OGT Vocabulary
Transcript of OGT Vocabulary
OGT VocabularyName: ___________________
1 Absorb Take up or take in; The sponge absorbs water well
2 Abundance More than enough; a lot
3 Acceleration A change in speed (or velocity)
4 Acid
A substance that dissolves in water with the formation of hydrogen ions
and reacts with a base to form a salt and water. It neutralizes alkalis,
dissolves some metals, and turns litmus red; typically a corrosive and
sour-tasting liquid. A chemical that reacts easily with other
substances and turns litmus paper red; less than 7 on the pH scale
5 Acid Rainharmful moisture that falls to the ground; contains chemicals from the
smoke of factories and vehicles.
6 Adaptation
Adjustment to environmental conditions, modification of an organism
or its parts that makes to more fit for existence under the conditions of
the environment. A feature of an organism that helps it meet a
particular need in its natural habitat. A physical or behavioral trait of
an organism that helps it survive in its habitat.
7 Adaptive radiation The development of many different forms from a single group of
organisms as they adapt to different environments
8Advantaged
offspring
Offspring that have characteristics which help them survive better than
others
9Advantageous
characteristics Characteristics that help an organism survive better than others
10 Agriculture Using land to get food or to feed animals for human consumption
(livestock)
11 Air mass A large body of air that has the same characteristics of temperature
and pressure throughout
12 Air pollution The contamination of the atmosphere by harmful substances.
13 Air pressure The force with which air presses down on the Earth's surface.
14 Air temperatureA measurement of the amount of heat energy in the Earth's
atmosphere.
15 Allele One of the forms of a gene that is found in pairs on a chromosome;
Some alleles are dominant over others
16 Alloy A mixture of metals (and sometimes non-metals) which forms one
metallic substance; Brass is an alloy of zinc and copper
17 Altitude The height above sea level of a location.
18 AmplitudeThe height of the crest or the depth of the trough of a wave measured
from the undisturbed surface.
19 Arid being without moisture; extremely dry; parched
20 Arteries Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
21Asexual
Reproduction
Reproduction that happens without sex; one organism creates one or
more organisms; only one parent; offspring are genetically identical to
the parent
22 Asteroid An object made up of rock and metals which orbits the sun, mainly
between Mars and Jupiter
23 Atmosphere The air surrounding a planet
24 Atom
The smallest unit of a substance that has all of the properties of that
substance. The smallest particle of an element that can exist either
alone or in combination.
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25 Atomic number The number of protons in an atom
26 Atomic theory A theory that says that all matter is composed of tiny indivisible and
indestructible particles
27 Axis of rotation An imaginary line through an object, around which the object spins
28 Bacteria The kingdom of life which has no cell membrane or nucleus and is
always unicellular
29 Bar Graph Visual tool used to organize, illustrate, and compare observations.
30 Base
A chemical that reacts easily with other substances and turns litmus
paper blue; greater than 7 on the pH scale. A substance that dissolves
in water with the formation of hydroxyl ions and reacts with an acid to
form a salt and water; turn litmus paper blue.
31 Bedrock The unbroken, solid rock portion of the Earth's crust.
32Behavioral
adaptations
Special behaviors that help organisms adapt to changes in their
environment.
33 Benefit An advantage.
34 Bias An influence in an unfair way; You are biasing my choice by telling me
yours
35 Big Bang The theory that the universe began suddenly from a tiny mass
36 Biodiversity Describes the great variety of species on Earth or within a habitat.
37Biogeochemical
cycle
A way that a chemical element or molecule moves through both the
biotic ("bio-") and biotic ("geo-") parts of an ecosystem
38Biogeochemical
cycle
The natural processes that move important substances through air,
water, land and organisms.
39 Biology The study of living things
40 Biome
A region of the world that has a particular climate and unique plants
and animals that live there. Major ecological community (tropical rain
forest, grassland or desert).
41 Biosphere The thin zone where all life exists on Earth.
42 Biotechnology The study of the use of small organisms to help industrial processes
43 Biotic Anything that is alive. The living parts of the environment.
44 Biotic The nonliving parts of the environment
45 BloodA liquid tissue that contains red and white blood cells, and platelets. It
carries dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes.
46 Body cell All of the cells in an organism not involved in reproduction
47 BoilingThe rapid change in phase from liquid to gas where bubbles of gas
form within the liquid and escape.
48 Boiling point The temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to gas.
49 Bond An electrical force that links atoms together
50 Bone The hard parts of the skeleton
51 BrainThe organ, located within the skull that controls thinking and body
activities.
52 Brittle Easily broken
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53 BronchiThe two tubes that branch off from the lower end of the trachea,
connecting it to the lungs.
54 Buoyancy The tendency of an object to float.
55 Buoyant Able to float.
56 Calorie
A unit used to measure and compare the amount of heat energy in a
substance; the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1
gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
57 Cancer A disease that is the result of abnormal cell division.
58 CapillariesThe tiny blood vessels, connecting arteries to veins. Exchange material
between the blood and the body's cells.
59 Carbohydrate An essential chemical in all cells that is broken down to form sugars;
glucose, sucrose, lactose, galactose. Used to produce energy.
60 Carbon cycle The flow of carbon dioxide and oxygen throughout the Earth
61 Carnivore Meat-eating animals, which get their energy from plants indirectly.
62 Carrying capacity The most amount of a particular organism that can be supported by an
ecosystem
63 CartilageA flexible tissue that acts as a cushion between bones and provides
flexibility at the ends of bones.
64 Catalyst Chemicals that alter (I.e. reduce) the rates of reactions.
65 Cell The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
66 Cell differentiation A process where cells change to perform different roles
67 Cell division A process where one cell becomes more than one cell. A reproductive
process. A parent cell splits into two new daughter cells.
68 Cell membrane
Surrounds the cell and keeps it together; also decides what material
enters and leaves. The outer covering of the cell that regulates the
flow of materials into and out of the cell.
69 Cell membrane the semipermeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell
70 Cell organelle Parts of the cell that perform specific functions
71 Cell wall The stiff outer layer of a cell that protects the cell and gives it shape.
Only in plant cells.
72 Cellular respiration The process where organisms get energy from organic molecules.
Releases energy from food. Takes place inside the mitochondria.
73 Ceramic Something made of hard brittle material produced from nonmetallic
minerals by baking at high temperatures
74 Characteristic A distinguishing quality of something; generosity is one of his best
characteristics
75 Chemical Material produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in atoms
or molecules
76 Chemical bondThe link that joins one atom to another atom in a molecule. Store
energy.
77 Chemical change A change in a substance that results in a completely different
substance or substances and cannot be undone.
78 Chemical energyThe energy stored in certain substances because of their chemical
makeup.
79 Chemical equation A short notation for describing a chemical change; 2H2 + O2 è 2H2O
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80 Chemical formula The sequence of atoms that describes a certain molecule
81 Chemical property Describes the ability of a substance to react and form new substances
82 Chemical reaction
What occurs when one or more reactants combine to form one or more
products. A change that results in the formation of one or more new
substances and which either releases or uses energy; a chemical
change.
83 Chemosynthesis The creation of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water that only
happens in certain bacteria and fungi
84 ChlorophyllA green substance found in the leaves of plants, which is necessary for
photosynthesis to take place.
85 Chlorophyllthe green coloring matter of leaves and plants, essential to the
production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis
86 Chloroplast Organelle in plants and some other organisms that contains chlorophyll
and which is responsible for photosynthesis
87 Chromosome A thread-like strand of DNA or RNA in the cell nucleus. Contains the
genetic information.
88Chronological
Order
a sequence according to time of occurrence. For example oldest to
newest.
89 Cilia A hair-like organelle on the outside of a cell used in movement
90 Circuit breakerA device that prevents overloading of an electric circuit by interrupting
the flow of electricity when it reaches a dangerous level.
91Classification
systemA system that groups things together by properties, which you choose.
92 Climate The average weather conditions in a location over a long period of time
93 Climax communityThe final community that emerges and is not replaced after ecological
succession.
94 Cloning
The creation of genetically identical copies of some organism. The
scientific process by which an organism that normally reproduces
sexually is reproduced asexually, resulting in a new organism that is
genetically identical to the parent organism.
95 CloudA mass of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended high in the
atmosphere.
96 CoalA black rock formed from the remains of ancient swamp plants. A
fossil fuel.
97 Cold FrontThe boundary formed when a cool air mass pushes into and under a
warm air mass.
98 Collision An event where two objects come together
99 Comet A small, frozen object outside the earth which travels around the sun in
an ellipse
100 Commensalism A relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the
other is unaffected
101 Community The collection of all organisms that live together in a specific habitat or
on an area of land
102 Competition The interaction between organisms that require the same food and
resources.
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103 Compound A substance formed from two or more elements chemically united in
fixed proportion.
104Compound
microscopeA microscope with two lenses.
105 Conceive To have the idea for something
106 Conclusion An explanation of the results of an experiment
107 CondensationThe changing of water vapor into droplets of liquid water; the change
in phase from gas to liquid.
108 Conduction The ability of a material to allow electricity or heat to pass through it.
The transfer of heat by direct contact.
109 Conductivity The amount of conduction of a material
110 ConductorsMaterials through which electricity moves easily. Most metals are
conductors
111 Conservation The saving of natural resources through wise use
112 Conserve To keep the same through a physical or chemical reaction; energy is
conserved in this process
113 Constant Does not change
114 ConstellationA pattern formed by stars in the night sky, which reminded people of
animals or characters in ancient myths.
115 Constrain To limit, hold back or restrict
116 Consumers Animals which have to eat other organisms in order to get energy.
117 Context The set of facts that surround a situation or event
118 Continental Drift The theory that states the continents are constantly in motion
119 ControlThe sample in an experiment that does not contain the variable being
tested.
120 Convection The process where heat causes fluids (gas or liquid) to rise and bring
heat up
121 Core Earth's center, which is made up of an inner and outer zone.
122 Core Earth's center, which is made up of an outer zone and an inner zone.
123 Corrosion The chemical wearing away of a metal, which forms a new substance.
124 Covalent Bond A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared between the atoms
125 Crossing-over
Occurs during gamete formation when a section of genes on one
chromosome breaks off and changes places with the same section on
its homologous chromosome; produces greater variation in the
offspring because the chromosomes are different from those of the
parents.
126 Crust The outermost solid rock layer that covers the surface of the Earth.
127 Cyclic fluctuation A process that involves change, but returns to the same state over and
over again
128 Cytoplasm The fluid that fills a cell, in which most life processes occur
129 Darwin Charles Darwin, who came up with the most widely accepted theory of
evolution
130 Data The results or information that you get from doing a scientific
experiment
131 Deciduous forest A biome where the trees lose their leaves every year
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132 Decomposers
Special organism, such as fungi mushrooms and molds) and some
bacteria which break down dead animal's remains and return their
nutrients to the soil.
133 Deduction A way of making scientific discoveries where general ideas are tested
very specifically
134 Deep interior The mantle and core of the Earth
135 Deletion The removal of a DNA base that results in a genetic mutation
136 Density The mass of a substance per unit volume
137Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)The chemical that makes up the chromosomes.
138 Dependent variable
A variable whose values are determined by one or more (independent)
variables. The variable measured in an experiment which depends on
the value of the independent variable.
139 Diffusion The process that allows materials to flow through the cell membrane.
140 DigestionThe breaking down of the nutrients in food into a form usable by the
body.
141 Dissipate To cause to separate and go in different directions
142 Dissolve To cause to go into a solution
143 Distribution The amount of scattering over a certain area
144 Diversity The distribution and abundance of different plant and animal
communities and species within a given area
145 DNA Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, which contains the genetic
instructions for all forms of life
146 Dominant A genetic characteristic that is always expressed by the organism
147 Doppler effect
The apparent change in the frequency of a wave (light or sound) that
occurs when the source and/or the observer are in motion relative to
one another.
148 DormancyA state in which an organism is inactive while it awaits more favorable
conditions in its environment.
149 Double helixThe two twisted strands that form the spiral structure of a DNA
molecule.
150 Ductile Can be drawn into wire
151 Earthquake The movement of Earth's plates along a fault in the crust which results
in shaking on the surface of the crust
152Ecological
Succession
The natural process by which one community of living things is
replaced by another until a stable community appears.
153 Ecology The study of the interaction between organism and their environment.
154 Ecosystem
An ecosystem is an area consisting of all plants, animals and micro-
organisms (biotic factors) working together with all of the non-living
(abiotic) factors of the environment
155 Effort The force applied to a simple machine to overcome the resistance
156 El NinoAn unusually warm ocean current that periodically appears off the west
coast of South America.
157 Electric circuit A complete path for the flow of electricity.
158 Electric force The force between a positively-charged particle and an electron
(negatively charged)
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159 Electrical energyThe energy produced by the flow of electrons from one point to another
through a conductor.
160 Electrically neutral Neither positively charged or negatively charged
161 Electricity Energy caused by the movement of electrons in a direction
162Electromagnetic
Induction
The process of using a magnet to induce a flow of electrons in a coil of
copper wire.
163Electromagnetic
radiation
A wave that moves back and forth at a certain frequency and moves
through space at the speed of light
164Electromagnetic
spectrum The range of all possible electromagnetic radiation
165Electromagnetic
waves A wave or "disturbance" in space; radio, television, x-rays, microwaves
166 Electron A negatively charged particle outside the nucleus of an atom
167Electron Dot
Structure
A model that shows the number and arrangement of valence electrons
around the symbol of an element
168 Element
A substance composed of atoms with the identical atomic number;
organized in the periodic table. One of the basic substances or building
blocks that form all matter. Any of more than 100 fundamental
substances that consist of atoms of only one kind and that singly or in
combination constitute all matter.
169 Elimination The removal of undigested materials from the body.
170 Emigration The act of leaving one place for another
171Endangered
speciesA species that is in danger of extinction.
172 Endothermic A chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy. Energy that is used to
break chemical bonds.
173 Energy The ability to do work. The capacity of doing work, can be in various
forms such as nuclear, sound, thermal, and light.
174 Energy levelsAccording to Bohr's theory, the rigid "shells" in which electrons orbit an
atoms nucleus.
175 Energy production Since energy cannot be created or destroyed, this refers to getting
energy into a more usable form
176 Energy pyramid
A diagram showing that as you go up the pyramid, the total amount of
energy decreases. Illustrates the total mass of any feeding level in a
food chain; always has producers (plants) at its base.
177 Energy transfer Energy can be transferred from one place to another, but when this
happens, energy is always lost
178 EnvironmentThe surroundings in which an organism lives; includes both living and
nonliving things
179 Equilibrium A system is at equilibrium when no change is occurring
180 ErosionThe process by which rock material at the Earth's surface is physically
worn away and carried away.
181 Ethics A system of principles that talks about good conduct
182 Eukaryote A type of organism that has a true nucleus in its cell's)
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183 Eukaryote
any organism having as its fundamental structural unit a cell type that
contains specialized organelles in the cytoplasm, a membrane-bound
nucleus enclosing genetic material organized into chromosomes, and
an elaborate system of division by mitosis or meiosis, characteristic of
all life forms except bacteria, blue-green algae, and other primitive
microorganisms.
184 EvaporationThe changing of liquid water into water vapor (gaseous water); a
change in phase from liquid to gas.
185 Evidence Knowledge on which to base an idea or belief
186 Evolution
The process by which natural selection acts, over time, on variations in
a population to produce new species. The events involved in the
development over long periods of time of organisms
187Evolutionary
relationship How closely related two organisms are in terms of evolution
188 ExcretionThe process of removing the waste products of cellular respiration from
the organism.
189 Exert To make a great effort
190 Exothermic A chemical reaction that gives off heat energy
191 Exothermic Reactions that release heat energy: bond formation is always
exothermic.
192 Experimental The sample in an experiment that does contain the variable.
193 Extinction No longer in existence
194 Extrusive On the outside; when talking about rocks, extrusive rocks are formed
on the surface of the Earth when lava cools
195 Eyewash A safety feature of a classroom which allows people to safely wash
their eyes of any chemicals or objects
196 Family
The classification group above genus. A subgroup of an order.
(Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus ->
Species)
197 Faulting A crack or fracture in the Earth's crust, caused when rock is squeezed
or pulled beyond its capacity to bend or stretch and thus breaks
198 Faulting The creation of a crack in the surface of the Earth due to plate tectonics
199 Fermentation The process of energy production that happens in many organisms and
does not require oxygen
200 FertilizationThe joining of an egg cell's nucleus and a sperm cell's nucleus, during
sexual reproduction, to produce a new individual.
201 Filtration
The process used to remove particulates from factory and power-plant
smokestack gases. The process used to remove insoluble particles
from a mixture or solution.
202 Fission The splitting of an atomic nucleus into two smaller nuclei that releases
energy
203 Flagella An organelle of some prokaryotes that allows for movement and
resembles a tail
204 Fluid Anything that flows; both gases and liquids are considered fluids
205 Folding A process that happens on the surface of the earth when rock is pushed
together and forms wavelike patterns called folds.
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206 Food chainA sequence of organisms through which nutrients are passed along in
an ecosystem.
207 Food web A diagram that shows the relationships between different organisms in
an ecosystem. A number of interconnected food chains
208 Force Something that produces a change in an object. A push or pull exerted
on an object.
209 Formation The geological features of the earth
210 Fossil The remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a
past geological age . Found in sedimentary rocks.
211 Fossil fuel An energy source (fuel) made from ancient plant or animal remains
(fossils)
212 Fossil record A piece of evidence for evolution that shows the development of
organisms over time across the entire world
213 Freezing
The change in phase from liquid to solid. The storing of food at
temperatures below 0 degrees to slow the growth of microorganisms
that can spoil food.
214 Freezing point The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid.
215 Frequency The number of times something happens per second. The number of
waves that pass by a fixed point per second.
216 Friction The force that resists motion. It must be overcome to start an object
moving or to keep an object moving.
217 Front The boundary between two different air masses.
218 Fuel A source of energy
219 Full moon
The phase of the moon that occurs when Earth is between the sun and
the moon, so that all of the moon's lighted side can be seen from
Earth.
220 Function What something is used for
221 Fungi The kingdom of living things that are eukaryotic and make their own
energy; mushrooms, yeast, molds
222 Fuse
A device, used in an electric circuit, containing a thin metal strip that
melts to interrupt the flow of electricity when the circuit becomes
overheated.
223 Fusion The combination of two or more atomic nuclei that releases energy
224 Galaxy A large cluster composed of billions of stars. E.g. The Milky Way
225 Gametes
Special reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) that have one half the
normal chromosome number. Gametes join their nuclei during
fertilization. Human cells have 46 chromosomes. Human gamete cells
have 23 chromosomes.
226 Gamma ray A form of electromagnetic radiation that has a very short wavelength
and high frequency
227 Gene The basic unit of heredity, composed of DNA and found on
chromosomes
228 Gene frequency The amount of times a particular gene is found in a population
229 Gene pool The sum total of all alleles for all the traits within a population.
230Genetic
composition The collection of all of the genes of a particular organism
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231 Genetic drift
Occurs when a small population (whose gene pool may differ from that
of the larger group) becomes isolated from other members of the same
species.
232Genetic
engineering
The technique that involves the introduction f new genes into the
genetic material of another organism.
233 Genetic research Research that investigates what information is in organisms' DNA
234 Genetic variation Changes between organisms that is based on their DNA
235Genetically
modified food Food that has been changed so that its DNA benefits humans
236 Genotype The letters that represent the two alleles that make up a gene. The
combination of genes that controls a given trait.
237 Genus A classification of living things that is more specific than the species
238 Geologic time scale A chart that shows the eras and periods of major events on Earth
239 Geological Referring to geology, the study of the Earth
240 Geology The study of the Earth
241 Germ A small organism that causes disease
242 Germ theory The theory that says that diseases come from small organisms (germs)
243 GlacierA large mass of ice (from snowfall) that slowly flows over the land in
response to its great weight and to gravity.
244 GlandAn organ that makes and secretes (releases) chemicals called
hormones
245 Global warming The idea that Earth's temperature is rising and causing mainly negative
effects. Caused by the Greenhouse Effect.
246 Goggles A safety device used whenever the eyes could be injured by a chemical
or physical experiment
247 Gravity
The theory that all objects are drawn to each other depending on their
distance from each other and their masses. The force that pulls
objects to the Earth's surface.
248 Greenhouse effect The trapping of heat in the Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide.
249 Ground waterFreshwater deposits formed by rain or snowmelt that filter into the
ground.
250 Growth The increase of size of an individual; can also be the presence of
something
251 Habitat The environment that a species lives and depends upon for its survival
252 Half-lifeThe amount of time required for one half of the sample of a radioactive
isotope to decay (at a predictable rate).
253 Hardness A scale that tells how hard a particular rock is; harder rock scratches
softer rock
254 HeartAn organ, made of mostly muscles, that contracts (beats) regularly to
pump blood throughout the body.
255 Heat energy The form of energy produced by the molecular motion of matter.
256 Helium The second-lightest chemical element and found primarily in stars like
the sun
257 Herbivores Plant-eating animals, which get their energy directly from plants.
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258 Heredity
The sum of the qualities and potentialities genetically derived from
one's ancestors; the relation between successiveness generations, by
which characteristics persist.
259 Heterozygous Meaning different; in genetics, this refers to a genotype made up of
both a dominant and recessive allele; Bb, Dd, Ff
260 HibernationA sleeplike state of reduced body activity that some animals enter to
survive the winter
261 Hierarchy
A sequence of groupings of things in a system; businesses have
hierarchies which start with the president of the company, then
managers (bosses) and finish with individual employees
262High-pressure
systemA large area where air is sinking, causing high surface air pressure.
263 Homeostasis
A state of equilibrium between different but interrelated functions or
elements, as in an organism or group. The maintenance of a stable
internal environment despite changes in an external environment.
264 Homozygous Meaning same; in genetics, this refers to a genotype made up of two
identical alleles; BB, dd, FF
265 HormoneA chemical messenger secreted by a gland into the bloodstream that
tells an organ what to do.
266 Humidity The amount of moisture or water vapor in the atmosphere.
267 Hurricane An intense cyclone (spinning storm system) that has winds above 73
miles per hour
268 Hybrid
A combination of two different things; in genetics, this refers to the
cross between a homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive
individual to form heterozygous individuals; BB x bb = Bb
269Hydroelectric
energy
Electricity produced by using the energy of flowing water to turn the
turbines of a generator.
270 Hydrogen The lightest chemical element and the main fuel in stars like the sun
271 HydrosphereThe liquid part of the Earth; i.e. an interrelated system of all the water
on the Earth.
272 Hypothesis
An educated guess that is used for experiments; a hypothesis must be
tested in order to figure out whether it is true or false; based on
observations and/or knowledge.
273 Igneous Rock that is formed from cooled magma (intrusive rock) or lava
(extrusive rock)
274 Immigration The movement of an organism into an area
275 Inadvertently Unintentionally; usually because something was not taken into account
276 IncinerationA method of solid-waste disposal that releases organic compound, ash,
soot, and other pollutants into the atmosphere.
277 Inclined planeA simple machine that consists of a flat surface with one end higher
than the other, such as a loading ramp.
278Independent
assortment
Refers to the genetic concept that genes separate independently of
each other during meiosis
279Independent
variableThe variable that you control in an experiment.
280 Indestructible Cannot be destroyed
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281 Indivisible Cannot be divided
282 Induction A type of scientific thinking where specific instances are put together to
form general ideas
283 InertiaThe tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest, or of an object in
motion to remain in motion.
284 Infectious diseaseA disease caused by microorganisms that can be transmitted from one
individual to another.
285 Inference A conclusion based upon observations or facts
286 Informed consent
When performing an experiment involving people, this is the
permission that the subject (person being experimented on) gives, but
only when they know what will be done
287 Infrared A part of the electromagnetic spectrum that has less energy than
visible light; it is the radiation that heat gives off
288 Ingestion The process of taking in food
289 Inheritance Attributes that are received by offspring (children) from their parents
290Inherited
characteristics Attributes that are received by offspring (children) from their parents
291 Inner CoreEarth's center. Radius = 1200 km. Thought to be solid because p-
waves travel through it.
292 Inquiry The process where information is received by asking questions
293 Insoluble Not able to dissolve in a given solvent.
294 InsulationMaterial used to reduce or prevent the flow of heat from one area to
another.
295 Interrelatedness Describes how genetically related two species of organisms are
296 Intrusive On the inside; refers to the type of rock that is formed inside the Earth
when magma cools
297 Investigation The work of inquiring into something thoroughly and according to
specific steps
298 Involuntary muscle Muscles that we do not consciously control.
299 Ion
A charged particle that forms then electron transfer occurs between
atoms. Ions have either more electrons than protons or fewer
electrons that protons.
300 Ionic Bond
A type of bond where ions are formed; electrons are not shared
between the atoms as they are lost from one atom and attracted to the
other. Formed when positive and negative ions are attracted.
301 Isotope
Any of two or more species of atoms of a chemical element with the
same atomic number and nearly identical chemical behavior, but with
differing atomic mass or mass number and different physical
properties. A version of an element having the same atomic number
but a different atomic mass; this is due to a different number of
neutrons.
302 Joint A place where one bone is connected to another.
303 JouleThe work ozone when a force of 1 Newton acts through a distance of 1
meter. The unit of work that is equal to 1 Newton-meter.
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304 Jumping gene A piece of DNA that can become a part of the chromosome at many
different sites along the chromosome
305 KidneyA pair of organs that filter wastes from the blood and help control the
water and mineral balance of the body.
306 Kinetic energy Energy of motion = 1/2(mass)(velocity)(velocity)
307 Kinetic energy The energy of movement
308Kinetic Theory of
Matter
Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms or molecules that are
in constant random, vibrating motion.
309 Kingdom
The largest group in Linnaeus' system of classification for living things.
(Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus ->
Species)
310 Lake effect snow Snow created when cold air flows over relatively warm water then over
cold land
311 Lamarck
Referring to the scientist who proposed the idea that evolution happens
by the inheritance of acquired characteristics; Lamarck thought that
giraffes' necks got longer because they grew during the lifetime of the
parents and the parents passed long necks on to their offspring
312 LandfillsDumpsites for garbage in which bacteria convert biodegradable
materials into carbon dioxide, methane, and other substances.
313 Landform A natural feature on Earth's surface
314 Latitude Distance (north-south) from the equator measured in degrees.
315 LavaThe liquid rock (magma) that breaks through a volcano and is on the
surface of the Earth.
316
Law of
Conservation of
Energy
Energy is neither created or destroyed but changed from one form to
another
317
Law of
Conservation of
Mass
Mass cannot be created or destroyed. It is changed from one form to
another
318
Law of
Conservation of
Matter
Matter cannot be created or destroyed. It is changed from one from to
another.
319Law of Universal
GravitationIn the universe, every mass attracts every other mass.
320 LensA piece of transparent glass or plastic with curved surfaces that bend
light rays to form an image.
321 LeverA simple machine consisting of a bar or rod that can turn around a
point called the fulcrum.
322 Life cycleThe changes that an organism undergoes as it develops and produces
offspring.
323 Life functions The basic processes carried out by all living things.
324 Life process Something that occurs in an organism that is necessary to keep it alive
325 Light
A visible form of radiant energy that moves in waves outward in all
directions from its source. A type of electromagnetic radiation that can
be seen with eyes.
326 Light-year The distance light travels in one solar year (about 9.5 trillion km.).
327 Line Graph A visual tool used to organize and present data.
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328 LipidsA type of nutrient that stores energy efficiently in organisms. Also
called fats. Fats that do not dissolve in water.
329 Liquid The state of matter where the particles are loose and form the shape of
their container but do not necessarily fill up the container
330 Lithosphere The section of Earth that is composed of rock. The solid part of the
Earth.
331 Liver
An organ that produces urea from excess amino acids, removes
harmful substances from the blood, and secretes bile (a digestive
juice).
332 Living system A group of organisms and their environment
333 Living thing An organism
334 Locomotion The movement of the body from place to place
335 Logic Reasoned and reasonable judgment; "it made a certain kind of logic"
336 Longitude The distance measured in degrees east or west of the prime meridian.
337 Longitudinal wave (l-wave) An earthquake wave that travels along the Earth's surface.
338Low-pressure
systemA large area where air is rising, causing low surface air pressure.
339 Lungs
A pair of organs, located in the chest that contain millions of tiny air
sacs in which the exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and
the environment takes place
340 LymphFluid that bathes all body cells and acts as an go-between in the
exchange of materials between the blood and the cells.
341 Lymph vesselsTubes in which waste-laden lymph is collected and returned to the
blood stream. Also called lymph nodes.
342 Machine A device that transfers mechanical energy from one object to another.
343 Magma Melted rock inside of the Earth. Liquid rock that forms when rock in
the lower crust melts. Its upward flow causes volcanoes.
344 Magnet A type of substance containing iron which also attracts iron (or steel)
345 Magnification The number of times the image is enlarged
346 Magnitude A measure of the brightness of a star. The size of a measurement.
347 Malleable Can be pounded and shaped without breaking
348 Mammary glands The female breasts, which produce milk to nourish newborn offspring.
349 MantleThe thick layer of rock below Earth's crust. It is solid but flows very
slowly.
350 Mass How much matter there is in an object
351 Mass
The property of a body that is a measure of its inertia and that is
commonly taken as a taken as a measure of the amount of material it
contains causing it to have weight in a gravitational field.
352 Material Something that is made up of matter
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353Material Safety
Data Sheet
A piece of safety equipment that comes with all ordered chemicals and
states the properties of the chemical and safe handling procedures
354 Matter Something that has mass and occupies space
355 Matter
Material substance that occupies space, has mass and is composed of
atoms consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons that constitutes
the observable universe, and that is interchangeable with energy.
356 Mechanical The use of tools or devices
357 Mechanical energy A form of energy with which moving objects perform work.
358 Medium The surrounding environment
359 Meiosis The process of cell division which produces four sex cells (gametes)
from one cell
360 Melting The change in phase from solid to liquid.
361 Melting point The temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid.
362 Mendel
Gregor Mendel, the scientist who experimented with pea plants and
discovered how genetic factors were passed down from parents to
offspring
363 Metabolism The total of all chemical reactions that take place in the body.
364 Metal A chemical element from the left-hand side of the periodic table that is
malleable, ductile and conducts electricity
365 Metalloid A chemical element that has characteristics of both metals and
nonmetals
366 Metamorphic Rock formed when igneous or sedimentary rock is put under pressure,
heated, or reacts chemically
367 MetamorphosisThe process of a complete change in body form during development
from juvenile to adult stages.
368 MeteorA rock fragment traveling through space that enters Earth's
atmosphere and burns up, producing a bright streak of light.
369 Microorganism A small organism that is only visible underneath a microscope
370 Microscope A tool used by scientists to magnify tiny objects such as cells.
371 Microwave A type of electromagnetic radiation that has low energy and is used
primarily for communication (cell phones)
372 MigrateTo move from one environment to another, where conditions are more
favorable. How some animals survive the change in seasons.
373 Migration Movement from one environment to another.
374 MineralA naturally occurring, solid, inorganic (nonliving) substance with
characteristic physical and chemical properties
375 Mitochondria An organelle in all eukaryotic cells which is responsible for energy
production
376 Mitosis The process of cell division which produces two body cells from one cell
377 Mixture
A substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together
without forming a new substance. Can be separated by physical
means.
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378 Molecule
The smallest unit of a substance that is the combination of one or more
atoms. The smallest particle of a substance that retains all the
properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atoms.
379 Monsoons Seasonal movements of air (between landmasses and the oceans).
380 Motion A change in position or location
381 MountainA feature on Earth's surface that rises relatively high above the
surrounding landscape.
382 Movement A change in position that does not necessarily mean a change in
location
383 Multicellular Made up of more than one cell
384 Muscles Masses of tissue that contract to move bones or organs.
385 Mutation A change in the DNA of an organism; substitution, deletion, insertion
386 Mutualism A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit
387 Nanotechnology Technology that is only visible through the microscope
388 Natural disaster
A result of severe weather (like tornadoes and hurricanes) or some
geological event (like a volcano, earthquake or asteroid) that causes
devastation and destruction
389 Natural gasA gaseous fossil fuel found trapped deep underground, often with oil
deposits.
390 Natural selection The process in which some organisms live and reproduce and others
die before reproducing
391 Natural selection
The principle that in a given environment individuals having
characteristics that and survival will produce more offspring, and the
proportion of individuals having such characteristics will increase with
each succeeding generation.
392 NervesThin strands of tissue, composed of neurons, that carry impulses
throughout the body.
393 Net force The combination of all forces that act upon on object
394 NeuronsCells that make up the nervous system, which receive and transmit
information in the form of impulses.
395 Neutral Not negatively charged and not positively charged; no charge
396 New moonThe phase of the moon that occurs when the moon is between Earth
and the sun, so that moon cannot be seen from the Earth.
397 Newton
Sir Isaac Newton, a scientist who made hundreds of contributions to
science like the law of gravity and his three major laws of physics; a
Newton is a measure of force
398 Newton's 1st Law An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion
unless acted upon by an outside force
399 Newton's 2nd Law The net force on an object is equal to the acceleration on that object
times the mass of the object
400 Newton's 3rd Law Every reaction has an equal and opposite reaction
401Newton's First Law
of Motion
An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain
in motion until an outside force acts on the object.
402Newton's Second
Law of MotionForce equals mass times acceleration. F = ma
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403Newton's Third Law
of MotionFor every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
404 Nitrogen cycle The processes that circulate nitrogen into and out of the atmosphere.
405 Noble GasesA small group of gaseous elements that seldom react with other
elements. Found in rightmost column on periodic table.
406Noninfectious
diseaseA disease that cannot be transmitted from one individual to another.
407 Nonmetal
A chemical element from the right side of the periodic table that is
brittle and does not conduct electricity well. Can be a solid, liquid or
gas.
408Nonrenewable
resource
A resource that is not replenished by nature within the time span of
human history.
409Non-sustainable
agriculture
Agriculture that is done so the land is over-farmed and cannot continue
to produce forever
410 Nuclear Relating to the nucleus of an atom
411 Nuclear decay
This happens when the nucleus of an atom breaks apart; usually,
neutrons and protons leave the nucleus. The process by which
radioactive nuclei change, during which they emit a combination of
particles and energy called radiation.
412 Nuclear energy
Energy that is produced by fission or fusion reactions. The energy
stored within the nucleus of an atom. Used by power plants to produce
electricity.
413 Nuclear reaction A reaction that happens in the nucleus of an atom; fission, fusion
414 Nuclear reactor A structure that is capable of controlling a nuclear fission reaction
415 Nuclear wasteThe poisonous, radioactive remains of the materials used to fuel
nuclear power plants.
416 Nucleic acid In the nucleus of a cell, there are two major types of nucleic acids:
DNA and RNA
417 Nucleotides
These are found on a strand of DNA or RNA as a sequence of bases The
simple compounds or subunits (composed of a phosphate, a sugar, and
a base) that make up a DNA molecule.
418 Nucleus
In biology, this refers to the control center of a cell that controls all cell
activities and contains genetic materials; in physical science, this refers
to the center of an atom
419 NutrientsFood substances that supply an organism with energy and with
materials for growth and repair
420 NutrientsThe chemicals that an organism uses for producing energy as well as
for its growth and repair.
421 Nutrition The process that includes ingestion, digestion, and elimination.
422 Observation Anything we perceive through us of one or more senses.
423 Offspring Children, of any organism
424 OilA thick, black, liquid fossil fuel, found trapped underground. Also
called petroleum
425 Omnivore A consumer that can eat both plants and other animals
426 Orbit The path of an object in space that is revolving around another object.
427 Organ A group of tissues that act together to perform a function
428 Organ system A group of organs that act together to carry out a life process.
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429 Organic Compounds containing carbon and chiefly or ultimately of biological
origin.
430 Organic molecule A molecule that contains carbon atoms bonded together
431 Organism A living thing that can live and reproduce independently. A living thing
that carries out the basic life functions.
432 OsmosisA special type of diffusion that involves the movement of water through
a semi permeable (cell) membrane.
433 Outer core
Layer of the Earth that surrounds the inner core. It is about 2300 km.
Thick. It is thought to be liquid because S-waves cannot travel
through it.
434 Ovaries he female reproductive organs that produce egg cells.
435 Oviducts Tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus.
436 Oxygen One of the chemical elements on the periodic table that is used by all
living things
437Oxygen - carbon
dioxide cycle
The process that circulates oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of
the atmosphere.
438 Ozone A form of oxygen that, in the atmosphere, protects living things from
ultraviolet rays
439 Parallel circuitAn electric circuit that has two or more paths for the electricity to flow
through.
440 Parasitism
A relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism
and benefits from that relationship while the host organism is harmed
by it
441 Particle An object in the atom that has mass
442 ParticulatesAir pollutants such as ash, soot, and dust released by factories, power
plants, and vehicles
443 Peer review A method of selecting essays to be published where a group of peers
review and make comments about the submitted essays
444 Periodic table An arrangement of chemical elements based on their atomic numbers
and similarity of properties
445 pH scale
Measures the strength of acids and bases; an acid has a number below
7, a base has a number above 7 and neutral materials have a pH of 7
(like water)
446 PhasesThe changing apparent shape of the moon as seen from the Earth. The
three forms or states of matter (solid, liquid, or gas).
447 Phenomenon A fact, event or circumstance that can be observed
448 Phenotype The physical expression (what can be seen) of a genetic characteristic;
brown eyes, black hair
449 Phosphorous One of the chemical elements on the periodic table that is used by all
plants and animals
450 Photosynthesis
The process that happens in plants and some other organisms which
takes the sun's energy and turns it into usable energy; 6CO2 + 6H2O
+ Light è C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 The chemical process by
which chlorophyll-containing plants use light to convert carbon dioxide
and water into carbohydrates(sugars), releasing oxygen as a by
product.
451 Physical adaptationA physical characteristic that t allows an organism to survive under a
given set of conditions.
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452 Physical change A change in a substance that results in a different form of the
substance and can be undone. A new substance is NOT formed.
453 Physical property A characteristic of a substance that can be observed; color, taste,
texture, density
454 Physical science
Any of the sciences, such as physics, chemistry, astronomy, and
geology, that discusses the nature and properties of energy and
nonliving matter
455 Pioneer In biology, the first species that inhabit a certain area
456 PlainA broad, flat landscape region at a low elevation, usually made of
layered sedimentary rocks.
457 Planet Any large body of rock that orbits a star
458 Plastic A material that can be molded and formed into objects and films
459 Plate tectonics The theory that the earth's surface is divided into a few large, thick
plates that are constantly moving
460 PlateauA large area of Earth's surface made up of horizontally layered rocks
found at a relatively high elevation
461 Polar moleculeDescribes a molecule formed by the unequal sharing of electrons and
which has an unbalanced distribution of electrical charges.
462 PollutionThe contamination of air, water, and land by harmful substances,
usually produced by people.
463 Population All the members of a particular species that live within a habitat.
464 Porous full or pores, allows the movement of water or a liquid through
465 Position The place in space where an object is found in relation to another
object
466 Potential energy Energy of positon = (mass)(gravity)(height)
467 Potential energy
The energy that matter has because of its position or because of the
arrangement of atoms or parts. Stored energy; energy that is
released and then becomes kinetic energy.
468 Precipitation Any form of water that falls from the atmosphere; rain, snow, sleet,
hail
469 Predation When one animal hunts and feeds on another animal
470 Predator An animal that hunts and feeds on prey
471 Predict To use observations and inferences to make an educated guess about
what will happen in an experiment
472 Prevailing windsThe winds that commonly blow in the same direction at a given
latitude.
473 Prey The animals that predators hunt and kill for food.
474Primary wave
(P-wave)An earthquake wave that can travel through liquids and solids.
475 Problem A scientific query which is always stated in the form of a question.
476 ProducerAn organism that makes its own food. Most producers are green
plants.
477 Products The final materials formed in a chemical reaction.
478 ProfileThe side view of a landform projected from a straight line on a contour
map
479 Prokaryote A type of living thing that is single-celled and has no true nucleus
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OGT VocabularyName: ___________________
480 Prokaryote
any cellular organism that has no nuclear membrane, no organelles in
the cytoplasm except ribosomes, and has its genetic material in the
form of single continuous strands forming coils or loops, characteristic
of all organisms in the kingdom Monera, as the bacteria and blue-green
algae.
481 Propagate To transmit or to continue a process
482 Proportional A good size compared to something else
483 Protein A sequence of amino acids
484 Protein synthesis The creation of proteins in the cell from DNA
485 Proton A positively-charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
486 PulleyA modified form of a lever that can be used to change the direction of
force or decrease the force used to move a heavy object.
487 Punnett squareA diagram used to predict the probability of an organism inheriting a
given trait.
488 Pure substance A substance that has an identical chemical composition in every part
489 Purebred For every genetic characteristic, a purebred is homozygous
490 Qualitative Involving quality or kind.
491 Quantitative Involving the measurement of quantity or amount.
492 Radiation
Energy that is transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles;
when talking about heat, this is when heat spreads out from a central
source
493 Radio wave
A type of electromagnetic radiation that has very low energy and a
very long wavelength (can be 10 – 20 feet long); used for cell phones
and radios of all kinds
494 Radioactive isotopeAn unstable isotope, which undergoes radioactive decay. Ex. Carbon-
14.
495Radioactive
substance
A type of substance that releases neutrons and protons from its
nucleus
496 Radiometric dating
Determining the age of a rock or fossil based on the amount of one
isotope compared with another isotope; for example, the amount of
carbon-14 versus the amount of carbon-12 can determine how old
something is because carbon-14 breaks down to carbon-12 over time.
Based on the decay rates of radioactive substances.
497 Random A lack of order and predictability
498 Random motion Motion that has no specific direction and cannot be predicted
499 Rate of reactionThe speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds, which is most
affected by temperature and the presence of a catalyst.
500 Reaction When one or more substances are changed into other substances
501 Recessive A genetic characteristic that is only expressed by the organism if there
is no dominant characteristic present
502 Recycle To break down a material so that it can be reused instead of throwing
it away
503 Red shift
A displacement of a star's light toward the red end of the spectrum.
This is caused by an increase in the distance between the e light source
and the observer.
504 Reflect To throw or bend back
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OGT VocabularyName: ___________________
505Renewable
resource
A resource that is replenished by nature within a relatively short time
span.
506 ReplicationThe process during mitosis by which the genetic information contained
in the DNA is copied.
507 Reproduce To create more of
508 Reproduction The life process by which organisms produce new individuals or
offspring.
509 Reproduction The process of creating offspring
510 Research The gathering of facts, data, and opinions on a scientific topic.
511 Resistance The force a machine must overcome.
512 Resource A supply of something that can be used when needed
513 Respiration
The physical and chemical processes by which an organism supplies its
cells and tissues with the oxygen needed for metabolism and relieves
them of the carbon dioxide formed in Entergy-producing reactions.
514 Response The reaction of a living thing to a change in its environment
515 RevolutionThe movement of an object in space around another object. The moon
revolves around the Earth.
516 Ribosome
a tiny, somewhat mitten-shaped organelle occurring in great numbers
in the cell cytoplasm either freely, in small clusters, or attached to the
outer surfaces of endoplasmic reticula, and functioning as the site of
protein manufacture.
517 Rock sequence A natural, stony material composed of one or more minerals
518 Rock sequence The order of rocks according to the geological age where they can be
found
519 RotationThe spinning of an object around its own axis. The Earth rotates once
in 24 hours.
520 Science The study of physical and material knowledge in an organized manner
according to specific procedures
521 Scientific method
Principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge
involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection
of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and
testing of hypotheses. An organized step-by-step approach to
problem solving.
522 Screw An inclined plane that is wrapped around a cylinder
523 Sea-floor spreading In geology, when oceanic plates move apart, the middle fills in with
magma which cools and forms new sea floor
524Secondary wave
(S-wave)An earthquake wave that can travel only through solids.
525 Sedimentary A type of rock formed in an area that was once covered by water.
526 Segregation In genetics, this refers to the separation of paired genes into separate
sex cells (gametes)
527 Selective breeding
The process by which people, over many years, have selected and bred
organisms for traits that are beneficial to humans. Also called artificial
selection.
528 Semiconductor A substance with electrical conductivity less than a metal but greater
than a nonmetal.
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OGT VocabularyName: ___________________
529 Sense organsOrgans that receive information from the environment. The eyes, ears,
nose, tongue, and skin.
530 Sequence An arrangement in which things follow a pattern; in genetics, this
refers to the bases of DNA, in order
531 Series circuitAn electric circuit that has a single path of electricity through the
devices attached to it.
532 Sex cell A type of cell which is involved in reproduction; sperm, eggs
533 Sex-linked trait A genetic characteristic that is present only on the X (or in some cases,
the Y) chromosome and so behaves differently in males and females
534Sexual
reproduction
The form of reproduction that involves two parents, producing offspring
that are not identical to either parent.
535Significant digits or
Significant figuresAll the measured places and one estimated place in a measurement.
536 SkinThe organ that covers and protects the body. It excretes wastes by
perspiring.
537 SmogA haze formed by the reaction of sunlight with the chemicals from
automobile exhaust and factory smoke.
538 Soil A mixture of small rock fragments and organic matter
539 Solar energy Energy from the sun
540 Solar systemThe sun and all the objects that revolve around it including the sun,
planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteors.
541 Solid One of the basic states of matter which has a definite shape and
volume
542 SolubilityThe maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of
solvent at a given temperature
543 Solute The substance that dissolves to form a solution
544 SolutionA homogeneous mixture in which the components remain evenly
distributed.
545 Solvent The dissolving medium in a solution
546 Somatic cells The type of cells that form the body of an organism and are not
involved in sexual reproduction
547 SoundThe form of energy produced by a vibrating object. Moves in waves.
Requires a medium.
548 Space The unlimited area in which everything is located; "Space, the final
frontier"
549 Speciation
The process by which after a very long time and many changes, the
organisms in one population come to differ from those in all other
populations enough to be considered a new species.
550 Species
A very specific classification of organisms; all members of a species can
mate together and produce fertile offspring. (Kingdom -> Phylum ->
Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species)
551 Speed The amount of distance an object travels divided by the amount of time
it takes; He traveled 30 mph
552 Spinal CordThe thick cord of nerve tissue that extends from the brain down
through the spinal column
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OGT VocabularyName: ___________________
553 Spin-offA technological product, system, or process that was designed for one
purpose and then made available for another purpose.
554 Star An object in the sky that is made up of gases and very hot due to
nuclear reactions (fission and fusion) that happen inside the star
555 Stem cell A type of cell that can turn into any other type of cell
556 StimulusA change in the environment that causes an organism to react in some
way
557 StormA natural disturbance in the atmosphere that involves low air pressure
, clouds, precipitation and strong winds
558 Strata
a layer of material, naturally or artificially formed, often one of a
number of parallel layers one upon another: a stratum of ancient
foundations.
559 Subduction zoneAn area associated with ocean trenches and volcanic activity where one
plate collides with and is forced under another plate.
560 Subduction zone
the process by which collision of the earth's crustal plates results in
one plate's being drawn down or overridden by another, localized along
the juncture (subduction zone) of two plates.
561 Substance A type of matter that has the same properties; water, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, diamond
562 Substitution
The replacement of one thing for another; in chemistry, this is a type
of reaction where one atom or group is replaced by another; in
genetics, this refers to a mutation where one base of DNA changes to
another
563 Sulfur A chemical element that is a part of fossil fuels and can contribute to
acid rain
564 Superconductor A type of material that allows electricity to flow with no resistance
565 Superimpose To place one image on top of another
566 Support In biology, this refers to the ability of the environment to provide basic
needs to the organisms that live there
567 Survive In biology, this refers to an organism that makes it to the next
generation
568Sustainable
agriculture
Agriculture that is done so the land is used well and can continue on
forever
569 Symbiosis Two or more organisms that live in close association with one another,
570 Synthesis The combination of two or more things or concepts
571 SystemA group of related elements or parts that work together for a common
purpose.
572 Technology
The application of science to solve a particular problem. The process of
using scientific knowledge and other resources to develop new products
and processes.
573 Temperature
a measure of the warmth or coldness of an object or substance with
reference to some standard value. The temperature of two systems is
the same when the systems are in thermal equilibrium. The average
kinetic energy of the particles.
574 Temperature The measurement of the average thermal energy (molecular motion) of
a system
575 Testes The male reproductive organs that produce sperm cells
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OGT VocabularyName: ___________________
576 Theory A well proven explanation of some part of the natural world
577 Thermal energy Heat
578 Thermal pollutionAn increase in the temperature of a body of water that may be harmful
to living things in that environment.
579 ThunderstormA brief, intense rainstorm that affects a small area's accompanied by
thunder, lightning, and strong winds
580 TidesThe twice-daily rise and fall in the water level of the Earth's oceans.
Mainly produced by the gravitational pull of the moon.
581 Time A part of the measuring system used to measure how long an action
takes
582 Tissue A group of similar cells that act together to perform a function
583 Tornado A violently whirling wind, sometimes visible as a funnel shaped cloud.
584 Tornado alley The area in the Midwest United States that gets a high amount of
tornadoes
585 Total mass The combination of all of the masses of everything that is being
considered
586 TracheaThe tube that connects the nose and mouth to the bronchi which lead
to the lungs. Also called the windpipe.
587 Transport The process of moving materials throughout an organism.
588 Transposons
Describes genes that can change position within the same chromosome
or by crossing from one chromosome to another. Also called jumping
genes.
589 Ultraviolet
A form of electromagnetic radiation that has more energy than visible
light; most ultraviolet light is usually blocked in our atmosphere by
ozone
590 Unbalanced charge An electric charge, positive or negative, that is not neutral because
there are either more or less electrons than normal
591 Unbalanced force A force that is not balanced out by an opposite force; She was pushing
against the wall, but when the wall fell it became an unbalanced force!
592Undirected
variation
Changes in a population that seem random but can result in mutations
that benefit the organism
593 Unicellular Made up of one cell
594 Unity Property of something in that it is complete
595 Universe Consists of all matter, energy, and space since the beginning of time.
596 Unstable nuclei More than one nucleus (nuclei) that break down very quickly to smaller
nuclei
597 UraniumA radioactive element found in certain rocks and used as a fuel for
nuclear power plants
598 Urban growth The distance that a city (an urban center) is expanding
599 UterusThe organ of the female reproductive system within which the offspring
develop.
600 Vagina The birth canal
601 Variable A quantity that may assume any one of a set of values. The
changeable condition that can affect the outcome of an experiment.
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OGT VocabularyName: ___________________
602 Variation Something that has changed; in biology, this refers to the genetic
difference between individuals
603 Veins Blood vessels that return blood to the heart.
604 Velocity The distance that an object travels over a certain amount of time and
in a certain direction; He traveled at 30 mph south
605 Vibration A shaky motion, especially inside of an atom
606 Virus A small particle that contains DNA or RNA and is able to reproduce only
inside of a living cell
607 Visible light
A form of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye
(other organisms are capable of seeing some infrared and ultraviolet
radiation)
608 Volcanic action The type and amount of lava that is erupting from a volcano
609 Volcano
An opening in the Earth's surface through which hot, liquid rock flows
from deep underground. A mountain formed by a series of volcanic
eruptions.
610 Volume The amount of space an object takes up
611 Warm frontThe boundary formed when a warm air mass slides up and over a cool
air mass.
612 Water cycle
The continuous movement of water from land and oceans into the
atmosphere and back again by means of evaporation, condensation,
and precipitation.
613 WattA unit of power. A unit used to measure the rate at which electricity is
used.
614 Wave A movement up and down or back and forth
615 Wavelength Refers to the length of a single wave (back and forth); can be
calculated from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next
616 Weather The current state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature, wind,
clouds and precipitation
617 Weather pattern Weather that happens over and over again over a certain period of
time
618 WeatheringThe breading down of rocks into smaller pieces. Mostly caused by the
movements of water, wind, and ice
619 Wedge A double-sided inclined plane
620 Weight The combination of the mass and the force of gravity on an object
621 Wheel and axleA modified lever that consists of a large wheel and a smaller wheel or
axle at its center
622 Wind The movement of air over the Earth's surface.
623 Wind
The movement of the air over the Earth's surface. It blows from areas
of high pressure to areas of low air pressure. Acts as a force of
erosion.
624 Wind direction The direction FROM which the wind is blowing.
625 Winter storms Blizzards and ice storms
626 Work The movement of an object over a distance by a force. W=f x d.
627 X-rays A form of electromagnetic radiation that has low energy and is used in
medical equipment
628 ZygoteThe fertilized egg cell that has a complete set of chromosomes. It
develops into a new organism through mitotic cell division.
629
25