Offshore Pipelay for Oil and Gas Detailed Discusssion

OIL & GAS GLOBAL SALARY GUIDEReview of 2013, outlook for 2014.

PEOPLE RESPONDED TO THE SURVEY

RESPONDENTS ARE EMPLOYERS IN THE INDUSTRY

COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE REPRESENTED

DISCIPLINE AREAS COVERED

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THANK YOUWe would like to thank all of you who took the time to participate in our survey.

We’d especially like to thank the teams from Oil and Gas Job Search and from Hays for all of their hard work conducting the survey, analysing the results and producing an excellent document.

Last year we had over 150,000 copies of the Guide downloaded and an additional 20,000 distributed in person and at various conferences, and we hope to surpass these levels this year.

We believe that our growing number of readers is a strong indication of the value and quality of our document, but we are always interested in receiving feedback from you on how to improve and make our study more useful for you.

We hope you enjoy the read and, more importantly, find it useful in your job.

Disclaimer: The Oil & Gas Global Salary Guide is representative of a value added service to our clients and candidates. While every care is taken in the collection and compilation of data, the survey is interpretive and indicative, not conclusive. Therefore information should be used as a guideline only and should not be reproduced in total or by section without written permission from Hays.

SURVEY SUMMARY

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1 Managing Directors’ Welcome

1 Summary of Findings

SECTION ONE - INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE

3 Global Perspective

4 Regional View

SECTION TWO - SALARY INFORMATION

10 Salary Overview

11 Salaries by Discipline

11 Contractor Day Rates

12 Salaries by Company Type

SECTION THREE - INDUSTRY BENEFITS

16 Overview of Industry Benefits

17 Company Benefits

18 Regional Benefits

SECTION FOUR - INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT

21 Staffing Levels

22 Diversity and Movement of Workforce

24 Experience and Tenure

25 Recruiting in the Digital Space

26 Employment Mix

SECTION FIVE - INDUSTRY OUTLOOK

30 Confidence and Concerns

31 Focus for 2014

CONTENTSMANAGING DIRECTORS’ WELCOMEWe are delighted to share with you our Global Oil and Gas Salary Guide for 2014.

Our goal is to provide the industry with an informed view of global and regional trends in compensation and benefits and to identify some of the key industry factors and events that have contributed to these trends.

This is the fifth year that we have conducted our survey and produced this document, and we are proud to say that each year we’ve seen the level of interest rise and the quality of our document and underlying analysis improve.

This year, approximately 24,000 participants from 53 countries across 24 disciplines responded to our survey.

Once our survey was completed, the data were compiled and cleansed to eliminate spurious samples and outliers.

Next, our regional recruitment consultants, whose daily job is to work with companies to attract and retain permanent and temporary workers, reviewed the data to ensure they reflected the realities of the local labour markets.

We then analysed the findings to identify trends and the reasons behind the results.

We believe that by blending the survey’s quantitative data with our recruitment consultants’ localised expertise, we produce the best and most representative view of remuneration in the industry.

As always with surveys, statistical errors due to sample size and respondent errors limit the accuracy of any particular figure. In addition, since the people who respond to our survey vary from year to year, changes to the demographics of respondents (e.g., their experience level, location and discipline) will have an impact on our figures that might not represent actual changes in labour markets. For instance, in this year’s survey, we had considerably more respondents in lower salary brackets than last year, which has yielded lower average salaries than observed by our recruitment consultants.

In addition, respondents report their salaries to us converted to $US from their local currencies, so fluctuations in the relative value of currencies versus the $US will also impact our results. This year, the $US gained value against most currencies, over 15 per cent against the Australian dollar and Brazilian real, for instance. This has also yielded lower salaries than we’ve observed in the markets in $US terms.

This year, we have taken into consideration some of these biases to present a like-for-like global average salary alongside the average salary computed from the unadjusted raw data. We have not adjusted the other figures. Nonetheless, we believe that by looking at the results as a whole, and particularly at trends, there is considerable value in this research.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS2013 saw a one per cent decrease in like-for-like average salary to $81,184. Contractor day rates broadly declined as well. While perhaps disappointing, this is probably a necessary correction after two consecutive years of significant growth in salaries that have started to threaten the financial performance of some companies and assets.

There were numerous developments across the globe that led to this year’s decline, and these will be discussed in the pages to follow.

Despite the decrease in salaries and day rates, there still exist skills shortages in certain areas and in certain disciplines, most pronounced for engineers and technical professionals with 10 or more years of industry experience.

Looking forward, our survey respondents remained confident about the coming year, in terms of industry activity, hiring and salary levels. Over 72 per cent of employers have a positive or very positive outlook on the industry moving into 2014, and over 70 per cent of companies plan to expand their workforce.

This view is supported by a general consensus of industry and economic analysts, who anticipate growth in capital spending in the order of five per cent in 2014. Given this scenario, we would expect the war for experienced talent to remain fierce, and skills shortages to remain the most pressing concern facing the industry.

John Faraguna, Managing Director, Hays Oil & Gas

Duncan Freer, Managing Director, Oil and Gas Job SearchOil & Gas Salary Guide | 1

SECTION ONEINDUSTRYPERSPECTIVE

2 | Oil & Gas Salary Guide

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While a detailed analysis of the global oil and gas industry is beyond the scope of this document, here are some of the key issues that have had and will continue to have an effect on the industry’s labour markets and remuneration.

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

Overall, 2013 saw sluggish economic growth in most of the world’s economies, which helped to keep oil prices in a relatively narrow range between $90-105/bbl, above the standard $80 economic threshold but below prices that would jeopardise a fragile global economic recovery.

While there are signs of faster economic growth in the coming year in most regions, and consequently higher energy prices, there are also some analysts who predict lower crude prices due to relatively flat demand and increased production from places like the US, Libya, Iran and Iraq.

The world’s oil market is being thrown out of balance largely by light tight oil from the US. In addition, the US now vies with the Middle East in LPG exports, creating downward pressure on global prices in this market.

Finally, in LNG, expansion investments in Australia are being reconsidered in view of potential competition from less expensive North American exports.

How quickly the fracking revolution spreads from the US to other countries with significant shale reserves is perhaps the biggest question in the global energy puzzle over the coming decades. This will also have a profound effect on what skills are required and where.

Worldwide, rising costs of labour and services coupled with only modest increases in revenues have squeezed company profits and cash flow and have sounded an early warning for some companies and investors alike.

While this is causing a weakening in investment appetite in certain cases, the long-term view is still relatively strong, particularly for high potential areas such as Brazil, the Gulf of Mexico, West Africa and the Arctic.

The world’s energy demand is expected to increase by 50 per cent in the next three decades, primarily caused by increased requirements in developing nations. Only 50 per cent of the reserves have been developed, which suggests that massive ongoing capital investments will be required in increasingly challenging operating environments.

Oil & Gas Salary Guide | 3


INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVERegional View

Mexico has passed legislation to open its energy industry to outside investment in order to reverse steeply declining production, which has dropped 20 per cent since 2002. The changes would allow international companies to enter into globally competitive contracts to explore for and produce hydrocarbons and to take ownership of the oil above ground, after paying royalties and taxes. It also permits international companies to open retail gas stations. If the law is implemented successfully, this could create significant activity on the Mexican side of the Gulf of Mexico, an area that has been only lightly explored compared to the highly productive US areas to the north.

In Brazil, Petrobras is having difficulties financing its five year investment plan, which, at over $200 billion, is the world’s largest corporate spending programme. This has delayed deepwater projects and has led to sales of some of its international assets. However, successful licensing rounds for the pre-salt in 2013 has led to renewed optimism for 2014 activity levels.

Colombia also had a successful licensing round, but at a more subdued level than Brazil. Exploration is a priority to boost diminishing reserves of crude oil, which stood at around 2.4 billion barrels in 2013.

Akacias is one of the biggest exploration successes in recent years in Colombia, and clearly shows the potential of heavy crudes in the Llanos area. Plans are being made to spend as much as $75 billion by 2020 to increase oil and gas production to 1.3 million barrels.

While 2013 was a relatively quiet year in terms of activity and hiring in both Brazil and Colombia, recruiting efforts are starting to shift into gear particularly in the geoscience and subsea engineering disciplines, predominantly for operations and project managers.

Both countries are trying to reduce their dependence on international workers by attracting nationals who are currently working abroad.

In Brazil, the government estimates it will need an additional 250,000 new professionals this decade and has initiated a programme to attract and develop 200,000 new workers to the industry, but despite a swelling youthful population it is unclear whether there will be sufficiently trained workers to fulfill their needs. It is likely that there will continue to be an influx of as many as 5,000-10,000 international workers per year.

In Argentina, the government has recently relaxed regulations enabling agreements to be put in place to develop the vast Vaca Muerta shale reserves, one of the world’s most promising shale formations.

Argentina is hopeful that shale production will help recover energy self-sufficiency it lost earlier this century.

The US is projected to become the largest global producer of oil and gas in the world, driven by a surge in production from shale reserves. Imports of gas and oil have dropped by 32 per cent and 15 per cent in the past five years, creating a shifting and uncertain geopolitical environment for major oil producing countries.

Many believe that by the end of the decade the unconventional bubble will burst and the importance of imports, particularly from the Middle East, will again rise.

Due to surging unconventional gas production, natural gas prices have remained low, decreasing the attractiveness of drilling for dry gas and opening the opportunity to export LNG to higher priced markets such as Asia. The US is poised to become the world’s largest exporter of LNG. In the meantime, low gas prices have greatly benefitted the chemicals and manufacturing industries, which have announced new investments of as much as $110 billion.

Offshore activity has completely rebounded since the Macondo incident of 2009. Deepwater and ultra deepwater activity is expected to continue to rise, with active rigs increasing from 37 currently to 60 by 2015. Production is expected to increase by 10 per cent next year. Onshore drilling is focused on oil and liquids.

The shale drilling boom has attracted new competition to the service market, which now looks like it might need to consolidate.

The US workforce has grown by over 40 per cent since the recession, and energy companies are forecasting a need for many thousands of engineers by the decade’s end.

Due to an aging workforce and difficult immigration restrictions, there is a need to attract more Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)-skilled workers from schools as well as from other sources, such as the military.

Increasingly, professionals with unconventional expertise are being sought for international assignments.

In Canada, transportation bottlenecks and a glut of oil and gas in the US have led to a general softening of the market and a push to build infrastructure for LNG export.

The government has been enhancing policies to encourage foreign investment and to further develop the required infrastructure to export to Asia and other markets, thus reducing the reliance on exports to the US.

Some companies have announced significant reductions in workforce and others have reduced profit forecasts because of delayed projects. However, other companies are hiring and are even struggling to find adequate skills.

Significantly, the end of 2013 saw a number of large projects get Final Investment Decision (FID) and move into detailed engineering and construction phases. This activity is likely to reinvigorate the competition for talent in this space and we expect to see renewed upwards pressure on salaries and day rates through 2014.

South America

North America



Aging North Sea fields, whose average size is shrinking quickly, are increasingly relying on National Oil Companies (NOC), small operators and service companies to keep production and tax revenues flowing.

Emerging technologies to better visualise the subsurface in order to enhance ultimate recovery will also play an important role in maintaining production levels.

Nevertheless, there is considerable exploration work being conducted, especially on the Atlantic side of the North Sea (west of Shetland). The continued use of new technology is also propping up the Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC), consultancy and engineering markets with numerous upgrades to platforms and facilities.

London in particular has emerged as a financing hub for smaller start up and midcap E&P businesses exploring in the North Sea and the rest of the world. Over the last 12 months there has been a marked increase in smaller businesses securing finance to exploit recently acquired licenses.

The UK has announced a new tax allowance aimed at boosting the development of shale gas resources in the country. If other European countries, such as Poland, follow suit and overcome geological, political, environmental and other hurdles related to shale production, the global oil and gas industry would face a major rebalancing.

Norway expects to continue record level spending, primarily offshore, although the service sector is experiencing a slowdown as companies have become more focused on increasing cash flow, perhaps foreshadowing a future slowdown in activity.

In the UK, the debate continues regarding the benefit of the influx of migrant workers, primarily Norwegian, Dutch and Americans, who make up nearly 20 per cent of the offshore industry.

The government recently relaxed immigration restrictions on employing non-British engineers in order to address the skills shortage of the industry. Meanwhile, government and private sector efforts to develop graduates in STEM disciplines are underway.

In the North Sea, experienced workers in most disciplines are in demand, as people are being attracted to overseas projects which is reducing the local candidate market. International assignments are often more lucrative and are perceived to offer exposure to more diverse environments compared with the North Sea.

Subsea engineers are in short supply; particularly those working in controls and pipelines, however this isn’t new to 2013/2014. Geoscience and subsurface professionals, specifically with development experience in the North Sea, are in high demand driven by a number of new developments over the last 12 months coupled with competition from international opportunities.

In order to find scarce skills and combat salary inflation, some companies are looking to other industries for talent with transferable skills, such as ex-military personnel for operations, logistics and maintenance roles or other engineering sectors such as automotive, defense and aerospace.

In general, Continental Europe tends to have a surplus of well trained and educated oil and gas professionals and acts as an “exporter” of these professionals worldwide. This past year did not see significant changes in activity and so the supply and demand of labour was largely in equilibrium. An exception to this was Poland, where disappointing results in shale exploration has led to a weakening demand for these skills.

Russia, which relies on oil and gas related duties and taxes, is being threatened by the re-balancing of the global energy market. Exports have dropped due to European economic problems and increased competition from cheaper alternatives. Therefore, Russia’s attention, and gas exports, might shift eastward to gas-hungry China.

Many believe that Russia must invest in unconventional resources like the Arctic and shale in order to maintain long-term production. This would likely require a significant inflow of technology and as much

as $100 billion in international investment, which is being supported so far by tax breaks. Russia currently accounts for approximately 15 per cent of global production but less than 10 per cent of capital investment.

At the time of writing, large scale rallies were being held in Ukraine to protest the government’s refusal to sign a political and trade pact with the European Union, a decision assumed to be heavily influenced by Russia. Adding to the tension between Russia and Ukraine is a dispute over overdue payments owed to Gazprom. The outcome of the current discourse between the countries may have an impact on hiring for Russian and Ukrainian projects.

Perhaps consequently, Ukraine has entered into shale gas production agreements with International Oil Companies (IOCs) to reduce its dependence on Russian imports and possibly achieve energy self-sufficiency.

However, shale efforts in neighboring Poland, Lithuania and Romania have had limited success due to a combination of geology, contractual terms and environmental concerns.

Further south in the Caspian area, activity continues to remain high as do investments in transportation infrastructure.

United Kingdom and Continental Europe

Russia and Commonwealth of Independent States (Russia and CIS)

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2013 was a relatively steady year for the Middle East, but given the number of infrastructure and field development projects that are now underway, the expectation for 2014 is for much greater activity.

While the Middle East will rely on imported workers for the foreseeable future, there have been government and company efforts to increase the local labour content of the workforce.

These efforts have had some positive impact, supported by the demographic youth bulge in the local population, but the increased blue- and white-collar workforce requirements expected in the next few years will most certainly be met by workers from other regions.

Some of the NOC’s have launched worldwide recruitment campaigns for the thousands of engineers they expect to require in the near future.

Growing interest in the Middle East in unconventional resources underlines the general view that the days of easy oil are over. These skills will largely be imported internationally.

Iran in particular has not had access to modern technologies, so there is great potential for increased production if local complexities can be overcome.

OPEC has seen its exports decrease due to slow growth of global demand coupled with surging production from the US.

Given the expected return of production from places like Iran, Iraq and Libya, OPEC may continue to see declines in the short-term.

In the long-term, global oil demand is expected to grow from 90mmbpd to 115mmbpd by 2040 due to population growth and increased per capita energy consumption in developing countries, in the Middle East production will once again regain its dominance.

Africa currently supplies approximately 12 per cent of the world’s oil and is estimated to hold as much as eight per cent of the world’s recoverable oil reserves and seven per cent of its gas. About 80 per cent of its oil production currently comes from Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Egypt and Angola. Given its vast size and potentially untapped resource wealth, Africa is one of the last oil and gas frontiers.

Challenges, however, remain in almost all respects. Security remains a concern, and candidates are increasingly considering their safety and how potential employers are managing security at their facilities before they accept offers. Political uncertainty, fraud and corruption, stringent regulations and restrictions, and a lack of infrastructure and local skills all play a role in inhibiting investment.

Nevertheless, capital investment in East and West Africa should continue as huge potential outweighs concerns about fiscal stability, security and infrastructure.

Historically, E&P focus has been in the west, mainly in offshore and deep water, but that focus is shifting somewhat to the east, particularly in gas exploration, as expectations have not been completely met in western investments. Recently, there have been significant gas finds in Mozambique and Tanzania, and growing interest in oil exploration in Uganda and Kenya.

Deep water skills are still in demand in the west, mostly reservoir and drilling engineering, but increasingly candidates with gas experience, particularly in the feasibility, design and exploration areas, are being recruited in the east.

Some of these skill requirements will be met by workers moving from west to east. A majority of skilled workers will continue to be expats into the foreseeable future.


Africa

Middle East



Energy demand is expected to grow by 80 per cent by 2035 in Southeast Asia, further shifting the global centre of gravity of the industry eastward. Singapore has become one of Asia’s main energy and petrochemicals hubs and one of the world’s top-three oil trading and refining centers. Asia Pacific continues to be a region targeted by global IOCs to achieve growth.

Oil production has peaked, and the region has become a net oil importer in the mid-1990s. Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei have been significant exporters of gas historically, but are now slowly becoming importers or net neutral.

Investment has been inhibited by challenging legal and ownership issues, raising capital, territorial disputes, infrastructure and technical issues. The region must reduce regulatory uncertainties and offer financial investment frameworks that compensate for risks in order to attract more international investment.

With Singapore’s first LNG terminal coming on line, we can expect an increase in demand for candidates with LNG experience. Design and construction of offshore structures (rigs, FPSO, FSO and topsides) remains an expanding market.

There is a shortage of Senior Project Managers, particularly those with a subsea or SURF background and ‘mega project’ experience. The market is also tight for Asian national Reservoir Engineers, Senior Geophysicists and Geologists.

The manufacturing industry in Asia has continued its drive forward and the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) sector has been an engine for growth for a number of years. With issues of quality and reliability high on the end users’ agenda, Asia has made giant strides in improving quality and the results are increased orders and a wider range of products being produced. We expect to see continued demand for sales & business development specialists and operations/plant managers well versed in maximizing productivity and improving quality processes.

There has been pressure on salary levels increasing for Asian nationals. To manage costs, companies are offering increased

bonuses and are reducing their reliance on expats where possible.

The drive to invest in and develop local talent in Malaysia continues. This strategy has had a significant positive impact on the talent available, particularly at the senior level.

In the geoscience area many senior roles have been historically occupied by expats. However, companies, such as operators, are now vying for talented local professionals. In response to high demand and short supply, suitable Malaysian candidates at this level can negotiate large salary increases when moving from one company to another. Given the focus on employing local staff, expat salaries are under pressure.

Agreements are starting to be put into place in China to attract international capital and talent to develop shale reserves. China is believed to hold the world’s largest technically recoverable shale gas resource, but exploration is at an early stage.

In the upstream market, EPC and other oil field service companies have seen a relatively flat market for their services, and so their hiring has remained stable. In contrast, the downstream market, particularly the production of bitumen and lubricants, is booming and sales and marketing professionals are in demand.

Experienced and skilled engineering professionals specialising in geology and reservoir engineering and with both onshore and offshore knowledge are in short supply in the domestic market.

Asia

Australasia

After a number of remarkable years of investment, there will likely be a pause in new LNG projects as US exports are potentially more favourable from a standpoint of pricing, contractual terms, and supply portfolio diversification.

New Australian opportunities for LNG expansion will have to overcome its high-cost environment and highly valued currency.

In the marine support sector, wages and expenses have risen significantly (40 per cent) since 2007, only partially offset by rises in revenue (8 per cent), raising concerns about the ongoing health and competitiveness of the offshore industry.

In Western Australia and in the Northern Territories the focus has come off of the Gorgon and Wheatstone projects and now attention lies with Inpex and other new developments, expansion of existing operations with mid-tier operators and, finally, efficiency measures in existing assets. Offshore-specific disciplines like marine installation and subsea engineering remain in high demand falling in line with the stages of major projects.

The four LNG projects in Queensland (QLD) are all at differing stages with QCLNG coming in first.

APLNG and GLNG have another year of construction to run and have recently signed an agreement to share some pipeline infrastructure to save costs. Due to a mixture of cost, developing FLNG technology and new countries coming into play, the Arrow project has gone back to concept selection phase. The refineries are currently going through significant periods of change and are structuring themselves over the coming months to deal with this. GTL technology appears to be uncompetitive with the current availability of resources in QLD and the pilot plant is likely to be abandoned.

The outlook for 2014 is quite promising with multiple packages of the major projects ramping up in close succession, re-engaging candidates in areas of the market that have been stagnant over the last six months, as well as planned expansion and maintenance works at various on- and offshore operations. Key disciplines that will see a resurgence include HSE, QA/QC, specialist trades and labour, with subsea, installation, project controls and operations and maintenance remaining stable.

With portions of the market remaining flat over 2013, employers are looking to exhaust local resources before they will consider sponsorship. Key technical areas and skillsets specific to new technology like FLNG and dynamic positioning are new to Australia and therefore employers are looking to overseas markets for resources.

As infrastructure comes into completion, companies are preparing for operations. With the lack of previous local expertise within CSG and LNG we will see demand increase for operations personnel from similar industries as well as training personnel to assist in the transition.

Although a relatively minor player on the global playing field, there is growing interest in the exploration potential in offshore New Zealand.

Due to the potential economic benefits, the government has purposefully attracted international investment to shoot seismic and explore in some of the largely unexplored deepwater basins.

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SECTION TWOSALARY INFORMATION2013 saw a one per cent like-for-like decrease in average salary


One per cent like-for-like decrease after three years of growth


SALARIES DECLINE FROM 2012 LEVELS

Raw data

Like-for-like data

-10%

-8%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

2010 2011 2012 2013

Like-for-like data takes into consideration respondent demographic changes and currency fluctuations.

SALARY INFORMATIONSalary Overview


This past year we saw the like-for-like average permanent salary of survey respondents fall to $81,184*, a one per cent decline from last year’s average salary of $81,924.

This represents perhaps a well needed correction after two prior years of significant salary increases.

While the headline decline is significant, the individual country figures portray the numerous forces shaping remuneration in the industry. Whether they are successes or issues stemming from geology, politics, the environment, the economy or in some cases armed conflict, each region’s salary tells a story:

• Australia saw flat to slightly declining average salaries after a number of years of unsustainable growth in wages had started to threaten the financial viability of some projects.

• Southeast Asia saw declines in China, Indonesia and Malaysia due to downward pressure on expat salaries, while Singapore remained relatively strong.

• The Middle East was flat to slightly declining except for Qatar due to its increased upstream and downstream activity.

• Russia and CIS were flat to lower due to less reliance on expats as was most of Africa.

• Continental Europe was flat to declining as supply and demand of workers was largely in equilibrium, but in places like Poland there was a reduced need for expats. UK and North Sea salaries were also flat to slightly declining year-over-year.

• Brazil had a second consecutive decline after several years of upwardly spiraling salaries, as further delays in activity reduced the demand for workers. Argentina and Venezuela also saw salaries decline, whereas Colombia a bright spot.

• Canada saw relatively flat salaries as transportation bottlenecks to the US caused jitters in prices and shook investor confidence. US salaries decreased to 2010 levels as low natural gas prices depressed onshore drilling.

Looking forwardAt the time of writing the price of oil remained comfortably above $90/bbl and natural gas in the US has rebounded to well over $4/mcf. There is some doubt creeping into the market driven by the possibility of falling prices due to tepid global demand and the impact of increased production from countries such as the US, Iran, Iraq and Libya. If so, it will be interesting to see whether OPEC takes steps to prop up prices to their desired benchmark by curtailing their production.

However, the consensus view is that the US will continue to experience good economic growth and the economies of the UK and other parts of Europe are poised to have improved years. Australia may also have hit its bottom as China’s manufacturing output and therefore demand for coal and metals rebounds. In this scenario, energy prices should continue to remain within a relatively narrow band between $90-110/bbl, perhaps with upside, which would drive increased spending in 2014, perhaps on the order of five per cent over 2013 levels.

Assuming this happens in 2014, we would expect salaries to rise in the five per cent range, but with a wide variation between disciplines and countries.

ANNUAL SALARIES BY COUNTRY

Local average annual salary

Imported average annual salary

Algeria 39,600 96,700

Angola 51,300 110,600

Argentina 75,800 106,900

Australia 163,700 164,000

Azerbaijan 54,800 133,800

Bahrain 34,000 69,300

Brazil 90,600 125,800

Brunei 99,300 119,400

Canada 130,000 119,200

China 62,900 125,600

Colombia 100,300 137,000

Denmark 98,800 115,200

Egypt 37,500 105,200

France 101,200 103,300

Ghana 26,800 128,500

India 37,700 63,700

Indonesia 41,900 129,600

Iran 39,800 83,700

Iraq 49,100 114,500

Italy 66,100 86,100

Kazakhstan 38,900 117,000

Kuwait 79,600 84,600

Libya 36,000 68,700

Malaysia 47,900 115,400

Mexico 79,600 132,700

Netherlands 111,000 101,500

New Zealand 100,800 127,700

Nigeria 48,500 129,800

Norway 179,200 110,400

Oman 87,800 90,000

Pakistan 32,200 93,500

Papua New Guinea 52,900 99,800

Philippines 30,000 120,100

Poland 36,400 58,200

Portugal 75,400 106,000

Qatar 47,200 84,000

Romania 33,800 103,900

Russia 68,300 127,000

Saudi Arabia 58,400 76,600

Singapore 86,400 97,600

South Africa 63,100 76,300

South Korea 70,000 156,500

Spain 66,900 94,100

Sudan 24,100 77,600

Thailand 59,300 143,200

Trinidad and Tobago 59,000 80,400

Turkey 50,400 77,000

United Arab Emirates 65,100 80,000

United Kingdom 94,200 91,800

United States of America 111,800 118,100

Venezuela 50,000 85,600

Vietnam 26,600 142,200

Yemen 36,300 150,200

The like-for-like global average salary for 2013 was $81,184; broken down this translates to local talent average of $68,900 and imported talent average of $100,600*Respondents were asked to provide their base salary only in US dollars equivalent, converting foreign currency into US dollars at the time of responding.

SALARY INFORMATIONSalaries by Discipline Area

Contractor Day Rates


ANNUAL SALARIES BY DISCIPLINE AREA

Operator/Technician Graduate Intermediate Senior

Manager Lead/ Principal

Vice President/Director

Business Development/Commercial 53,600 36,000 41,800 59,700 101,100 168,100

Construction/Installation 61,000 37,000 54,500 76,800 105,700 188,000

Downstream Operations Management 55,000 42,000 50,000 83,700 92,000 163,400

Drilling 65,200 37,000 67,900 86,900 125,800 199,900

Electrical 61,200 38,100 48,500 70,100 87,200 N/A

Estimator/Cost Engineer 35,000 30,000 46,700 74,000 102,000 N/A

Geoscience 60,000 45,000 56,000 95,400 137,100 222,300

Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) 42,500 34,500 55,800 71,800 94,500 182,300

Logistics 55,900 31,300 35,000 65,000 85,000 116,900

Marine/Naval 72,000 32,900 67,600 80,300 98,200 175,000

Mechanical 50,000 38,000 42,600 69,200 87,100 102,000

Piping 47,000 34,000 43,000 59,900 86,900 N/A

Process (chemical) 49,400 38,900 46,200 73,700 113,000 125,400

Production Management 55,800 32,400 52,100 79,600 109,700 242,200

Project Controls 55,000 40,000 50,600 72,600 111,200 156,500

Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) 49,300 36,500 53,700 60,000 92,900 134,000

Reservoir/Petroleum Engineering 45,900 44,800 67,800 105,700 131,900 262,800

Structural 57,700 36,000 41,800 73,000 93,000 204,100

Subsea/Pipelines 54,200 41,400 62,400 89,100 134,500 199,000

Supply Chain/Procurement 45,600 31,900 53,800 72,100 86,600 186,800

Technical Safety 61,300 35,000 60,700 74,300 115,200 185,000

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Breaking down the data into disciplines and comparing against last year’s figures highlights the effects of the factors discussed in Section One.

In general, high demand skills like reservoir/petroleum engineering and subsea engineering continued to see an increase in salary. So did skills in unconventional exploration and production.

Conversely, most other disciplines realized flat or single digit declines in their salaries.

Salary declines occurred more or less uniformly across all levels of seniority.

Most disciplines realised flat or single digit declines in their salaries

CONTRACTOR DAY RATES BY REGION

Operator/Technician Intermediate Senior


Vice President/ Director

Australasia 700 660 910 1,190 1,160

North East Asia 230 220 450 700 1,030

South East Asia 210 150 230 310 630

Eastern Europe 270 180 350 460 N/A

Northern Europe 340 330 660 880 1,120

Russia and CIS 270 190 540 700 760

Western Europe 370 440 630 810 1,020

Middle East 280 250 350 500 990

East/South Africa 240 270 440 570 N/A

North Africa 280 250 350 470 N/A

West Africa 290 270 500 620 N/A

North America 440 600 660 790 930

South America 370 280 380 630 910

Like permanent salaries, contractor day rates were largely flat or declining across regions and levels of seniority


SALARY INFORMATIONSalaries by Company Type

Background for this section

Only where the sample size is large enough have we listed figures in these tables. Where not enough responses were received, entries are returned as N/A.

Permanent staff salaries are the figures returned by respondents as their base salary in US dollar equivalent figures (respondents were asked to convert their salary into US dollars using xe.com at the time of responding) excluding one-off bonuses, pension, share options and other non-cash benefits, for those working on a yearly payroll. Those on a daily payroll are extracted and listed separately.

The average salaries listed under local labour are representative of respondents based in their country of origin. Salaries listed under imported labour are representative of those who are working in that country but originate from another.

Contractor rates are listed as US dollar equivalent day rates as listed by respondents.

ANNUAL SALARIES BY COMPANY TYPE




Consultancy 51,000 41,200 46,600 80,000 111,200 155,300

Contractor 67,600 40,600 55,600 67,700 98,300 167,000

EPCM 57,000 43,500 49,000 78,300 117,800 172,400

Equipment Manufacture and Supply 47,700 37,000 45,300 60,300 75,800 140,000

Global Super Major 75,900 63,000 76,600 101,600 124,300 210,000

Oil Field Services 53,000 39,300 54,500 65,000 86,700 166,000

Operator 58,500 43,500 65,000 101,300 145,500 234,500

SALARY CHANGES BY COMPANY TYPE

Consultancy Contractor EPCM EquipmentManufactureand Supply

Global Super Major

Oil Field Services

Operator$0

$20,000

$40,000

$60,000

$80,000

$100,000

$120,000

2013

2011

2012

2010

All company types experienced single digit declines in average salary from last year, and salaries are broadly back to 2011 levels. In terms of the magnitude of

base salary by company type, Global Super Majors and other Operators continue to lead the pack, as expected

This chart presents the raw survey data only.


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SECTION THREEINDUSTRY BENEFITSBonuses continue to dominate benefits packages in a bid to attract top talent, while keeping salaries from escalating


Bonuses remain the most popular benefit offered by companies, however health plans are on the rise


TOP FIVE BENEFITS RECEIVED OVER FOUR YEARS

2010 2011 2012 2013Bonuses 36.7% 38.1% 42.8% 42.8%

Health plan 25.7% 27.9% 32.4% 33.2%

Home leave allowance/flights 19.1% 21.2% 23.9% 24.0%

Hardship 20.6% 21.7% 24.3% 22.8%

Housing 20.0% 20.4% 24.5% 23.0%


INDUSTRY BENEFITSOverview of Industry Benefits

Once again the number of people receiving benefits has increased. Compared to 2012, we have seen a two per cent increase in the number of people receiving benefits.

As candidate shortages continue to rise, it is evident that employers are utilising benefits such as bonuses as a mechanism for attracting top talent. Despite this increase, there is a still a significant portion of oil and gas professionals not receiving benefits (33 per cent) worldwide. Employers who utilise their benefits as a key selling feature may be able to more effectively target this candidate pool in their recruitment plans.

Bonuses once again rank as the number one benefit offered by employers, staying steady with 2013 at 42.8 per cent. Bonuses, particularly those directly relating to performance can be a strong motivator.

What is most notable about this year’s results is the increase in health plans. Health plans have consistently been ranked second next to bonuses. However, for the first time health plans rank first in North America.

Background: The bar chart shows two figures related to benefits that employees in the oil and gas industry receive. The first figure represents the percentage of respondents that receive that particular benefit, i.e. 42.8 per cent of respondents receive some sort of bonus. The second figure represents the value of that benefit stated as a percentage of their overall package for those that receive it, which in the case of bonuses is 15.9 per cent.

15.9%

16.0%

10.2%

16.5%

13.1%

13.0%

11.6%

13.2%

14.5%

17.0%

11.7%

15.1%

18.8%

18.6%

14.8%

42.8%

10.2%

8.9%

8.4%

11.4%

18%

20.8%

7.9%

33.2%

10.6%

24%

14.7%

22.8%

18.6%

23%

33.28%

Bonuses

Hardship allowance

Commission

Hazardous danger pay

Tax Assistance

Meal allowance

Pension

Share scheme

Health Plan

Schooling

Car/Transport/Petrol

Training

Housing

Overtime

Home leave allowance/flights

No Benefits

Percentage that receive the benefit

Average percentage of their total package

OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRY BENEFITS

More people are receiving benefits than in the past five years


INDUSTRY BENEFITSCompany Benefits

Bonuses top the list as the highest ranked benefit across all company types, staying consistent with 2012. Global Super Majors and Equipment Manufacturer & Supplier companies offer pension plans more so than other company types. On the other hand, EPCM and Oilfield Services offer more overtime pay.

As candidates move within sectors employers should be mindful of the benefits professionals are used to receiving and be flexible with their offerings in order to attract their desired talent.

TOP BENEFITS BY COMPANY TYPE

Overtime

Home leave allowance/flights Overtime

19%

17%

Home leave allowance/flights22%

17%

Housing

Pension Home leave allowance/flights

21%

22%

Car/Transport/Petrol22%

20%

No Benefits

No Benefits

No Benefits

No Benefits

32%

24%

23%

32%

Health Plan

Health Plan Health Plan

26%

31%

Pension25%

28%


Meal allowance Housing

20%

18%

Housing23%

19%


Car/Transport/Petrol Car/Transport/Petrol

21%

28%

Health Plan35%

20%

Bonuses

Bonuses

Bonuses

Bonuses

35%

44%

46%

36%

EPCM/CONTRACTOR

EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER & SUPPLY

GLOBAL SUPER MAJOR/OPERATOR

OILFIELD SERVICES/CONSULTANCY

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Despite bonuses being the highest ranked benefit across all company types, health plans realised the highest increase of five per cent


INDUSTRY BENEFITSRegional Benefits

PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYEES WHO RECEIVE BENEFITS BY REGION

Bonuses are the most popular benefit offered to employees for all regions bar North and South America. In North America in the last year, health plans have taken over the number one spot for most prevalent benefit offered. This could be in response to the recent US ‘Obama Care’ implementation.

In South America, health plans are again the most popular benefit. South America also has the lowest number of employees who are not receiving benefits.

Australasia, although experiencing a small decline in the number of people receiving benefits, is still above its lowest number in 2010.

The Middle East has seen the highest percentage increase in the number of people receiving benefits, as benefits are offered to >10 per cent more people than in 2013. The number of people receiving benefits in the Middle East currently surpasses the previous high in 2010.

Africa Asia Australasia CIS Europe Middle East North America

South America

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

2013

2011

2012

2010

Middle East, Asia and South America are the regions with the fewest number of oil and gas professionals without benefits



TOP BENEFITS BY REGION

Meal allowance

Training

Overtime22%

9%

20%

Housing


Housing25%

12%

25%

No Benefits

No Benefits

No Benefits29%

44%

23%

Health Plan

Pension

Health Plan31%

19%

34%




11%

23%


Health Plan


15%

27%

Bonuses

Bonuses

Bonuses37%

30%

48%

AFRICA

AUSTRALASIA

Meal allowance10%


No Benefits39%

Pension25%

Overtime10%

Health Plan21%

Bonuses33%

EUROPE

Training12%


No Benefits29%

Bonuses36%

Overtime16%

Pension21%

Health Plan39%

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

Meal allowance16%

Health Plan31%

No Benefits23%



Housing33%

Bonuses41%

MIDDLE EAST


Housing20%

No Benefits35%

Health Plan24%

Meal allowance18%


Bonuses30%

RUSSIA AND CIS

Training17%


No Benefits22%

Bonuses40%

Pension18%

Meal allowance25%

Health Plan46%

SOUTH AMERICA

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SECTION FOURINDUSTRY EMPLOYMENTPlans for increasing staffing levels stays consistent with 2012


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

12.6%12.7%

27.0%

34.2%

13.5%

13.9%

14.7%

34.1%

27.6%

9.7%

26.1%

25.3%

20.9%

23.3%

24.8%

22.9%

23.9%

23.2%

22.3%

23.8%

24.7%

23.5%

CONFIDENCE THAT STAFFING LEVELS WILL CHANGE IN THE NEXT 12 MONTHS

Remain static

Increase between 5-10%

Decrease

Increase up to 5%

Increase more than 10%

>70 per cent of employers plan to increase headcount in 2014

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014


INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENTStaffing Levels

Projected headcount growth remains on par with the previous two years. We have seen three years of consistently optimistic expectations of headcount growth, indicative of the relevant confidence in the industry.

In 2013 there was a slight dip in the number of employers planning to increase their headcount by more than 10 per cent, reaffirming that employers are setting realistic expectations for increases in the headcount.

The industry continues to rely heavily on contract workers and companies expect this to continue and perhaps increase in the future.

PERCENTAGE OF STAFF EMPLOYED ON A TEMPORARY OR CONTRACT ASSIGNMENT IN 2013

EXPECTATION THAT CONTRACTOR LEVELS WILL CHANGE IN THE NEXT 12 MONTHS

EXPECTATION THAT EXPAT LEVELS WILL CHANGE IN THE NEXT 12 MONTHS

41.6%Increase

43.8%Increase

40.5%Remain the same


17.9%Decrease

7.6%Decrease

None12.5%

Between 5-20%34.1%

Up to 5%12.0%

More than 20%41.4%

PERCENTAGE OF WORKFORCE EMPLOYED AS AN EXPAT IN 2013

None21.4%

Between 5-10%22.9%

Up to 5%21.8%

More than 10%33.9%

AREAS IN WHICH CONTRACTORS ARE EMPLOYED IN OIL AND GAS

Always Sometimes Never

Operations, Maintenance & Production

Petrochemicals

Project Controls

HSE & QAQC

Geoscience & Petroleum Engineering

Equipment & Supply

Engineering & Design

Drilling & Well Delivery

Subsea & Pipelines

45.4% 37.9% 16.6%

37.1% 36.3% 26.5%

40.4% 46.1% 13.5%

45.9% 38.9% 15.1%

27.7% 44.6% 27.7%

33.6% 43.6% 22.8%

38.1% 43.1% 18.8%

28.7% 40.9% 30.4%

34.1% 43.2% 22.7%

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On average, companies rely less on expat workers than in 2012


INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENTDiversity and Movement of Workforce

A new generation has arrived and is now embedded in the world of work. Generation Y (Gen Y) – those born between 1983 and 1995 – now represent a significant and increasing percentage of the global labour market. As the Baby Boomers and Gen X start to leave the workforce, this generation will take over the reigns and be responsible for leading the worldwide economy.

Research recently conducted by Hays sheds some light on Gen Y’s attitudes to issues surrounding their work and careers: what attracts them to a potential employer and what makes them stay such as reward, training and work/life balance; what they look for in an ideal boss; what they regard as key indicators of career success; and how they relate to social media and emerging technology.

It’s probably not surprising that our research shows that Gen Y across the globe differs from prior generations in terms of their needs and aspirations in the workplace. By and large, they look for a more engaging employee value proposition than prior generations, and value flexibility in when and where they work.

However, our research also shows that Gen Y differs considerably from region to region and from country to country. For instance, while all

Gen Y’s want to be compensated appropriately, wealth creation is much more important to those in China than Gen Y in the UK or US where work/life balance and job satisfaction are equally important.

In contrast, Gen Y in Japan view job security as the most important indicator of career success. Gen Y in the US are more motivated by making a difference to society than any other country surveyed, whereas Gen Y UK are the most motivated by interesting work and coming up with solutions, and workers in China value public recognition.

In terms of an ideal boss, Gen Y in the UK and US seek coaching, mentoring and leadership, whereas in China and Japan they are more interested in their boss being a confidant and an allocator of work.

In the oil and gas industry, the aging workforce and the increasing demand for highly skilled professionals has created skills shortages in many disciplines and in many parts of the world. In fact, our survey shows that skills shortages are now the most important issue facing companies today. Gen Y workers will play an increasingly important role in solving the industry’s skill shortages. Therefore it is critical for companies and their HR departments to understand what motivates Gen Y so that they can most effectively attract, motivate and retain them.

6.6%

7.3% 19.1%

22.7%

15.5%

11.5%4.2%

8.5%18.4%

8.6%

2.1%

11.3% 4.9%

0.3%

4.5%

92.7% 13.7%

17.6%

14.4%

13.7%95.8%

11.4%81.6%

10.1%

4.7%

88.7% 7.8%

2.0%

10.7%

89.3%Australasia

24 and under

Asia 25-29

8.4%

91.6%Africa

30-34

10.8%

89.2%Europe 35-39

13.2%

86.8%Russia and CIS

40-44Middle East

45-49North America

50-54

60-64

South America 55-59

65 and over

Male MaleFemale Female

REGIONAL GENDER DIFFERENCES

DIVERSITY OF STAFF

INSIGHT INTO GENERATION Y

AGE DEMOGRAPHICS

Women and younger workers make up more of the oil and gas industry workforce than last year



33.2% 66.8%

22.7% 77.3%

34.7% 65.3%

31.4% 68.6%Australasia

49.6% 50.4%Asia

27.5% 72.5%Africa

48.5% 51.5%Europe

38.0% 62.0%Russia and CIS

Middle East

North America

South America

Working overseas Working in home country

WORKING OVERSEAS VERSUS WORKING IN HOME COUNTRY

86.5% 13.5%

26.5% 73.5%

26.0% 74.0%


23.0% 77.0%Asia

28.4% 71.6%Africa

30.5% 69.5%Europe


Middle East

North America

South America

Imported labour Local labour

IMPORTED WORKFORCE VERSUS LOCAL WORKFORCE

MOVEMENT OF THE WORKFORCE

WORKING AT HOME OR ABROAD

62%Home

38%Abroad

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Middle East dominated by expatriates

Europe and Asia remain the primary export of talent


INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENTExperience and Tenure

This year has seen a significant increase in the number of workers new to the industry as companies are hiring more college graduates as well as experienced workers to join their business from other industries. However, years of experience of professionals within their current roles have largely stayed the same with previous years.

With the baby boomer generation nearing retirement we could see an exodus of professionals leaving the industry with vast knowledge and skill sets. Employers can address this impending issue with appropriate training and succession planning.

YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

TIME IN CURRENT ROLE

YEARS OF EXPERIENCE FOR SPECIFIC DISCIPLINE AREAS

20+ years10-19 years5-9 years0-4 years

Construction/Installation

Project Controls

Geoscience

Subsea/Pipelines

36.0%

26.5%

23.0%

22.4%

26.4%

24.7%

30.1%

21.4%

16.2%

24.7%

19.0%

29.8%

21.4%

24.1%

27.9%

26.5%

35.6%0-4 years

23.1%5-9 years

21.7%10-19 years

19.5%20+ years

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2011 2012 2013

26.0%

25.0%

28.7%

12.0%8.3%

24.6%

29.2%

24.7%

13.7%7.7%

23.4%

26.6%

24.9%

15.6%

9.5%

6 - 10 years

1-2 years

10+ years

3-5 years

Less than 1 year


% INCREASE IN HAYS JOB SEEKER MOBILE TRAFFIC 2012 VS 2013

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0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

Job seeker mobile traffic usage

INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENTRecruiting in the Digital Space

The following chart indicates the top three ways in which oil and gas professionals find new jobs. Recruiting in the digital age means employers need to cover all basis, having their jobs posted on multiple channels, so that job seekers can easily navigate the job market.

Social media is obviously an important space to be in when targeting job seekers. In addition to this however, recruiting in the digital space means reaching your audiences when and where they are available and there may be no better direct route then mobile technology. In a recent iMomentous report, 36 per cent of Fortune 500 companies have a mobile website, yet only five per cent permit applying via mobile capabilities. A Simply Hired survey found that mobile users click on 60 per cent more jobs and spend 27 per cent more time looking at jobs. By not having your jobs in a mobile environment could result in employers missing out on active candidates.

THE RISE OF ONLINE JOB BOARDS FOR JOB SEEKERS

MOBILE RECRUITING

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65 per cent of Hays countries have experienced between 100 and 200 per cent+ increase in job seeker mobile traffic compared to last year

85% 75% 69%

Online search Traditional networking Job board

Source: Study by Oil and Gas Jobsearch

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INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENTEmployment Mix

Permanent hiring is at an all-time high compared to the results of our past four salary guides. Areas where we are seeing the highest spike in permanent staff levels are Global Super Majors and Operators. Both of which are up by approximately 10 per cent compared to 2012.

Of note, Equipment Manufacturer & Suppliers were the only company type to experience flat or declining percentages of permanent workers. However, their permanent workforce percentage remains the highest out of all company types.

EMPLOYMENT MIX BY COMPANY TYPE

Contractors

Consultancy

51.9%

50.6%

2.8%

3.3%

25.2%

27.3%

20.0%

18.8%

Oil Field Services 66.2% 3.4% 18.0% 12.4%

Equipment Manufacturer & Supplier

EPCM

79.7%

62.2%

3.2%

1.4%

10.2%

21.7%

6.9%

14.8%

Operators

Global Super Major

69.0%

63.1%

2.2%

1.5%

12.4%

11.4%

16.4%

24.0%

Permanent Permanent/part-time

Contracted direct

Contracted through agency

Permanent hiring on the rise

Fewer contractors were engaged with agencies



PERCENTAGE CHANGE OF EMPLOYMENT TYPE FROM 2012 to 2013

-7.7%

-0.1%

-2.7%

10.5%

GLOBAL SUPER MAJOR

-0.1%

-0.3%

-2.9%

9.1%

EPCM

-3.0%

-0.1%

-2.3%

5.4%

OIL FIELD SERVICES

-3.9%

0.3%

-1.2%

4.8%

CONTRACTORS

-7.8%

0.8%

-2.5%

9.4%

OPERATORS

-0.1%

1.2%

-0.1%

-1.0%

EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER & SUPPLIER

-7.6%

0.0%

-0.1%

7.6%

CONSULTANCY

Permanent Permanent/part-time Contracted direct Contracted through agency

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SECTION FIVEINDUSTRY OUTLOOKLong-term view is relatively strong, particularly for high potential areas such as Brazil, the Gulf of Mexico, West Africa and the Arctic


Skill shortages continue to be the main concern for employers worldwide


EMPLOYERS’ CONCERNS IN THE CURRENT EMPLOYMENT MARKET

23.1%

33.8%9.2%

7.9%

14.5%

9.4%

2.1%

Safety regulations

Economic instability

Security/safety caused by social unrest

Immigration/overseas visa program

Other

Environmental concerns

Skills shortages


INDUSTRY OUTLOOKConfidence and Concerns

For the past three years employers have had a consistently positive outlook on the industry. Over 70 per cent of employers have a positive to very positive outlook moving into 2014. Despite this positivity there are still many factors that could impede on employers plans for growth. For example, in South America and Australasia, approximately a third of employers are concerned with economic instability and in North America, 40 per cent are concerned with skill shortages. In Africa economic instability is equally as concerning as the potential of environmental issues. Safety regulations remain an important concern here as well.

Skill shortages worldwide still plague the industry, however immigration and overseas visa programs are less concerning to employers. Expect competition on a global level for top talent as business activity gains strength throughout 2014.

EMPLOYERS’ CONFIDENCE IN THE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY


South America

Australasia

Asia

Africa

All regions 33.8%

23.4%

31.5%

40.0%

25.8%

23.1%

19.6%

25.1%

27.7%

30.3%

14.5%

19.0%

13.3%

13.9%

21.0%

9.4%

9.3%

8.8%

6.4%

9.2%

9.2%

11.1%

12.4%

4.6%

3.9%

7.9%

16.1%

7.4%

3.3%

7.4%

2.1%

1.6%

1.6%

4.2%

Russia and CIS 29.2% 26.8% 13.5% 10.8% 6.3% 10.4%3.0%

Middle East

North America

Europe 47.6%

30.2%

39.5%

21.4%

21.0%

23.8%

10.8%

13.9%

16.8%

4.1%

10.7%

6.9%

6.6%

11.5%

5.4%

6.8%

11.4%

4.5%

2.6%

1.3%

3.0%

2.3%

Skills shortages



Safety regulations



Other

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

43.6%

6.5%

34.1%

15.8%

11.8%

45.1%

33.4%

9.7%

26.7%

46.8%

20.8%

26%

47.8%

20.7%

26.1%

46.2%

21.5%

5.7% 5.5% 6.2%

Very positive

Neutral

Positive

Negative

“ Confidence levels in next year’s industry growth remain high but have declined slightly from last year, reflecting the caution that has crept into the industry.”



INDUSTRY OUTLOOKFocus for 2014

EMPLOYER’S GEOGRAPHICAL FOCUS OVER THE NEXT 12 MONTHS, OUTSIDE THEIR OWN REGIONAL AREA

10.9%

11.6%

7.7%

8.7%

7.8%

9.6%

9.7%

21.2%12.7%

SEC

TIO

N F

IVE:

IND

UST

RY O

UTL

OO

KSE

CTIO

N F

OU

R: IN

DUST

RY E

MPL

OYM

ENT

SEC

TIO

N T

HR

EE: I

ND

UST

RY B

ENEF

ITS

SECT

ION

TW

O: S

ALA

RY IN

FORM

ATIO

NSE

CTIO

N O

NE:

INDU

STRY

IN P

ERSP

ECTI

VE

EXPECTED SALARY CHANGES IN THE NEXT 12 MONTHS

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

28%

26%

23%

19%

21.9%

28.1%

25.3%

21.6%

15.7%

20.9%

30%

32.4%

17.6%

24%

29.8%

27.4%

17%

24.2%

29.4%

27.6%

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Remain static


Decrease

Increase up to 5%


Australia“ With portions of the market remaining flat over 2013, employers are looking to exhaust local resources before they will consider sponsorship. Key technical areas and skillsets specific to new technology like FLNG and dynamic positioning are new to Australia however, and as such, employers are looking to overseas markets for resources.”

Paula Kirwan, Director, Hays Oil & Gas

North America“ Hiring levels for both permanent and temporary professionals are predicted to increase in 2014 as new projects are approved. Although many candidates will come from the local market in Canada, initiatives such as the new LNG pipeline will require employers to reach out internationally to obtain all the skills needed.”

Jim Fearon, Vice President, Hays Oil & Gas

North Sea“ Geoscience and subsurface professionals are in high demand due to an emergence of projects over the last 12 months. These candidates with North Sea specific development experience are in particular short supply as they are typically recruited for projects overseas. Employers in 2014 should plan ahead their recruitment plans in order be prepared for this shortage.”

Ed Allnutt, Director, Hays Oil & Gas

Asia“ With a consistently high level of job flow through-out the year, candidates are high in demand causing wage pressures. In an effort to keep costs from escalating employers are utilising bonuses to keep base salaries in check. We anticipate much of the same for 2014.”

Mike Wilkshire, Director, Hays Oil & Gas

Middle East“ We have seen strong business activity in 2013, and as planned projects come on-line, we expect the Middle East to be a hive of recruitment of activity over the next year. The labour market is forecast to remain stable for local candidates but increase for imported talent, as employers look to overseas to source the skills needed to support major projects planned for 2014.”

Gary Ward, Director, Hays Oil & Gas


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Living quarters sleeping: 220











The 14th

World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

EFFECT OF SOIL-PILE-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ON NONLINEAR RESPONSE OF JACKET TYPE OFFSHORE PLATFORMS THROUGH

INCREMENTAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS Behrouz Asgarian

1 , Alireza Fiouz2 and Ali Shakeri Talarposhti 3

1Assistant Professor, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, IRAN

3 Msc in Structural Engineering, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT :

The response of a fixed offshore tower is greatly affected by nonlinear behavior of the supporting piles.Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction (PSSI) can significantly affect the seismic performance of structures. Thepile-soil interaction during earthquake loading is one of the most important sources of nonlinearity of offshoreplatforms. Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) is an emerging analysis method that offers thorough seismic demand andcapacity prediction capability. This involves performing a series of nonlinear time history analyses under a suiteof ground motion records by equally scaling both components of each record to several levels of intensity and recording the structural response. This paper presents an efficient method to specify the effect of Seismic Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (SSPSI) on structure through IDA method and shows suitable length to model offshore with equivalent dummy piles for more accuracy. Three-dimensional finite element model of offshore, jacket with both equivalent dummy piles(pile stub) and true piles considering soil-pile-structure interaction are subjected to Incremental Dynamic Analysis and the results of both are compared in terms of IDA curves. In this paper, a computer program for Nonlinear Earthquake site Response Analyses of layered soil deposits(NERA) is used for nonlinear response of soil layers. Modeling of structure of offshore with its pile is performed with a FEM program (OpenSees) considering the effects of pile-soil-structure interaction using p-y curves.

KEYWORDS: Jacket Platform, Incremental Dynamic Analysis, Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction, Euivalent Dummy Piles.

The 14th

World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years experimental and analytical investigations have been directed toward evaluating inelastic behavior of jacket type offshore structures subjected to strong ground motions. [1] Earthquake design of offshore platforms in seismic active areas is one of the most important parts in offshore platforms design. Dynamic response of piles in offshore platforms is a function of the characteristics of the loading, dynamic pile-soil interaction behavior and dynamic characteristics of the piles structural system. The SSPSI (Seismic Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction) analysis is the main step in evaluation of seismic behavior of pile supported offshore platforms. The pile-soil interaction problem during earthquake loading is one of the most important sources of nonlinear dynamic response analysis of offshore platforms. [2] incremental dynamic analysis (IDA)is a promising method that has recently risen which involves performing nonlinear dynamic analyses of the structural model under a suite of ground motion records, each scaled to several intensity levels designed to force the structure all the way from elasticity to final global dynamic instability [3]. Kimiaei.M et al. [2] has analyzed nonlinear response of offshore piles under seismic loads. They used BNWF model for the modeling of pile-soil interaction and finite element method for the modeling of jacket members in nonlinear range of deformation. Asgarian.B & Ajami.A [4] have surveyed dynamic behavior of jacket type offshore platforms through incremental dynamic analysis.

In this paper, the effect of considering Seismic Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (SSPSI) on structure nonlinear seismic response was investigated by comparing with equivalent dummy piles model. For this purpose analysis of an existing sample offshore platform in Persian Gulf with Soil-Pile-structure interaction and equivalent dummy piles subjected to strong ground motions has been performed and the results in terms of peak interstory drift ratio of platform in IDA curves have been presented. This model has been developed using OPEN System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OPENSEES) [5] software. In order to analyze the variations in soil layers response against earthquake, "NERA" software [6] is used. In this software the nonlinear strain-stress behavior has been modeled and the relative displacements (or accelerations) in each sublayer have been calculated. [7] 2. INCREMENTAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS The Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) [8], is a computer intensive procedure that offers thorough (demand and capacity) prediction capability by using a series of nonlinear dynamic analyses under suitably multiply-scaled ground motion records. It can estimate accurately the seismic performance of structures.

Applying IDA to determine the performance of a structure requires several steps. First, a proper nonlinear structural model needs to be formed, and a suite of records must be compiled. Then, for each record, the scaling levels must be selected, the dynamic analyses run and the results post processed. Thus, IDA curves of thestructural response can be generated, as measured by a Damage Measure (DM, e.g., peak roof drift ratio θroof or θmax), versus the ground motion intensity level, measured by an Intensity Measure (IM, e.g., peak ground acceleration, PGA, or the 5%-damped first-mode spectral acceleration Sa(T1,5%)). In turn these are interpolatedfor each record and summarized over all records to estimate the distribution of demand DM given intensity IM. 3. PILE-SOIL INTERACTION ANALYSIS USING BNWF BNWF models used to analyze the dynamic response of piles should allow for the variation of soil properties with depth, nonlinear soil behavior, nonlinear behavior of pile-soil interfaces and energy dissipation through radiation and hysteretic damping. Special attention must be given to the evaluation of the free-field excitation. The computed ground motion at different levels within the soil is then applied to the nodal boundary supports representing the support motions [2]. Figure 1 shows the general view of a BNWF model and its main components in dynamic nonlinear response analysis of piles. [9]

In the present study, the soil stiffness is established using the p-y curve (lateral soil resistance versus lateral soil deflection) approach. The procedures for generating p-y curves proposed by Matlock et al [10], Reese et al [11] and O’Neil [12] are recommended by the American Petroleum Institute and are widely used in both research

The 14th

World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China and professional jobs (API-RP- 2a) [13]. Therefore in this study, the soil stiffness is modeled employing the static p-y curves recommended by API.

Fig. 1. Characteristics of Nonlinear p-y Element:(a) Components; (b) Behavior of Component

Also the damping component of the soil resistance is represented by a dashpot whose coefficient is established based on the Berger et al [14] model, i.e.,

sL BC ρν4= (1) Where B = pile diameter, vs = soil shear wave velocity and ρ=soil unit density. 4. FREE FIELD EXCITATIONS Free field ground motion time histories are usually computed using common site response analysis techniques. In site response analysis, the ground motion of the soil layer is calculated due to earthquake excitations applied at bedrock. The results of such free field analysis (acceleration or displacement time history at different soil layer) are then used as the input excitation at support nodes of the BNWF-Fiber Element model. [15] In the present study the nonlinear stress-strain response of soil layers approximated by a nonlinear approach. In the analyses, Iwan [16] and Morz [17] model is used on which the nonlinear and hysteretic stress-strain behavior of soil is approximated by tangential shear modulus. A computer program NERA (Nonlinear Earthquake site Response Analysis) developed by Bardet et al [6] is used for free field ground motion analysis. The lowstrain shear modulus Gmax was calculated from the dimensionless form of the equations by Seed and Idriss [18]:

Sandfor

PK8.21

PG

atm

mmax,2

atm

max σ′=

(2) 3/)21(65 0max,2 vcm KK σσ ′+=′= pressurecatmospheriP,6.0K atm0 ==

Clayfor380

cG

u

max = (3)

The 14th

World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China 5. MODEL AND GROUND MOTION RECORDS Two structural models in this paper are 3D models and similar but one of them is with SSPSI and other is with equivalent dummy piles (without SSPSI). The provided model is formed by an assembling of frame elements in the nodes in general coordination system. This selected jacket type offshore has 141.7 m height. The platform is a six-leg jacket type which is installed in a water depth of 47.6 m. The jacket is located between -47.6 m and +7.25 m relative to L.A.T and the top side is located between +9 m and +24 m with three stories. In plan, the jacket is rectangular, 36m by 36m that is shown in figure 2. The elevations of jacket are shown in figure 3.

The platform has a three-stories topside with total mass of about 10000 tons located in center of each story and a four story jacket with total mass about 2000 tons located in main nodes of jacket. The platforms has different geometries in x and y directions. To accommodate platform heavy topside installation using float-over system, there are not any braces in sea water level bay in direction y and a portal action is formed in this direction. The first natural period of platform is T1=3.03 sec. The members are modeled using a beam-column element. All analyses were performed using OPENSEES.

Figure 2. The jacket in plan Figure 3. Elevation of offshore

For the modeling of SSPSI model, some nodes are introduced on pile with the same coordinate of main layer and sub-layer nodes. These two points have the same coordinates on the general coordinates. Based on the conditions of the cave-in and break in interaction between soil and pile, the interactive elements are introducedin the model. In this model, the relative movements of the nodes between pile and soil would be possible. In clay soil a gap is formed in tension stress situation. So the interactive element in the model should separate the node between pile and soil. For non-sticky soil, when the loading process is completed, the gap which is formed due to the non-sticky material would be filled. In BNWF nonlinear model, apart from modeling the pile in dynamic forces, the gapping and cave-in are modeled. For the modeling of structural steel, a bilinear elasto-plastic model with kinematic and isotropic hardening materials is suitable. The selected model for this study is an elasto-plastic model with strain hardening of 5 %.

For modeling of jacket, deck and pile members, the fiber elements have been used. By using this model, the buckling behavior and post buckling behavior of the tubular braces can be controlled by adding geometric stiffness [5]. As accuracy in P-delta analysis is suitable for the application in Earthquake engineering, it is used for applying the effects of decreasing the stiffness and strength.

According to API (RP-2A) [13], in this essay, the mass used in the dynamic analysis consist of the mass of the platform associated with gravity loading, the mass of the fluids enclosed with the structure and the

The 14th

World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China appurtenances, and the hydrodynamic added mass. The added mass may be estimated as the mass of the displaced water for motion transverse to the longitudinal axis of the individual structural framing andappurtenances. In computing the dynamic characteristics of braced, pile supported steel structures, viscous damping ratios of 5% are used for an elastic analysis.

In the SSPSI model, for soil dynamic analysis, the soil characteristics, layers and selected record are introduced in “NERA”. Then by using “NERA”, the time history of relative displacement at a selected sublayer is attained. After the formation of model, the time history of relative displacement of soil (in NERA) in pile nodes is applied and later the structure is analyzed by a nonlinear dynamic analysis [8].

The second model of jacket was created with above mentions and eliminating soil-pile-structure and modeling pile with equivalent dummy piles (pile stub). The length of pile stub was considered 15 times of pile diameter.

A set of twenty ground motion records is selected as listed in Table 1, that belong to a bin of relatively large magnitudes of 6.5 - 6.9 and moderate distances, all recorded on firm soil and bearing no marks of directivity.

Table 1. The suite of twenty ground motion records used.

6. PERFORMING THE ANALYSIS AND IDA CURVES Once the model has been formed and the ground motion records have been selected, a way to perform the actual nonlinear dynamic analyses required for IDA is needed. This entails appropriately scaling each record to cover the entire range of structural response, from elasticity, to yielding, and finally global dynamic instability. [3] To use a stepping [8] algorithm to trace the IDA curves of platform is chose. Analyses are performed at increasing levels of IM at constant steps, until numerical non-convergence is encountered [4]. An IDA Curve set is a collection of IDA curves of the same structural model under different accelerograms that are all parameterized on the same IMs and DM [8]. Figures 4 to 5 shows all twenty IDA curves in x and y direction for two models. By generating the IDA curve for each record a large amount of data can be gathered, only part. There, the IDA curves display a wide range of behavior, showing large record-to-record variability, thus making it essential to summarize such data and quantify the randomness introduced by the records. [4] They can be easily summarized into some central value (e.g., the mean or the median) and a measure of dispersion (e.g., the standard deviation, or the difference between two fractiles). Consequently, to calculate the 16%, 50% and 84% fractile values of DM and IM capacity is chosen, as shown in Figures 6 and 7.

The 14th


Figure 4. All twenty IDA curves in X direction of Jacket platform (a) With considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (b) without considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction

Figure 5. All twenty IDA curves in Y direction of Jacket platform (a) With considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (b) without considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction.

Figure 6. The summery of IDA curves in X direction of Jacket platform

(a) With considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (b) without considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12Maximum interstory drift ratio

“Firs

t mod

e” s

pect

ral a

ccel

erat

ion

Sa(T

1, %

5) g

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


“Firs

t mod

e” s

pect

ral a

ccel

erat

ion

Sa(T

1, %

5) g(a) (b)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1Maximum interstory drift ratio

“Firs

t mod

e” s

pect

ral a

ccel

erat

ion

Sa(T

1, %

5) g

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

Maximum interstory drift ratio

“Firs

t mod

e” s

pect

ral a

ccel

erat

ion

Sa(T

1, %

5) g

(a) (b)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14Max. interstory drift ratio

"firs

t-mod

e" s

pect

ral a

ccel

erat

ion

Sa(T

1,5%

)

16% IDA

84% IDA

50% IDA

(a)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


"firs

t-mod

e" s

pect

ral a

ccel

erat

ion

Sa(T

1,5%

)

16% IDA

84% IDA

50% IDA

(b)

The 14th


Figure 7. The summery of IDA curves in Y direction of Jacket platform


7.CONCLUSION SSPSI is a fundamental subject in evaluation of offshore platforms behavior. In order to the figures in each direction before 0.06 drift ratio, behavior of the each models in both direction is almost similar. But after that depended to frames and interstory stiffness, behavior of the models in each direction is different. As in X direction that frames have more stiffness, flatline in model without SSPISI is upper than SSSPSI model. In thisdirection the model without SSPSI has almost linear behavior. In Y direction because of conditions of deck installation with float-over method and less frames stiffness, flatline in model without SSPSI is lower than SSPSI model. Difference of the model behavior with SSPSI and without SSPSI is depended to equivalent pile stiffness(length), frames stiffness and interstories stiffness. So nonlinear behavior of pile and surrounding soil plays an important role in actual behavior of a jacket in nonlinear range of deformation. REFERENCES [1] Asgarian A, Aghakouchack AA. (2004) “Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Jacket Type Offshore StructuresSubjected to Earthquake Using Fiber Elements”. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Paper No. 1726. [2] Kimiaei M, Shayanfar MA, El Naggar MH, Aghakouchak AA. (2004) “Nonlinear Response Analysis of Offshore Piles Under Seismic Loads”. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Paper No. 3056. [3] Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA. (2003) “Applied incremental dynamic analysis”. Earthquake Spectra. [4] Asgarian B, Ajami A. (2006) “Nonlinear Dynamic Behavior of Offshore Structures, Using IncrementalDynamic Analysis", 8th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, USA. [5] Mazzoni S, McKenna F, Fenves GL. (2006) “OpenSees Command Language Manual”. [6] Bardet, JP, Tobita T. (2001) "NERA- a computer program for Nonlinear Earthquake site Response Analysis of Layered Soil Deposits." Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California.. [7] Asgarian B., Raziei A. (2007) “Comparison of Incremental Dynamic and Pushover analysis of Jacket TypeOffshore Platforms”. 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering.OMAE2007-29469.San Diego, California, USA. [8] Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA. (2002) “Incremental dynamic analysis”. Earthquake Engineering andStructural Dynamics; 31(3):491_514. [9] Boulanger RW, Curras CJ, Kutter BL, Wilson DW, Abghari A. (1999) "Seismic soil pile structure interaction experiments and analysis." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 125(9), 750-759. [10] Matlok, H. (1970) “Correlations for design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay”. Proceeding of the 2nd

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4


"firs

t-mod

e" s

pect

ral a

ccel

erat

ion

S a(T

1,5%

)16% IDA

84% IDA

50% IDA

(a)

0

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84% IDA

50% IDA

(b)

The 14th

World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Tx., Vol. 1, pp. 577- 588. [11] Reese, L.C., and Welch, R.C. (1975) “Lateral loading of deep foundations in stiff clay”. Journal of theGeotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 101(GT7), 633-649. [12] O’Neill, M. and Murchison, J. (1983) “An evaluation of py relationships in sands”. Report GTDF02-83,Department of Civil Engineering, University of Houston, May. [13] American Petroleum Institute. (2000) “Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms”. API Recommended Practice 2A (RP-2A). 21st ed. American Petroleum Institute,Washington, D.C. [14] Berger, E., Mahin, S.A., and Pyke R. (1977) “Simplified method for evaluating soil-pile-structure interaction effects”. Proceedings of the 9th offshore Technology Conference, OTC paper 2954, Huston, Texas, 589-598. [15] Asgarian B., Roshandel Tavana MA. (2007) “Bedrock Depth Effect Investigation in Seismic Response ofOffshore Platforms Considering Soil- Pile- Structure Interaction”. 26th International Conference on OffshoreMechanics and Arctic Engineering. OMAE2007-29470. San Diego, California, USA. [16] Iwan, W.D. (1967) “On a class of models for the yielding behavior of continuous and composite systems”. Journal of Applied Mechanics, ASME, 34: 612-617. [17] Mroz, Z. (1967) “On the description of anistropic work hardening”. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 15, pp. 163-175. [18] Seed, H. B., and Idriss, I. M. (1970) “Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analysis”. Report No. UCB/EERC-70/10, Earthquake Engineering Res. Ctr., University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

NIGERIA

AkpoA Giant Developmentin Nigeria's DeepOffshore











In the field's Miocene reservoir the fluid is

in ‘critical conditions’, i.e. the gas and

liquid hydrocarbons are in a single

phase, at high pressure and tempera-

ture.

The produced gas is partly re-injected

and partly exported onshore to the

BONNY liquefaction plant (NLNG) via the

AMENAM field facilities. This hybrid

injection/export gas scheme optimises

hydrocarbon recovery: gas is injected

only in reservoirs which can benefit from

this type of pressure support.

On the same OML 130 block as AKPO,

three oil discoveries (EGINA, EGINA-

SOUTH and PREOWEI) now form the

basis for an oil development with a new

FPSO located in the EGINA zone. Both

AKPO and EGINA, with their ability to

handle a variety of fluids, will be ideal

hubs for developing future hydrocarbon

discoveries in the area.

AKPO Partners

A deep offshore condensate & gas field in Nigeria

The AKPO field was discovered in 2000 by

Total Upstream Nigeria Ltd (TUPNI).

Located 150 kilometres off the Niger Delta at

a water depth of 1,400 metres, AKPO is the

first deep-offshore development involving

light oil with a high gas content.

Offloading buoy

Dual 16’’ offloading lines

Wells

Intelligent completions

Extended-reach deviated and horizontal wells

Sand control with stand-alone screens, expandable screens and Frac-Packs

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Hull dimensions: 310 m x 61 m x 31 m

Oil storage: 2 million barrels

Oil processing: 185,000 barrels/day

Water injection: 420,000 barrels/da

Produced water treatment: 150,000 barrels/day

Gas processing: 15 million standard cubic metres per day

Gas export: 9.6 million standard cubic metres per day

Gas injection: 6.1 million standard cubic metres per day

Living quarters sleeping: 220











The 14th


EFFECT OF SOIL-PILE-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ON NONLINEAR RESPONSE OF JACKET TYPE OFFSHORE PLATFORMS THROUGH

INCREMENTAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS Behrouz Asgarian

1 , Alireza Fiouz2 and Ali Shakeri Talarposhti 3

1Assistant Professor, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, IRAN

3 Msc in Structural Engineering, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT :

The response of a fixed offshore tower is greatly affected by nonlinear behavior of the supporting piles.Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction (PSSI) can significantly affect the seismic performance of structures. Thepile-soil interaction during earthquake loading is one of the most important sources of nonlinearity of offshoreplatforms. Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) is an emerging analysis method that offers thorough seismic demand andcapacity prediction capability. This involves performing a series of nonlinear time history analyses under a suiteof ground motion records by equally scaling both components of each record to several levels of intensity and recording the structural response. This paper presents an efficient method to specify the effect of Seismic Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (SSPSI) on structure through IDA method and shows suitable length to model offshore with equivalent dummy piles for more accuracy. Three-dimensional finite element model of offshore, jacket with both equivalent dummy piles(pile stub) and true piles considering soil-pile-structure interaction are subjected to Incremental Dynamic Analysis and the results of both are compared in terms of IDA curves. In this paper, a computer program for Nonlinear Earthquake site Response Analyses of layered soil deposits(NERA) is used for nonlinear response of soil layers. Modeling of structure of offshore with its pile is performed with a FEM program (OpenSees) considering the effects of pile-soil-structure interaction using p-y curves.

KEYWORDS: Jacket Platform, Incremental Dynamic Analysis, Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction, Euivalent Dummy Piles.

The 14th

World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years experimental and analytical investigations have been directed toward evaluating inelastic behavior of jacket type offshore structures subjected to strong ground motions. [1] Earthquake design of offshore platforms in seismic active areas is one of the most important parts in offshore platforms design. Dynamic response of piles in offshore platforms is a function of the characteristics of the loading, dynamic pile-soil interaction behavior and dynamic characteristics of the piles structural system. The SSPSI (Seismic Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction) analysis is the main step in evaluation of seismic behavior of pile supported offshore platforms. The pile-soil interaction problem during earthquake loading is one of the most important sources of nonlinear dynamic response analysis of offshore platforms. [2] incremental dynamic analysis (IDA)is a promising method that has recently risen which involves performing nonlinear dynamic analyses of the structural model under a suite of ground motion records, each scaled to several intensity levels designed to force the structure all the way from elasticity to final global dynamic instability [3]. Kimiaei.M et al. [2] has analyzed nonlinear response of offshore piles under seismic loads. They used BNWF model for the modeling of pile-soil interaction and finite element method for the modeling of jacket members in nonlinear range of deformation. Asgarian.B & Ajami.A [4] have surveyed dynamic behavior of jacket type offshore platforms through incremental dynamic analysis.

In this paper, the effect of considering Seismic Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (SSPSI) on structure nonlinear seismic response was investigated by comparing with equivalent dummy piles model. For this purpose analysis of an existing sample offshore platform in Persian Gulf with Soil-Pile-structure interaction and equivalent dummy piles subjected to strong ground motions has been performed and the results in terms of peak interstory drift ratio of platform in IDA curves have been presented. This model has been developed using OPEN System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OPENSEES) [5] software. In order to analyze the variations in soil layers response against earthquake, "NERA" software [6] is used. In this software the nonlinear strain-stress behavior has been modeled and the relative displacements (or accelerations) in each sublayer have been calculated. [7] 2. INCREMENTAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS The Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) [8], is a computer intensive procedure that offers thorough (demand and capacity) prediction capability by using a series of nonlinear dynamic analyses under suitably multiply-scaled ground motion records. It can estimate accurately the seismic performance of structures.

Applying IDA to determine the performance of a structure requires several steps. First, a proper nonlinear structural model needs to be formed, and a suite of records must be compiled. Then, for each record, the scaling levels must be selected, the dynamic analyses run and the results post processed. Thus, IDA curves of thestructural response can be generated, as measured by a Damage Measure (DM, e.g., peak roof drift ratio θroof or θmax), versus the ground motion intensity level, measured by an Intensity Measure (IM, e.g., peak ground acceleration, PGA, or the 5%-damped first-mode spectral acceleration Sa(T1,5%)). In turn these are interpolatedfor each record and summarized over all records to estimate the distribution of demand DM given intensity IM. 3. PILE-SOIL INTERACTION ANALYSIS USING BNWF BNWF models used to analyze the dynamic response of piles should allow for the variation of soil properties with depth, nonlinear soil behavior, nonlinear behavior of pile-soil interfaces and energy dissipation through radiation and hysteretic damping. Special attention must be given to the evaluation of the free-field excitation. The computed ground motion at different levels within the soil is then applied to the nodal boundary supports representing the support motions [2]. Figure 1 shows the general view of a BNWF model and its main components in dynamic nonlinear response analysis of piles. [9]

In the present study, the soil stiffness is established using the p-y curve (lateral soil resistance versus lateral soil deflection) approach. The procedures for generating p-y curves proposed by Matlock et al [10], Reese et al [11] and O’Neil [12] are recommended by the American Petroleum Institute and are widely used in both research

The 14th

World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China and professional jobs (API-RP- 2a) [13]. Therefore in this study, the soil stiffness is modeled employing the static p-y curves recommended by API.

Fig. 1. Characteristics of Nonlinear p-y Element:(a) Components; (b) Behavior of Component

Also the damping component of the soil resistance is represented by a dashpot whose coefficient is established based on the Berger et al [14] model, i.e.,

sL BC ρν4= (1) Where B = pile diameter, vs = soil shear wave velocity and ρ=soil unit density. 4. FREE FIELD EXCITATIONS Free field ground motion time histories are usually computed using common site response analysis techniques. In site response analysis, the ground motion of the soil layer is calculated due to earthquake excitations applied at bedrock. The results of such free field analysis (acceleration or displacement time history at different soil layer) are then used as the input excitation at support nodes of the BNWF-Fiber Element model. [15] In the present study the nonlinear stress-strain response of soil layers approximated by a nonlinear approach. In the analyses, Iwan [16] and Morz [17] model is used on which the nonlinear and hysteretic stress-strain behavior of soil is approximated by tangential shear modulus. A computer program NERA (Nonlinear Earthquake site Response Analysis) developed by Bardet et al [6] is used for free field ground motion analysis. The lowstrain shear modulus Gmax was calculated from the dimensionless form of the equations by Seed and Idriss [18]:

Sandfor

PK8.21

PG

atm

mmax,2

atm

max σ′=

(2) 3/)21(65 0max,2 vcm KK σσ ′+=′= pressurecatmospheriP,6.0K atm0 ==

Clayfor380

cG

u

max = (3)

The 14th

World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China 5. MODEL AND GROUND MOTION RECORDS Two structural models in this paper are 3D models and similar but one of them is with SSPSI and other is with equivalent dummy piles (without SSPSI). The provided model is formed by an assembling of frame elements in the nodes in general coordination system. This selected jacket type offshore has 141.7 m height. The platform is a six-leg jacket type which is installed in a water depth of 47.6 m. The jacket is located between -47.6 m and +7.25 m relative to L.A.T and the top side is located between +9 m and +24 m with three stories. In plan, the jacket is rectangular, 36m by 36m that is shown in figure 2. The elevations of jacket are shown in figure 3.

The platform has a three-stories topside with total mass of about 10000 tons located in center of each story and a four story jacket with total mass about 2000 tons located in main nodes of jacket. The platforms has different geometries in x and y directions. To accommodate platform heavy topside installation using float-over system, there are not any braces in sea water level bay in direction y and a portal action is formed in this direction. The first natural period of platform is T1=3.03 sec. The members are modeled using a beam-column element. All analyses were performed using OPENSEES.

Figure 2. The jacket in plan Figure 3. Elevation of offshore

For the modeling of SSPSI model, some nodes are introduced on pile with the same coordinate of main layer and sub-layer nodes. These two points have the same coordinates on the general coordinates. Based on the conditions of the cave-in and break in interaction between soil and pile, the interactive elements are introducedin the model. In this model, the relative movements of the nodes between pile and soil would be possible. In clay soil a gap is formed in tension stress situation. So the interactive element in the model should separate the node between pile and soil. For non-sticky soil, when the loading process is completed, the gap which is formed due to the non-sticky material would be filled. In BNWF nonlinear model, apart from modeling the pile in dynamic forces, the gapping and cave-in are modeled. For the modeling of structural steel, a bilinear elasto-plastic model with kinematic and isotropic hardening materials is suitable. The selected model for this study is an elasto-plastic model with strain hardening of 5 %.

For modeling of jacket, deck and pile members, the fiber elements have been used. By using this model, the buckling behavior and post buckling behavior of the tubular braces can be controlled by adding geometric stiffness [5]. As accuracy in P-delta analysis is suitable for the application in Earthquake engineering, it is used for applying the effects of decreasing the stiffness and strength.

According to API (RP-2A) [13], in this essay, the mass used in the dynamic analysis consist of the mass of the platform associated with gravity loading, the mass of the fluids enclosed with the structure and the

The 14th

World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China appurtenances, and the hydrodynamic added mass. The added mass may be estimated as the mass of the displaced water for motion transverse to the longitudinal axis of the individual structural framing andappurtenances. In computing the dynamic characteristics of braced, pile supported steel structures, viscous damping ratios of 5% are used for an elastic analysis.

In the SSPSI model, for soil dynamic analysis, the soil characteristics, layers and selected record are introduced in “NERA”. Then by using “NERA”, the time history of relative displacement at a selected sublayer is attained. After the formation of model, the time history of relative displacement of soil (in NERA) in pile nodes is applied and later the structure is analyzed by a nonlinear dynamic analysis [8].

The second model of jacket was created with above mentions and eliminating soil-pile-structure and modeling pile with equivalent dummy piles (pile stub). The length of pile stub was considered 15 times of pile diameter.

A set of twenty ground motion records is selected as listed in Table 1, that belong to a bin of relatively large magnitudes of 6.5 - 6.9 and moderate distances, all recorded on firm soil and bearing no marks of directivity.

Table 1. The suite of twenty ground motion records used.

6. PERFORMING THE ANALYSIS AND IDA CURVES Once the model has been formed and the ground motion records have been selected, a way to perform the actual nonlinear dynamic analyses required for IDA is needed. This entails appropriately scaling each record to cover the entire range of structural response, from elasticity, to yielding, and finally global dynamic instability. [3] To use a stepping [8] algorithm to trace the IDA curves of platform is chose. Analyses are performed at increasing levels of IM at constant steps, until numerical non-convergence is encountered [4]. An IDA Curve set is a collection of IDA curves of the same structural model under different accelerograms that are all parameterized on the same IMs and DM [8]. Figures 4 to 5 shows all twenty IDA curves in x and y direction for two models. By generating the IDA curve for each record a large amount of data can be gathered, only part. There, the IDA curves display a wide range of behavior, showing large record-to-record variability, thus making it essential to summarize such data and quantify the randomness introduced by the records. [4] They can be easily summarized into some central value (e.g., the mean or the median) and a measure of dispersion (e.g., the standard deviation, or the difference between two fractiles). Consequently, to calculate the 16%, 50% and 84% fractile values of DM and IM capacity is chosen, as shown in Figures 6 and 7.

The 14th


Figure 4. All twenty IDA curves in X direction of Jacket platform (a) With considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (b) without considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction

Figure 5. All twenty IDA curves in Y direction of Jacket platform (a) With considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (b) without considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction.

Figure 6. The summery of IDA curves in X direction of Jacket platform


0

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The 14th


Figure 7. The summery of IDA curves in Y direction of Jacket platform


7.CONCLUSION SSPSI is a fundamental subject in evaluation of offshore platforms behavior. In order to the figures in each direction before 0.06 drift ratio, behavior of the each models in both direction is almost similar. But after that depended to frames and interstory stiffness, behavior of the models in each direction is different. As in X direction that frames have more stiffness, flatline in model without SSPISI is upper than SSSPSI model. In thisdirection the model without SSPSI has almost linear behavior. In Y direction because of conditions of deck installation with float-over method and less frames stiffness, flatline in model without SSPSI is lower than SSPSI model. Difference of the model behavior with SSPSI and without SSPSI is depended to equivalent pile stiffness(length), frames stiffness and interstories stiffness. So nonlinear behavior of pile and surrounding soil plays an important role in actual behavior of a jacket in nonlinear range of deformation. REFERENCES [1] Asgarian A, Aghakouchack AA. (2004) “Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Jacket Type Offshore StructuresSubjected to Earthquake Using Fiber Elements”. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Paper No. 1726. [2] Kimiaei M, Shayanfar MA, El Naggar MH, Aghakouchak AA. (2004) “Nonlinear Response Analysis of Offshore Piles Under Seismic Loads”. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Paper No. 3056. [3] Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA. (2003) “Applied incremental dynamic analysis”. Earthquake Spectra. [4] Asgarian B, Ajami A. (2006) “Nonlinear Dynamic Behavior of Offshore Structures, Using IncrementalDynamic Analysis", 8th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, USA. [5] Mazzoni S, McKenna F, Fenves GL. (2006) “OpenSees Command Language Manual”. [6] Bardet, JP, Tobita T. (2001) "NERA- a computer program for Nonlinear Earthquake site Response Analysis of Layered Soil Deposits." Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California.. [7] Asgarian B., Raziei A. (2007) “Comparison of Incremental Dynamic and Pushover analysis of Jacket TypeOffshore Platforms”. 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering.OMAE2007-29469.San Diego, California, USA. [8] Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA. (2002) “Incremental dynamic analysis”. Earthquake Engineering andStructural Dynamics; 31(3):491_514. [9] Boulanger RW, Curras CJ, Kutter BL, Wilson DW, Abghari A. (1999) "Seismic soil pile structure interaction experiments and analysis." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 125(9), 750-759. [10] Matlok, H. (1970) “Correlations for design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay”. Proceeding of the 2nd

0

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S a(T

1,5%

)16% IDA

84% IDA

50% IDA

(a)

0

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0.8

1

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1.4


"firs

t-mod

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ion

S a(T

1,5%

)

16% IDA

84% IDA

50% IDA

(b)

The 14th

World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Tx., Vol. 1, pp. 577- 588. [11] Reese, L.C., and Welch, R.C. (1975) “Lateral loading of deep foundations in stiff clay”. Journal of theGeotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 101(GT7), 633-649. [12] O’Neill, M. and Murchison, J. (1983) “An evaluation of py relationships in sands”. Report GTDF02-83,Department of Civil Engineering, University of Houston, May. [13] American Petroleum Institute. (2000) “Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms”. API Recommended Practice 2A (RP-2A). 21st ed. American Petroleum Institute,Washington, D.C. [14] Berger, E., Mahin, S.A., and Pyke R. (1977) “Simplified method for evaluating soil-pile-structure interaction effects”. Proceedings of the 9th offshore Technology Conference, OTC paper 2954, Huston, Texas, 589-598. [15] Asgarian B., Roshandel Tavana MA. (2007) “Bedrock Depth Effect Investigation in Seismic Response ofOffshore Platforms Considering Soil- Pile- Structure Interaction”. 26th International Conference on OffshoreMechanics and Arctic Engineering. OMAE2007-29470. San Diego, California, USA. [16] Iwan, W.D. (1967) “On a class of models for the yielding behavior of continuous and composite systems”. Journal of Applied Mechanics, ASME, 34: 612-617. [17] Mroz, Z. (1967) “On the description of anistropic work hardening”. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 15, pp. 163-175. [18] Seed, H. B., and Idriss, I. M. (1970) “Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analysis”. Report No. UCB/EERC-70/10, Earthquake Engineering Res. Ctr., University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

OIL & GAS GLOBAL SALARY GUIDEReview of 2013, outlook for 2014.

PEOPLE RESPONDED TO THE SURVEY

RESPONDENTS ARE EMPLOYERS IN THE INDUSTRY

COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE REPRESENTED

DISCIPLINE AREAS COVERED

24,0007,200+5324

THANK YOUWe would like to thank all of you who took the time to participate in our survey.

We’d especially like to thank the teams from Oil and Gas Job Search and from Hays for all of their hard work conducting the survey, analysing the results and producing an excellent document.

Last year we had over 150,000 copies of the Guide downloaded and an additional 20,000 distributed in person and at various conferences, and we hope to surpass these levels this year.

We believe that our growing number of readers is a strong indication of the value and quality of our document, but we are always interested in receiving feedback from you on how to improve and make our study more useful for you.

We hope you enjoy the read and, more importantly, find it useful in your job.

Disclaimer: The Oil & Gas Global Salary Guide is representative of a value added service to our clients and candidates. While every care is taken in the collection and compilation of data, the survey is interpretive and indicative, not conclusive. Therefore information should be used as a guideline only and should not be reproduced in total or by section without written permission from Hays.

SURVEY SUMMARY

24,0007,200+

1 Managing Directors’ Welcome

1 Summary of Findings

SECTION ONE - INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE

3 Global Perspective

4 Regional View

SECTION TWO - SALARY INFORMATION

10 Salary Overview

11 Salaries by Discipline

11 Contractor Day Rates

12 Salaries by Company Type

SECTION THREE - INDUSTRY BENEFITS

16 Overview of Industry Benefits

17 Company Benefits

18 Regional Benefits

SECTION FOUR - INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT

21 Staffing Levels

22 Diversity and Movement of Workforce

24 Experience and Tenure

25 Recruiting in the Digital Space

26 Employment Mix

SECTION FIVE - INDUSTRY OUTLOOK

30 Confidence and Concerns

31 Focus for 2014

CONTENTSMANAGING DIRECTORS’ WELCOMEWe are delighted to share with you our Global Oil and Gas Salary Guide for 2014.

Our goal is to provide the industry with an informed view of global and regional trends in compensation and benefits and to identify some of the key industry factors and events that have contributed to these trends.

This is the fifth year that we have conducted our survey and produced this document, and we are proud to say that each year we’ve seen the level of interest rise and the quality of our document and underlying analysis improve.

This year, approximately 24,000 participants from 53 countries across 24 disciplines responded to our survey.

Once our survey was completed, the data were compiled and cleansed to eliminate spurious samples and outliers.

Next, our regional recruitment consultants, whose daily job is to work with companies to attract and retain permanent and temporary workers, reviewed the data to ensure they reflected the realities of the local labour markets.

We then analysed the findings to identify trends and the reasons behind the results.

We believe that by blending the survey’s quantitative data with our recruitment consultants’ localised expertise, we produce the best and most representative view of remuneration in the industry.

As always with surveys, statistical errors due to sample size and respondent errors limit the accuracy of any particular figure. In addition, since the people who respond to our survey vary from year to year, changes to the demographics of respondents (e.g., their experience level, location and discipline) will have an impact on our figures that might not represent actual changes in labour markets. For instance, in this year’s survey, we had considerably more respondents in lower salary brackets than last year, which has yielded lower average salaries than observed by our recruitment consultants.

In addition, respondents report their salaries to us converted to $US from their local currencies, so fluctuations in the relative value of currencies versus the $US will also impact our results. This year, the $US gained value against most currencies, over 15 per cent against the Australian dollar and Brazilian real, for instance. This has also yielded lower salaries than we’ve observed in the markets in $US terms.

This year, we have taken into consideration some of these biases to present a like-for-like global average salary alongside the average salary computed from the unadjusted raw data. We have not adjusted the other figures. Nonetheless, we believe that by looking at the results as a whole, and particularly at trends, there is considerable value in this research.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS2013 saw a one per cent decrease in like-for-like average salary to $81,184. Contractor day rates broadly declined as well. While perhaps disappointing, this is probably a necessary correction after two consecutive years of significant growth in salaries that have started to threaten the financial performance of some companies and assets.

There were numerous developments across the globe that led to this year’s decline, and these will be discussed in the pages to follow.

Despite the decrease in salaries and day rates, there still exist skills shortages in certain areas and in certain disciplines, most pronounced for engineers and technical professionals with 10 or more years of industry experience.

Looking forward, our survey respondents remained confident about the coming year, in terms of industry activity, hiring and salary levels. Over 72 per cent of employers have a positive or very positive outlook on the industry moving into 2014, and over 70 per cent of companies plan to expand their workforce.

This view is supported by a general consensus of industry and economic analysts, who anticipate growth in capital spending in the order of five per cent in 2014. Given this scenario, we would expect the war for experienced talent to remain fierce, and skills shortages to remain the most pressing concern facing the industry.


Duncan Freer, Managing Director, Oil and Gas Job SearchOil & Gas Salary Guide | 1

SECTION ONEINDUSTRYPERSPECTIVE


SEC

TIO

N O

NE:

IND

UST

RY P

ERSP

ECTI

VE

While a detailed analysis of the global oil and gas industry is beyond the scope of this document, here are some of the key issues that have had and will continue to have an effect on the industry’s labour markets and remuneration.

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

Overall, 2013 saw sluggish economic growth in most of the world’s economies, which helped to keep oil prices in a relatively narrow range between $90-105/bbl, above the standard $80 economic threshold but below prices that would jeopardise a fragile global economic recovery.

While there are signs of faster economic growth in the coming year in most regions, and consequently higher energy prices, there are also some analysts who predict lower crude prices due to relatively flat demand and increased production from places like the US, Libya, Iran and Iraq.

The world’s oil market is being thrown out of balance largely by light tight oil from the US. In addition, the US now vies with the Middle East in LPG exports, creating downward pressure on global prices in this market.

Finally, in LNG, expansion investments in Australia are being reconsidered in view of potential competition from less expensive North American exports.

How quickly the fracking revolution spreads from the US to other countries with significant shale reserves is perhaps the biggest question in the global energy puzzle over the coming decades. This will also have a profound effect on what skills are required and where.

Worldwide, rising costs of labour and services coupled with only modest increases in revenues have squeezed company profits and cash flow and have sounded an early warning for some companies and investors alike.

While this is causing a weakening in investment appetite in certain cases, the long-term view is still relatively strong, particularly for high potential areas such as Brazil, the Gulf of Mexico, West Africa and the Arctic.

The world’s energy demand is expected to increase by 50 per cent in the next three decades, primarily caused by increased requirements in developing nations. Only 50 per cent of the reserves have been developed, which suggests that massive ongoing capital investments will be required in increasingly challenging operating environments.




Mexico has passed legislation to open its energy industry to outside investment in order to reverse steeply declining production, which has dropped 20 per cent since 2002. The changes would allow international companies to enter into globally competitive contracts to explore for and produce hydrocarbons and to take ownership of the oil above ground, after paying royalties and taxes. It also permits international companies to open retail gas stations. If the law is implemented successfully, this could create significant activity on the Mexican side of the Gulf of Mexico, an area that has been only lightly explored compared to the highly productive US areas to the north.

In Brazil, Petrobras is having difficulties financing its five year investment plan, which, at over $200 billion, is the world’s largest corporate spending programme. This has delayed deepwater projects and has led to sales of some of its international assets. However, successful licensing rounds for the pre-salt in 2013 has led to renewed optimism for 2014 activity levels.

Colombia also had a successful licensing round, but at a more subdued level than Brazil. Exploration is a priority to boost diminishing reserves of crude oil, which stood at around 2.4 billion barrels in 2013.

Akacias is one of the biggest exploration successes in recent years in Colombia, and clearly shows the potential of heavy crudes in the Llanos area. Plans are being made to spend as much as $75 billion by 2020 to increase oil and gas production to 1.3 million barrels.

While 2013 was a relatively quiet year in terms of activity and hiring in both Brazil and Colombia, recruiting efforts are starting to shift into gear particularly in the geoscience and subsea engineering disciplines, predominantly for operations and project managers.

Both countries are trying to reduce their dependence on international workers by attracting nationals who are currently working abroad.

In Brazil, the government estimates it will need an additional 250,000 new professionals this decade and has initiated a programme to attract and develop 200,000 new workers to the industry, but despite a swelling youthful population it is unclear whether there will be sufficiently trained workers to fulfill their needs. It is likely that there will continue to be an influx of as many as 5,000-10,000 international workers per year.

In Argentina, the government has recently relaxed regulations enabling agreements to be put in place to develop the vast Vaca Muerta shale reserves, one of the world’s most promising shale formations.

Argentina is hopeful that shale production will help recover energy self-sufficiency it lost earlier this century.

The US is projected to become the largest global producer of oil and gas in the world, driven by a surge in production from shale reserves. Imports of gas and oil have dropped by 32 per cent and 15 per cent in the past five years, creating a shifting and uncertain geopolitical environment for major oil producing countries.

Many believe that by the end of the decade the unconventional bubble will burst and the importance of imports, particularly from the Middle East, will again rise.

Due to surging unconventional gas production, natural gas prices have remained low, decreasing the attractiveness of drilling for dry gas and opening the opportunity to export LNG to higher priced markets such as Asia. The US is poised to become the world’s largest exporter of LNG. In the meantime, low gas prices have greatly benefitted the chemicals and manufacturing industries, which have announced new investments of as much as $110 billion.

Offshore activity has completely rebounded since the Macondo incident of 2009. Deepwater and ultra deepwater activity is expected to continue to rise, with active rigs increasing from 37 currently to 60 by 2015. Production is expected to increase by 10 per cent next year. Onshore drilling is focused on oil and liquids.

The shale drilling boom has attracted new competition to the service market, which now looks like it might need to consolidate.

The US workforce has grown by over 40 per cent since the recession, and energy companies are forecasting a need for many thousands of engineers by the decade’s end.

Due to an aging workforce and difficult immigration restrictions, there is a need to attract more Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)-skilled workers from schools as well as from other sources, such as the military.

Increasingly, professionals with unconventional expertise are being sought for international assignments.

In Canada, transportation bottlenecks and a glut of oil and gas in the US have led to a general softening of the market and a push to build infrastructure for LNG export.

The government has been enhancing policies to encourage foreign investment and to further develop the required infrastructure to export to Asia and other markets, thus reducing the reliance on exports to the US.

Some companies have announced significant reductions in workforce and others have reduced profit forecasts because of delayed projects. However, other companies are hiring and are even struggling to find adequate skills.

Significantly, the end of 2013 saw a number of large projects get Final Investment Decision (FID) and move into detailed engineering and construction phases. This activity is likely to reinvigorate the competition for talent in this space and we expect to see renewed upwards pressure on salaries and day rates through 2014.

South America

North America



Aging North Sea fields, whose average size is shrinking quickly, are increasingly relying on National Oil Companies (NOC), small operators and service companies to keep production and tax revenues flowing.

Emerging technologies to better visualise the subsurface in order to enhance ultimate recovery will also play an important role in maintaining production levels.

Nevertheless, there is considerable exploration work being conducted, especially on the Atlantic side of the North Sea (west of Shetland). The continued use of new technology is also propping up the Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC), consultancy and engineering markets with numerous upgrades to platforms and facilities.

London in particular has emerged as a financing hub for smaller start up and midcap E&P businesses exploring in the North Sea and the rest of the world. Over the last 12 months there has been a marked increase in smaller businesses securing finance to exploit recently acquired licenses.

The UK has announced a new tax allowance aimed at boosting the development of shale gas resources in the country. If other European countries, such as Poland, follow suit and overcome geological, political, environmental and other hurdles related to shale production, the global oil and gas industry would face a major rebalancing.

Norway expects to continue record level spending, primarily offshore, although the service sector is experiencing a slowdown as companies have become more focused on increasing cash flow, perhaps foreshadowing a future slowdown in activity.

In the UK, the debate continues regarding the benefit of the influx of migrant workers, primarily Norwegian, Dutch and Americans, who make up nearly 20 per cent of the offshore industry.

The government recently relaxed immigration restrictions on employing non-British engineers in order to address the skills shortage of the industry. Meanwhile, government and private sector efforts to develop graduates in STEM disciplines are underway.

In the North Sea, experienced workers in most disciplines are in demand, as people are being attracted to overseas projects which is reducing the local candidate market. International assignments are often more lucrative and are perceived to offer exposure to more diverse environments compared with the North Sea.

Subsea engineers are in short supply; particularly those working in controls and pipelines, however this isn’t new to 2013/2014. Geoscience and subsurface professionals, specifically with development experience in the North Sea, are in high demand driven by a number of new developments over the last 12 months coupled with competition from international opportunities.

In order to find scarce skills and combat salary inflation, some companies are looking to other industries for talent with transferable skills, such as ex-military personnel for operations, logistics and maintenance roles or other engineering sectors such as automotive, defense and aerospace.

In general, Continental Europe tends to have a surplus of well trained and educated oil and gas professionals and acts as an “exporter” of these professionals worldwide. This past year did not see significant changes in activity and so the supply and demand of labour was largely in equilibrium. An exception to this was Poland, where disappointing results in shale exploration has led to a weakening demand for these skills.

Russia, which relies on oil and gas related duties and taxes, is being threatened by the re-balancing of the global energy market. Exports have dropped due to European economic problems and increased competition from cheaper alternatives. Therefore, Russia’s attention, and gas exports, might shift eastward to gas-hungry China.

Many believe that Russia must invest in unconventional resources like the Arctic and shale in order to maintain long-term production. This would likely require a significant inflow of technology and as much

as $100 billion in international investment, which is being supported so far by tax breaks. Russia currently accounts for approximately 15 per cent of global production but less than 10 per cent of capital investment.

At the time of writing, large scale rallies were being held in Ukraine to protest the government’s refusal to sign a political and trade pact with the European Union, a decision assumed to be heavily influenced by Russia. Adding to the tension between Russia and Ukraine is a dispute over overdue payments owed to Gazprom. The outcome of the current discourse between the countries may have an impact on hiring for Russian and Ukrainian projects.

Perhaps consequently, Ukraine has entered into shale gas production agreements with International Oil Companies (IOCs) to reduce its dependence on Russian imports and possibly achieve energy self-sufficiency.

However, shale efforts in neighboring Poland, Lithuania and Romania have had limited success due to a combination of geology, contractual terms and environmental concerns.

Further south in the Caspian area, activity continues to remain high as do investments in transportation infrastructure.

United Kingdom and Continental Europe

Russia and Commonwealth of Independent States (Russia and CIS)

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2013 was a relatively steady year for the Middle East, but given the number of infrastructure and field development projects that are now underway, the expectation for 2014 is for much greater activity.

While the Middle East will rely on imported workers for the foreseeable future, there have been government and company efforts to increase the local labour content of the workforce.

These efforts have had some positive impact, supported by the demographic youth bulge in the local population, but the increased blue- and white-collar workforce requirements expected in the next few years will most certainly be met by workers from other regions.

Some of the NOC’s have launched worldwide recruitment campaigns for the thousands of engineers they expect to require in the near future.

Growing interest in the Middle East in unconventional resources underlines the general view that the days of easy oil are over. These skills will largely be imported internationally.

Iran in particular has not had access to modern technologies, so there is great potential for increased production if local complexities can be overcome.

OPEC has seen its exports decrease due to slow growth of global demand coupled with surging production from the US.

Given the expected return of production from places like Iran, Iraq and Libya, OPEC may continue to see declines in the short-term.

In the long-term, global oil demand is expected to grow from 90mmbpd to 115mmbpd by 2040 due to population growth and increased per capita energy consumption in developing countries, in the Middle East production will once again regain its dominance.

Africa currently supplies approximately 12 per cent of the world’s oil and is estimated to hold as much as eight per cent of the world’s recoverable oil reserves and seven per cent of its gas. About 80 per cent of its oil production currently comes from Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Egypt and Angola. Given its vast size and potentially untapped resource wealth, Africa is one of the last oil and gas frontiers.

Challenges, however, remain in almost all respects. Security remains a concern, and candidates are increasingly considering their safety and how potential employers are managing security at their facilities before they accept offers. Political uncertainty, fraud and corruption, stringent regulations and restrictions, and a lack of infrastructure and local skills all play a role in inhibiting investment.

Nevertheless, capital investment in East and West Africa should continue as huge potential outweighs concerns about fiscal stability, security and infrastructure.

Historically, E&P focus has been in the west, mainly in offshore and deep water, but that focus is shifting somewhat to the east, particularly in gas exploration, as expectations have not been completely met in western investments. Recently, there have been significant gas finds in Mozambique and Tanzania, and growing interest in oil exploration in Uganda and Kenya.

Deep water skills are still in demand in the west, mostly reservoir and drilling engineering, but increasingly candidates with gas experience, particularly in the feasibility, design and exploration areas, are being recruited in the east.

Some of these skill requirements will be met by workers moving from west to east. A majority of skilled workers will continue to be expats into the foreseeable future.


Africa

Middle East



Energy demand is expected to grow by 80 per cent by 2035 in Southeast Asia, further shifting the global centre of gravity of the industry eastward. Singapore has become one of Asia’s main energy and petrochemicals hubs and one of the world’s top-three oil trading and refining centers. Asia Pacific continues to be a region targeted by global IOCs to achieve growth.

Oil production has peaked, and the region has become a net oil importer in the mid-1990s. Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei have been significant exporters of gas historically, but are now slowly becoming importers or net neutral.

Investment has been inhibited by challenging legal and ownership issues, raising capital, territorial disputes, infrastructure and technical issues. The region must reduce regulatory uncertainties and offer financial investment frameworks that compensate for risks in order to attract more international investment.

With Singapore’s first LNG terminal coming on line, we can expect an increase in demand for candidates with LNG experience. Design and construction of offshore structures (rigs, FPSO, FSO and topsides) remains an expanding market.

There is a shortage of Senior Project Managers, particularly those with a subsea or SURF background and ‘mega project’ experience. The market is also tight for Asian national Reservoir Engineers, Senior Geophysicists and Geologists.

The manufacturing industry in Asia has continued its drive forward and the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) sector has been an engine for growth for a number of years. With issues of quality and reliability high on the end users’ agenda, Asia has made giant strides in improving quality and the results are increased orders and a wider range of products being produced. We expect to see continued demand for sales & business development specialists and operations/plant managers well versed in maximizing productivity and improving quality processes.

There has been pressure on salary levels increasing for Asian nationals. To manage costs, companies are offering increased

bonuses and are reducing their reliance on expats where possible.

The drive to invest in and develop local talent in Malaysia continues. This strategy has had a significant positive impact on the talent available, particularly at the senior level.

In the geoscience area many senior roles have been historically occupied by expats. However, companies, such as operators, are now vying for talented local professionals. In response to high demand and short supply, suitable Malaysian candidates at this level can negotiate large salary increases when moving from one company to another. Given the focus on employing local staff, expat salaries are under pressure.

Agreements are starting to be put into place in China to attract international capital and talent to develop shale reserves. China is believed to hold the world’s largest technically recoverable shale gas resource, but exploration is at an early stage.

In the upstream market, EPC and other oil field service companies have seen a relatively flat market for their services, and so their hiring has remained stable. In contrast, the downstream market, particularly the production of bitumen and lubricants, is booming and sales and marketing professionals are in demand.

Experienced and skilled engineering professionals specialising in geology and reservoir engineering and with both onshore and offshore knowledge are in short supply in the domestic market.

Asia

Australasia

After a number of remarkable years of investment, there will likely be a pause in new LNG projects as US exports are potentially more favourable from a standpoint of pricing, contractual terms, and supply portfolio diversification.

New Australian opportunities for LNG expansion will have to overcome its high-cost environment and highly valued currency.

In the marine support sector, wages and expenses have risen significantly (40 per cent) since 2007, only partially offset by rises in revenue (8 per cent), raising concerns about the ongoing health and competitiveness of the offshore industry.

In Western Australia and in the Northern Territories the focus has come off of the Gorgon and Wheatstone projects and now attention lies with Inpex and other new developments, expansion of existing operations with mid-tier operators and, finally, efficiency measures in existing assets. Offshore-specific disciplines like marine installation and subsea engineering remain in high demand falling in line with the stages of major projects.

The four LNG projects in Queensland (QLD) are all at differing stages with QCLNG coming in first.

APLNG and GLNG have another year of construction to run and have recently signed an agreement to share some pipeline infrastructure to save costs. Due to a mixture of cost, developing FLNG technology and new countries coming into play, the Arrow project has gone back to concept selection phase. The refineries are currently going through significant periods of change and are structuring themselves over the coming months to deal with this. GTL technology appears to be uncompetitive with the current availability of resources in QLD and the pilot plant is likely to be abandoned.

The outlook for 2014 is quite promising with multiple packages of the major projects ramping up in close succession, re-engaging candidates in areas of the market that have been stagnant over the last six months, as well as planned expansion and maintenance works at various on- and offshore operations. Key disciplines that will see a resurgence include HSE, QA/QC, specialist trades and labour, with subsea, installation, project controls and operations and maintenance remaining stable.

With portions of the market remaining flat over 2013, employers are looking to exhaust local resources before they will consider sponsorship. Key technical areas and skillsets specific to new technology like FLNG and dynamic positioning are new to Australia and therefore employers are looking to overseas markets for resources.

As infrastructure comes into completion, companies are preparing for operations. With the lack of previous local expertise within CSG and LNG we will see demand increase for operations personnel from similar industries as well as training personnel to assist in the transition.

Although a relatively minor player on the global playing field, there is growing interest in the exploration potential in offshore New Zealand.

Due to the potential economic benefits, the government has purposefully attracted international investment to shoot seismic and explore in some of the largely unexplored deepwater basins.

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SECTION TWOSALARY INFORMATION2013 saw a one per cent like-for-like decrease in average salary


One per cent like-for-like decrease after three years of growth


SALARIES DECLINE FROM 2012 LEVELS

Raw data

Like-for-like data

-10%

-8%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

2010 2011 2012 2013

Like-for-like data takes into consideration respondent demographic changes and currency fluctuations.

SALARY INFORMATIONSalary Overview


This past year we saw the like-for-like average permanent salary of survey respondents fall to $81,184*, a one per cent decline from last year’s average salary of $81,924.

This represents perhaps a well needed correction after two prior years of significant salary increases.

While the headline decline is significant, the individual country figures portray the numerous forces shaping remuneration in the industry. Whether they are successes or issues stemming from geology, politics, the environment, the economy or in some cases armed conflict, each region’s salary tells a story:

• Australia saw flat to slightly declining average salaries after a number of years of unsustainable growth in wages had started to threaten the financial viability of some projects.

• Southeast Asia saw declines in China, Indonesia and Malaysia due to downward pressure on expat salaries, while Singapore remained relatively strong.

• The Middle East was flat to slightly declining except for Qatar due to its increased upstream and downstream activity.

• Russia and CIS were flat to lower due to less reliance on expats as was most of Africa.

• Continental Europe was flat to declining as supply and demand of workers was largely in equilibrium, but in places like Poland there was a reduced need for expats. UK and North Sea salaries were also flat to slightly declining year-over-year.

• Brazil had a second consecutive decline after several years of upwardly spiraling salaries, as further delays in activity reduced the demand for workers. Argentina and Venezuela also saw salaries decline, whereas Colombia a bright spot.

• Canada saw relatively flat salaries as transportation bottlenecks to the US caused jitters in prices and shook investor confidence. US salaries decreased to 2010 levels as low natural gas prices depressed onshore drilling.

Looking forwardAt the time of writing the price of oil remained comfortably above $90/bbl and natural gas in the US has rebounded to well over $4/mcf. There is some doubt creeping into the market driven by the possibility of falling prices due to tepid global demand and the impact of increased production from countries such as the US, Iran, Iraq and Libya. If so, it will be interesting to see whether OPEC takes steps to prop up prices to their desired benchmark by curtailing their production.

However, the consensus view is that the US will continue to experience good economic growth and the economies of the UK and other parts of Europe are poised to have improved years. Australia may also have hit its bottom as China’s manufacturing output and therefore demand for coal and metals rebounds. In this scenario, energy prices should continue to remain within a relatively narrow band between $90-110/bbl, perhaps with upside, which would drive increased spending in 2014, perhaps on the order of five per cent over 2013 levels.

Assuming this happens in 2014, we would expect salaries to rise in the five per cent range, but with a wide variation between disciplines and countries.

ANNUAL SALARIES BY COUNTRY

Local average annual salary

Imported average annual salary

Algeria 39,600 96,700

Angola 51,300 110,600

Argentina 75,800 106,900

Australia 163,700 164,000

Azerbaijan 54,800 133,800

Bahrain 34,000 69,300

Brazil 90,600 125,800

Brunei 99,300 119,400

Canada 130,000 119,200

China 62,900 125,600

Colombia 100,300 137,000

Denmark 98,800 115,200

Egypt 37,500 105,200

France 101,200 103,300

Ghana 26,800 128,500

India 37,700 63,700

Indonesia 41,900 129,600

Iran 39,800 83,700

Iraq 49,100 114,500

Italy 66,100 86,100

Kazakhstan 38,900 117,000

Kuwait 79,600 84,600

Libya 36,000 68,700

Malaysia 47,900 115,400

Mexico 79,600 132,700

Netherlands 111,000 101,500

New Zealand 100,800 127,700

Nigeria 48,500 129,800

Norway 179,200 110,400

Oman 87,800 90,000

Pakistan 32,200 93,500

Papua New Guinea 52,900 99,800

Philippines 30,000 120,100

Poland 36,400 58,200

Portugal 75,400 106,000

Qatar 47,200 84,000

Romania 33,800 103,900

Russia 68,300 127,000

Saudi Arabia 58,400 76,600

Singapore 86,400 97,600

South Africa 63,100 76,300

South Korea 70,000 156,500

Spain 66,900 94,100

Sudan 24,100 77,600

Thailand 59,300 143,200

Trinidad and Tobago 59,000 80,400

Turkey 50,400 77,000

United Arab Emirates 65,100 80,000

United Kingdom 94,200 91,800

United States of America 111,800 118,100

Venezuela 50,000 85,600

Vietnam 26,600 142,200

Yemen 36,300 150,200

The like-for-like global average salary for 2013 was $81,184; broken down this translates to local talent average of $68,900 and imported talent average of $100,600*Respondents were asked to provide their base salary only in US dollars equivalent, converting foreign currency into US dollars at the time of responding.

SALARY INFORMATIONSalaries by Discipline Area

Contractor Day Rates


ANNUAL SALARIES BY DISCIPLINE AREA




Business Development/Commercial 53,600 36,000 41,800 59,700 101,100 168,100

Construction/Installation 61,000 37,000 54,500 76,800 105,700 188,000

Downstream Operations Management 55,000 42,000 50,000 83,700 92,000 163,400

Drilling 65,200 37,000 67,900 86,900 125,800 199,900

Electrical 61,200 38,100 48,500 70,100 87,200 N/A

Estimator/Cost Engineer 35,000 30,000 46,700 74,000 102,000 N/A

Geoscience 60,000 45,000 56,000 95,400 137,100 222,300

Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) 42,500 34,500 55,800 71,800 94,500 182,300

Logistics 55,900 31,300 35,000 65,000 85,000 116,900

Marine/Naval 72,000 32,900 67,600 80,300 98,200 175,000

Mechanical 50,000 38,000 42,600 69,200 87,100 102,000

Piping 47,000 34,000 43,000 59,900 86,900 N/A

Process (chemical) 49,400 38,900 46,200 73,700 113,000 125,400

Production Management 55,800 32,400 52,100 79,600 109,700 242,200

Project Controls 55,000 40,000 50,600 72,600 111,200 156,500

Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) 49,300 36,500 53,700 60,000 92,900 134,000

Reservoir/Petroleum Engineering 45,900 44,800 67,800 105,700 131,900 262,800

Structural 57,700 36,000 41,800 73,000 93,000 204,100

Subsea/Pipelines 54,200 41,400 62,400 89,100 134,500 199,000

Supply Chain/Procurement 45,600 31,900 53,800 72,100 86,600 186,800

Technical Safety 61,300 35,000 60,700 74,300 115,200 185,000

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Breaking down the data into disciplines and comparing against last year’s figures highlights the effects of the factors discussed in Section One.

In general, high demand skills like reservoir/petroleum engineering and subsea engineering continued to see an increase in salary. So did skills in unconventional exploration and production.

Conversely, most other disciplines realized flat or single digit declines in their salaries.

Salary declines occurred more or less uniformly across all levels of seniority.

Most disciplines realised flat or single digit declines in their salaries

CONTRACTOR DAY RATES BY REGION

Operator/Technician Intermediate Senior


Vice President/ Director

Australasia 700 660 910 1,190 1,160

North East Asia 230 220 450 700 1,030

South East Asia 210 150 230 310 630

Eastern Europe 270 180 350 460 N/A

Northern Europe 340 330 660 880 1,120

Russia and CIS 270 190 540 700 760

Western Europe 370 440 630 810 1,020

Middle East 280 250 350 500 990

East/South Africa 240 270 440 570 N/A

North Africa 280 250 350 470 N/A

West Africa 290 270 500 620 N/A

North America 440 600 660 790 930

South America 370 280 380 630 910

Like permanent salaries, contractor day rates were largely flat or declining across regions and levels of seniority


SALARY INFORMATIONSalaries by Company Type

Background for this section

Only where the sample size is large enough have we listed figures in these tables. Where not enough responses were received, entries are returned as N/A.

Permanent staff salaries are the figures returned by respondents as their base salary in US dollar equivalent figures (respondents were asked to convert their salary into US dollars using xe.com at the time of responding) excluding one-off bonuses, pension, share options and other non-cash benefits, for those working on a yearly payroll. Those on a daily payroll are extracted and listed separately.

The average salaries listed under local labour are representative of respondents based in their country of origin. Salaries listed under imported labour are representative of those who are working in that country but originate from another.

Contractor rates are listed as US dollar equivalent day rates as listed by respondents.

ANNUAL SALARIES BY COMPANY TYPE




Consultancy 51,000 41,200 46,600 80,000 111,200 155,300

Contractor 67,600 40,600 55,600 67,700 98,300 167,000

EPCM 57,000 43,500 49,000 78,300 117,800 172,400

Equipment Manufacture and Supply 47,700 37,000 45,300 60,300 75,800 140,000

Global Super Major 75,900 63,000 76,600 101,600 124,300 210,000

Oil Field Services 53,000 39,300 54,500 65,000 86,700 166,000

Operator 58,500 43,500 65,000 101,300 145,500 234,500

SALARY CHANGES BY COMPANY TYPE

Consultancy Contractor EPCM EquipmentManufactureand Supply

Global Super Major

Oil Field Services

Operator$0

$20,000

$40,000

$60,000

$80,000

$100,000

$120,000

2013

2011

2012

2010

All company types experienced single digit declines in average salary from last year, and salaries are broadly back to 2011 levels. In terms of the magnitude of

base salary by company type, Global Super Majors and other Operators continue to lead the pack, as expected

This chart presents the raw survey data only.


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SECTION THREEINDUSTRY BENEFITSBonuses continue to dominate benefits packages in a bid to attract top talent, while keeping salaries from escalating


Bonuses remain the most popular benefit offered by companies, however health plans are on the rise


TOP FIVE BENEFITS RECEIVED OVER FOUR YEARS

2010 2011 2012 2013Bonuses 36.7% 38.1% 42.8% 42.8%

Health plan 25.7% 27.9% 32.4% 33.2%

Home leave allowance/flights 19.1% 21.2% 23.9% 24.0%

Hardship 20.6% 21.7% 24.3% 22.8%

Housing 20.0% 20.4% 24.5% 23.0%


INDUSTRY BENEFITSOverview of Industry Benefits

Once again the number of people receiving benefits has increased. Compared to 2012, we have seen a two per cent increase in the number of people receiving benefits.

As candidate shortages continue to rise, it is evident that employers are utilising benefits such as bonuses as a mechanism for attracting top talent. Despite this increase, there is a still a significant portion of oil and gas professionals not receiving benefits (33 per cent) worldwide. Employers who utilise their benefits as a key selling feature may be able to more effectively target this candidate pool in their recruitment plans.

Bonuses once again rank as the number one benefit offered by employers, staying steady with 2013 at 42.8 per cent. Bonuses, particularly those directly relating to performance can be a strong motivator.

What is most notable about this year’s results is the increase in health plans. Health plans have consistently been ranked second next to bonuses. However, for the first time health plans rank first in North America.

Background: The bar chart shows two figures related to benefits that employees in the oil and gas industry receive. The first figure represents the percentage of respondents that receive that particular benefit, i.e. 42.8 per cent of respondents receive some sort of bonus. The second figure represents the value of that benefit stated as a percentage of their overall package for those that receive it, which in the case of bonuses is 15.9 per cent.

15.9%

16.0%

10.2%

16.5%

13.1%

13.0%

11.6%

13.2%

14.5%

17.0%

11.7%

15.1%

18.8%

18.6%

14.8%

42.8%

10.2%

8.9%

8.4%

11.4%

18%

20.8%

7.9%

33.2%

10.6%

24%

14.7%

22.8%

18.6%

23%

33.28%

Bonuses

Hardship allowance

Commission

Hazardous danger pay

Tax Assistance

Meal allowance

Pension

Share scheme

Health Plan

Schooling


Training

Housing

Overtime


No Benefits

Percentage that receive the benefit

Average percentage of their total package

OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRY BENEFITS

More people are receiving benefits than in the past five years


INDUSTRY BENEFITSCompany Benefits

Bonuses top the list as the highest ranked benefit across all company types, staying consistent with 2012. Global Super Majors and Equipment Manufacturer & Supplier companies offer pension plans more so than other company types. On the other hand, EPCM and Oilfield Services offer more overtime pay.

As candidates move within sectors employers should be mindful of the benefits professionals are used to receiving and be flexible with their offerings in order to attract their desired talent.

TOP BENEFITS BY COMPANY TYPE

Overtime

Home leave allowance/flights Overtime

19%

17%


17%

Housing

Pension Home leave allowance/flights

21%

22%


20%

No Benefits

No Benefits

No Benefits

No Benefits

32%

24%

23%

32%

Health Plan

Health Plan Health Plan

26%

31%

Pension25%

28%


Meal allowance Housing

20%

18%

Housing23%

19%


Car/Transport/Petrol Car/Transport/Petrol

21%

28%

Health Plan35%

20%

Bonuses

Bonuses

Bonuses

Bonuses

35%

44%

46%

36%

EPCM/CONTRACTOR

EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER & SUPPLY

GLOBAL SUPER MAJOR/OPERATOR

OILFIELD SERVICES/CONSULTANCY

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Despite bonuses being the highest ranked benefit across all company types, health plans realised the highest increase of five per cent



PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYEES WHO RECEIVE BENEFITS BY REGION

Bonuses are the most popular benefit offered to employees for all regions bar North and South America. In North America in the last year, health plans have taken over the number one spot for most prevalent benefit offered. This could be in response to the recent US ‘Obama Care’ implementation.

In South America, health plans are again the most popular benefit. South America also has the lowest number of employees who are not receiving benefits.

Australasia, although experiencing a small decline in the number of people receiving benefits, is still above its lowest number in 2010.

The Middle East has seen the highest percentage increase in the number of people receiving benefits, as benefits are offered to >10 per cent more people than in 2013. The number of people receiving benefits in the Middle East currently surpasses the previous high in 2010.

Africa Asia Australasia CIS Europe Middle East North America

South America

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

2013

2011

2012

2010

Middle East, Asia and South America are the regions with the fewest number of oil and gas professionals without benefits



TOP BENEFITS BY REGION

Meal allowance

Training

Overtime22%

9%

20%

Housing


Housing25%

12%

25%

No Benefits

No Benefits

No Benefits29%

44%

23%

Health Plan

Pension

Health Plan31%

19%

34%




11%

23%


Health Plan


15%

27%

Bonuses

Bonuses

Bonuses37%

30%

48%

AFRICA

AUSTRALASIA

Meal allowance10%


No Benefits39%

Pension25%

Overtime10%

Health Plan21%

Bonuses33%

EUROPE

Training12%


No Benefits29%

Bonuses36%

Overtime16%

Pension21%

Health Plan39%

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

Meal allowance16%

Health Plan31%

No Benefits23%



Housing33%

Bonuses41%

MIDDLE EAST


Housing20%

No Benefits35%

Health Plan24%

Meal allowance18%


Bonuses30%

RUSSIA AND CIS

Training17%


No Benefits22%

Bonuses40%

Pension18%

Meal allowance25%

Health Plan46%

SOUTH AMERICA

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SECTION FOURINDUSTRY EMPLOYMENTPlans for increasing staffing levels stays consistent with 2012


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

12.6%12.7%

27.0%

34.2%

13.5%

13.9%

14.7%

34.1%

27.6%

9.7%

26.1%

25.3%

20.9%

23.3%

24.8%

22.9%

23.9%

23.2%

22.3%

23.8%

24.7%

23.5%

CONFIDENCE THAT STAFFING LEVELS WILL CHANGE IN THE NEXT 12 MONTHS

Remain static


Decrease

Increase up to 5%


>70 per cent of employers plan to increase headcount in 2014

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014


INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENTStaffing Levels

Projected headcount growth remains on par with the previous two years. We have seen three years of consistently optimistic expectations of headcount growth, indicative of the relevant confidence in the industry.

In 2013 there was a slight dip in the number of employers planning to increase their headcount by more than 10 per cent, reaffirming that employers are setting realistic expectations for increases in the headcount.

The industry continues to rely heavily on contract workers and companies expect this to continue and perhaps increase in the future.

PERCENTAGE OF STAFF EMPLOYED ON A TEMPORARY OR CONTRACT ASSIGNMENT IN 2013

EXPECTATION THAT CONTRACTOR LEVELS WILL CHANGE IN THE NEXT 12 MONTHS

EXPECTATION THAT EXPAT LEVELS WILL CHANGE IN THE NEXT 12 MONTHS

41.6%Increase

43.8%Increase



17.9%Decrease

7.6%Decrease

None12.5%

Between 5-20%34.1%

Up to 5%12.0%

More than 20%41.4%

PERCENTAGE OF WORKFORCE EMPLOYED AS AN EXPAT IN 2013

None21.4%

Between 5-10%22.9%

Up to 5%21.8%

More than 10%33.9%

AREAS IN WHICH CONTRACTORS ARE EMPLOYED IN OIL AND GAS

Always Sometimes Never

Operations, Maintenance & Production

Petrochemicals

Project Controls

HSE & QAQC

Geoscience & Petroleum Engineering

Equipment & Supply

Engineering & Design

Drilling & Well Delivery

Subsea & Pipelines

45.4% 37.9% 16.6%

37.1% 36.3% 26.5%

40.4% 46.1% 13.5%

45.9% 38.9% 15.1%

27.7% 44.6% 27.7%

33.6% 43.6% 22.8%

38.1% 43.1% 18.8%

28.7% 40.9% 30.4%

34.1% 43.2% 22.7%

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On average, companies rely less on expat workers than in 2012



A new generation has arrived and is now embedded in the world of work. Generation Y (Gen Y) – those born between 1983 and 1995 – now represent a significant and increasing percentage of the global labour market. As the Baby Boomers and Gen X start to leave the workforce, this generation will take over the reigns and be responsible for leading the worldwide economy.

Research recently conducted by Hays sheds some light on Gen Y’s attitudes to issues surrounding their work and careers: what attracts them to a potential employer and what makes them stay such as reward, training and work/life balance; what they look for in an ideal boss; what they regard as key indicators of career success; and how they relate to social media and emerging technology.

It’s probably not surprising that our research shows that Gen Y across the globe differs from prior generations in terms of their needs and aspirations in the workplace. By and large, they look for a more engaging employee value proposition than prior generations, and value flexibility in when and where they work.

However, our research also shows that Gen Y differs considerably from region to region and from country to country. For instance, while all

Gen Y’s want to be compensated appropriately, wealth creation is much more important to those in China than Gen Y in the UK or US where work/life balance and job satisfaction are equally important.

In contrast, Gen Y in Japan view job security as the most important indicator of career success. Gen Y in the US are more motivated by making a difference to society than any other country surveyed, whereas Gen Y UK are the most motivated by interesting work and coming up with solutions, and workers in China value public recognition.

In terms of an ideal boss, Gen Y in the UK and US seek coaching, mentoring and leadership, whereas in China and Japan they are more interested in their boss being a confidant and an allocator of work.

In the oil and gas industry, the aging workforce and the increasing demand for highly skilled professionals has created skills shortages in many disciplines and in many parts of the world. In fact, our survey shows that skills shortages are now the most important issue facing companies today. Gen Y workers will play an increasingly important role in solving the industry’s skill shortages. Therefore it is critical for companies and their HR departments to understand what motivates Gen Y so that they can most effectively attract, motivate and retain them.

6.6%

7.3% 19.1%

22.7%

15.5%

11.5%4.2%

8.5%18.4%

8.6%

2.1%

11.3% 4.9%

0.3%

4.5%

92.7% 13.7%

17.6%

14.4%

13.7%95.8%

11.4%81.6%

10.1%

4.7%

88.7% 7.8%

2.0%

10.7%

89.3%Australasia

24 and under

Asia 25-29

8.4%

91.6%Africa

30-34

10.8%

89.2%Europe 35-39

13.2%

86.8%Russia and CIS

40-44Middle East

45-49North America

50-54

60-64

South America 55-59

65 and over

Male MaleFemale Female

REGIONAL GENDER DIFFERENCES

DIVERSITY OF STAFF

INSIGHT INTO GENERATION Y

AGE DEMOGRAPHICS

Women and younger workers make up more of the oil and gas industry workforce than last year



33.2% 66.8%

22.7% 77.3%

34.7% 65.3%


49.6% 50.4%Asia

27.5% 72.5%Africa

48.5% 51.5%Europe


Middle East

North America

South America

Working overseas Working in home country

WORKING OVERSEAS VERSUS WORKING IN HOME COUNTRY

86.5% 13.5%

26.5% 73.5%

26.0% 74.0%


23.0% 77.0%Asia

28.4% 71.6%Africa

30.5% 69.5%Europe


Middle East

North America

South America

Imported labour Local labour

IMPORTED WORKFORCE VERSUS LOCAL WORKFORCE

MOVEMENT OF THE WORKFORCE

WORKING AT HOME OR ABROAD

62%Home

38%Abroad

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Middle East dominated by expatriates

Europe and Asia remain the primary export of talent


INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENTExperience and Tenure

This year has seen a significant increase in the number of workers new to the industry as companies are hiring more college graduates as well as experienced workers to join their business from other industries. However, years of experience of professionals within their current roles have largely stayed the same with previous years.

With the baby boomer generation nearing retirement we could see an exodus of professionals leaving the industry with vast knowledge and skill sets. Employers can address this impending issue with appropriate training and succession planning.

YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

TIME IN CURRENT ROLE

YEARS OF EXPERIENCE FOR SPECIFIC DISCIPLINE AREAS

20+ years10-19 years5-9 years0-4 years

Construction/Installation

Project Controls

Geoscience

Subsea/Pipelines

36.0%

26.5%

23.0%

22.4%

26.4%

24.7%

30.1%

21.4%

16.2%

24.7%

19.0%

29.8%

21.4%

24.1%

27.9%

26.5%

35.6%0-4 years

23.1%5-9 years

21.7%10-19 years

19.5%20+ years

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2011 2012 2013

26.0%

25.0%

28.7%

12.0%8.3%

24.6%

29.2%

24.7%

13.7%7.7%

23.4%

26.6%

24.9%

15.6%

9.5%

6 - 10 years

1-2 years

10+ years

3-5 years

Less than 1 year


% INCREASE IN HAYS JOB SEEKER MOBILE TRAFFIC 2012 VS 2013

Bra

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0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

Job seeker mobile traffic usage

INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENTRecruiting in the Digital Space

The following chart indicates the top three ways in which oil and gas professionals find new jobs. Recruiting in the digital age means employers need to cover all basis, having their jobs posted on multiple channels, so that job seekers can easily navigate the job market.

Social media is obviously an important space to be in when targeting job seekers. In addition to this however, recruiting in the digital space means reaching your audiences when and where they are available and there may be no better direct route then mobile technology. In a recent iMomentous report, 36 per cent of Fortune 500 companies have a mobile website, yet only five per cent permit applying via mobile capabilities. A Simply Hired survey found that mobile users click on 60 per cent more jobs and spend 27 per cent more time looking at jobs. By not having your jobs in a mobile environment could result in employers missing out on active candidates.

THE RISE OF ONLINE JOB BOARDS FOR JOB SEEKERS

MOBILE RECRUITING

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65 per cent of Hays countries have experienced between 100 and 200 per cent+ increase in job seeker mobile traffic compared to last year

85% 75% 69%

Online search Traditional networking Job board

Source: Study by Oil and Gas Jobsearch

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Permanent hiring is at an all-time high compared to the results of our past four salary guides. Areas where we are seeing the highest spike in permanent staff levels are Global Super Majors and Operators. Both of which are up by approximately 10 per cent compared to 2012.

Of note, Equipment Manufacturer & Suppliers were the only company type to experience flat or declining percentages of permanent workers. However, their permanent workforce percentage remains the highest out of all company types.

EMPLOYMENT MIX BY COMPANY TYPE

Contractors

Consultancy

51.9%

50.6%

2.8%

3.3%

25.2%

27.3%

20.0%

18.8%

Oil Field Services 66.2% 3.4% 18.0% 12.4%

Equipment Manufacturer & Supplier

EPCM

79.7%

62.2%

3.2%

1.4%

10.2%

21.7%

6.9%

14.8%

Operators

Global Super Major

69.0%

63.1%

2.2%

1.5%

12.4%

11.4%

16.4%

24.0%

Permanent Permanent/part-time

Contracted direct

Contracted through agency

Permanent hiring on the rise

Fewer contractors were engaged with agencies



PERCENTAGE CHANGE OF EMPLOYMENT TYPE FROM 2012 to 2013

-7.7%

-0.1%

-2.7%

10.5%

GLOBAL SUPER MAJOR

-0.1%

-0.3%

-2.9%

9.1%

EPCM

-3.0%

-0.1%

-2.3%

5.4%

OIL FIELD SERVICES

-3.9%

0.3%

-1.2%

4.8%

CONTRACTORS

-7.8%

0.8%

-2.5%

9.4%

OPERATORS

-0.1%

1.2%

-0.1%

-1.0%

EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER & SUPPLIER

-7.6%

0.0%

-0.1%

7.6%

CONSULTANCY

Permanent Permanent/part-time Contracted direct Contracted through agency

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SECTION FIVEINDUSTRY OUTLOOKLong-term view is relatively strong, particularly for high potential areas such as Brazil, the Gulf of Mexico, West Africa and the Arctic


Skill shortages continue to be the main concern for employers worldwide



23.1%

33.8%9.2%

7.9%

14.5%

9.4%

2.1%

Safety regulations




Other


Skills shortages


INDUSTRY OUTLOOKConfidence and Concerns

For the past three years employers have had a consistently positive outlook on the industry. Over 70 per cent of employers have a positive to very positive outlook moving into 2014. Despite this positivity there are still many factors that could impede on employers plans for growth. For example, in South America and Australasia, approximately a third of employers are concerned with economic instability and in North America, 40 per cent are concerned with skill shortages. In Africa economic instability is equally as concerning as the potential of environmental issues. Safety regulations remain an important concern here as well.

Skill shortages worldwide still plague the industry, however immigration and overseas visa programs are less concerning to employers. Expect competition on a global level for top talent as business activity gains strength throughout 2014.

EMPLOYERS’ CONFIDENCE IN THE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY


South America

Australasia

Asia

Africa

All regions 33.8%

23.4%

31.5%

40.0%

25.8%

23.1%

19.6%

25.1%

27.7%

30.3%

14.5%

19.0%

13.3%

13.9%

21.0%

9.4%

9.3%

8.8%

6.4%

9.2%

9.2%

11.1%

12.4%

4.6%

3.9%

7.9%

16.1%

7.4%

3.3%

7.4%

2.1%

1.6%

1.6%

4.2%

Russia and CIS 29.2% 26.8% 13.5% 10.8% 6.3% 10.4%3.0%

Middle East

North America

Europe 47.6%

30.2%

39.5%

21.4%

21.0%

23.8%

10.8%

13.9%

16.8%

4.1%

10.7%

6.9%

6.6%

11.5%

5.4%

6.8%

11.4%

4.5%

2.6%

1.3%

3.0%

2.3%

Skills shortages



Safety regulations



Other

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

43.6%

6.5%

34.1%

15.8%

11.8%

45.1%

33.4%

9.7%

26.7%

46.8%

20.8%

26%

47.8%

20.7%

26.1%

46.2%

21.5%

5.7% 5.5% 6.2%

Very positive

Neutral

Positive

Negative

“ Confidence levels in next year’s industry growth remain high but have declined slightly from last year, reflecting the caution that has crept into the industry.”



INDUSTRY OUTLOOKFocus for 2014

EMPLOYER’S GEOGRAPHICAL FOCUS OVER THE NEXT 12 MONTHS, OUTSIDE THEIR OWN REGIONAL AREA

10.9%

11.6%

7.7%

8.7%

7.8%

9.6%

9.7%

21.2%12.7%

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EXPECTED SALARY CHANGES IN THE NEXT 12 MONTHS

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

28%

26%

23%

19%

21.9%

28.1%

25.3%

21.6%

15.7%

20.9%

30%

32.4%

17.6%

24%

29.8%

27.4%

17%

24.2%

29.4%

27.6%

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Remain static


Decrease

Increase up to 5%


Australia“ With portions of the market remaining flat over 2013, employers are looking to exhaust local resources before they will consider sponsorship. Key technical areas and skillsets specific to new technology like FLNG and dynamic positioning are new to Australia however, and as such, employers are looking to overseas markets for resources.”

Paula Kirwan, Director, Hays Oil & Gas

North America“ Hiring levels for both permanent and temporary professionals are predicted to increase in 2014 as new projects are approved. Although many candidates will come from the local market in Canada, initiatives such as the new LNG pipeline will require employers to reach out internationally to obtain all the skills needed.”

Jim Fearon, Vice President, Hays Oil & Gas

North Sea“ Geoscience and subsurface professionals are in high demand due to an emergence of projects over the last 12 months. These candidates with North Sea specific development experience are in particular short supply as they are typically recruited for projects overseas. Employers in 2014 should plan ahead their recruitment plans in order be prepared for this shortage.”

Ed Allnutt, Director, Hays Oil & Gas

Asia“ With a consistently high level of job flow through-out the year, candidates are high in demand causing wage pressures. In an effort to keep costs from escalating employers are utilising bonuses to keep base salaries in check. We anticipate much of the same for 2014.”

Mike Wilkshire, Director, Hays Oil & Gas

Middle East“ We have seen strong business activity in 2013, and as planned projects come on-line, we expect the Middle East to be a hive of recruitment of activity over the next year. The labour market is forecast to remain stable for local candidates but increase for imported talent, as employers look to overseas to source the skills needed to support major projects planned for 2014.”

Gary Ward, Director, Hays Oil & Gas


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Hays Oil & Gas specialise in the recruitment of professionals within the oil and gas sector across the following regions: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Commonwealth of Independent States, Europe, Middle East, North America and South America.

Hays specialises in the following 20 functional areas and industry sectors globally:

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BrazilRio de JaneiroT: +55 21 2430 6600E: [email protected]

CanadaCalgaryT: +1 403 269 4297E: [email protected]

ChinaBeijingT: +86 10 5765 2688E: [email protected]

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ColombiaBogotá D.C.T: +57 (1) 742 25 02 E: [email protected]

DenmarkCopenhagenT: +45 33 15 56 00E: [email protected]

FranceNiceT: +33 (0)4 97 18 8000E: [email protected]

MalaysiaKuala LumpurT: +603 2786 8600E: [email protected]

Mexico Mexico CityT: + 52 (55) 5249 2500E: [email protected]

NetherlandsRotterdamT: +31 10 201 3700E: [email protected]

New ZealandWellingtonT: +64 4 473 6860E: [email protected]

PolandWarsawT: +48 22 584 5650E: [email protected]

RussiaMoscowT: + 7 495 228 2208E: [email protected]

SingaporeSingapore CityT: +65 6303 0152E: [email protected]


United KingdomAberdeenT: +44 122 494 5483E: [email protected]

LondonT: +44 203 465 0133E: [email protected]

United States HoustonT: +1 713 297 8816E: [email protected]

United KingdomManchesterT: +44 161 975 6026E: [email protected]

AustraliaPerthT: +61 8 9262 6297E: [email protected]


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Offshore Pipelay for Oil and Gas Detailed Discusssion

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