3biB3CMoe npone/iypnoe snaime.

C iie iin a jiH C T b i, p aö o T a io n u ie b o ö jia e m iiCKyccTBem ioro h h tc ji jic k -

Ta b HacTOHiu.ee BpeMH n p e ju io j ia ra io i , h to h m c h h o «cJjpeiiMOBbie H3bi- k h » M oryT CTaTb o c h o b o h a j ih «3BM — m o jic jich » M iip a (I lo c iie jiO B , e. 166). B JIHHFBHCTHKe OAIIHM H3 HCpiiblX IipiIMCIIHJI K€T3 M BblMJie- HHTb OCHOBHbie CftyHKUHH JieHCTByiOIHIIX JIHU II OÖCTOHTejIbCTB B CKa- 30HHbIX CK)>KeTax.

FIpHMeHHTejIbHO K KOHHenTVäjIbHOH CHCTCMC 'lejIOBCKa C^pCHMbl upejiCTaBiiHioT öo jiee hjih mchcc ycTOiiHHBbie oöoö in em ib ie KOimeriTbi, b KOTOpbix 3aKperuien npouuibiH o iim t HHju-iBHjia. JJpyrnMH cjioBaMH, (JjpefiM (paccMaTpHBacMbiii KaK k o h u c u t ) Bbipa/Kacr b neBepoajibHofi cbopMe ocuoBHyio CTpyKTypy ( « h a c io » — ochobiioc coAep>Kanne) ko m o h -

HaUHOHHOM HJIH XyHO/KeCTBCHHO-IIOJTHHeCKOH C-MOflCJIH (COBOKynHO- cth C-M OAejien). TaK, iianpuM ep, cfDpeuM KOMnaTbi ecrb KOHnenT b

27

KOHijenTyajibHOH CHcreMe jihhhocth, hbjihioiuhhch hochtcjicm HaHßo- j i e e o o o ß in e H H o r o n peacTaB J ieH H H o KO M H aTe, « H a e n » KO M H aTbi. O ß p a -

meHwe k (J>peHMaM h C K pw iiTaM (c u e i ia p u H M ) b n p o i je c c e cfiyHKUHOHH- p oß a iiH H K O H nen Tya jibH O H CHCTeMbl H H jiH B H jia CBH33HO c p em e H H e M 3 aaan H aciiTH cjjH K an H H o6t>cktob h C H ryan H H , nporm xBH pO BaH H H hx IIOBe/ICHHH H H3MeneiIHH, IipCABHaCHHH pa3BHTHH COÖblTHH, HX COflep- 2K3HHH H BHVTpCHIICH CBH3H. Y>KC H3 3TOIO ßei'JIOrO IiepeMHCJICHHH cjjyHKUHÜ cppeiiM O B c j ie a y e T , mto hx C T pyK T yp a aoJi>KHa ßb iTb , c oahoh C T o p o u b i, n o c ra ro M H o i hokom h hoabh>khoh (o n H ca H H e npoueccoB H hbjichhh), c a p y ro H c r o p o i ib i , aoctstohho aeT ep M H H H p 0 B 3H H 0 H c tcm,MTOObl «HC TCpHTb» CBH3b C pC11pC3CIITH pyC M 1)1 M OßbCKTOM (HBJICHH-cm ).

n pO H IJ Ib lH O IIb lT HII/IHBHfla xpaH H TCH B IläM H TH B flBVX 4d°P~

M a x — aeK J iap aT H B H oro 3 h 3 h h h — iip ea cra B J icH H H 0 6 o o bCK ia x , h b jic h h -

HX, 3KT3X, iaKOHOMCpHOCTHX — H IipO IICJIVpiIO IO 3H3HHH — CBCJICHHH O

COBOKyilllOCTHX HCJIC liaiipaBJICHHblX I ip o i ic j i v p , HCOOXOflHMblX flJIH p e -

m e iiH M KO H KpeTH bix iajjaM (B c jih m k o b c k h h , c. 262). B c o o t b c t c t b h h c j t h m , n p a iia a aocTaTO H H O v c j io b h o , m o>k iio p accM S TpH B S Tb cfipeH M Kan

HCKHH KOHHCnr, COJIcp>KaiHHH M H IIH M a jIbH O IICOÖXOJIHMOC MHCJIO Iip H -

inaKOB oob C K 'ia ( (p a K ra , h b j ic h h h h t .j i.), t o e cT b Bb ipa>K a io inH H H a e io

oobC K T a , a t 3 k n a3 i,iB aeM b iH C K p m iT (p o j ie u o i i c })peH M h j ih cu eH a -

p i l i l ) — KaK KOHUC1IT, lipeaCTa iiJ IH IO IU H H COÖOH CXCMaTHMCCKyiO THI1H33-

U H io t c x HJIH H iib ix C T ep coT H n oB n o B e a e iiH H h j ih H e jien a n p a B J ieH H b ix

i ip o i ic a y p .

B K O H U C IIT ya jIb H O H CHCTCMC HIlflHBHaa (|)pCHM I ip e flC T a B J IH C T CO- öoii oöoömcHHyK) pcnpescHTanHK) KaKoro-jnißo oßbcnra (hbjichhh) HJIH rpymibl OßbCKTOB (COBOKyilHOCTH HBJICHHH) B HCKOTOpOH MäCTH craiHMHoro npocTpancTBeHiioro okpv^kchhh. KoHnenryajibHbiH CjjpCHM MO}KHO HHTCpiipCTHpOBaib KaK HCKOTOpyiO HepapXHMCCKyK) CTpVKTVpy, BKJIIOMaiOIHyK) COBOKyilHOCTb MeHTajIbHblX KOMIIOHCHTOB II OTHOIIICHHH MC/KJ IV IIHMH. «BepXHHC ypOBHH» CTpyKTVpbl TaKOTO ( f ip e H M a . K3K V>KC V H O M H Iia jIO C b , C j}H K CH pO B 3IIb I H COaep>KaT K O M IlO Iie H - Tbl, HBJIHIOIUHeCH OIipeflCJIHIOIHHMH aJIH flaHHOrO (JjpeHMa. TepMHHa- Jlbl HH/KIIHX ypOBHCli B IipOIlCCCe MCHTajIbHOH (lia iip H M ep , peMCMblC- J IH T e jIb H O ii ) aCHTCJIbHOCTH MOryT O b lT b 33 IIO JlH C H bI K O H K p e T H b IM H aaHHbiMH. B Haußojice npocTOM cjiyMae 3th ycjiOBHH MOryT ßbiTb onpe- aejieilbl MapKCpaMH. yK33bIB3IOIIJ,HMH KJI3CC IIOHHTHH, H 3 MHCJia KOTO- pbix MO>KCT ßblTb 3aHMCTBOBaiIO COOTBCTCTByiOUiee nOHHTHe. Hsnpn- Mep, MapKcp, «MejiOBeK» YKa3biB3eT, m to cooTBeTCTByioinHH T e p M H H a n MO>K€T ßblTb 33IIOJIHCH 03 H 3M H B 3 H H C M , OÖHiaTCJIbHO CBH3aiIHbIM C M e-jiobckom (iianpHMep, hmh, cnennajibHOCTb, npH3iiaKH B H e m iie r o oojih-28

Ka n T.A.). n p H M e iiH T e jibH O k paccM aTpiiBaeM O M y HH*ce cJ)peöMy « k o m -

H aTa» M a p x ep «M e ö e jib » VKa3biB3eT, h t o cooTneicTByioiH H e rcpM H H a;ih i

MOryT ÖblTb 3anOJIHeHbI 03H3HHB3HHHMH Iipe,HMCT()B MCÖejIH.

Eojiee cjio>KHbie ycjioBHH H aK ;ia;u> iBa ioT orpaHH'ieHHH Ha oTHome- HHH M OKJiy 031iaHHB3HHHMH, IIp e jlH a3 H aH eH H b IM H JJJIH 3aiIOJIHeiIHH

pa3JiH H H bix T epM H H ajiO B . M . H äK O H eu , b n a H o o jie e o o iu c m cjiynae T cp - MHHajIbl M O iyT 33nOJIHHTbCH IieK O TO pb lM H «IIO/lcJjpCHMaMH», ()6pa3VH

T3KHM 0Dpa30M CHCTCMV (JjpCHMOB, IIOCTpOeHHVIO B JiaHHOM CJiyHSC Ha 033e HCXOflHOrO (ftpCH M a. C u C TC M b l K- H b ie O TH O inenH H , n o M e p im y T b ie 113 n p o i iu i o i o o iib n a HHjiHBH/ia. FIo- CJie 3aiIOJIHeHHH BCCX Tep M H H a jiO B KOHKpCTHblM H 03H3HHBaHHHM H

cjjpeHM (c K p H m ) n p e o ß p a iyeTCH b k o m o h h s u h o h h v io h j ih xyjio>KecT-

BeHHO-no3TH'iecKyio C-Mo;iejib.IlpHMepOM M O^cr cjiy>KHTb cppchm KOMiiarbi. H s npouu ioro o i ib i-

Ta H3BCCTHO (3TO, BnpOHeM, OTHOCHTCH HC TOJIbKC) K (^»peHMy KO M IiaTb l,

h o h k j i p y i HM ( | J p c H M a M ), H T O K O M i i a i a H M e e r K a K pnji o ö h s a r e j i b u b i x O C O O e H H O C T C H , K O T O p b i e COOCTBCHHO H j l C j i a i O T KOMIiaTy KOMHarOH, T O e c T b b c o B O K y n H O C T H B b i p a / K a i o r n j i e i o K O M i i a i b i , r a K h c o B O K y n H O c r b B a p b H p y e M b i x n p H 3 i i a K O B , K O T O p b i e j u i h p a s j i H H H b i x k o m h 3 t p a 3 J i H H - Hbi. TaK, B C H K 3 H K O M H a r a f l O J i > K n a ö b i T b O T J t e j i e n a o t O K p y > K a K ) i n e r o e e npOCTp3HCTB3, J U I H H d O CJiy>KaT CTCHbt, IIOJI H IIOTOJIOK. O ’i e B H J I H O , HTO

KOMHaTa f l O J I > K H a H M e T b J I B e p b H, KaK n p a B H J I O , OKIIO. X O T H TOHHblH p a 3 M e p h p a c n o j i o / K e H H e s t h x j j i c m c i i t o b n e h m c i o t n p n i i n H n H a j i b H O - ro 3H3HCHHH, H M dtH O HX COBOKyilHOCTb OÖpaSyCT TOT M H H H M ajlbH blH

H a ö o p npH3H3KOB, KOTOpblH O T J I H H 3 C T K O M H a i V O T J i p y i HX O Ö b e K T O B I I O - jio ö iio ro pojia. TaK, i i a j i i i H H e b m c c t o A B e p n — J i i O K a b i i o t o j i k c , o m c b h j i - h o ö o j i e e C B O H C T B e H H O n o j i B a j i b i i o M y n o M e m e n H K ) , n o r p e ö y h j i h K o p a - Ö e j I b H O M y KVÖpHKV. O T C y T C T B H e O K H 3 I I C p C B O J I H I p 3 C C M 3 T p H B 3 C M bIH o ö - b e K T b jipy roH K J i a c c ( h 3 KJiacca < < k o m h 3 t » , H 3 i i p H M e p , b KJiacc «rapa- >KeH» h j i h «capseB »), YK333HHbie 3 J i e M e n n > i p a e n o j i o > K e H b i b BepxHHx y p O B H H X 4 ) p e H M 3 « K O M H 3 T 3 » , H H M e i l H O OHH O Ö V C J I O B J I H B a i O T O T J I H H H e 3 T o r o 4 ) p e ß M a o t M H 0 * ; e c T B 3 o p y r a x 4 > p e Ü M O B , cojiep>K3inHXCH b k oh - u e n r y a j i b H O H C H C T e M e H H j i H B H j i a .

O p eÖ M KOMHaTbi n p e jiiio jia ra eT TaioKe o n p e jie jie iiH o e 3anojiH eH He

(n p e jiM eT b i M eöe jiH , o ö c t s h o b k h ) nyTeM 0 3113 4h b 3 h h h cooTBeTCTByio-

iu ,hx TepMHH3JioB 3TOIO (JjpeüM a, KOTOpbie pacno jioaceH bi n a öo jiee HH3KHX ypOBHHX CTpyKTypbl 3TOIO fppCHM a. C JipVTOM CTOpOHbl, 03Iia-

HHB3HHe TepM HHajiOB MO/KCT H He IipOH SIiOJIHIhCH, HTO COOTBeTCTByeT

«nycTO H KOMHaTe». B03M 0»ceH TaK>Ke c j iv 'ia n (h oh , m o k c t 6 bm >, H an -

6 o jiee BepoHTeH ), K oraa b pe3y jibT are M e m a jib H o ro n p o u e c c a 4>peHM CfXjpMHpyeTCH C TCpM HH ajiaM H yvKC 3aiI()JIHeHHbIMH «3arOTOBJlCHHbl MH

3 a p a n e e » ( i ip o u u ib iH o i im t ! ) 3 H 3 h chh hm h . OaH3KO b s to m c jiy n ae 3iia-

HeHHH H enpoH HO (h 3 t o cym ecT B enH oe c b o h c tb o (J jpeßM a) CBH33Hbi co

CBOHMH TCpMHH3JI3MH, TaK HTO HX JICI’KO 3aMCHHTb Ha HOBbie, IIOpO>K-

neH H bie cooTBeTCTBVK)ineH M eHTajibHOH o riep an H en .

B Tex cjiynanx, Korjia c})peHM ne yaseTCH npHBecTH b cootbctctbhc c CHTyauHeü, oßycjiOBjniBaioiHeH ero nocTpoennc, iiaiipuMep, b nponce- ce peneMbicjiMTejibHOH aeaTejibHocTH — c boc 11 p h h h m ae m bi m tckctom, to ecTb Koraa hjih TepMHHajiOB ne yaaercH naß™ 03H3HHBaiiHH, yaoB- JieTBOp}HOIHHX yCJIOBHHM MapKepOB TCpMHHajlOB, KOMMyHHKaHT Bbl- Hy>KaeH OÖpaTHTbCH K CBOeH IläMflTM (KOHHCIITyajIbHOÜ CHCTCMC), C TeM HTOßbl H3HTH (CCj}OpMHpOBaTb) apVIOil cjjpOHM, 33MeH>iK)IUHH nep- BblH.

B n p o n e c c e p e 'ieM b ic jiH T C J ib H O ü ; ic h ic j i I )H 0 c t h K O H n e iiT ya jn .H b ie c fjp cH M jii n03B0jiHi0T npeacK33biBaib KaK onpc.nejieuHbie x a p a K T e p H b ie n e p T b i e in e ne 3KTy3JiH 30B3H H bix Hsc r e i i tck c ts , tsk h iip o rn o iHpoBaTb H eKO TO pbie CBeaeHHH 0 6 ycTpoH CTBC to h i ip e a M e T i io n oo jisc th , koto- pan CTOHT 33 3THMH TCKCT3MH. HajIHHHC B II3M HTH HOCHTCJIH H3bIKa MHoroHHCjieHHbix cJ^peHMOB (h C K pH iiTO ß ), p e n p e 3 C H T H p y io m H x e r o IipO KH H M >KH3HeHHbIH OHblT, aa iO T C'My B03M0/KH0CTb B n pO IieC C e peHC-

BOH aeH TejlbH O CTH CBOeBpeMCHHO aKTHBM3HpOBäTb Te HJIH HHblC (j}p a r -

M eH T b l CBOerO CJlOBSpHOIO 33n3C3, MTO H aCJISCT I303M0>KHblM CaM IipO -

Hecc nOpO>KaeHHH/BOCIipH>ITHH TCKCT3. T 3K H M 0Ö p330M , COBOKynHOCTb

K O im e n T y a jib H b ix (£>pcHMOB (ck p h iito b ) npc/icran jiM CT coöoh Mexs- HH3M, o 6 ecn eH H B a io iH H H H cn0J ib30B aH H e u p o iL u io ro o n b iT a H iiaH B H aa

b n p o n e c c e KO M M yH H KaUH H .

riOMHMO H I I3p 3JU iejIbH O C COflCp>KaTCJIbHblMH C -M O a e jIflM H B CO- 3H 3HHH IlH aH B H aa BCCra3 npHCVTCTBVIOT C -M O a e jIH e in e OaHOrO TH-

n s — p ec jjjieK C H B iib ie C - M o a e j in (p C - M o j i e j in ) . P e ^ ie K C H B H b ie C -M o a e -

JIH e c T b p e 3y jIb T 3T 0 C03H3 HHH C yS teK T O M — HOCHTCJICM 3TOH p C -M O a e -

j ih — C B oero 43H 3H n ecK 0 r0 h n cH X H H ecK o ro c o c to h h h h , C B oero n o ju m e -

h h h b o B peM eH H h n pocTp aH C TB e , 3 t 3 k>kc C B oero c o o T H o m eH H H c p ea -

j ih h m h O K py>K a io iu ero M H pa . « H m c h h o s i ia n n e r io j io x e H H H C B oero T e jia

B 0 6 "beKTHBH0 H CCTKe npO C TpaH CTBeH H O -BpeM CIIH blX CBH3CH, 3H3HHC

p a 3JIHHHH M e>Kay OÖ-beKTHBHblMH H 3M epeH H H M H B p ea jIbH O M M H p e H

CMeHOH Cy6T>eKTHBHbIX COCTOflHHH COJIiaHHH, 3H3HHH CBH3H TOH HJIH

h h o h n ep cn eK T H B b i o n b iT 3 c o ö te K T H B H b iM n o jio> K en H eM T eu a cyS-beK-

Ta — Bce 3t h p a 3H o o 6 p a 3H b ie B H abi 3H3 HHH BKJHOHeubi « b c n p e cc o B a H -

HOM B H a e » B 3J ieM eH TapH b IH aKT C3 M 0 C0 3 H3 HHH, TOT aKT, KOTOpblH,

30

jie iiC TB H TejibH O , n p e f ln o j ia r a c r c H jn o ö b iM rio3H3BaTCJibHbiM n p o n c c -

c o m . E e3 caM 0C03HaHM H c y ö b e K T n e b c o c t o h h h h o i ip e a e j iH T b oö-beK-

TMBHOrO IIOJIO/KCHHH f le j l B M Iip C » (JlCKTOpCKHH, 1980, C. 252). C -M O jie - JIH, B KOTOpblX p ea jIH iyCICH CaM0C03HaHHC, H OTHOCHTCH K MHO/KCCTBV

pec}>JieKCHBHbix C - m o j ic j ic h . 3 t h p C - m o j ic j ih o ’ ie u b ;u t i ia M ir u ib i . O h h

4 )O pM iipy iO TC H flOcraTOHHO nacTO h n e i ip e p b iB i io K O p p e K in p y io r c H b

n p o n e e c e >KH3HejiCHTejibHOCTH j ih h h o c t h . P e (f)J ieK C H B iib ic C '-m o j ic h h

0 6 p a3 y i0 T 6a3y, n a K O Topoü c t p o h t c h c} ) h 3h h c c k o c , j fH H H O c n io e , c o h h -

a/ ibH oe ( b t o m h h c j ic B e p o a jib H o e ) i io b c ,n e n n e M H jiH B H AyyM a. n o jv rB e p -

3TOMV n a ,\ o ju im y A .A . J le o iiT b e u a : K,UCHHH H BOCIipHHTHH pCHH MOrVT Ö blTb pa3JIHHHbIMH B

33BHCHMOCTH OT KOHKpCTHOH CTpäTCI'HH rOBOpHIUCIO (CJIV IIia iO IH ei O). A

n a riocuemiHH b c b o io onepejjb aauncHT o t ero h m h j i h u h t h o io h j ih3KCnJIHHHTHOIO npeACTaBJieHHH O HCpeHCBblX VCJIOBHHX, O KOHKpCTHOHjanane pencBoro jichctbhh (h jih aK ia bochphhthh pen n ) h o t ero ycra- HOBKH B OTHOIIieHHH CBOCTO (HJIH HOCHpillIHMaCMOl’O HM) BbICK33bIB3- h h h » (1974, c. 182).

y n o p H j io H e m io e h C TpyK TypnpoB aH H O C iip eu cra B J ie iiH C ro B o p n iu e -

r o / c j iy m a io m e r o o n ep eH C B b ix y c : io m ix x h c b o c io , c y ö b e K T H B i i o r o o n e -

H H B ä e M o r o , e o o T n o m e i i H M c j t h m h ycjiO BH H M H c o c r a u j u n o T co;iep/Ka-

HHC pCCjDJieKCHBHOH C-MOJiCJIIl.

H a p n / i y c p a c c M o r p e n n b i M H b h j u i m h C - m o j i c j i c h a j i h p e n c M b i e j i H -

TejIbHOH ACHTejlbHOCTH CBOHCTHCH CIII.C OJUIH TII1I C-MOACJICH, KOTOpblH

0Ö03H3HHM TCpMHHOM KOpTOK. CviUCC I BOnailHC KOpTCiKCH OÖyCJIOBJIC-

HO ClieUHCjlHKOH pCMCBOM flCHTejlbHOCTH, 11pOHBJIHfOIH,eHCH B JIHHCHHO-

c th TCKCTa. « ...eymecTByeT hcoöxojihm ocit> to io , h to ö w HejTHHeiiHbie eeManTHHCCKHe CTpyKTypbl iipcBpam ajm cb b jihhchhi>ic KoncJjHryps-

HHH, y j io ö i ib ie ;ui>i f la j ib i ie fn u c r o i ip c n p a m c n n « b 3bvk; o rc io/ ia b m tc - KaeT riOTpeÖHOCTb b r ip o u e c c a x j in u c a p i i s a n n n », — u h iiic t Y.J1. Mcho}> (c . 68 ). K o p ie n ; h c iiM eer caM O CTO H TCJib iioro co;icp>KanHa n n p c j ic r a i i

JIHCT c o ö o i i JIH U Ib JIHHCHIiyiO M();UI(t)llK,tHHK) TOÜ HJIH HHOH C()JICp>Ka- TeJIbHOH HJIH peCjjJICKCHBIIOM C-MOJICJIH. O l l CTPOHTCH B C03H3HHH OT- npaBH ICJIH TCKCTa Ha OflHOM H3 3T3HOB pe ’ ieMblCJIHTCJIbHOH fleHTCJIb- HOCTH H HBJIHCTCH HenOCpCJK'TBCHIIblM O Ö beK IO M 3CpÖajIH3aHHH. T Io -

CTpoeHHC KOpre>Ka o ö yc jiO B J ien ö t c m , h t o n p a M a n B e p o a jin tanHH hc- XOflHOH COAep>KaTejIbHOH HJIH petfuiCKCHBHOH C-M OACJIH, ÖC3 n p en n a - p m e j ib H o r o u p e o o p a ioisaHiiH c c b Kopre>K , iipaKTHHecKH hcbo iMO/Kiia1.

̂ H e R e p ö a . ib iu . io c h o c o ö l i o d l c k rM cau jm C -M o a