Running a Vehicle Off of WasteProducing Biodiesel from Used Vegetable Oil

Class: Teacher: Fellow: Jennie OhayonDate:

Running a Bus on Vegetable Oil •The stored energy in vegetable oil can power a vehicle

•A diesel engine will run on straight vegetable oil, but oil needs to be heated prior to use

•Biodiesel can be used in any diesel engine with no modifications to the vehicle.

•Due to difference in viscosity

Biodiesel Production

• Requires vegetable oil, an alcohol (methanol) and a catalyst (KOH)

CO

CH2 CH2 CH3OCH3

C

C

C

H OH

OH

H

OHH

H

H CH3

C

C

C

H O

O

H

OH

H

C

CO

O

O

H

C CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH3

CH3

CH2

Catalyst (KOH)

Trigylceride

Biodiesel

Glycerol

3 CH3 OH 3

Glycerol

3 Fatty Acids

+ + Methanol

Figure 2. The reaction of a Triglyceride to Biodiesel and Glycerol

Biodiesel Production

Catalyst (KOH)

Biodiesel

Glycerol

Methanol

Fatty Acid Chain

Glycerol

Triglyceride

Products of Reaction

• Biodiesel• Glycerine • Why do they

separate?• Because they

separate, we can easily drain off the glycerine and be left with biodiesel!

Biodiesel

Glycerine

The Politics of Biofuels• What might be

some of the environmental and social benefits of biofuels?

• What might be some of the negative impacts of biofuels?

Producing Biodiesel from Waste Oil

• How does producing biodiesel from waste oil affect the environment?

• How does it affect the chemical reaction?

Free Fatty Acids InterfereWith Biodiesel Production

Catalyst (KOH)

Soap

Glycerol

Methanol

Glycerol

Free Fatty Acid

Methanol

Media Coverage of Schools Producing Biodiesel

“Galway students convert vegetable oil into biodiesel fuel.” The Saratogian 15 January 2011

Making Biodiesel at Watsonville High School!

The End… Ready to Make Biodiesel?

Day 2; Teacher Notes for Introducing Part II of Lab

• If they did a great job the first part of lab, let them know; let them know if biodiesel and glycerine separated in their batches

• Recap what we did last week- What did we mix together?; What are the products? What does the potassium hydroxide do?

• Read over introductory text from Part II of lab handout• Show one of the group’s biodiesel; ask them which is the

biodiesel layer and which is the glycerine• The glycerine layer is on the bottom (discuss density)• We will remove the glycerine today; we just want the biodiesel (I

will compost the glycerine as it biodegrades quickly)

Day 2; Teacher Notes for Introducing Part II of Lab

• Then we will wash it with water • Much of the soap and glycerine produced, as well as any

excess catalyst and alcohol, has settled out of the biodiesel layer

• However, even after 12 or 24 hours of settling there is still some left in the biodiesel fraction and this is why we wash it

• The water will remove impurities suspended in the biodiesel layer, including excess catalyst, soap, methanol and glycerine (they dissolve more readily in water than in biodiesel)

Day 2; Teacher Notes for Introducing Part II of Lab

• If the biodiesel reaction worked well, then when we wash it , the water should separate quickly from the biodiesel (and then we can drain off the water, the same way we drained off the glycerine)

• We will wash the biodiesel at least five times; follow the procedure in your lab handout and make sure everyone gets the chance to wash it at least once

• If your biodiesel does not separate quickly into two layers or there is a thick white foamy layer in between the glycerine and biodiesel, then we would not want to use this biodiesel in our car (we need more practice with the biodiesel process)

Day 2; Teacher Notes for Introducing Part II of Lab

• If it does not separate quickly (see lecture notes from Day 1 for discussion on emulsion), then this is likely the result of either an incomplete reaction or too much soap

• Emulsifiers are used to make stable mixtures of water and oil (like mayonnaise!)

• Recap free fatty acid discussion from first part (see lecture notes from Day 1)

• We added an excess of catalyst, because we know it will react with the degraded oil to produce soap and we want enough to be left over to catalyze the biodiesel reaction (recap from first day)

• Too much soap being produced can lead to an emulsion when vigorously mixing the biodiesel and water together

• An incomplete reaction with poor conversion might have left us with half-processed monoglycerides and diglycerides; these are fuel contaminants that also act as emulsifiers.