Oil palm clones: Towards productivity enhancementisopb.mpob.gov.my/pdfFile/2nd/PAPER 8...
Transcript of Oil palm clones: Towards productivity enhancementisopb.mpob.gov.my/pdfFile/2nd/PAPER 8...
Oil palm clones: Towards productivityenhancement
ByTarmizi, A.H 1. , Zamzuri,I. Rohani, O, Kushairi A and
Rajanaidu, N
1. Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi,
Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Selangor
Presentation Outline
1. Introduction
2. Clonal Palm Performance
3. Problems/Challenges
4. Concluding Remarks
Scarcity of prime land demands
high performing planting materials
How to produce sufficient number
of high quality planting materials?
To increase productivity
0.181.6 2
3.85
6
8.6
12.213.6
18.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20to
nn
e/h
a
African
groove
African
plantations
(national)
Malaysian
plantations
(national)
Malaysian
commercial
plantations
Best
experimental
plot
Selected
progeny
Individual
palm
Maximum
theoretical
yield
Category of Production
Oil Yield Potential
Oil Palm Clones
For
Commercial Planting
Clonal Palm
CLONING
ELITE Planting
Materials
Tissue Culture
Technology
Ortet Selection in MPOB
Criteria
Basic Characteristic
Oil/Bunch Ratio >28%
FFB >180 kg/palm/year
- -
Other characteristics
High IV (>60)
Low height increment (<28.5 cm/year)
General Cloning Process
Hardening in nursery Db-layered rooting PE & shoot development
Cabbage sampling Callus in leaf explants
e
e
Embryoids (e) in
callus
The progress of several clonal trials at
MPOB stations and at private estates
- The trend of yield-FFB,OTB,OY
- The occurrence of abnormal fruits
Locations MPOB stations
– Keratong – 0.320 & 0.321 (planted 1994)
– Hulu Paka – 0.392, 0.393
– Lahad Datu – 0.366, 0.433
Private estates (1997 – 2001)
– Estate 1- Lahad Datu
– Estate 2 – Sg Lembing
– Estate 3 - Taiping
Data Collection MPOB stations
– Record FFB yield for every palm & bunch
analysis
– Fruit census on every palm 2-3 years once
Private estates
– Each estate records FFB yield by plot basis
– MPOB does the fruit census for every palm &
BA on some palms
Trial 0.320
Planted at Keratong, Pahang in 1994
Trial 0.320 – 10 clones derived from selected
ortets
Compare with standard cross (SC) of Dumpy
Elmina x AVROS
In RCBD with 4 replicates
Trial 0.320 : FFBNo. Clone FFB_Yr9FFB_3-9 %_SC MTL
1 P 56 31.2 t/ha 18.2 132 2.2
2 P 57 23.9 15.9 116 2.8
3 P 75 34.8 15.0 109 2.8
4 P 79 18.7 16.0 117 0.0
5 P 90 34.3 18.9 138 2.8
6 P 123 22.2 14.8 108 0.0
7 P 126 18.4 18.0 131 0.0
8 P 127 14.3 17.7 129 0.0
9 P 135 14.8 14.1 103 0.3
10 P 143 22.1 18.2 132 0.3
C_mean 23.5 16.7 122 1.14
11 SC 13.1 13.7 100
Trial 0.320 - FFB
Trial 0.320: FFB of clones vs DxP
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Year after planting
FF
B (
t/h
a/y
r)
Clone mean
DxP
Trial 0.320 – Oil YieldClone OTB% OY_Yr9 OY_Yr3-9 %_SC
1 P 56 24.07 7.51 4.38 126
2 P 57 23.84 5.69 3.80 109
3 P 75 25.61 8.91 3.85 111
4 P 79 26.39 4.94 4.23 121
5 P 90 27.28 9.35 5.15 148
6 P 123 27.15 6.02 4.01 115
7 P 126 23.91 4.39 4.29 123
8 P 127 21.04 3.01 3.72 107
9 P 135 26.97 4.00 3.80 109
10 P 143 24.71 5.45 4.48 129
C_mean 25.10 5.89 4.17 120
11 SC 25.35 3.34 3.48 100
Trial 0.366 LD: OTB & OER
Clone OTB % OER %
P126 28.15 23.93
P157 29.53 25.10
P162 29.31 24.91
P163 27.73 23.57
P164 29.97 25.47
P165 22.17 18.84
SC 27.22 23.14
Av=23.64
Trials at Estates
Estate Location Area
(ha)
No. of
clones
Estate 1
(1997)
L Datu 5 2
Estate 2
(1999)
Sg Lembing 16 7
Estate 3 (Dec
1999)
Taiping 7 4
MPOB clones were given to several estates since 1997
Estate 1- FFB in t/ha
Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7
Clones 20.7 23.3 32.0 27.4 30.7 32.5
DxP 19.9 24.9 25.8 24.2 26.9 26.2
% Incr. over
DxP
4 -7 24 13 14 24
Average 12 %
Yr 8
Estate 1
Clones vs DxP at Estate 1
near Lahad Datu
0
10
20
30
40
Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7
Palm age
FF
B t
/ha
MPOB clones
DxP
Estate 2 – FFB in t/ha
Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7
Clones 7.3 15.8 32.0 27.0 25.2
DxP
(10 mts earlier)
6.5 11.9 25.8 13.6 11.5
% Incr. over
DxP
13 34 24 99 119
Average 63 %
Estate 2
Clones vs DxP at Estate 2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5
Palm age
FF
B i
n t
/ha
MPOB clones
DxP
Table 5 : Agency Mean for Selected Traits of Malaysian D x P
Planted in United Plantations
AGENCY NFFB
kg/p/yr
FFB
t/ha/yrBNO ABW
O/B
(%)
O/H/Y
(t/h/y)
1 5 185.42 27.44 24.10 7.70 29.41 8.07
2 20 192.10 28.43 13.41 8.33 27.19 7.73
3 23 208.49 30.86 25.15 8.40 28.34 8.74
4 20 199.83 29.57 24.24 8.28 28.54 8.44
5 20 197.30 29.20 22.35 8.87 24.73 7.22
6 9 196.68 29.11 21.70 9.09 22.97 6.69
7 25 177.34 26.25 28.22 6.33 25.47 6.69
8 22 205.57 30.42 24.90 8.29 26.47 8.05
9 22 191.18 28.29 22.14 8.68 26.69 7.55
P126 5 163.72 24.23 31.08 5.26 27.09 6.56
P164 12 223.20 33.03 24.11 9.28 31.80 10.50
PK2236 3 194.06 28.72 20.34 9.54 23.40 6.72
PK2244 2 198.71 29.41 21.39 9.59 23.70 6.97
Source : Isa et.al.,2005
Notes : Figures in bold in a column are the minimum and maximum values
FFB= Fresh fruit bunch, BNO=Bunnch number, ABW=Average bunch weight, O/B=Oil to bunch, O/H/Y=Oil /ha/year (148 palms/ha)
FFB yield (2000 – 2004)
Table 6 : Agency Mean for Selected Traits of Malaysian D x P
Planted in Felda
AGENCY NFFB
Kg/p/yr
FFB
t/ha/yrBNO ABW
O/B
(%)
O/H/Y
(t/ha/yr)
1 6 190.27 28.16 15.82 12.02 29.68 7.62
2 14 184.23 27.27 14.56 12.67 28.38 7.06
3 12 181.45 26.85 14.97 12.14 28.42 6.96
4 12 190.92 28.26 15.12 12.63 27.41 7.06
5 12 173.39 25.66 13.64 12.72 26.49 6.20
6 6 168.68 24.96 13.81 12.24 25.70 5.85
7 8 193.96 28.71 16.28 11.92 25.86 6.77
8 4 187.94 27.81 15.67 12.00 27.61 7.01
9 12 172.83 25.58 14.12 12.23 27.19 6.34
P126 2 178.61 26.43 14.39 12.41 30.18 7.28
P164 2 233.00 34.48 19.85 11.74 29.05 9.14Source : Isa et.al.,2005
Notes : Figures in bold in a column are the minimum and maximum values
FFB= Fresh fruit bunch, BNO=Bunnch number, ABW=Average bunch weight, O/B=Oil to bunch, O/H/Y=Oil /ha/year (148 palms/ha)
FFB yield (2000 – 2004)
Fresh Fruit Bunch
(FFB) yield of oil palm
clone AGK19 and DxP
seedlings during
years 2 to 6 after
planting on soils
(Bukit Lunchu series)
in Sarawak, Malaysia.(Khaw et al., 1999).
FFB Yield: Clonal Oil Palm Performance vs. Std. DxP
Clonal Oil Palm Performance
Oil Yield: Clonal Oil Palm Performance vs. Std. DxP
Oil yields of oil
palm clones and
DxP seedlings
during years 2 to 7
after planting on
coastal soils
(Carey series) of
Malaysia (after
Agrocom, 1998).
UPB’s Clonal Oil Palm Performance – FFB Yield/Ha
27.1
39.8
36.435.0
37.8
35.2
29.5
35.4
41.6
38.0
36.0
41.0
35.0
31.3
20
25
30
35
40
45
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7thYear of Harvest (starting 30 months)
FFB
Yie
ld (t
/ha)
Mean of Top 5 Clones
Mean of 13 Clones
39.8
36.435.235.0
41.6
35.4
41.0
29.5
37.8
27.1
31.3
38.036.0
35.0
Mukesh Sharma, 2006
OIL YIELD OF UPB CLONES IN TRIALS
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th
Year of Harvest (starting 30 months)
Oil
Yie
ld (
t/h
a)
Mean of Top 5 Clones
Mean of 13 Clones7.9
9.9
10.811.6
10.310.18.5
10.5
13.1
11.110.6
12.2
10.7
11.0
Mukesh Sharma, 2006
Performance of AAR clones
Location Materials Average
FFB t/ha
(10 years)
%
Kampar AAR
Clones
29.7 121
Kampar AAR
D x P
24.6 100
Soh et al., 2006
Areas commercially planted with
Clonal Palms#
CompanyPlanted Area
(ha)
FFB
(kg/palm/yr)
Commercial labs 28,911 180-220
MPOB (for R&D
purpose)130 180-200
Total Area 29,041 180-220
#National Tissue Culture Development Survey 2006
Overall Characteristic Performance
of Clones*
Mantling rate <5%
FFB Yield (tonnes /ha) 30-40
OER 26 %
O/B 31%
Oil Yield (tonnes /ha) 7.5 - 10
#National Tissue Culture Development Survey 2006
Agronomic Requirements
For clones to express potential
Choice of site
– Good SYP
– Fertile soil
Management
– GAP
Input
– Additional fertilizer requirements
Limited ortet materials
Inefficient cloning process
Labour intensive
Limited production capacity
Clonal conformity
High price
Problems/Issues
Limited ortet materials
Based on MPOB DxP
Trials (4 Trials), ortet
selection rates ranged from
1.73% to 11.35%
Recloning of proven ramets
as one option to increase
clonal ortets
Another use of cloning
method is to produce clonal
seeds
Continuation…
Clonal seed production
Schematic diagram showing clonal seed production
dura parent
pisifera parent
dura clone
pisifera clone
biclonal seed
semiclonal seed semiclonal seed
X
pisifera clone
dura cloneX X
Protocol Improvement Conventional embryogenesis rate was 3%-6%
Using a new medium, embryogenesis rate about 48%
Callus ortets Embryogenesis rate (%)
Control medium EI medium
1. V25 3 50
2. V32 0 33
3. V35 0 23
4. V38 2 57
5. U165 19 34
6. U175 0 88
7. U176 0 50
8. V42.1 0 70
9. V44.1 0 25
Avg. embryogenesis rate 2.7 47.8
Physical conditions:
Dark Room
Temp: 27+1 ºC
Speed: 90 -100 rpm
Liquid Culture system
Liquid Culture
MPOB Fast Transfer Technique
(MoFaTT) in Liq. Culture Sys.
Advantages:
Rapid & Convenient
Protocol Improvement
Bioreactor
(B-Braun ‘Biostat B, 2L, V1.0)
Advantages:
Production in a single
run
Efficient time & space
utilization
Provide rapid growth in
liquid culture system
Large-scale production using bioreactor
Protocol Improvement
Proliferation in bioreactor
Cultures collected on sieve
Growth increment
20-fold after
50 days (80 g)
Clone E110
Labour Intensive
Labs that produce 1,000,000
plantlets require at least 200
personnel#
AUTOMATION !
#National Tissue Culture Development Survey 2006
Production of ramets from existing labs
Total production:~1, 928 ,000
Tissue Culture Labs Production of Ramets
(2005)#
Commercial Labs 3,000 - 1,400,000
MPOB (for R&D) 25,000
#National Tissue Culture Development Survey 2006
Limited production capacity
Potential production of ramets
from 2006 - 2010
No. of Labs Total production#
13 5,400,000
#National Tissue Culture Development Survey 2006
The above figure does not meet the expected
10% planting with clonal materials
Require increase production
New labs
Total planted area : approx. 4,000,000 ha
Data from TE Div. Jan 2005
7%
15%
17%17%
33%
11%
>25 yrs 19-24 yrs 14-18 yrs 9-13 yrs
4-8 yrs < 3 yrs
Age Profile of Malaysian Oil Palm
Old planting represents
22% of total planted area!
(176 million planting
materials)
Clonal Amenity & Conformity
Development of Biomarkers
As callogenesis and embryogenesis are random
processes; added on by abnormality in the field
Labs need to conduct ‘basket sampling’ to produce the
required numbers
It is estimated that without prior screening of materials
(embryogenic potential & amenity) before cloning, labs
may operate at a loss of ~RM80,000/year (for every 100
ortets cultured). And the cost would escalate if
abnormality occurs in the field! or labs need to
purchase cabbages
Pricing of Planting Materials
Current price of germinated DxP
seeds – RM1.35/seed
DxP seedling – approx. RM6.00/bag
Current price of clonal plantlets –
RM20 – RM40#
#National Tissue Culture Development Survey 2006
Concluding Remarks
• Clonal trials indicated the potential
of clones as future planting materials
• Yield performance of some selected
clones out performed the D x P
commercial seedlings.
• Planting of clones –one of the best
approaches to achieve high
productivity per unit land area
• Some issues/problems need to be
addressed urgently to cater greater
demand for clones
Continuation…