Oil Well Series - Covenant...
Transcript of Oil Well Series - Covenant...
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What is Petroleum?
• Petroleum: a natural yellow-to-black flammable liquid hydrocarbon found beneath the earth’s surface
• Hydrocarbon: an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms
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Petrochemical Products
• Detergents - Cosmetics• Fertilizers - Weed Killers• Medicine - Antiseptics - Anesthetics• Plastics - Synthetic Fibers• Synthetic Rubber• Rust Preventatives• Liquid Petroleum Gas
American Petroleum Institute, 1999
More Than 3,000 Products
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The Goal - ‘Black Gold’
Light Texas CrudePalo Pinto Field
North Texas
Heavy Texas CrudeHumble Oil FieldSouthwest Texas
Petroleum Supplies our Energy Needs
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Petroleum Products
Gasoline - 19.5 gallons
A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:
Fuel Oil - 9.2 gallons
Jet Fuel - 4.1 gallons
Asphalt - 2.3 gallons
Kerosene - 0.2 gallonsLubricants - 0.5 gallonsPetrochemicals,other products - 6.2 gallons
One Barrel =42 gallons
American Petroleum Institute, 1999
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024839-2
Projected World Energy SuppliesProjected World Energy Supplies
19001900 19201920 19401940 19601960 19801980 20002000 20202020 20402040 20602060 20802080 30003000
2020
4040
6060
8080
100100100 BILLION
BARRELS
BillionBarrels
of OilEquivalent
per Year(GBOE)
BillionBarrels
of OilEquivalent
per Year(GBOE) Natural
GasNatural
Gas
HydroelectricHydroelectric
Crude OilCrude Oil
Solar, WindGeothermal
Nuclear Electric
1993
CoalCoal
24929
Decreasing
Fossil FuelsN
ew Technologies
World Energy Demand
after Edwards,AAPG 8/97
Careers inOil & Gas
Remain Important
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Where are oil & gas prospects found?
• An area where thick sedimentary sequences are deposited –usually thicker than those found in surrounding areas (Sedimentary basins). • A thickness of at least 2500 m to 5000 m of sediment is needed to ensure that the • source rocks are mature to the oil generation threshold May form at the plate margins and within the continent
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Exploring for Oil and gas
American Petroleum Institute, 1999
We explore for:• Thick sedimentary rock sequences
• Requirements for petroleum formation or generation & accumulation
• Hydrocarbon generation threshold• Commerciality of the hydrocarbon
JMA American Petroleum Institute, 1999
• Surface techniques –aerial photography, optical satellite imagery, field visits etc
• Geophysical techniques –gravity, magnetic, seismic
• Exploratory drilling
Exploration Techniques
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Gravity survey
American Petroleum Institute, 1999
• Usually used to detect thick sedimentary sequences
• Measures variation in density of rocks • The parameter measured is acceleration due to
gravity (g) –using gravimeter• Areas with thick low density sedimentary rocks
appear as negative anomalies• Areas with dense basement rocks appear as
positive anomalies
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Magnetic survey
American Petroleum Institute, 1999
• Usually used to determine the thickness of sediments or depth to basement & locate
important structural features • Rocks with magnetic properties have some
effects on the intensity & direction of earth’s magnetic field
• Measures the intensity & direction of earth’s magnetic field to give the distribution of
magnetic anomalies over the area of interest
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Seismic Imaging3D Marine Data Acquisition
Silicon Graphics
• Boundaries between different rocks often reflect seismic waves
• Geophysicists use these waves to build pictures of what the subsurface looks like.
• P-wave travel velocity within the subsurface is converted to depth information
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120° F120° F
350° F350° FGenerationGeneration
MigrationMigration
Seal RockSeal Rock
ReservoirRockReservoirRock
OilOil
WaterWater
Gas CapGas Cap
EntrapmentEntrapmentAccumulation
Source Rock
Petroleum System and Processes
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Petroleum System Processes• Generation - Burial of source rock to temperature and
pressure regime sufficient to convert organic matter into hydrocarbon
• Migration - Movement of hydrocarbon out of the sourcerock toward and into a trap
• Accumulation - A volume of hydrocarbon migrating into a trap faster than the trap leaks resulting in an accumulation
• Preservation - Hydrocarbon remains in reservoir and is not altered by biodegradation or “water-washing”
• Timing - Trap forms before and during hydrocarbon migrating
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Offshore Onshore
Daily Rig Cost1998 $90,0001999 $40,000(Single year contract)
Ultra DeepDaily Rig Cost1998 $180,0001999 $180,000(Five year contract)
Cost of Drilling Rigs
Daily Rig Cost1998 $60,0001999 $30,000(Single year contract)
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The Petroleum Geologist - A Detective
• Predicts where oil and gas occurs by ‘remote sensing’
• Uses tools to gather data - gravity and magneticsrock distribution and propertiesgeophysical imagingcomputer processing
& visualization
• Uses concepts to develop models:Anticlinal theory and petroleum systems
• Makes economic analysis and recommends drilling
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• Geophysics– Provides an image of the
subsurface and data useful for predicting rock type and the occurrence of petroleum.
• Regional Geology– Provides an understanding of
which areas are productive, why they are productive, and where else we should look.
• Basin Modeling– Quantitative integrated
models of the petroleum system: source, reservoir, seal, hydrocarbon charge.
Industry Geoscience Careers: Exploration and Producing
• Structural Geology– Provides an understanding of the
process of deformation of the subsurface due to external forces.
• Stratigraphy– Provides an understanding of
processes creating sedimentary units.
• Geochemistry– Chemistry of petroleum and its
sources to characterize the type, history and origin of petroleum.
• Reservoir Characterization– Describes the flow characteristics and
attributes of subsurface reservoirs for enhanced exploitation.