Official Regularizations of Settlement Names in the...
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OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA
DURING THE 20TH CENTURY (1898–2000)
Sándor DobosFerenc Rákóczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute:
- Junior researcher at the Tivadar Lehoczky Social Sciences Research Centre- Assistant-lecturer in History at the Department of History and Social Sciences
University of Debrecen:- PhD-student with certificate of completion at the Doctoral School of History and Ethnography
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
SUSTAINABLE MULTILINGUALISM 2017
KAUNAS (LITHUANIA)
Political Map of Ukraine (nowadays)
Administrative Map of Transcarpathian Region (officially
called Zakarpatska oblasty)
Source: György Lelkes: Dictionary of Hungarian place-names. Talma Publisher, Baja, 1998
/Forrás: Lelkes György: Magyar helységnév-azonosító szótár. Talma Könyvkiadó, Baja, 1998
Administrative Map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1913
Administrative Map of the Counties of Ung, Bereg and Ugocsa in 1913
Source: György Lelkes: Dictionary of Hungarian place-names. Talma Publisher, Baja, 1998
/Forrás: Lelkes György: Magyar helységnév-azonosító szótár. Talma Könyvkiadó, Baja, 1998
Administrative Map of the County of Máramaros in 1913
Source: György Lelkes: Dictionary of Hungarian place-names. Talma Publisher, Baja, 1998
/Forrás: Lelkes György: Magyar helységnév-azonosító szótár. Talma Könyvkiadó, Baja, 1998
• At the time of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (in 1901, 1904 and 1907);
• The territory of present-day Transcarpathia consisted of the counties of Ung,
Bereg, Ugocsa and Máramaros;
• There were chaos and disorder in the field of place-names:
– many settlements have the same names (e.g.: there were about 80 villages that were
called ‘Újfalu’)
– one settlement has several names
– place-names were not regularized nationally, at the same time several authorities
and offices dealt with naming and renaming of settlements (e.g: Ministry of Home
Affairs, Post Office, Office of Railway, Steamship Agency)
• The 4th act in the law about ’The town/village-names and other place-names’
from 1898:
– main principle of the regularization was that each settlement should have only one
officially registered name (’one name–one settlement, one settlement–one name’)
• Setting up National Municipal Registration Committee (NMRC);
• Official registration of place-names took place in 59 counties from 1898 to 1912
THE FIRST OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA
Source: Acts from 1898. In: Collection of Hungarian law. Editor:dr Dezső Márkus, royal legal judge. Budapest,
1899. 19-21 p. / Forrás: 1898. évi törvényczikkek. In: Magyar Törvénytár. Jegyzetekkel ellátta: dr. Márkus Dezső,
királyi törvényszéki bíró. Budapest, 1899. 19-21.
The 4th act in the law about ’The town/village-names and other place-names’ from 1898
RESULTS OF THE FIRST OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA (SOME EXAMPLES)
Source: Names of towns/cities and villages of historical Hungary based on the documents of National Municipal Registration Committe. Edited by dr. Andrásné Jeney, Árpád Tóth.
Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1998. /Forrás: Történeti Magyarország városainak és községeinek névváltozatai az Országos Községi Törzskönyv-bizottság iratanyaga
alapján (1898-1913).Szerk.:dr. Jeney Andrásné, Tóth Árpád. KHS, Budapest, 1998.
No.Place-name in 1900
before the 4th article of the Act from 1898
Place-name
according to the 4th article of the Act from 1898District name
County of Máramaros (the registration and regularization of place-names were carried out in 1901)
1
2
3
4
5
Técső
Bogdán
Akna-Szlatina (Szlátyiná)
Lipcse-Polyána
Pilipecz
Técső
Tiszabogdány
Aknaszlatina
Lipcsemező
Fülöpfalva
Técsői
Tiszavölgyi
Szigeti
Dolhai
Ökörmezői
County of Bereg (the registration and regularization of place-names were carried out in 1904)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Beregszász rtv.
Rákos
Borzsova
Nagy-Bégány
Holubina
Tisova
Beregszász rtv.
Beregrákos
Nagyborzsova
Nagybégány
Galambos
Csendes
Latorczai
Mezőkaszonyi
Tiszaháti
Szolyvai
Alsóvereczkei
County of Ung (the registration and regularization of place-names were carried out in 1904)
1
2
3
4
5
Ungvár rtv.
Ásvány
Salamon
Kis-Gőcz
Kosztrina
Ungvár rtv.
Tiszaásvány
Tiszasalamon
Kisgejőcz
Csontos
Nagykaposi
Nagykaposi
Ungvári
Nagybereznai
County of Ugocsa (the registration and regularization of place-names were carried out in 1907)
1
2
3
4
Nagy-Szőllős
Gyula
Bökény
Kis-Kupány (Mála Kopánya)
Nagyszőllős
Szőllősgyula
Tiszabökény
Alsóveresmart
Tiszáninneni
Tiszántúli
Tiszántúli
Tiszáninneni
Partitioning of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920
• As the part of the first Czechoslovak Republic (1919–1938);
• The Treaty of SAINT-GERMAIN, signed on 10th of September 1919
• The Treaty of TRIANON, signed on 4th of June 1920
• Formation of the province called „Podkarpatska Rus” (Subcarpathia or Rusinsko)
from the counties of Ung, Bereg, Ugocsa and Máramaros;
• Place-names are regularized by the law No. 266 from 1920 about ’Naming cities,
towns, places and streets, standing place-name boards and numbering
houses/buildings’
• The governmental order No. 324 signed in 1921 detailed the way of carrying out
the law No. 266 from 1920
– Main principle was to replace the Hungarian names of all settlements by Czech
names that were approved by the Minister of Home Affairs of Czechoslovakia.
THE SECOND OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA
Source: The governmental order no. 324 from 1921. In: Collection of Czechoslovakia laws and orders. 1921. Edited
and translated into Hungarian by dr Ervin Pálesch . Prešov (Eperjes), 1922. 841-845 p.
Forrás: Az 1921. évi 324. sz. kormányrendelet. In: Cseh-Szlovák törvények és rendeletek gyűjteménye. 1921. évf.,
szerk.,magyarra ford.: dr. Pálesch Ervin. Prešov (Eperjes), 1922. 841-845.
The governmental order no. 324 signed in 1921 about’Place-names, place-name boards and street names’
No. Hungarian place-names according tothe 4th Act in the law from 1898
Czech place-names according tothe law no. 266 from 1920
1 Tiszaágtelek Ăgovo
2 Beregardó Ardov
3 Bátyú Batovo
4 Tiszabökény Bekeň
5 Nagybereg Berehy
6 Beregszász Berehovo
7 Feketeardó Černŷ Ardov
8 Beregdéda Ďedovo
9 Halábor Hrabarov
10 Makkosjánosi Janošovo
11 Tiszapéterfalva Petrovo
12 Szürte Surty
13 Ungvár Užhorod
14 Nagygut Velike Gutovo
15 Munkács Mukačevo
Source: Administrative dictionary of truncated Hungary. Edited by Károly Várady. Budapest, 1941.
Forrás:Csonka-Magyarország közigazgatási helységnévtára (Az anyaországot, a visszacsatolt felvidéket, Kárpátalját,Kelet-
Magyarországot,Felső-Erdélyt és Délvidéket magába foglaló 10. kiadás).Szerk.:vitéz Várady Károly. Budapest, 1941.
RESULTS OF THE SECOND OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA (SOME EXAMPLES)
Source: Csilla Fedinec, Mikola Vehes: Transcarpathia 1919-2009. History, politics, culture. Budapest, 2010 /
Forrás: Fedinec Cs., Vehes M.: Kárpátalja 1919-2009. Történelem, politika, kultúra. Budapest, 2010.
Administrative structure of Czechoslovakia in 1928
Source: József Botlik, György Dupka: Administration and national minority policy in Transcarpathia 1918-1945. Volume I. Nyíregyháza, 2005. /
Forrás: Botlik J. Dupka Gy.: Közigazgatás és nemzetiség politika Kárpátalján 1918-1945. I. Nyíregyháza, 2005.
The territory of present-day Transcarpathia in 1930
Attachment of Hungarian-populated parts of Upper Region and Subcarpathiato Hungary in 1938
Source: Csilla Fedinec, Mikola Vehes: Transcarpathia 1919-2009. History, politics, culture. Budapest, 2010 /
Forrás: Fedinec Cs., Vehes M.: Kárpátalja 1919-2009. Történelem, politika, kultúra. Budapest, 2010.
As the part of Hungary again (1938/39–1944 )
•The First Vienna Award signed on 2nd of November 1938Act no 34 from 1938 about ’The reattachment of Hungarian-populated parts of UpperRegion and Subcarpathia to Hungary
Hungary got back the whole territory of Subcarpathia in 1939:•The Hungarian royal army annexed the whole territory on 16th of March 1939
•Act no 34 from 1939 about ’The re-joining of Subcarpathia to Hungary’
The territorial distribution of present-day Transcarpathia:•Counties of Ung(1938), Bereg(1938), Ugocsa(1940) and Máramaros(1940);•Subcarpathia(Land of Ruthens) mostly lived by the Ruthens
Main features of the third place-name reform:
•In principle, all settlements got back their names dating from the time of first place-name regularization took place from 1898 to 1912, for example:
Berehovo → Beregszász, Užhorod → Ungvár, Mukačevo → Munkács,Ardov → Beregardó, Malá Běhaň → Kisbégány etc.
•But in the part of the region where ruthens lived most of their settlements got back theirSlavic names that were used before the first place-name regularization, for example:
Nyírhalom → Berezinka, Mélyút → Hluboke, Beregforrás → Izvor,Ungtölgyes → Dubrovka, Alsóhatárszeg → Roztoka, Ungordás → Vovkove stb.
THE THIRD OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA
Administrative division of Hungary in 1942
Source: György Lelkes: Dictionary of Hungarian place-names. Talma Publisher, Baja, 1998
/Forrás: Lelkes György: Magyar helységnév-azonosító szótár. Talma Könyvkiadó, Baja, 1998
Administrative structure of the territory of present-day Transcarpathia in 1939-44
Source: Csilla Fedinec, Mikola Vehes: Transcarpathia 1919-2009. History, politics, culture. Budapest, 2010 /
Forrás: Fedinec Cs., Vehes M.: Kárpátalja 1919-2009. Történelem, politika, kultúra. Budapest, 2010.
Source: a) Várady Károly 1941: Csonka-Magyarország közigazgatási helységnévtára (Az anyaországot, a visszacsatolt felvidéket, Kárpátalját, Kelet-Magyarországot, Felső-Erdélyt és Délvidéket magába foglaló 10. kiadás). Budapest. b) Jeney Andrásné – Tóth Árpád (szerk.) 1998: A történeti Magyarország városainak és községeinek
névváltozatai az Országos Községi Törzskönyvbizottság iratanyaga alapján (1898–1913). Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, Budapest.
No.
Place-namesaccording to the 4th article of
the Act from 1898(Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 1867-1919)
Place-names according tothe law no. 266 from 1920
(first Czechoslovak Republic 1919-1938)
Place-names according tothe 3rd OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS
(Hungary 1938-1944)
County of Bereg
1 Bátyú Batovo Bátyú2 Beregdéda Ďedovo Beregdéda3 Beregszász Berehovo Beregszász4 Halábor Hrabarov Halábor5 Makkosjánosi Janošovo Makkosjánosi6 Nagygut Velike Gutovo Nagygut
County of Ugocsa
1 Feketeardó Černŷ Ardov Feketeardó2 Nagyszőllős Sevluş Nagyszőllős3 Salánk Šalánky Salánk4 Tiszabökény Bekeň Tiszabökény
County of Ung
1 Csap Čop Csap2 Eszeny (Szabolcs megye) Eseň Eszeny
3 Nagydobrony (Bereg megye) Veľka Dobroň Nagydobrony4 Szürte Surty Szürte5 Tiszasalamon Salamúnova Tiszasalamon6 Ungvár Užhorod Ungvár
RESULTS OF THE THIRD OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN COUNTIES OF BEREG, UGOCSA AND UNG (SOME EXAMPLES)
•In Subcarpathia the place-names were regularized by two governmental orders
•The order no. 6200 M.E. from 1939 of the Hungarian Royal Ministry on “Provisionaladministrative division of Subcarpathian territory returned to the realm of the HungarianHoly Crown” - Belügyi Közlöny, 6th Jule 1939, number 30 (volume XLIV) 769-773.
•The order no. 14500 B.M. from 1939 of the Minister of Home Affairs of HungarianKingdom on “Defining settlement names and administrative division of returnedSubcarpathian territory” - Belügyi Közlöny, 6th Jule 1939, number 30 (volume XLIV) 781-802.
• These two orders specified that the Minister of Home Affairs had to determine place-names in two languages: Hungarian and Hungarian-Russian (Rusyn) without taking intoconsideration the 4th article of the 1898 Act.
•Thus, most settlements of Subcarpathia got back their Slavic names that were used beforethe first place-name regularization and the names of settlements also had to be usedsimultaneously
THE THIRD OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMES
IN SUBCARPATHIA LIVED MOSTLY BY RUTHENIANS
Source: Csonka-Magyarország közigazgatási [Administrative dictionary of truncated]… 1941;A történeti Magyarország városainak és községeinek névváltozatai [Names of towns/cities and villages of historical Hungary]… 1998.; Melléklet a 14.500/1939. B. M. számú rendelet 1. §-ának (2) bekezdéséhez: „A kárpátaljai terület községeinek jegyzéke”.
Belügyi Közlöny, 1939. július 6. 30. szám (XLIV. évf.) 781-802. [Supplement to the order no. 14500 B.M. from 1939 on “The list of the settlement names of the Subcarpathian territory” Belügyi Közlöny, 6th Jule 1939, number 30 (volume XLIV) 781-802.]
No.
Place-namesaccording to the 4th article of
the Act from 1898(Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 1867-1919)
Place-names according tothe law no. 266 from 1920
(first Czechoslovak Republic 1919-1938)
Place-names according tothe 3rd OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS
(Hungary 1938-1944)
In Subcarpathia (in Hungarian: Ruténföld)
1 Alsógereben Nižní Hrabovnice Alsóhrabonica/Нижня Грабовниця
2 Alsóhalas Nižnia Rybnica Alsóribnice/Нижня Рыбниця3 Alsóveresrnart Malá Kopaňa Alsóveresmart/Мала Копаня4 Nyírhalom Berezinka Berezinka/Березинка5 Ungtölgyes Doubravka Dubróka/Дyбpoвкa6 Őrhegyalja Podhořany Podhering/Подгоряны7 Ökörmező Volovè Ökörmező/Воловое8 Csendes Tisov Tiszova/Тисова9 Turjasebes Tuři Bystrŷ Turjabisztra/Туря Быстра
RESULTS OF THE THIRD OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN SUBCARPATHIA LIVED MOSTLY BY RUTHENIANS (SOME EXAMPLES)
Administrative structure of the territory of present-day Transcarpathia in 1942
Source: József Botlik, György Dupka: Administration and national minority policy in Transcarpathia 1918-1945. Volume I. Nyíregyháza, 2005. /
Forrás: Botlik J. Dupka Gy.: Közigazgatás és nemzetiség politika Kárpátalján 1918-1945. I. Nyíregyháza, 2005.
As the part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic belonging to the
Soviet Union from 1945/46 to 1991
•CZECHOSLOVAKIA-SOVIET UNION TREATY on 29th of June 1945, inMoscow
•According to the decree of the Presidium of Supreme Soviet of the SovietUnion, signed on 22nd January 1946, the territory of present-dayTranscarpathia became the part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic asTranscarpathian Region, officially called ’Zakarpatska Oblasty’;
The characteristics of the fourth place-name regularizations:
•Main principle was to replace Hungarian place-names by Russian
place-names and later also by Ukrainian place-names
•The place-names changes were approved on 25th June 1946 by the
Presidium of Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist
Republic.
THE FOURTH OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA
No. Hungarian(Hungarian-Russian/Rusyn)
names of settlements according to the 3rd planned place-name changes
Russian place-names Ukrainian place-names
1 Asztély Лужанка (Luzhanka) Лужанка (Luzhanka)
2 Bátyú Узловое (Uzlovoje) Вузлове (Vuzlove)
3 Beregardó Чопивка (Chopivka) Чопівка (Czopivka)
Beregszász Берегово (Berehovo) Берегове (Berehove)
4 Beregújfalu Новое Село (Novoje Selo) Нове Село (Nove Selo)
5 Botfalva Прикордонное (Prikordonoje) Прикордонне (Prikordone)
6 Bökényből Бобовое (Bobovoje) Бобове (Bobove)
7 Déda Дедово (Dedovo) Дідове (Didove)
8 Eszeny Яворово (Javorovo) Яворове (Javorove)
9 Fornos Лісковое (Liskovoje) Ліскове (Liskove)
10 Gút Гараздовка (Harazdovka) Гараздівка (Harazdivka)
11 Kőrösmező – Ясиня (Jaszina) Ясиня (Jaszina) Ясіня (Jaszina)
12 Nagyszőlős Виноградов (Vinohradov) Виноградів (Vinohradiv)
13 Ökörmező – Воловое (Volovoje) Межгорье (Mezsgorje) Міжгір’я (Mizshirja)
14 Szürte Струмковка (Strumkovka) Струмківка (Strumkivka)
Source: József Botlik, György Dupka: This is our homeland… Mandátum-Universum Publisher, Budapest-Seged, 1991. /
Forrás: Botlik J. Dupka Gy.: Ez hát a hon… Mandátum – Universum Kiadó, Budapest – Szeged, 1991.
RESULTS OF THE FOURTH OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA (SOME EXAMPLES)
Source: László Sebők: Hungarian name? Dictionary of place-names beyond the border. Budapest, 1990 /
Forrás: Sebők László: Magyar neve? Határokon túli magyar helységnévszótár. Budapest, 1990.
The territory of present-day Transcarpathia in Soviet era from 1945/46-to 1991
In the era of the Soviet Union (1989–1991) and the independent Ukraine
(1991–2000)
- It differed from earlier regularizations of place-names because the local
Hungarian minority initiated to restore the traditional, historical Hungarian
names of settlements lived by them based on updated international and
Ukrainian contracts and laws relating to the rights of national minorities.
Two organisations began deal with the case of the place-names of the
Hungarian-populated towns and villages:
A) Transcarpathian Hungarian Cultural Association (THCA), founded on 26th of
February 1989:
•The main initiator of holding referendums to change place-names of Hungarian
settlements
B) The Hungarian Studies Centre of the Soviet Union (later Uzhgorod/ Ungvári
Institute of Hungarian Studies, established in 1988:
•The Linguistic Institute of Uzhgorod State University that was asked by the
authorities to check and form an opinion of the results of the referendum as a
scientific body
THE FIFTH OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA
The way of initiating, forming opinion of and official approving the fifth place-name changes in Transcarpathia
Holding referendums in villages
(initiated by Transcarpathian Hungarian Cultural Association, from 1990)
Councils of districts approve results of referendums
holding in villages and forward them to upper authority
Council of Transcarpathian region
makes a decision
about results of referendums
The Hungarian Studies Centre
of the Soviet Union
(linguistic scientific body
that checks and forms an opinion
on results of the referendum)
Supreme Council of Ukraine finalizes
the results of place name changes
forwarded from the council of Transcarpathian region
No. Date District Pieces Place-name changes
1 22nd February 1991Uzhgorod(Ungvári)
2Javorove–Eszeny , Mineralne–Tiszaásvány.
221st September
1991Berehovo
(Beregszászi)6
Hrabariv–Halábor, Zasztavne–Zápszony,Bodoliv–Badalovo stb.
3 2nd March 1995
Berehovo(Beregszászi)Vynohradiv
(Nagyszőlősi)Mukachevo(Munkácsi)Uzhgorod(Ungvári)
23
Vuzlove – Batyovó, Harazgyivka – Gútstb.Julivci – Gyula.Driszina – Dercen, Liszkove – Fornos stb.Cehlivka – Téglás, Sztrumkivka – Szürtestb.
4 19th October 2000Vynohradiv
(Nagyszőlősi)8
Bobove – Tiszabökény, Petrovo –Péterfalva stb.
Total 39
RESULTS OF THE FIFTH PLACE-NAME CHANGES IN THE TERRITORYOF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA
BASED ON THE RELATING DECREES OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF UKRAINE(SOME EXAMPLES)
The decrees of the Supreme Council of Ukraine relating to the changes of names of Hungarian-populated settlements
The decrees of the Supreme Council of Ukraine relating to the changes of names of Hungarian-populated settlements
The territory of present-day Transcarpathia in the era of Independent Ukraine from 1991 to 2000
Source: Csilla Fedinec, Mikola Vehes: Transcarpathia 1919-2009. History, politics, culture. Budapest, 2010 /
Forrás: Fedinec Cs., Vehes M.: Kárpátalja 1919-2009. Történelem, politika, kultúra. Budapest, 2010.
Place-names were regularized nearly five times in the territory of present-day
Transcarpathia in connection with governmental changes.
No. Period Name of the country Place-name changes
1) 1901–1904–1907 Austro-Hungarian
MonarchyUngvár Tiszaásvány
2) 1919–1938 Czechoslovakia Užhorod Ašvan
3) 1938(39)–1944 Hungary Ungvár Tiszaásvány
4) 1944(45)–1988 Soviet UnionУжгород
(Uzshorod)
Минеральное
(Mineralnoje);
Мінеральне
(Mineralne)
5)
1989–1991
1991–2000
Soviet Union,
Independent Ukraine
Ужгород
(Uzshorod)
Мінеральне
(Mineralne);
↓
Тисаашвань
(Tiszaasvany)
Summary
By 2000 less than half-hundred Hungarian-populated villages got back their original
historical Hungarian place-names!
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