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Techmeal·BtilletinNo. 1083

of Wheat

J. ALLEN· CLA:RK

.S~nior Agronomist

Field .Crops Researeh Br8.J1eh

Agricultural. Research SernCf.'

March 19"

UNITE~,STIi'l'ES'DEPARTMENT ·OF AGRICUL1'URE,WASIIINGTON,D.~.;

Technical Bulletin No. 1083 March 1954

Classification of Wheat Varieties

Grown in the United States

in 1949

By

B.B.BAYLES

Principal Agronomist

and

J. ALLEN CLARK

Senior Agronomist

Field Crops Research Branch

Agricultural Research Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. • Price 70 cents

Technical Bulletin No. 1083 • March 1954

Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in theUnited States in 1949 1

By B. B. BAYLES, principal agronomist, and J. ALLEN CLARK, senior agronomist,Field Crops Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service

CONTENTS

Need for classification_ - _- - - - - - - -Previous investigations _

Foreign classifications _Domestic classifications _Summary of previous classifica-

tions _Present investigations _

Classification nurseries _Description, history, and dis-

tribution _Varietal nomenclature -_

The wheat plant _Taxonomic characters _Other characters __ - _- _

Pale1226

89

10

1213141434

Classification of the genus Trit-icum _

Spelt _Emmer _Poulard wheat_- _Polish wheat _Timopheevi _Einkorn _Common wheat _Club wheat _Durum wheat __ . _

Literature cited _Index to varieties and synonyms__

Page

3537373740404040

146151158169

NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION

The varieties of wheat grown inthe United States show a greatdiversity of type. This diversity isnatural, as wheat is produced com­mercially in most of the 48 Statesunder a wide range of environmen­tal conditions. More than 200distinct varieties are grown. Manyof these are adapted only locally,whereas others are well adapted toa wide range of varying conditions.Adaptation of varieties is an im­portant factor, as it affects theyield and profitableness of thecrop and the standardization ofvarieties. The choice of varietiesfor specific conditions and pur­poses is therefore usually given

careful consideration by growers.The choice is partly dependent,however, upon the determinationof identity.

The identification of varietiesrequires some knowledge of theappearance of plant and kerneland is assisted by informationregarding history or distribution.Wheat varieties are most generallydesignated by names, which areestablished through publication andusage. Confusion in names is fre­quent in the United States, wherethe number of varieties is verylarge. This confusion occurs intwo principal ways: (1) The samename is applied to distinctly dif­ferent varieties in different parts ofthe country, and (2) the same

1 Received for publication April 22, 1953. This bulletin is a revision of and super­sedes Department Bulletin 1074, Classification of American Wheat Varieties, TechnicalBulletin 459, Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in the United States, andTechnical Bulletin 795, Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in the United Statesin 1939.

1

2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

variety'" is grown under severaldifferent names in different partsof the country or even in thesame area. Identification is diffi­cult in cases of similar or closelyrelated varieties and is confused bythe multiplicity of names. Inabil­it~y to identify varieties leads toduplication in varietal experimentsand the fraudulent or unknowingexploitation of old varieties undernew names.

There is need, therefore, for apractical arid usable system of clas­sification that will standardize thevarietal nomenclature and enablegrowers to identify varieties withwhich they are concerned. Thepurpose of this bulletin is to pro­vide such a classification of thewheat varieties that are growncommercially in the United Statesor may be so grown soon. Theclassification has been made byusing only such characters as canbe distinguished by the naked eye,no instruluent other than a meas­uring rule having been used in theinvestigations. The names of vari­eties have been standardized insofaras practicable in accordance with acode of nomenclature.

PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

FOREIGN CLASSIFICATIONS

TIle existence of many differentvarieties of wheat has been recog­nized for more than 2,300 years.Theophrastus (206, p. 167),2 apupil of Plato, in his Enquiry intoPlants, written about 300 B. C.,states:

There are also many kinds of wheatwhich take their names simply from theplaces where they grow, as Libyan,Pontic, Thracian, Assyrian, Egyptian,Sicilian. They show differences in color,size, fornl, and individual character, andalso as regards their capacities in generaland especially their value as food.

2 Italic numbers in parentheses referto Literature Cited, p. 158.

Theophrastus mentioned manyof the differences between thesekinds of wheat. In the writingsof ,rarro, Pliny, and Columella, inthe first century B. C. and the firstcentury A. D., the observations ofTIleophrastus were repeated, re­arranged, and amplified. The fol­lowing notes, based on the writingsof Varro and others, as well as thoseof Columella, were presented in thetranslation, in 1745, of Columella'sbook entitled "Of Husbandry" (62,p. 60):

Triticum, comrpon bare wheat, whichhas little husk upon it, was, accordingto Varro, a name given formerly to allsorts of grain beaten or bruised out ofears by trituration or threshing; butafter,vards it was given to a peculiarspecies of grain, of which there are ma,nysorts, which take their name from theplaces where they grow; as African,.Pontic, Assyrian, Thracian, Egyptian,Sicilian, etc., which differ from oneanother in colour, bigness, and otherproperties, too tedious to relate. Onesort has its ears without beards, and iseither of winter or summer. Anothersort is armed with long beards, andgrows up sometimes with one, sometimeswith more ears. Of these the grains areof different sorts: some of them are white,SOlne reddish, some round, others oblong,SOIne large, others small. Some sortsare early ripe, others late in ripening;SOlne yield a great increase, some arehungry, and yield little; some put fortha great ear, others a small. One sortstays long in the hose (folliculo); anotherfrees itself very soon out of it. Somehave a small stalk or straw; others havea thick one, as the African. Some arecloathed with few coats, some with many,as the Thracian. Some grains put forthonly one stalk, some many stalks. Somerequire more, some less time to bringtheln to maturity. For which reasonSOIne are called trimestrian, somebi1nestrian; and they say, that, in Euboea,there is a sort, which may be brought toperfection in 40 days; but most of thesesorts, which ripen in a short time, arelight, unfruitful, and yield very little,tho' they are sweet and agreeable to thetaste and of easy digestion.

In the early Roman literaturementioned, reference is found tot"ro groups of wheat; namely,triticum and adoreum, or far. 001-

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 3

umella referred to the jar asbearded wheat. The grain of trit­icum was separated from the chaffin threshing, whereas that of farwas not, indicating that the formerconsisted of true wheats, but thelatter was emmer or spelt.

Columella recognized three typesof Triticum, robus (red), siligo(white), and trimestrian (spring),and in addition four types ofbearded wheat (spelt or emmer),viz. (62, pp. 61-62):

Clusinian, of a shining, bright, whitecolour; a bearded wheat, which is calledvenuculum. One sort of it is of a firyred colour, and another sort of it iswhite; * * *. The trimestrian seed, orthat of 3 months' growth, which is calledhalicastrum * * *.

It is evident from these quota­tions that many of the leadingcharacters of the wheat plant wererecognized in this early period.What attention was given to studiesof wheat during the Dark Ages noone can say. With the revival oflearning the botanists and medicalmen began the publication of thefolio and royal octavo herbals,many of them illustrated withwoodcuts. In these, wheat specieswere included, the forms mostlybeing those described by Theo­phrastus, Pliny, and Varro, butfrom time to time new ones wereadded. There is little advantage intrying to guess what particularform of common wheat each so­called species represented. Morerecent botanical writers describedspecies that can now be recognized.Principal among these writers wasTournefort (209), who in 1719listed 14 species of Triticum.

The classification of wheat prac­tically began with the work ofLinnaeus in 1753. In his SpeciesPlantarum (134, p. 85) he describedseven species of Triticum: T. aesti­vum, T. hybernum, T. turgidum, T.spelta, T. monococcum, T. repens,and T. caninum. The two latter

species have since been included inanother genus. In tIle second edi­tion of the Species Plantnrum,published in 1762 (135, p. 126) hedescribed six species thnt are stillincluded in the genus Triticum: T.aestivum, T. hybernum, T. turgidum,T. polonicum, T. spelta, and T.monococcum, the species T. poloni­cum having been added. Linnneusdivided the common whent intotwo species-To aestivum, awnedspring, and T. hybernum, awnlesswinter-apparently believing thatall spring wheats were awned andall winter wheats awnless. Writerswho followed him usually have notrecognized these distinctions.

Lamarck in 1778 (127) createdthe species T. sativum to includeboth the species T. aestivum and T.hybernum that Linnaeus hadadopted. Each species and sub­speci~s was described according tothe presence or absence of awns,the color and covering of theglumes, the color, size, and densityof the kernels, the solidity of thestem, and several other characters.

Villars in 1787 (214) divided thecommon wheats into t,vo species,T. vulgare and T. touzelle. Thelatter consisted of awnless wheathaving white kernels. .

Schrank in 1789 (182, pp. 387­389) arranged the cultivated wheatsin three species. For commonwheat he established the name"Triticum cereale" and placed T.aestivum and T. hybernum under itas varieties. The second specieswas T. spelta and the third T. di­coccum Schrank, the cultivatedemmer.

Desfontaines in [1798] (67, p.114)established the species T. durumfor the group of wheats havinglong awns and long vitreous kernels.

Host in 1805 (107, v. 3) was thefirst to include the T. aestivum andT. hybernum of Linnaeus as onespecies under the name T. vulgare.Host's name T. vulgare is still com-

4 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

monly used by geneticists, agrono­mists, and cereal taxonomists forthe species T. aestivum. He alsodescribed and named the species T.compacturn to include the clubwheats (107, v. 4) and in additionrecognized 10 other species of tIlegenus Tri.ticum (107, v. 3, v. 4).

Seringe in 1818 (187) arrangedthe common and club wheats to­gether into 10 groups, based on laxor dense and awned or awnlessspikes, white or brownish kernels,and glabrous or pubescent glumes.He listed varieties from Switzer­land, France, Germany, andEngland.

j\/Ietzger in 1824 (141), at Heidel­berg, follo,ved essentially the sarnes.ystem as Seringe, but in additionconsidered winter or spring habit ofgro,vth. The 10 groups of Seringe,vere furtller subdivided, making 18groups. TIle kernels were describedas white, yellow, and reddish.

J\1etzger in 1841 (142) reeditedhis classification of 1824, makingsome changes and adding morevarieties.

Seringe in 1841 (188) publisheda revision of his previous work of1818, in which he classified andpartly described a large number ofvarieties of wheat.

Alefeld in 1866 (7) classified the,vheats into two genera and species,Triticum vulgare and Deina po­lonica. 'l"'he latter contained foursubspecies or varieties of Polish,vheats, T. polonicum, and the for­mer ,vas divided into many sub­species and varietal groups con­taining all other species of Triticum.Each of these was described indetail.

Heuze in 1872 (99) grouped thewheats into 7 species. He listed700 varietal names of wheat, 602of which belong to the species T.sativum, which included both com­mon and club wheats. He de­scribed 47 varieties in this species,

and the remaining 555 names wereconsidered as synonyms.

Kornicke in 1873 (125) and Kor­nicke and Werner in 1885 (126)prepared the most complete classi­fication of ,vheat yet published.'rhey followed Alefeld's system ofapplying Latin names to the botan­ical groups. The groups keyed bytheln included 22 of vulgare, 21 ofcompactum, 26 of turgidum, 24 ofd1lrum, 12 of spelta, 20 of dicoccum,21 of polonicum, and 4 of monococcum.Named varieties included in eachbotanical group were described indetail, and the history, synonyms,and source of each were given.lVIuch of this latter information hadbeerl published in the works of Ale­feld and Heuze.

Harz in 1885 (94) classified anddescribed a large number of wheatsin a manner similar to that of Kor­nicke and Werner. The commonand club wheats were considered asa single species.

Hackel in 1890 (91) classified thegenus Triticum according to a keyvery similar to the one adopted byKornicke and Werner. Hackel rec­ognized three species, sativum Lam.,monococcum L., and polonicum L.;and three races of sativum, namely,spelta, dicoccum, and tenax. In thelatter he included vulgare, compac­tu,m, turgidum, and durum as sub­races.

Vilnlorin in 1889 (215) groupedthe wheats into 50 sections, accord­ing to their leading characters.Eaell section was briefly describedand the synonyms were given."fIle common and club wheats wereconsidered as one species.

Eriksson in 1895 (74) subdividedthe botanical groups of Kornickeand Werner into smaller groups,wllich he called subvarieties, basedchiefly on the density of the spike,the thickness of the kernel, and thelength of the rachis. He also gavean excellent review of the literatureon ,vheat classification.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 5

Heuze in 1896 (100) published asecond edition of his Les PlantesCereales, in which rather completehistories and descriptions of thevarieties of wheat were included.

Cobb in 1896 (57) keyed 54 vari­eties of wheat that he was growingin New South Wales, Australia,using the leading plant, spike, andkernel characters. In 1905 (60) heproposed to classify wheat varietiesby a microscopic examination of thealeurone layer.

Howard and Howard in 1909(109) classified the wheats of Indialargely according to the methodsof Kornicke and Werner and ofEriksson. They (108) also consid­ered in detail the characters usedin classificatioll.

Richardson in 1913 (171) de­scribed many of the wheats ofAustralia and gave the history ofeach variety. He did not arrangethem in a classified order.

Flaksberger in 1915 (77) pub­lished extensive treatises on thetaxonomy of Russian wlleat forms.

The Union of South Africa in1919 (192) published descriptionsand synonyms of the wheat vari­eties of South Africa and also desig­nated the areas where the varietiesshould be grown in tllat country.

Ducellier in 1920 (72) publisheda classification and description ofthe wheats of the Hoggar and oasisregions of Algeria. Only a fewvarieties were fully described.

The Institute of Science andIndustry, of Australia, in 1920 (12)classified and described 48 of theleading wheats of Australia in amanner similar to that used bv thewriters of this bulletin. v

Percival in 1921 (162) describedand classified a large number ofwheat varieties of the world anddiscussed fully the morphology ofthe wheat plant.

The Institute of Science andIndustry, of Australia, in 1923 (13)revised and extended the classi-

fication of 1920 to include 82varieties. Data were also pre­sented on the agricultural char­acters of these varieties.

Zhukovsky in 1928 (233) describeda new species, T. timopheevi Zhuk.,which has 14 haploid chromosomesand is very resistant to severaldiseases.

Newman in 1928 (149) discussedthe value of characters used byClark, Martin, and Ball (48) forclassifying Canadian varieties andreported extensive studies on theeffect of environment on glumecharacters and on variability inMarquis seed stocks.

Papadakis in 1929 (158) pub­lished a classification of the wheatsgrown in Greece.

Miege in 1930 (14-4) described theprincipal varieties of common anddurum wheat grown in Morocco.

Vavilov and associates in 1931(213) published a contribution tothe knowledge of the 28 chromo­somes group of cultivated wheats.

Gurney in 1932 (90) published akey and detailed descriptions forthe wheat varieties grown in SouthAustralia.

Histories and descriptions andcolored plates of 11eads of thewheat varieties developed byStrampelli are given in the ap­pendix of a report by the NationalInstitute of Genetics as Related tothe Cultivation of Cereals in Romein 1932 (200).

McMillan in 1933 (139) pre­sented a genealogical chart showingthe history of Australian wheatvarieties.

Vasconcelos in 1933 (212) de­scribed the native and other vari­eties of wheat that have been grownin Portugal for a long period.Varieties of the following specieswere included: vulgare, compactum,turgidum, durum, and polonicum.

Voss in 1933 (219) described andgrouped the wheat varieties ofGermany.

6 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Zhukovsky in 1933 (234) pub­lished a botanical classification ofthe wheat varieties of Anatolia.

Hudson in 1933 and 1934 (110)described and classified the wheatvarieties of England.

Kalt in 1934 (118) describedbriefly the wheat varieties grown inChile.

Flaksberger in 1935 (78, 79)presented the results of extensivestudies on the origin and classifica­tion of the species and varieties ofwheat of the world.

Jonard in 1936 (115) classifiedand gave the origin, synonomy,and description of the commonwheats grown in France.

Newman, Fraser, and Whitesidein 1936 (150) classified and de­scribed the spring wheat varietiesof Canada and gave a brief accountof the origin and distribution ofeach. Tlleir work was revised in1939 and 1946.

Barbacki and coworkers in 1937(20) classified and described thewheats of Poland.

Wenholz and others in 1938-41(225), in a series of articles begin­ning in the November 1, 1938,issue of the Agricultural Gazette ofNew South Wales, gave a briefhistory of the named varieties ofwheat gro,vn in Australia.

l\1augini in 1939 (140) describedthe wheats of Abyssinia and Eri­trea, which included the followingspecies: dicoccum, durum, pyra­midale Perc., turgidum, polonicum,vulgare, and compactum.

Parera and Palau in 1939 (159)classified, descl"ibed, and gave abrief account of the origin of thewheat varieties grown in Argentina.

Flaksberger and coworkers in1939 (80) revised and enlarged hisearlier publications on the speciesand varieties of wheat of the world.He and his associates have givenmore attention to a study of thespecies of wheat than other recentworkers, and his classification of the

species of the genus Triticum IS

followed by the writers.Patr6n in 1940 (160) described

35 varieties of wheat grown com­mercially in Argentina.

TIle adaptation, disease reaction,quality, and a description of thevarieties of wheat grown in Chilewas presented by the Ministry ofAgriculture (38) about 1941.

Horovitz (106) in 1945 describedtIle principal varieties of wheatgrown in Argentina.

Jonard in 1951 (116) presentedtIle results of studies on the mor­phological and physiological char­acteristics and on the diseases ofwheat. He also discussed theadaptation of varieties, presentedkeys for their identification, anddescribed each variety.

DOMESTIC CLASSIFICATIONS

Harmon in 1844 (92) publisheddescriptions and histories of about30 varieties of wheat that he hadgrown in Monroe County, N. Y.

Klippart in 1858 (124) describedR, large number of wheat varietiesgrown in Ohio and grouped them in­to a partly classified order.

~rodd in 1868 (208, p. 88) de­scribed a number of wheat varieties,nl0st of the descriptions, however,being obtained from agriculturalliterature of the time. He sug­gested that the Government "takehold of this subject [the nomen­clature of wheat] in a proper mannerand establish a common standardof merit and an intelligible descrip­tion of each variety * * *."

Killebrew in 1877 (123) de..scribed a number of American"rheats, most of which had beendescribed previously by Klippartor Todd. He grouped the varietiesinto two families, winter wheats andspring wheats. The winter wheats\vere divided into six classes basedupon their kernel characters, white,amber, and red, and upon the

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 7

awned or awnless character. Thespring wheats, which were all re­garded as being awned, were placedin three classes, with white, amber,or red kernels.

Tracy in 1881 (210) listed anumber of wheat varieties grown byhim at the Missouri AgriculturalExperiment Station. The varietieswere partly described, showing the"bearded" or "smooth" heads andthe color and size of the kernels.He mentions several varietal namesas being synonyms.

Devol in 1887 (68) and in 1888(69) published a classification of thewheat varieties being grown at theOhio Agricultural Experiment Sta­tion. This classification was furtherdeveloped by Hickman (102), whoin 1889 divided the varieties intoeight morphological groups.

Plumb in 1889 (163) described alarge number of wheat varieties,chiefly American, and gave thehistories of many of them.

Blount in 1892 (22) listed 478varieties of wheat that he wasgrowing experimentally in NewMexico. Histories of some of thesewere gIven.

Carleton in 1900 (35) summarizedthe varietal information of thattime, listed about 350 varieties,gave their source by countries andtheir principal characters, andgrouped them by districts of theUnited States to which they werebest adapted.

Scofield in 1902 (183) classifiedand described a large number ofdurum wheats grown in Algeria,many of which were introduced intothe United States about 1901. Healso described the characters usedin classification. In 1903 Scofield(184) prepared a detailed list ofcharacters to be used in the descrip­tion of wheat varieties. He did notpublish the descriptions of anyvarieties at that time. The applica­tion of the terminology was partly

illustrated by plates accompanyingthe article.

Williams in 1905 (228) listed andpartly described about 60 varietiesof \vheat that were under study atthe Ohio Agricultural ExperimentStation at that time.

Hume, Center, and Hegnauer in1908 (111) briefly classified thewheat varieties grown in experi­ments in Illinois and gave the his­tory and partial descriptions ofsome of the Russian and Americanvarieties.

Scherffius and Woosley in 1908(180) published illustrations of 36varieties of wheat grown by theKentucky Agricultural ExperimentStation.

Noll in 1913 (152) presented atabular description of varietiesgrown by the Pennsylvania Agricul­tural Experiment Station.

Leighty in 1914 (133) gave a listof the leading varieties of vvheatgrown in the eastern half of theUnited States, arranging them inclassified groups by kernel· and spikecharacters.

Schafer and Gaines in 1915 (178)recorded brief descriptions of theprincipal wheat varieties of Wash­ington' together with their histories.

Nelson and Osborn in 1915 (148)gave a brief tabular description ofthe wheat varieties gro\vn at theArlcansas Agricultural ExperimentStation during the period from 1908to 1914 ..

Reisner 3 in 1915 compiled muchvaluable information on the descrip­tion and history of varieties grownin New York.

Ball and Clark in 1915 (14) pre­sented keys to the groups of hardred spring wheat and the durumwheats grown in the United Statesand described and gave the historiesof tIle more important varieties.

Carleton in 1916 (37) listed the

3 REISNER, JOHN H. WHEAT IN NEWYORK, 1915. [Unpublished thesis,. CornellUniversity.]

8 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

leading ",~heat varieties of the world,including American varieties. Theywere grouped into the botanicalgroups used by Kornicke and Wer­ner. No attempt was made to dis­tinguish between the closely relatedagricultural varieties.

Stanton in 1916 (196) grouped alarge collection of wheat varietiesgrown in experiments in Marylandand Virginia in accordance witIlsome of the most obvious taxonomiccharacters.

Jones in 1916' (117) presented abrief key to the groups of commonspring and durum wheats grown inexperiments in Wyoming.

Ball and Clark in 1918 (17) pub­lished a key to the groups andvarieties of durum wheat grown inthe United States.

Granthaln in 1918 (89) listed alarge number of varieties that werebeing gro,vn at the Delaware Agri­cultural Experiment Station andstated "rhether they were bearded'01' smooth, the color of the grain andchaff, the lleight of the plant, andthe weight of the kernels.

Clark, Stephens, and Florell in1920 (56) gave a tabulardescriptiollof more than 150 samples ofAustralian "rheat varieties grown illexperiments in the Pacific coastarea of tIle United States.

Clark, l\lartin, and Smith in 1920(50) ke:yed the groups of commonspring and durum wheat grown inexperiments in the northern GreatPlains area of the United Statesand gave the histories of theprincipal varieties.

Stewart in 1920 (198) presentedkeys and brief descriptions of thecommercial wheat varieties grownin Utah.

Clark, Martin, and Ball in 1922(48) preseIlted detailed keys, de­scriptions, histories, distributions,and synonyms of the. whea~ vari­eties grown commercIally In theUnited States.

Schafer, Gaines, and Barbee in

1926 (179) keyed and presentedtabular descriptions of the wheatvarieties of Washington.

Ilill ill 1930 (104) presented theresults of a survey showing thepercentage of the total productionfor the wheat varieties grown incaell county in Oregon in 1929.

Gaines and Schafer in 1931 (85)presented results of a similar surveyfor 'Vashington, giving tIle per­centages of the total acreage andproduction for the varieties in eachcounty in that State in 1929.

'1'he North,vest Crop Improve­ment Association of Minneapolis,IVriIln. (H. R. Sumner, secretary),issued a Dictionary of Spring WheatVal-ieties in the United States in1~}33 (154). Revisions ,vere issued(II. D. Putnam, secretary) in 1941(155) and 1949 (156).

Gaines and Scllafer in 1936 (86)presented results of a survey show­ing the production of the wheatvarieties grown in each county in"'Tashington in 1934.

Reitz in 1945 (168) gave de­tailed descriptions and enlargeddrawings of the kernels of the im­portant varieties of hard red winteralld soft red winter wheat grownin Knnsns.

Crawford in 1947 (63) gave theorigin, distribution in 1946, de­scription, and identifying character­istics and milling and baking char­neteristics of the varieties grown inthe Pacific Northwest.

Dines in 1948 (70) studied the](erIlel characteristics of the hardred winter wheats and publishedvery accurate and useful drawingsalld descriptions of each of theinlportant vnrieties.

SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS

CLASSIFICATIONS

From the beginning of botanicalclassification there was a tenden­cy to regard the different forms01: Triticum as distinct species.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 9

Toward the end of the 19th century,there became evident a tendencytoward the more reasonable viewthat comparatively few species wereinvolved and that the evidentmajor groups were mostly to beregarded as subdivisions of the spe­cies sativum of Lamarck or vulgareof Host.

The designating of botanic spe­cies of wheat was carried to greatlengths by the botanists of 100 to200 years ago, who did not .recog­nize that the characters sufficIent toseparate species of wild plants weresufficient to separate only agro­nomic and horticultural varietiesof domesticated plants. Beforethis fact was recognized and bot­anists very largely had ceased todeal with the forms of cultivatedplants, some 50 or 60 supposedspecies of wheat had been described.

In the works of most of thebotanists there was little effort tostudy and describe the farm vari­eties of wheat. However, Heuze,Kornicke and Werner, Eriksson,Richardson, and others describedmany varieties, and some of theirdescriptions were fairly complete.No attempt had been made, how­ever, to show by detailed keys andby uniform descriptions the minordifferences that separate closely re­la.ted varieties.

There has been wide diversityamong botanists in the taxonomicuse of the various morphologicalcharacters of the wheat plant andseed. Only a few authors havegiven attention to the winter orspring habit of growth in wheatvarieties. Some, as Eriksson, haveplaced undue importance on dif­ferences in spike density.

The classification of Kornickeand Werner (126) is the most ex­tensive of the earlier studies andthe first one that made a definiteattempt to describe and classifyforeign and domestic farm varieties.Although conservative as to the

extent of reduction of the numberof species, these authors still main­tained a complete Latin nomencla­ture for forms as far as the fifthrank. They, as well as other earlyinvestigators, were handicapped bymaking their studies in only onelocality. In the present work, thevarietal descriptions are based onthe expression of each variety un­der widely varying conditions ofenvironment in the United States.The recent work of Flaksbergerand his associates (80) is an out­standing contribution to the classi­fica tion of species and varieties ofwheat throughout the world.

PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS

The present investigations werestarted in 1915 4 with the object ofmaking a classification of the wheatsof the'- world. During the first 2yeaTS much time was devoted to astudy of foreign varieties, and sev­eral hundred introductions wereadded to the large collection offoreign wheats previously obtained.In the third year the study wasdevoted largely to diverse botanicaltypes obtained from hybrids ordistinct types found as mixtures inwheatfields in the western part ofthe United States. It was soonfound, however, that if the studieswere to be of economic value theymust be limited to the principalcultivated varieties. All availabledomestic varieties were first grownin classification nurseries, wherethey were studied, described, andclassified, and herbarium specimenswere prepared and preserved in aclassified order. New varieties wereadded from time to time as soon asthey became known, and eachyear varieties studied during the

4 The plan to classify wheat varietieswas evolved by Carleton R. Ball, thenagronomist in charge of western w~eat

investigations, Office of Cereal InvestIga­tions, Bureau of Plant Industry.

10 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

preceding season, together withthe new ones, were grown to allowcomparisons. By this means theclassification became more completeeach year.

Clark, l\fartin, and Ball in 1922(48) presented descriptions, his­tories, distributions, and synonymsof 230 varieties grown up to 1919.Clark and Bayles in 1935 (43) in­cluded 77 new varieties and omitted68 of the 230 varieties no longergrown commercially in the UnitedStates, thus making a total of 239varieties. A second revision in1942 (4-4-) included 50 new varietiesand omitted 74 (4-3). Thus, atotal of 215 varieties were dis­cussed. The present revision in­cludes 81 new varieties, and 72 ofthe varieties discussed in 1942 areomitted (4-,,~). Thus, a total of 224varieties are discussed in thisbulletin.

CLASSIFICATION NURSERIES

The classification nurseries weregrown in widely separated areas ofthe United States. This was neces­sary in order to determine the de­velopment of varietal differencesunder many environments and thusprovide a classification that wouldbe usable wherever the varietieshappened to be grown. It alsoserved to guard against the loss ofcertain varieties.

During the years 1915-50, some40,000 separate sowings were madeat experiment stations in all partsof the Ullited States. Nurseriesgrown fronl 1946 to 1950, prepara­tory to tIle revision of TechnicalBulletin 795 (4-4-), were sown at thePendleton Branch Experiment Sta­tion, Pendleton, Oreg.; WashingtonAgricultural Experiment Station,Pullman, Wash.; Nebraska Agri­cultural Experiment Station, Lin­coln, Nebr.; New York AgriculturalExperiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y.;and Montana Agricultural Experi-

lllent Station, Bozeman, Mont.Plant characters and colors developlllore distinctly at many points inthe Western States, because sum­lller rains are rare and growing con­ditions favorable. The nurseries\vere sown in short rows, usuallynot exceeding 5 feet in length and afoot or 18 inehes apart (fig. 1). Atthe stations where all varieties weregrown from both fall and springsowing, each variety was seeded inthe spring on one end of the rowsown in the fall.

ASSISTANCE RECEIVED

The first important task was toobtain samples of the different\vheat varieties. This was ac­conlplished with the assistance ofInany individuals and institutions.

The classification nurseries atthe various stations usually weresown by local representatives. Theyalso took notes on emergence,heading, ripening, and height of thelllany varieties. During the sum­filer the writers visited the variouspoints and took additional noteson the characters of the varieties.The descriptions of the varietiesw"ere written largely in the field,and from these descriptions keys",""ere designed· to distinguish thedifferent varieties. The descrip­tions were checked and recheckedat the various points, and thedifferent descriptive classes wereestablished on a basis that is be­lieved to be broad enough to in­clude the varieties wherever grown.

NATURE OF THE MATERIAL

The early studies showed thenecessity of working with puretypes. When bulk seed was usedit often consisted of mixed varieties,and a wrong description mighteasily become applied to a variety.The same variety was often repre­sented by different lots of seed

CLA SIFICATIO OF WHEAT VARIETIE GROW IT 1949 11

FIGURE I.-Wheat-classification nursery: A, Varieties of winter wheat grown from (1)spring and (2) fall sowing; B, varieties of spring wheat grown from (1) spring and (2)fall seeding.

12 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

obtained from different sources.These lots were identified by dif­ferent C. I. numbers, which areaccession llumbers of the Divisionof Cereal Crops and Diseases.The varieties, however, have alwaysbeen known by names rather thanby nunlbers. The records alsoshow the source of the seed and theoriginal source of the variety.After different seed lots of thesame variety were grown for afew years, one was selected as thestandard for the variety. Thedescriptions here recorded, ther.e­fore, should represent the true typeof the variety. In certain cases,however, material was limited tosamples obtained from only oneor two sources; in these cases, thejudgment of the writers in selectingthe strain to represent the variet~y

may not be so accurate as in in­stances where more samples of thesame variety were available.

Some vnrieties here describedare badl~y nlixed in commercial fieldswherever they are grown. Mentionof this sOInetimes is made in thedescriptions. This may accountfor differences observed betweena variety as commonly grown andits description as llere recorded.In other cases, all the charactershere recorded may not becomeapparent in some localities, andthis may cause some confusion.The failure of stem and glump. colorsto develop in some sections is anexample of this.

Natural crossing between wheatplants occurs quite commonly insome sections of the United States.This natural crossing has causedsome difficulty in describing varie­ties, especially since hybridizationbetween closely related varietiescould not always be detected.

Several hundred mixtures ob­tained fronl experimental plots andcommercial fields were grown inthe classification nurseries for iden­tification. A few proved to be

mechanical mixtures of varietiesgrown in the locality, but most ofthese were new types. These prob­ably originated, for the most part,from natural hybrids, with possiblyall occasional mutation. Many ofthe types continued to segregate,thus proving their hybrid origin.Many of them closely resembledcOlnmercial varieties but were notidentical in all characters.

Nearly every field of wheat con­tains some plants that cannot beidentified. Many of these, in allprobability, are the result of naturalhybrids.

DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, AND

DISTRIBUTION

For each variety this bulletingives the description, the historyso far as known, the distributionill the United States, and thesynollymy.

DESCRIPTION

'rhe detailed descriptions, whichinclude the more important tax­onomic characters, contain muchnlore infornlation than do the keys.'rhe descriptions are intended to besufficiently inclusive to provide acomprehensive knowledge of thedifferent varieties.

~-'ollowing the description of manyvarieties is a paragraph showingthe cllief characters that distinguishthe variety from closely relatedones. Mention is also made ofknown resistance to diseases and ofhigh- or low-baking properties orother qualities.

HISTORY

'l'he history of the orIgIn ofvarieties cannot be neglected in aclassification, as many varieties arescarcely or not at all distinguish­able, by observable characters, fromsimilar or closely related varietiesand differ only in their origin and

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 13

other qualities. In this study muchattention has been given to thehistory of varieties, and to manyreaders it probably will be the mostinteresting and valuable part of theclassification. The compiling ofthese histories has required a re­view of the literature on wheatvarieties written during a period ofmore than 200 years. The sourcesof this information are varied.Introductions of foreign vnrietieshave bpen recorded by the Divisionof Plant Exploration and Introduc­tion, Bureau of Plant Industry,Soils, and Agricultural Engineering.Frequent reference is made to theaccession numbers and publishedinventories of that Division. Manybulletins of the State agriculturalexperiment stations contain valu­able information on the origin ofdomestic varieties. Agriculturulpapers have been reviewed, andmuch information as to the originof varieties has been obtained fromthat source. There is still muchto learn concerning the origin ofcultivated varieties. The originof many probably has never beenrecorded; but for others, thoughtheir origin has not been determined,there is probably a recorded llistorysomewhere. The origin and historyof the varieties that have appearedin recent years are much morecomplete than for the older varieties.

DISTRIBUTION

The commercial distribution, pro­duction, and grain quality of dif­ferent varieties are the economicfactors with which this classifica­tion is concerned. Those varietiesthat are most widely grown usuallyare the most valuable. Varietiesthat are more productive may bein existence, but until they becomeknown and widely grown they aTeof little value. New varieties arebeing produced continually. Someare of little or no value. Others

are an improvement over the oldstandard varieties, as their useimproves the quality or increasesthe efficiency of production.

To determine the acreage anddistribution of the commercial va­rieties of wheat in the UnitedStates, surveys have been made at5-year intervals since 1919 in co­operation with the Bureau of Agri­cultural Economics. The methodsof conducting the surveys and theresults have been published (4-5,4-8,4-9, 52-55). By means of tllesesurveys a record of the increase ofnew varieties and the decrease ofold varieties is made possible.

In 1919, 1924, 1929, 1934, 1939,1944, and 1949, respectively, 139,152, 190, 213, 208, 216, and 199distinct varieties were reported.In the 7 surveys 353 distinctvarieties were reported.

Maps are included to show theacreage distribution of the moreimportant varieties, the countyacreage having been used as abasis. The scale used on the va­rietal maps is 1 dot for 1,000 acres.A dot is shown in each countyfrom which a variety was reported,even though less than 500 acreswere grown in the county.

VARIETAL NOMENCLATURE

A standardized nomenclature isimportant because names are usedby agronomic workers, growers,seedsmen, and the grain trade. Theform and appropriateness of thesenames, therefore, are of generalinterest. It is desirable that theybe short, simple, and appropriate,easily spelled, and easily pro­nounced. It also is desirable that asingle name be accepted and usedfor each recognized variety.

The multiplication of names andother designations for crop vari­eties has sometimes been carried toextremes, resulting in great con­fusion. Some varietal designations

14 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULT1JRE

are merel~y descriptive phrases thatare often long and cumbersome.Others are only numbers, ,vhichsometimes are equally long andcumbersome or are easily confused.Because of this condition, a code ofnomenclature was proposed by Balland Clark (18) and presented to theAmerican Society of Agronomy atIts a,nnual busIness meeting onNovember 13, 1917. With a fewminor changes, the code ,vasadopted. It was also published inDepartment Bulletin 1074 andTechnical Bulletin 459.

Since the adoption of this codesimple names have been given tomost of the new American varieties.Examples are Brevor, Cadet, CeresForward, Mida, N ebred, Pawnee;Reward, Ridit, Thatcher, and Vigo.

REGISTERED VARIETIES

Through a cooperative agreementbetween the Bureau of Plant In­dustry, Soils, and Agricultural En­gineering, and the American Societyof Agronolny, the 230 varietiesdescribed in Department Bulletin1074 (48) were registered (46) asstandard varieties. Thirty-five ad­ditional varieties mentioned inTechnical Bulletin 459 have alsobeen registered as standard varieties(42). Eighty varieties that orig­inated through introduction, selec­tion, or hybridization have beenregistered vas improved varietiesC4-1, 47, 51).

SYNONYMY

Man~y varieties are known byseveral names. The names hereused for the recognized varietiesare the original names or the namesnow most commonly used or arethe ne,v or simplified names, asprovided for by the code of nomen­clature. All other names used forthe varieties here described areconsidered synonyms.

THE WHEAT PLANT

The different cultivated varietiesof wlleat vary greatly in their habit,form, and structure, but all areannual grasses. The principal partsare the roots, culms, leaves andspikes. There are two sets of r~ots­the first, or seminal or seed, roots,and the second, or coronal, rootswllich arise from the crown of thestem. The culm usually is a hol­lO'\v, jointed cylinder comprisingthree to six nodes and internodes.The upper internode of the culm,,vhich bears the spike, is called thepeduncle. The leaves are composedof the sheath, blade, ligule, andauricle. The spike is made up ofthe rachis and spikelets, the latterin turn comprising the rachillas,gllunes, lemmas, paleas, and thesexual organs (the three stamensartd the single ovary with its styleaTtd stigma). Each of these partsmay show distinct characters indifferent varieties. Those charac­ters that do not vary in differentvarieties or are not readily observedare of little value in classification.The root characters, for example,ca,nnot be conveniently used, andno attention has been given to themin this work. Other characters,such as those of the sheaths, ligulesand auricles, are not generally usedbecause they show very slight dif­ferences in different varieties.

'1'he keys and descriptions usedhere to identify varieties are basedon characters that show constantdifferences and are therefore ofvalue in identifying them.

TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS

rraxonomic characters of thewlleat plant as have been found inthe present study to be most usefulare described in detail. The char­acters used to distinguish the differ­ent species, subspecies, and lessergroups in the genus Triticum areoften of no higher rank than the

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 15

characters used to distinguish thecultivated varieties.

Because different strains, partic­ularly of the older varieties, maydiffer slightly in some characters,the C. 1.5 number of the particularsLrain described is given in thehistory of each variety.

In the preparation of the keys cer­tain primary characters have beenused in a regular sequence. Certainothe~' characters are used to separatefurther the closely related varieties.For this purpose any character isused that serves to distinguish thevarieties under discussion. Thesame characters are not necessarilyused in two successive cases, andthey are not used in any definiteorder. The general principle fol­lowed in the choice of characterswas to progress from those mosteasily observed and most oftenoccurring to those least easily ob­served or least often occurring.The principle governing the se­quence of characters is to progressfrom the absence of the character,as awnlessness, to the presence ofthe character, and from the smallersize to the greater.

The descriptions of the wheatvarieties are arranged in a logicalorder of plant development. Themajor and minor characters usedin the key are included in theirproper places in the descriptions,as are many minor characters notused in the keys.

All the characters used in thekeys and the descriptions of culti­vated varieties are considered inthe following paragraphs in theorder of their appearance in thedescriptions.

PLANT CHARACTERS

Certain plant characters that aregenetically different in the several

5 C. I. refers to accession number of theDivision of Cereal Crops and Diseases.

260503--54-2

varieties are of value for classifica­tion purposes. These are the habitof growth, the period of growth,and the height of the plant.

HABIT OF GROWTH

All wheat varieties are here clas­sified as having winter habit, inter­mediate habit, or spring habit ofgrowth. In the keys to the culti­vated varieties this character occu­pies the seventh and last majorposition.

Varro (in Columella, 62), writ­ing before the beginning of theChristian era, called the springwheats trimestrian, because theymatured in 3 months from sowing.Linnaeus (134) treated them asseparate species in his SpeciesPlantarum, but combined theawned factor with the spring habitin his species aestivum and the win­ter habit with the awnless factor inhis species hybernum. Few agro­nomic writers have recognized theseforms as distinct species. The ex­istence of winter and spring formshas been recognized by most authorsbut recently has not been used as acharacter for separating species oreven as an important character forseparating varieties. When con­sidering the United States as awhole, the writers regard these dis­tinctions as less valuable for classi­fication purposes than several spikeand kernel characters, although thewinter- or spring-growth habit is avery important separation in someareas. In the southern part of theUnited States, both east and west,several varieties of spring wheat arefall-sown, and growers do not knowwhether they have a spring wheator a fall wheat. The Purplestrawvariety of the Southeastern Stateshas a spring intermediate habit,although it has been grown fromfall sowing in that section for morethan 150 years. N early all thevarieties grown in Arizona and

16 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

California are spring wheats, butthey are fall-sown.

Winter, intermediate, and springhabits of growth are inherited char­acters. They are the charactersshown first in the descriptions, asthey are first apparent in the growthof the plant. In the keys the\vheats having a winter habit arelisted before those having a springhabit, because there are more fallwheats than spring wheats and be­cause fall wheat is of much greaterimportance in this country thanspring ,vheat.

'rhe intermediate types retain aprostrate habit of growth in mostlocalities when sown late in thespring, but will Ilead normally~"'hen sown early. Some early~"'inter-wheat varieties also have ashort prostrate or dormant periodand, ,vheIl early spring-sown, be­gin Ileading soon after intermediate,v"heats have headed. There arealso certain varieties of wheatgro\vn commercially that are mix­tures \vith respect to growth habit.The different classes for growthhabit are not clear-cut, as there isa more or less complete series oftypes from true winter to springand their expression depends upontemperature, length of day, anddate of seeding. However, for thevarieties reported in this bulletinthe differences have been carefullydetermined by sowing varieties onone or more dates in the spring andobserving their behavior. Varietiesclassified as winter wheats do notproduce seed when sown at normaldates for spring seeding. Winter\\Theats can be produced success­fully in tIle principal wheat areasof this country only from fall sow­ing. ""Then spring-sown they usu­ally remain prostrate on the groundthroughout the growing season andproduce no culms or spikes. Insome sections or in some years,","'inter-wheat varieties, sown veryearly in the spring, will head and

produce seed, but heading in suchcases is often irregular and usuallyoccurs very late in the season.

All varieties of wheat classifiedas spring wheats can be grown suc­cessfully from fall sowing only inrnild climates, such as the southernparts of the United States and intIle Pacific Coast States. In partsof this territory they sometimes"vinterkill. When spring-sown theirearly'" growth usually is erect.

TIME OF HEADING AND RIPENING

TIle relative dates on which vari­eties head and ripen when sown atthe normal time in regions wherethey are adapted are useful inidentifying varieties. The headingdate ordinarily is more useful thantIle ripening date. The relativeorder of maturity is indicated byclassing varieties as early, mid­season, or late. The relative timeof heading and ripening is some­,vhat dependent on time of seedingand also varies somewhat in dif­ferent areas. More than usual cau­tion, therefore, must be exercisedin making use of these characters.

HEIGHT

1'Ile height of the plant also isoften an important factor in wheatproduction, because it may deter­rnine the method or ease of harvest­ing n,nd the susceptibility of vari­eties to lodging. Height is meas­ured from the surface of the groundto the tip of the spike, not includingthe awns of awned varieties. Allvarieties of wheat have been placedin three classes-short, midtall, andtall. TIlese are characters of minorvalue for classification and are usedonly for separating or distinguishingotIlerwise closely related varieties.

Since plant height influences sus­ceptibility to lodging, several newvarieties bred for resistance tolodging have short stems. Al­though there was formerly a widely

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1 949 17

held opinion that tall plants wereessential for the production of highyields in wheat, varieties with shortstiff straw have been developedrecently in several sections of thecountry that outyield the tallervarieties. The principles govern­ing the grouping of varieties asearly, midseason, and late applyhere also. As an example, underCalifornia conditions wheats from12 to 36 inches in height would beclassed as short, wheats from 24 to48 inches in height would be calledmidtall, and wheats from 36 to 60inches high would be consideredtall. In many sections of thecountry these differences wouldnot be so great. In order to usethe height of the plant for classifi­cation, the height of certain varie­ties must be determined and usedfor comparison. There are alsocases where the relative height ischanged when the varieties aregrown in different sections of thecountry; for example, some of theclub wheats are usually short whengrown east of the Rocky Moun­tains but relatively tall when grownwest of these mountains.

STEM CHARACTERS

Three characters of the stem ofwheat varieties are useful in classi­fication; namely, color, strength,and degree of hollowness.

COLOR

All varieties of wheat are hereclassified as having white or purplestems. These characters are ofminor importance in classification,for in many localities and in someseasons the purple color common toa large number of wheat varietiesdoes not become apparent. This isoften the case under conditions ofextreme drought and also underconditions of excessive moisture.Under favorable conditions, how-

ever, this stem color may be clearlyseen for a week or 10 days prior tomaturity. When apparent, thecolor differences are very useful indistinguishing varieties. The coloris usually most distinct on thepeduncle, or uppermost internodesupporting the spikes, but oftencontinues downward to the sheathsof the lower leaves.

Those varieties here described ashaving white stems may have astem color ranging from a cream toa golden yellow. Few, if any, havestems that are truly white.

The varieties classed as havingpurple stems may have a stemranging in color from a pale violetto a dark purple. In some varietiesthis coloring may occur only in ashort portion of the peduncle. Itsometimes does not occur in thepeduncle and is present only in thesheaths. Kornicke and Werner(126) used color differences in de­scribing many of the varieties withwhich they worked. Heuze (100)pointed out two contrasting char­acters, which he called "white"and "reddish."

STRENGTH

The strength of the stem usuallyis an important character. Inmany localities lodging is one ofthe most serious problems in wheatproduction, as many varieties lodgeunder conditions of excessive mois­ture. All varieties here discussedare classified into three groups,having weak, midstrong, or strongstems, respectively. Stems classedas weak are also usually slender, withvery thin walls. Varieties withsuch stems have a greater tendencyto lodge, which in turn causesharvest losses and increases thecost of harvesting. The successfulcultivation of weak-stemmed varie­ties usually is limited to semiarid orarid regions.

The varieties classed as having

18 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

midstrong stems usually will notlodge under conditions where wheatis grown extensively. In this classare included the greatest numberof varieties. A considerable varia­tion exists within this group, and inhumid or irrigated sections varietieshere described as having midstroIlgstems might more properly beclassed as weak. In dry-farmingsections certain of these stemsmight more properly be classed asstrong.

'The varieties here described ashaving strong stems are those thatwill not lodge readily under exces­sively humid conditions. Only bysevere rain, by hail, or by windstormcan the stems of these varietiesbe bent or broken down. Com­paratively few of the cultivated,v·heats come in this class.

HOLLOWNESS

The stems of most varieties of\vheat are solid at the nodes, butthe internodes nre hollow. Somevarieties of durum and poulard'W"'"heat and a very few of commonwheat have stems that are solid ornearly so in the internodes. It hasbeen found that in some cases hol­lowness is associated with resist­ance to the wheat stem sawfly.

LEAF CHARACTERS

'The principal parts of the leavesof wheat plants are the sheath,blade, ligule, and auricle. None ofthese parts usually show differencesthat are of even minor value fordistinguishing cultivated varieties ..

The blades of wheat varietiesvary considerably in their dimen­sions, in the shade of green color,and in the angle to the culm main­tained during the successive periodsof growth. These differences, how­ever, are usually apparent duringonly a short period. As the plantmatures, the blades dry and fre-

quently break off. In this bulletinvery little use is made of leafcharacters. A few varieties arenoted as having especially broador narrow blades. The presence orabsellce of pubescence on the leavesis a useful character in identifyingplants of some varieties.

Kornicke and Werner (126) andothers have described the color ofthe blades of both the seedlings andthe partly grown plants. Thisalso was attempted in the presentstudies, but the differences werefound to be so slight and un­dependable that no definite classescould be established by using thecharacter. Few persons can agree~l,s to the various shades of greenshown by the blades of wheat,even when a standard color chartis used. The color varies withthe condition of the pJant asaffected by the temperature, thesoil lnoisture, and the soil solution.The appearance of the color ischanged by the character of thevenation and of the blade surfaee.'rIle plants appear to have a dif­ferellt color in the sunlight from thatin the shade, and the value changesalso according to the position ofthe observer with regard to thedirection of the rays of the sun.In general, the hard red winterwlleats have darl\:-green blades,wIlereas all durum varieties haveblades with a light-green color.

The blade widths are mentionedin describing only a few varieties,because nearly all varieties arevery much alike in this character.TIle hard red winter wheats aredistinctly narrowleaved, and thesoft varieties, like Sol and RedRussian, have wide leaf blades.Winter varieties having the narrow­est blades usually are most resistantto low temperatures. The lengthof the blade has not shown suf­ficiently constant differences fortaxonomic purposes.

The terminal leaf or flag leaf of

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 19

some varieties of wheat is erect andin others it is drooping at variousangles. These differences are great­est just previous to the headinO'period but frequently are not ap~parent a few days later. Chieflybecause of the instability of thischaracter, it is not used in thisclassification. In some varietieslike Hard Federation and WhiteFederation the flag leaf is curled ortwisted, whereas in most varietiesit is flat.

The sheaths normally encloseabout the lower two-thirds of theculm, although in dry seasons thespike sometimes is not entirelyexserted. The edges of the sheathoverlap on the side opposite theblade. The sheaths may be eitherwhite or purple. During earlygrowth they usually are quitescabrous, but they become smootherat maturity. There are some ,dif­ferences in these characters in thecultivated varieties, but they arefew and minute. After a carefulstudy the writers decided not toinclude any sheath characters inthe descripcions.

The same decision was reachedin regard to the minute differencesobserved in the ligules and auricles.The ligules usually are short, vary­ing from 1 to 2 mm. long and be­coming lacerate as the plant ma­tures. Auricles always are presenton wheat leaves. They are narrowto midwide, usually strongly curved,with a few long strigose hairs onthe outer margin. The auriclesoften are purple in the young stage,sometimes changing to white asthe plant matures.

SPIKE CHARACTERS

The entire inflorescence on oneculm is called the spike. It is madeup of separate groups of flowersknown as "spikelets." These areborne singly on alternate sides of azigzag, flattened, channeled, jointed

rachis, parallel to its flat surface.At the base of each spikelet, on theapex of each rachis joint, a tuft ofshort hairs usually occurs. Thesehairs may be white or brown incolor, but the differences are difficultto distinguish, partly because thehairs frequently are discolored.

Spikes differ greatly in form anddegree of compactness. Clubwheats (Triticum compactum) havebeen separated from commonwheats (T. vulgare) principally be­cause of their distinctly compact ordense spikes.

In distinguishing the cultivatedvarieties, five spike characters areused. These are awnedness, shape,density, position, and shattering ofthe spikes.

AWNEDNESS

Awns are sometimes of impor­tance agriculturally and are usuallythe character most readily appar­ent. For these reasons awnednessis given precedence over all othersin preparing the keys. Some earlierwriters, as previously stated, usedthis 'character for separating so­called species.

Varieties are separated into twomajor groups on the basis of theawnedness character, namely, awn­less to awnleted, and awned. As aminor character in the key and inthe descriptions the awnless toawnleted group is subdivided intoawnless, apically awnleted, andawnleted. The awn types areshown in figure 2, A. Awnlessvarieties have no awnlets or veryshort apical a\vnlets. Apically awn­leted varieties have short awnlets1 to 15 mm. long at the apex of thespike. Awnleted varieties haveawnlets 3 to 40 mm. long, theshorter ones occurring near the baseof the spike and the length increas­ing toward the apex. The lengthof the awnlets and their relativenumber is given.

20 TECHNICAL BULLETI 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

3 4-

B 7- .

FIGURE 2.-Wheat varieties: A, Awn types-(l) Supreme, (2) Onas, (3) Thatcher, and(4) Ceres; B, spike shapes-(l and 2) fusiform, (3 and 4) oblong, (5 and 6) clavate, and(7) elliptical.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 21

Awned varieties are those thathave an awn or beard that termi­nates the lemmas on all spikelets.These awns usually increase inlength from the basal part of thespike upwa.rd. In the commonwheats, awns seldom, if ever, exceed10 cm. in length. In durum andpoulard wheats, however, they usu­ally range from 10 to 20 cm.

SHAPE

Spikes differ greatly in shape,length, and width. They may beflattened parallel or at right anglesto the plane of the face of the spike­13ts. 'fhose flattened parallel tothis plane are widest when seen inface view and can be said to bedorsoventrally compressed. Thespikes of all varieties of commonwheat are thus formed, except thosethat are clubbed at the tip, in whichcase they are only partly so. Spikesthat are flattened at right angles tothe plane of the face of the spikeletsare narrow when seen in face viewand may be described as laterallycompressed. The club, durum, andpoulard wheats are separated fromthe common wheats partly on thebasis of having such spikes.

In general, spikes vary in lengthfrom 5 to 15 cm., but are usually 8to 12 cm. long. They vary in widthor thickness from 1 to 3 cm. Thedifferences in length and width aranot used in themselves, but are oftencombined with the spike shape in a·compound descriptive word.

Whether dorsoventrally or later­ally compressed, whether long orshort, or narrow or wide, spikes areclassified in the keys as having thefollowing four general shapes­fusiform, oblong, clavate, and ellip­tical. These shapes are shown infigure 2, B. For all common wheatsthese shapes are determined froma face view of the spikelets and forall club, duruffi, and poulard wheatsfrom an edge view of the spikelets.

Heuze (100) used several different

spike shapes as the leading charac­ters in separating varieties withinthe species. The shapes mentioned,however, are here considered onlyas minor characters; nevertheless,they are very useful in distinguis1:l­ing varieties.

Spikes classed as fusiform tapertoward the apex or from the middletoward both base and apex. Amajority of the varieties of commonwheat have spikes of this shape.

Spikes described as oblong areusually uniform in width and thick­ness throughout the length of thespike but are always several timeslonger than wide.

Varieties classed as having cla­vate spikes are clubbed, that is,distinctly larger and more dense atthe apex. 'I'his is caused by asllortening of the rachis internodesin that part of the spike, whichresults in a cllange from dorsoven­tral to lateral flattening and abroadening of the upper part of thespike.

Elliptical spikes are short anduniformly rounded at both the baseand apex but are flattened on thesides. Most varieties of club wheathave spikes of this shape.

In the descriptions of varietiesthese designations of spike shapeshave sometimes been modified totake into account the length andwidth of the spikes and the over­lapping of shapes that occurs insome varieties.

Spikes that are usually long aredescribed as linear fusiform, linearoblong, or linear clavate. If spikesare unusually short, that fact isincluded in the description. Broadspikes may be described as broadlyfusiform, broadly oblong, or broadlyclavate; and narrow spikes as nar­rowly fusiform, narrowly oblong, ornarrowly clavate.

Varieties that are nearly inter­mediate between any of the shapesare sometimes described as oblongfusiform or oblong to subclavate.

22 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U'. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

By the use of these compound de­scriptive terms spike shapes aremore accurately presented in thedescription than they can be in tIlekeyTs, w}leTe brevity is imperative.

DENSITY

The differences in shape of spikesshown above are the result in paTtof differences in density. All spikesare described as of three densityclasses-lax, middense, and dense.These are minor differences thatare used to advantage in distin­guishing varieties. Seringe (187)separated the common wheats intotwo groups, having lax and densespikes, respectively. K6rnicke andWerner (126) described the spikesof many varieties according to dif­ferent degrees of density. N eer­gaard (146) suggested a formula fOTuse in measuring the density of thespike. Eriksson (74-) subdividedthe botanical groups of K6rnickeand "TerIler on the basis of densityinto subvarieties called laxum, den­sum, and capitatum. He measuredthe density of spikes by determin­ing the number of spikelets in 100mm. of rachis length. Heuze (100)used the spike density along withspike shape as the leading characterin separating varieties. Boshna­kian (25) described means of meas­uring density and suggested thename l 1riticum compacto-capitatumfor varieties of club wheat havingclavate heads.

lViany measurements have beellmade by the writers to determinethe difference in density of thespikes of the varieties here de­scribed. The most definite differ­ences ,vere found comparable at 1station for 1 year, but otherwisethese measurements were of littlevalue. It was found necessary toestablish density classes of ratherindefinite limits. In this way al­lowance was made for the varyingconditions. The density classes

were fixed as lax, middense, anddense by determining the numberof nlillimeters occupied by 10 inter­nodes of the racllis measured in thecenter of the spikes. By thism.etllod spikes are classed as laxwhen 10 internodes occupy from50 to 75 mm., as middense when 10internodes occupy from 35 to 60mm.,and as dense when 10 internodesoccupy from 20 to 45 mm. A ma­jority of the varieties are includedin the middense class, which, ac­cording to the above measurements,overlaps both the dense and laxclasses by two-fifths of their entirerange.

POSITION

'rhe position of the spike at ma­turi ty is often distinctly differentin different val"ieties. Spikes arehere described as erect, inclined, ornodding. Heuze (100) used essen­tially these same distinctions in de­scribing his varieties.

Those varieties described as hav­ing erect spikes mature with thespike in an approximately verticalposition. The spikes of these vari­eties seldom, if ever, are inclinedmore tllan 15° from the vertical atmaturity. Spikes of varieties thatare described as inclined usuallymature at an angle of approxi­mately 15° to 45° from the vertical,but sometimes are nearly erect andunder some conditions will becomesligIltly nodding. The majority ofwlH~at varieties come within thisclass. Varieties that are describedas having nodding spikes usuallymature with the spike in a droopingposition, the apex of the spike beinglower than the base. Spikes ofsuch varieties sometimes are onlyinclined if they are not well filled,vith grain when ripe.

SHATTERING

Glumes of different varieties varyin the tenacity or firmness ofattachment to the rachis, in the

Glumes of all varieties here dis­cussed are described as glabrous orpubescent (fig. 3). Host (107, v. 4)

(j",.~"',,':v:"

b

COVERING

o

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1 949 23

tightness with which they clasp thekernels, and in size in relation tosize of the kernels. These andpossibly other characters cause vari...eti~s to differ greatly in theirresIstance to shattering. Thedurum va.r!eties usually do notshatter eaSIly. Most commercialvarieties of common and club wheatare resistant, but some varietiesare su~jec.t to loss of grain byshatterIng If allowed to stand in thefield after they reach maturity.Such v~rieti~s are not adapted forharvestIng wIth the combine. Thischaracter i~ u.sually mentioned onlyfor the varIetIes that shatter easily.

GLUME CHARACTERS FIGURE 3.-Glume covering: a, Glabrous;b, pubescent. (X 1 and X 3.)

The unit of the spike is thespikelet. It consists of severalflowers o~ flor~ts attached alternatelyto OpposIte sIdes of a central axis or~achilla. These flowers, two to fiveIn number, are subtended by twoempty scales, called the glumes, thekeel of each glume terminating in atooth or beak. Each floret consistsof a flowering glume, called thelemma, and a thin two-keeledglume, called the palen. Thesetwo glumes enclose the sexualorgans. The lemma encloses theback, dorsal, or outer portion of themature kernel, and in the awnedvarieties it terminates in an awn.The lemma itself is of little or nouse in classification. The paleaprotects the inner or crease side ofthe kernel. It differs from the!emma in having its back instead ofItS face toward the rachilla oraxis of the. spikelet. Like the!emma, ~t ~s not used in distinguish­Ing varIetIes. The outer glumeshowever, are much used. '

The covering and coloring of theglumes are major characters of thesecond and third place, respectively.The length and width of the glumes~lso are used but are of only minorImportance.

placed the pubescent-glumed wheatsIn a separate species called Triti­cum villosum. Several later authorsalso considered pubescent wheatsas different species. This char­acter is used here, howeveronl.y ~s a maior ~me in separatingyarletles. It IS gIven second placeIn the keys because of the definiteand striking contrast between ab­sence and presence. This is inaccordance with the usage of Kor­nicke and Werner (126).

.Glumes described as glabrous arewIthout any covering of hairs.Those described as pubescent aremore or less covered with hairs ofvarying length. Pubescence us­ually is readily apparent. Thedegree of pubescence varies in thedifferent varieties. On some thehairs are much longer and morenumerous than on others. Glumesof some durum varieties are partlyglabrous and partly pubescent butare classed as pubescent. In suchvarieties the pubescence is mostoften found on the edge of theglumes.

COLOR

Differences in glume color wereearly recognized. Lamarck (127)

24 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

used these distinctions in classif:y­ing varieties. Glume color is hereused as a major character and oc­cupies third position in the l{eybecause of the distinct differencesthat are readily apparent when theplants are mature. This is also inaccord \vith the usage of Kornickeand Werner (126). All glumes areclassed as white, yellowish, browll,or black.

Glumes classed as white may varyin color from a cream or pale-strawcolor to a dark yellow. Practi­cally no glumes are without color.Within the class, however, thereare two rather distinct shades.Some taxonomists have classifiedthem separately as white and yel­IO"Tish. In the present bulletin,however, both shades are placed i!1.the same class and described onlyby the term "white" except in thecase of the durums, which areclassed separately as white andyellowish. In the descriptions theglumes of some varieties of commonwheat are described as being yel­lowish \vhite, indicating a darkerglume than those described aswhite. A few varieties have whiteor yellowish glumes with brown orblack stripes or nerves, or tIleglumes are sometimes tinged on theedges witll brown or black.' Suchvarieties are placed in the white­glumed class and the peculiar mark­ings are indicated in the descrip­tions. The Blackhull variety hasglumes that usually are tinged withblack but sometimes are almost en­tirely black. The Rudy varietyhas black stripes along the edges ofthe glumes.

Glumes of durum varieties classedas yellowish are much darker thanthose of the common wheats classedas white but similar to those de­scribed as yellowish white. Thisyellowish class, therefore, is quitedistinct. It may range in colorfrom yellow to buff.

The brown-glumed class usually

is still darker than the yellowishclass and may vary in shade fromlight to dark brown and bluishbrown, and in some varieties thereis a reddish or mahogany tinge.lTor the latter reason some taxon­omists have used the term "red,"but in the present work the writersprefer the term "brown," as itlllore accurately describes the glumecolor of the class as a, whole.

rrIlcre are no commercial varietiesgrown in the United States havingglumes that are entirely black.

LENGTH

Glume length is used as a minorcharacter in the varietal descrip­tions. Usually small-kerneled var­ieties have short glumes and large­kerneled varieties long glumes, butthere are exceptions to this. Theglumes are usually about three­fourths the length of the lemmas,although in some long-glumed va­rieties tIle glumes and lemmas moreJlearly approach the same length.l?olisll wheat (Triticum polonicum)has glulnes as long as or longer thanthe lemlnas and is separated fromthe other species principally on thisdistinction. The length of theglume is here described as short,Inidlong, or long. These length dif­ferences are illustrated in figure 4.

0',:·,;."

FIGURE 4.-Glume length: a, Short; b, mid.long; c, long. (X 1 and X 3.)

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 25

Heuze (100) and Scofield (184)used essentially these same terms.Most varieties of wheat have mid­long glumes. A few varieties, how­ever, are distinct in having eithershort or long glumes. Short glumesmay have lengths varying from 6 to10 mm. Midlong glumes may varyfrom 8 to 12 mm. and long glumesfrom 11 to 15 mm. The glnmes ofPolish wheat exceed this latter meas­urement and are described as verylong.

WIDTH

The width of glumes is used inthe same manner as the length.All glumes are described as beingnarrow, midwide, or wide (fig. 5).

SHOULDER CHARACTERS

The shoulder as here consideredis the more or less rounded end ofthe glume from the beak to thelateral margin, including the partreferred to by Kornicke and Werner(126), Hackel (91), and others asside teeth. Scofield (184-) appliedthe name "shoulder" to this part ofthe glumes.

Considerable variation exists inshoulder width and shape in dif­ferent varieties and also in differentspikes of the same variety and evenamong the glumes on a single spike.Although variable, they are ofsome value in classification.

WIDTH

t

ffu"

FIGURE 6.-Shoulder widths: a, Narrow; b,midwide; c, wide. (Upper row, X 3; lowerrow, X I.)

SHAPE

Shoulder shapes are described inoverlapping terms that allow for aconsiderable variation, which isnearly always present in the samespike. The terms used are want­ing, oblique, rounded, square, ele­vated, and apiculate (fig. 7).

The shoulder widths often differfrom the glume widths. For thisreason they are described separatelybut on the same basis of measure­ment and by the use of the sameterms-narrow, midwide, and wide(fig. 6).

0 Q Q.' ,:\ .• II: '"."',II ',::! '.'1./ ':'

Q, b e~

These differences were pointed outby Scofield (184-). TIle width ofthe glume is here determined acrossits center from the keel to themargin of the outer side. Narrowglumes may vary in width from 2to 4 mm., midwide ones from 3 to5 mm., and wide ones from 4 to6 IY'ID. The differences are smalland much overlapping of the classesoccurs. Wide glumes nearly coverthe lemma at the point of measure­ment, whereas narrow glumes usu­ally cover less than a third of it.

FIGURE 5.-Glume widths: a, Narrow; b,midwide; c, wide. (X I and X 3.)

26 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083', U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

6 0 () b tJI, I,

,',

(I t d e fFIGURE 7.-Shoulder shapes: a, Wanting; b, oblique; c, rounded; d, square; e, elevated;

j, apiculate. (Upper row, :x 3; lower row, XI.)

BEAK CHARACTERS

The word "beak" is used herefor the short projection that termi­nates the keel of the outer glume.In some varieties it approaches anawn in appearance. Scofield (184-)first used the term "beak," previousauthors having referred to it as atooth or point. The beaks varyin width, shape, and length. Thesecharacters are of considerable im­portance in identification and areused in the descriptions of tIlevarieties.

WIDTH

Beak widths are described asnarrow, midwide, and wide (fig. 8).

o (J 0abe

FIGURE B.-Beak widths: a, Narrow; b,midwide; c, wide. (Upper row, X 3; lowerrow, XI.)

TIle average beak is only 1 mm."vide, so the variations are verysmall, and general observation isthe only basis for describing them.rrhose that are wider than theaverage are called wide and thosethat are narrower are called narrow.

SHAPE

The apex of the beak varIesconsiderably in shape. It is de­scribed as obtuse, acute, and acu­Ininate (fig. 9). Obtuse beaks areblunt at the apex. Acute beakscome to a point at the apex. Acu­Ininate beaks are narrowly and

0 (j (]I ."I, ./ ,\ ,:

\ .U ~ e

FU;URE 9.-Beak shapes: a, Obtuse; b, acute;c, acuminate. (Upper row, X 3; lowerrow, XI.)

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 27

very sharply pointed. All awnedspikes have acuminate beaks.

LENGTH

Beak lengths are quite variable,especially in the awned varieti'3s,and are considerably influenced byenvironment. In general, conditionsthat increase or decrease the leno-tnof the beak affect nearly all varietiesto a similar degree. In the awnless,apically awnleted, and awnletedwheats the differences in length arenot great, but in many varietiesthey are quite distinct. The lengthof the beak is measured from theshoulder of the glume upward.On most awned wheats the lengthincreases from the base of the spiketo its apex. The range of differencevaries greatly with the variety.For this reason no single measure­ment is used in describing thelengths, but instead the averagemaximum and minimum lengthsare given. None of the awnlessvarieties here described has beakslonger than 3 mm. Variations inbeak lengths are shown in figure 10.

f ,FIGURE IO.-Beak lengths, showing seven

variations. (X 1.)

AWN CHARACTERS

Certain characters of the awn aredistinct. Some of these are im­portant in classification, althoughothers are not. The divergence ofthe awn from the vertical is 011e

that is not important. The awnsof some varieties are all nearly

vertical or appressed, whereas othersare spreading. These charactersa,re affected by drought or otherabnormal conditions and usuallyare not sufficiently constant forclassification purposes. The awnsof some varieties sometimes aredeciduous, dropping off at maturity.'l'his occurs so rarely that it is oflittle or no use in classification.The color and length of the awns,however, are factors of some im­portance in this classification.

COLOR

In the key to the varieties ofdurum wheat the awn color is usedas the fourtb major character.This method was followed byK6rnicke and Werner (126). Forthe other species and subspeciesthe awn color is used only as aminor character. All awns aredescribed as white or black. Thewhite class may include yellowishshades, and the black class mayinclude shades of brown and blue.Few varieties of common wheathave really black awns.

LENGTH

The length of the awn in awnedvarieties is of slight value in classi­fication. No attempt has beenmade in these studies to separatethese varieties into classes withrespect to awn length. In alldescriptions, however, the averageextreme lengths are recorded incentimeters.

KERNEL CHARACTERS

The kernel color, length, andtexture are the most constant ofall the kernel characters. Theseare used as major distinctions.The shape of the kernel is con­sidered of only minor importanceas are certain differences of th~germ, crease, cheeks, and brush.

COLOR

Kernel colors were early recog­nized as important charactars in

28 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

separating varieties. Most varIe­ties were observed to have either,vhite or red kernels but weresometimes regarded as being yello"\\ror brown. The kernel color wasused by Kornicke and Werner(126) and by Vilmorin (215) asone of tIle leading taxononlic char­acters of wheat. Heuze (100) andKornicke and Werner have in­dicated various shades of \vhite oryellow and of red in the descriptionsof the kernel color. Eriksson (74)believed that white wheat becomesred and states that the color ofgrain is useless in distinguishing avariety~. Cobb (57) arranged thewheats lle was growing accordingto tIle color tint from lightest todarkest. Howard and Howard (109,p. 228) regard the wheat kernel asbeing eitller white or red. Theystate that "the particular tone ofcolour depends partly on the con­sistency of the grain." Hayes,Bailey, Arny, and Olson (96) pro­posed the use of the terms "red"and ",vhite" in describing thepresence alld absence of a brownisll­red pigment in the bran layer.The use of the modification "lightred" ,vas suggested where thedegree of pigmentation was lessthan usual in the red wheats.Three varieties of Abyssinian wheathaving violet-colored kernels werementioned by Kornicke and Werner(126). TIle writers have growilpurple-kerneled wheats from Ethi­opia (.A..byssinia), but they are notconsidered in the presentclassification.

Kernels of all varieties aregrouped into two classes, describedas \vhite and red, and, as in tIleglume colors, many different shadesare present. In general, however,the two classes distinctly separateall wheats.

Kernels of the white class mayvary from cream to yellowish, ortIley may be white, \vithout pig­ment. White or faintly pigmented

kernels may appear to have dif­ferent shades of yellow color becauseof differences in texture of theendosperm.

I{ernels of the red class mayvary from light brown to thedarker shades of red. The varia­tions are due to varietal differencesand environment. Differences intexture, due to varying conditions,may cause "yellow berries," whichsOInetimes give the kernels aInottled appearance. Some sampleshave been received for identificationin ",~hich kernels appeared to bepartly red and partly white. 'l'hiscondition has been found to be theresult of environment, as suchkernels produce plants with onlyred kernels.~fany writers have classed some

varieties as "amber." This usu­all.y refers to a white kernel havingit translucent or vitreous endosperm.'rhe term "amber" is used todesignate a certain subclass ofdurum wheat in the United Statesofficial grain standards. Until re­cent years hard red kernels some­times ,vere referred to as amber­colored. The word "amber" alsohas been used as a part of a varietalIlame, such as Martin Amber,\vhicll is a soft white wheat, andl\1ichigan Amber, which is a softred wlleat. Because of this am­biguity and because wheats usuallyare eitIler red or white, the word"amber" is not used in this bulletinin describing wheat kernels.

LENGTH

'rIle length of the kernel is usedns a major character in distinguish­illg varieties.

Korllicke and Werner (126), intIleir descriptions of wheaL varieties,indicated the average length andwidth of the kernels in millimetersand the average number of kernelsin 10 grams. The kernels weredescribed as very small, small,

CLASSIFICATION 0]' WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 29

large, a.nd long. Heuze (100) de­scribed the kernels as short, me­dium, or long. 'The size of thekernels of any variety varies whengrown in different sections or indifferent years in the same section.From necessity, therefore, the lim­its of the classes in which varietiesare placed must be overlapping. Akernel of wheat reaches its maxi­mum length several days beforeripening. The length, therefore, isfairly constant, even when it isconsiderably shrunken, and is themost valuable of the kernel dimen­sions for taxonomic purposes. Inmaking measurements only thenormal kernels sbould be used.The kernels from the tip spikeletson a spike and from the upperflorets in the spikelet are belowaverage length.

In the keys two classes are made,namely, kernels short to midlongand l{ernels midlong to long. Inthe descriptions three classes­short, midlong, and long-some­times are mentioned separately.These kernel lengths are shown infigure 11.

FIGURE II.-Kernel lengths: a, Short; b,midlong; c, long. (Upper row, X 3; lowerrow, X I.)

The short to midlong class in­cludes varieties the kernels of whichmeasure within the limits of 4 to7.5 mm. in length. The midlongto long class includes varieties thekernels of which come within thelimits of 6.5 to 10 mm. For in-

dividual samples more definitelimitation is possible. For thispurpose the term "short" is usedfor l{ernels ranging from 4 to 6 mm.in length, "midlong" for those rang­ing from 6 to 8 mm., and "long"for those ranging from 8 to 10 mm.

TEXTURE

The texture of wheat kernels isan important character in classifi­cation. It has an economic value,as most wheat is marketed in com­mercial classes, which are fixedlargely on a basis of texture becausehard wheats generally are better forbread making than soft wheats.

'fwo texture classes are used­kernels soft to semihard and kernelssemihard to hard. Here, as withsize, overla.pping class limits werefound necessary. In general, allwheat varieties can be classedreadily in one or the other of thesetwo groupings. In describing spe­cific samples and in individual de­scription of varieties, three classesare used separately, as soft, semi­hard, and hard. A soft kernel isone that, when normally developed,has an endosperm entirely soft,mealy, or starchy. A hard kernel,when normally developed, has acorneous, horny, or vitreous endo­sperm throughout. A semihardkernel has an endosperm that isintermediate between the othertwo.

The species Triticum durum wasso named by Desfontaines (67) be­cause of the hardness of the kernels.Metzger (142) divided the white­kerneled wheats into two groups

I on the basis of texture, the starchyones being considered as yellow.K6rnicke and Werner (126) de­scribed the kernels of different vari­eties as being entirely mealy, nearlyentirely mealy, mostly mealy, partlymealy, partly glassy, mostly glassy,nearly entirely glassy, and entirelyglassy. The texture of the samevariety varied in different seasons.

30 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

These authors, as well as Eriksson(74-), Fruwirth (83), and Howardand Howard (109, p. 232), concludethat kernel texture is useless as avarietal character and that it de­pends on environment. Hayes,Baile~y, Arny, and Olson (96) sug­gest the terms corneous, subcor­neous, substarchy, and starchy fordescribing the texture of the wheatkernel. The writers have concludedthat beca,use of th.e variability intexture under different environ­ments one can separate varieties ofwheat accurately into only twoclasses and fairly accurately intothree classes. Soft-kerneled vari­eties grown undel" very dry condi­tions will sometimes become brittleand slightly subcorneous. Whenhard-kerneled varieties are grownunder humid conditions or in soildeficient in nitrogen they some­times become starchy, semistarchy,or mottled, the condition beingdesignated as "yellow berry," andthe kernels are then rather soft.

The difficulty of numerous in­vestigators in determining the ker­nel texture has been caused by thefailure to dissociate softness fromstarchiness or yellow berry. Free­man (82, pp. 224--225) has shownthe nature of hardness in the wheatkernel. The following is quotedfrom his conclusions:

1. The hardness of a wheat is deter­Inined by the solidity of the grain, andthis, in turn, by the nature and relativeproportions of gluten and starch in theendosperm.

2. When the ratio of gluten to starchis sufficiently high, the entire cell con­tents are cemented together solidly asthe grain dries out in ripening. It, there­fore, takes on a hard, glassy, semitrans­lucent texture. In the absence of a suffi­cient proportion of gluten to hold the cellcontents together, the shrinkage in dryingdoes not fully cOlnpensate for the loss of,vater, and air spaces appear within thecells. These open spaces render the grainsoft and, also, since they serve as refract­ing surfaces, make it opaque. We are,therefore, accustomed to associate soft-

ness, opaqueness, and low gluten contentin wheats.

3. There are two types of soft grainsanlong the wheats included in these ex­perirnents.

(a) A type designated by the writer as"true softness" in which the air spacesin the endosperm are diffuse and finelysc.attered. This type of softness is onlyslIghtly affected by environic conditions.

(b) A type commonly called "yellowberry," in which the air spaces within·tl~e end.osperm .occur i~ flakelike groups·WIth qUIte definIte margIns. The opaque­ness thus arising may be confined to aslnall spot only or may include the entireendosperm. This type of softness is verysensitive of environic conditions.

In this bulletin soft texturerefers to the condition designatedabove as "true softness" and mustnot be confused with yellow berry.

True kernel texture, therefore,eallnot be determined on yellow­berry kernels, because they alwaysare soft. I t usually is possible,ho\vcver, to select from a sample afew kernels that are not whollystarcIl~y and that can be accuratelyused for texture determinations.Roberts (172) attempted to measureIUlrdness mechanically by deter­mining the crushing strength. Thisis 110t entirely accurate, as theshape of the kernel influences itscrushing strength and, in addition,soft-wheat varieties grown underdry-land conditions are quite brittleand difficult to crush. The particle­size determination of Cutler andBrinson (65) and the pearling testof 'I'aylor, Bayles, and Fifield (204-)are useful in determining the textureof kernels of varieties. Texture intIle present studies was determinedby cutting kernels not affectedby yellow berry and examining theendosperm.

SHAPE

The shape of the kernel is de­scribed as ovate, elliptical, or oval(fig. 12). These terms refer only totIle outline of the kernel as viewedfroln the dorsal surface, and not to

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 31

FIGURE I2.-Kernel shapes: a, Ovate; b,elliptical; c, oval. (Upper row, X 3;lower row, X I.)

the kernel as a whole. When egg­shaped in outline,. ~he ger~ endbeing the broader, It IS descrIbed asovate. An elliptical kernel is onethe length of which is more t~an

twice the width and that has sIdessomewhat curved and both endsrounded. An oval kernel is broader,like the ovate, but with both endsof nearly equal width. ¥o?ifica­tions of these shapes are IndIcatedby describing kernels as narrowly orbroadly elliptical, ovate, or oval, asthe case may be. A few varie~ie~,as Baart, show other characterIstIcshapes, which are given in thedescriptions of these varieties.

Most kernels are classified asovate, but in a few varieties aconsiderable part of the kernelsmay have one or the other of theshapes just noted. The shape ofthe wheat kernel is influenced bythe position in the spikelet, theposition in the spike, and thedegree of plumpness. Boshnakian(26, p. 205) has shown thatspikelet characters that affect theshape of the wheat kernel aremainly-

(1) The stiffness of the gh~mes, .(2) thesize and shape of the space In whIch ~he

grain develops, (3) the. num~~r of graInsin the spikelet and theIr pOSItIon, (4) thedensity of the head, (5) the pressurecaused by the growth of different parts

260503-54-3

of the head, and (6) the species whichproduces the kernel.

The kernels from the base or tipspikelets on the spike are shorterin proportion to width than theothers. The kernels from clubwheat or from the tip spikelets ofclavate spikes of common wheatsare usually laterally compressed or"pinched." Shrunken kernelsusually have an elliptical shapebecause of being narro,v. As thewidth of a kernel of wheat dependslargely upon the degree of de­velopment of plumpness, this char­acter has verv little taxonomicvalue. U

The tip, or brush, end of nearly allvarieties is rounded, but the kernelsof a few varieties, in which the tipsare square rather than rounded, asseen from the dorsal view, are de­scribed as truncate. Kernels of afew varieties have acute or pointedtips, as seen in both dorsal andlateral views, and such tips aredescribed as acute.

The shape of the kernel as seenin the lateral view is important inonly a few varieties. Many vari­eties, especially durums and em­mers, are more or less keeled on thedorsal surface. Normally the ker­nels of wheat, in dorsoventral diam­eter are thickest near the base, justabo~e the germ. In a few varietiesthe kernels are strongly elevated onthe dorsal side of this basal portionand they are popularly known as"humped." 'l'hat term is used indescribing such kernels. When thedorsal portion is less keeled thannormal the kernel is described asflattened. Where only the tip ofthe kernel is thus flattened it isdescribed as having a flattened tip.The kernels of a few varieties whenviewed from the side have a de­pressed dorsal surface about mid­way between the ends. This fea­ture is referred to as sway-backed.

32 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

WIDTH

}""1IGURE 13.-Germ sizes: a, Small; b, mid­sized; c, large. (Upper row, X 3; lowerrow, X 1.)

'fIle width of the crease is deter­mined by the distance between thecrests of the cheeks on each side oftIle crease. Creases are describedas narrow, midwide, and wide(fig. 14). A narrow crease is abouttwo-thirds or less of the total widthof the kernel in ventral view. Themidwide crease, which is typical ofmost varieties, is usually aboutfour-fifths of the total kernel width.A wide crease is almost the totalwidth of tbe kernel.

CREASE CHARACTERS

TIle crease, or sulcus, on the ven­tral side of the wheat kernel israther variable but is of value indistinguishing a few varieties. Thechief taxonomic chara.cters are thewidtll and the depth. 'Shrunkenkernels nearly always have a rela­tively wide and deep crease, whereasin extremely plump or yellow-berrykernels the crease is narrow andshallow, because the space beneaththe bran is occupied by large starch.cells and air spaces.

The limits of the three size groupsoverlap. Most kernels have a mid­sized germ, so these characters arenot much used in distinguishingvarieties. For some varieties, how­ever, they can be used to advantage.

5 The shape of the kernel has beenused as a distinguishing characterby only a few authors. K6rnickeand Werner (126) recorded thelengths and widths of the kernelsand referred to some as roundish orelongated. Eriksson (74-) used thenumber of kernels in 100 mm.,placed side by side, to indicate thewidth of the kernel. This charac­ter is, however, of value only incomparing varieties grown underidentical conditions. Heuze (100)described the shape of kernels ofeach variety, using such terms aselongated, short, angular, com­pressed, ovoid, oblong, and swollen.Scofield (184-) suggested 16 descrip­tive terms to be applied to the shapeof wlleat kernels. Wheat kernelscannot be accurately described ac­cording to shape unless they arenormally developed, that is, neithershrunkeIl nor excessively plump.

GERM CHARACTERS

TIle size and shape of the germ,or embryo, of the wheat }rernelhave seldom been used as cllarac­tel'S in classification. After exam­ining thousands of samples, thewriters have concluded that thesize of the germ is one of the mostconstant of minor kerIlel characters.Tllere is considerable variationamong the individual kernels of abulk sample, but typical kernels ofa pure variety have a characteristicsize of germ. The germ is devel­oped earlier than the endospermaIld consequently is of almost nor­mal size even in shrunken grain.

The germ is here described assmall, midsized, or large (fig. 13).A small germ is one that occupiesless than one-sixth' of the area ofthe dorsul surface of the kernel ortIle area visible in dorsal· view. Amidsize germ occupies from on.e­sixth to one-fourth of the dorsalarea of the kernel. A large gerIlloccupies one-fourtll or more of thedorsal area.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 33

FIGURE I4.-Crease widths: a, Narrow; b,midwide; c, wide. (Upper row, X 3; lowerrow, XI.)

DEPTH

The depth of the crease in .thisclassification has been determInedby an external examination ratherthan by a cross section of the kernpl.The depth, therefore, is judgedfrom the crest of the cheeks to theposition where the crease is closed.No measurements of the portion ofthe crease below the surface of thekernel have been considered.Crease depths are described asshallow, middeep, and deep (fig. 15).

(p C!) ~ tStIZI b 1I dJ

FIGURE IS.-Crease depths: a, Shallow; b,middeep; c, deep; d, pitted. (Upperrow, X 3; lower row, XI.)

A shallow crease has a depth of 20percent or less of the dorsoventralthickness of the kernel. A middeepcrease has a depth of from 15 to 35percent of the thickness of thekernel, a.nd a deep crease has adepth of 30 to 50 percent of thethickness of the kernel.

The depth of the crease is oftaxonomic value only when the ker­nels are normally developed and isa distinguishing character in only afew varieties. It is sufficiently con­stant, however, to be of use indescribing varieties grown underidentical and normal conditions.Nearly all of the durum and clubwheats have a shallow crease. A

few varieties of common wheat havebeen described as having a "pitted"crease. This is characterized byhaving a distinct opening near thecenter of the crease (fig. 15, d).The sides of the opening usually arewrinkled. The pitted character ismost marked on the kernels of theHumpback (no longer grown com­mercially) and the Huston varieties.

CHEEK CHARACTERS

The cheeks of a kernel are theridges along each side of the creaseon the ventral surface of the kernel.The most distinguishing characterof the cheek is the outline of thecrest in cross section. This isrounded or angular (fig. 16). Ex-

Q),.,.. ' CQ''\.... \!y"."'; \YJ...1".'- --.- .,\. - ~- . ,.; . '. .

z .•, ' ., t' ' -: .,' ....- - I, .,,'

FIGURE I6.-Cheek shapes: a, Rounded;b, angular. CUppcr row, X 3; lower row,XI.)

tremely starchy (yellow berry) ker­nels always have rounded cheeks,whereas the cheeks of shrunkenkernels are always angular. It isnecessary, therefore, to examinenormally developed kernels in orderto recognize the differences. Allof the durum wheats have angularcheeks. Most of the commonwheats have cheeks that are moreor less angular, but a few varieties,such as Turkey, consistently haverounded cheeks. There is no sharpdistinction between the angularand the rounded cheeks.

BRUSH CHARACTERS

The brush of the kernel is thehair at the tip or the end oppositethe germ. Cobb (59) described indetail the brush of 51 varieties ofwheat grown in Australia.

34 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

SIZE

TIle size of brush refers to thearea that it occupies on the kernel.It is described as small, midsized,and large (fig. 17). A small brush

Q ~ Q ~.,', I··"','~.' ~ ~

I."

.," I

a e J,

FIGURE 17.-Brush sizes: a, Small; b, mid.sized; c, large; d, collared brush. (Upperrow, X 3; lower row, Xl.)

occupies only a part of the tip ofthe kernel. In kernels that aredistin~tly pointed at the tip, how­ever, It may cover all of the end..il midsized brush covers the tip ofthe kernel. Nearly all varie ~ies ofwheat come within this class. Alarge brush is one that extendspartl:y over the sides of the kernelchiefly along the crease.'

LENGTH

'rIle length of brusll refers to theaverage length of llairs, which aredescribed as short, midlong, andlong (fig. 18). In short brush the

FIGURE 18.-Brush lengths: a, Short· bmidlong; c, long. (Upper row, X 3; l~we;row, Xl.)

hairs are less than 0.5 mm. long,in midlong brush from 0.5 to 1 mm.long, and in long brush more than1 mm. long. A few very long hairslllay be present in a short brush.

All durum wheats and some vari­eties of common wheat, such asRed Bobs, have 3 short brush.Both size and length of brush arevery constant characters, probablythe most constant kernel charactersaside from color and size. In ma­clline threshing, part of the hairs ofthe brush frequently are removed.

COLLAR

The brush area of some varieties isllere described as "collared" (fig. 17,d). Cobb (59) referred to this asan abrupt margin. This refers tothe presence of a distinct raisedcolla~ or flange of bran along themargIn of the brush area. This ismost noticeable on shrunken ker­nels, but is very distinct on normalkerllels of a few varieties such asGoldcoin. '

OTHER CHARACTERS

Several characters of wheat vari­eties of interest to growers cannotbe observed in a morphological ex­amination. These differences oftenare of great economic importancebut are of little value in classifica­tion. Following the descriptionsof many of the varieties, thereforeother characters of importance's~lch as productivity, quality, re~sIstance to low temperatures andresistance to diseases and in~ects,are mentioned. '

PRODUCTIVITY

Ac?mparison of yield of differentvarIetIes of wheat is of value only~hen. the vari~~ies are grown underIdeJ?-tIcal. condl~Ions, 3:s side by side,?n IdentIcal soIl, and In one localityIn the same season. Under certainconditions it is possible for almost

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 35

any variety to outyield all others,and consequently an expression ofyield is of little taxonomic impor­tance. Kornicke and Werner (126)recorded the yields of the varietiesgrown at Poppelsdorf in the de­scription of each variety. In thepresent work the writers have men­tioned productivity or yield of onlythose varieties that experimentshave shown to be distinctly high orlow in yield in certain areas.

QUALITY

N ext to productivity, the valueof wheat varieties for milling andfor making bread, cake, pastries,macaroni, and other baking prod­ucts is of the greatest economicimportance, as these are the prin­cipal uses for wheat. Flour fromhard red winter, hard red spring,and hard white varieties is usedmostly for breadmaking. The softwhite common, club, and soft redcommon varieties are used mostlyfor the manufacture of cake, cooky,pastry, biscuit, and cracker flours,

, for breakfast cereal products, orfor bread when blended with highprotein hard wheats. Durum va­rieties are used for macaroni andsimilar products. Varieties differgreatly in their usefulness for thesevarious products. As with yield,these differences can be accuratelydetermined only by careful experi­ments, conducted with comparablygrown samples. The percentageof protein in grain is determinedchiefly by the environment underwhich it is grown, but some varie­ties are consistently high.er or lowerthan others. The quality of theprotein is determined chiefly byvariety. Where quality differencesare known to exist they are pointedout, following the descriptions.

HARDINESS

Hardiness is the ability of theplant to resist low temperature,

heaving, winter drought, and manyother factors that may cause in­jury or death to the plant. In thecase of winter wheats, resistance tolow temperatures consists of theability to survive low winter tem­peratures; in the case of springwheats, it is the ability to resistinjury from spring, summer, or fallfrosts. Winterkilling in the hardred winter region is more commonlycaused by low temperatures anddrought, while in the more humidsoft winter wlleat region of theEastern States it is often caused byheaving as well as low temperatureswithout snow cover. Following thevarietal descriptions, the writershave indicated a few varieties thatare known to be especially winter­hardy or nonhardy, but otherwisethe character is not mentioned.

RESISTANCE TO DISEASE AND INSECTS

Wheat varieties are l\:nown thathave more or less resistance toeach of the many diseases of wheatand to some insects. N early allvarieties of wheat herein consid­ered have been grown in nurserieswhere they were inoculated eithernaturally or artificially with stemrust, leaf rust, stripe rust, bunt orstinking smut, loose smut, flagsmut, powdery mildew, and mosaicor were exposed to infestation byhessian fly or greenbugs. Immunityand resistance can be determinedwhen varieties are exposed equallyto a disease or insect under condi­tions favorable for its development.When a variety is known to beresistant to a disease or some racesor to an insect, this fact is notedfollowing the varietal descriptions.

CLASSIFICATION OF THEGENUS TRITICUM

Wheat belongs to the grass familyGramineae (Poaceae) and to thetribe Hordeae, in which the one- toseveral-flowered spikelets are sessile

36 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURB

and alternate on opposite sides ofthe rachis, forming a true spike.Wheat is located in the genusTriticum, where the solitary two­to several-flowered spikelets areplaced sidewise against the curvedchanneled joints of the rachis.

"Vheat is characterized as a mid­tall annual grass with flat bladesand a terminal spike. The spikeletsare solitary, one- to five-flowered,sessile, arranged alternately on the

nodes of a zigzag, channeled, artic­ulate rachis; the glumes keeled,rigid, three- to several-nerved, ob­tuse, acute or acuminate; the lem­mas keeled or rounded on the back,many-nerved, ending in a singletooth or awn.

TIle following eight divisions ofthe genus Triticum were used byH'ackel (91, pp. 180-187) andrecognized by others for manyyears:

Tr£ticurn _ {{

vulgare Vill _. compactum Host__

tenax-- - - - - - - _. - -- - t ·d Lt· urgt um - - - - --sa tvum - - - - durum Desf _dicoccum Schrank _spelta L _____ _ _

polonicum L .. _monococcum L__ - . _

Common wheat.Club wheat.Poulard wheat.Durum wheat.Emmer.Spelt.Polish wheat.Einkorn.

In recent years the species of\vheat have been classified on thebasis of chromosome numbers. Sa­kamura in 1918 (174) reported thenumbers for each of the above spe­cies or subspecies and his countshave since been verified by Sax(177), Kihara (119, 120, 121),Watkins (224), and others.

Ne,,'" species of wheat have been

described since 1920 and the classi­fication of Flaksberger and co­workers, 1939 (80), includes allthose k:nown at the present time.~rhe species recognized by Flaks­berger, grouped according to chro­lnosome number, with their com­lnon names used in the UnitedStates, are as follows:

Diploid series

14 chromosomes

T. spontaneum Flaks., wildeinkorn.

T. monococcum L., einkorn.

Tetraploid series

28 ChrOI110S0Ines

T. dicoccoides !{orn., wildemmer.

T. timopheevi Zhuk., timo­pheevi.

T. dicoccurn Schrank, em­mer.

T. durum Desf., durumwheat.

T. abyssinicu'm Steud.,Abyssinian wheat.

T. turgidurn L., poulardwheat.

T. polonicum L., Polishwheat.

T. persicum (Boiss.),Aitch., & HeIns!., Per­sian wheat.

Hexaploid series

42 chromosomes

T. spelta L., spelt.

T. vulgare (Vill.) Host (T.aestivum L.), commonwheat.

T. compactum Host, clubwheat.

T. sphaerococcum Perc.,shot wheat.

T. macha Dek. & Men.,macha.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 37

A translation of the key to thespecies of Triticum prepared byFlaksberger et al. (80) was givenby Clark and Bayles (44, pp.38-40).

SPELT

Spelt may be of either winter orspring habit and awnless or awned.It has a long, narrow, lax spike nnda brittle rachis. The pedicel (in­ternode of the rachis) is long andwide, and after threshing remainsattached to the face of the spikeletbelow the one that it bears. Thespikelets are two-kerneled, archedon the inner side, and closely ap­pressed to the rachis. The kernels,which remain enclosed in the glumesafter threshing, are pale red, long,and laterally compressed, and havean acute tip and a narrow, shallowcrease..

Spelt is grown commercially onlyto a slight extent in the UnitedStates. Spikes, glumes, a spikelet,and kernel of the Red Wintervariety of spelt are shown in figure19, A.

EMMER

Emmer is often incorrectly called"speltz" in the United States.Emmer may be of either winter orspring habit and usually is awned.The culms often are pithy within,and the leaves usually are pubes­cent. The rachis is brittle. Thaspikes are very dense and laterallycompressed, being narrow whenviewed from the face of the spikeletand wide from the edge view. Thepedicel (internode of rachis) isshort, narrow, and pointed andremains attached to the base of thespikelet which it bea,rs. The spike­lets are flattened on the inner sideand usually contain two flowers.The kernels, which remain enclosedin the glumes after threshing, \nrered or white, long, and slender,with both ends acute.

Emmer is distinguished fromspelt by the shorter, denser spikes,whicll are laterally compressed.The pedicel of emmer is shorter andnarrower and is usually attached tothe base of tIle spikelet which itbears, whereas in spelt the pedicelremains attached to the face of thenext lower spikelet. The inner side'of the spikelet is flat instead ofarched, and the kernel usually isdarker red than that of spelt. Aspike, glumes, a spikelet, and kernelof the Vernal variety of emmer areshown in figure 19, B.

In the United States only a verysmall acreage of emmer is grown,and it is used as feed for livestock.

POULARD WHEAT

The poulard wheats may be ofeither winter or spring habit andusually are tall with broad leaves.Th.e culms are thick, usually solid,but sometimes pithy. The spikesare long and occasionall~ycompoundor branched. The spikelets arecompactly arranged on the spike,and the glumes are short andsharply keeled. The kernels arethick, humped, and mostly hard,but usually are very starchy (yellowberry). A spike, glumes, and ker­nels of the Alaska variety of poulardwheat are shown in figure 20, A.

The poulards are most closelyrelated to the durums. The glumesand kernels usually are shorter andthe kernels thicker in the dorso­ventral diameter and are somewhatsofter. In many instaIlces thevarieties of poulard and durum areso nearly alike that it is difficult todistinguish them.

Only a very limited acreage ofpoulard wheat is cultivated in theUnited States, and the grain is ofno commercial value except as feedfor stock.

38 TEe TICAL B LLETIN 1 0 3, . DEPT. OF AGRIC LTl:JRE

FIGURE 19.-A, Red Winter speJt and B, Vernal emmer: Spikes and glume , X 1; kernels,X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 39

BA.

-J " _~

FIGURE 20.-A, Alaska (poulard) wheat and B, timopheevi: Spikes and glumes, X 1;, kernels, X 3.

40 1'ECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

POLISH WHEAT

Polish wheat has a spring habittall stems, and a pithy peduncle:The spike is awned, large, and lax.The glumes are papery, very long,and narrow. The length of theglulne equals or exceeds the lengthof the lenlmas. The kernel is longand narrow, sometimes nearly ahalf inch long, is hard, and has ashape sonlewhat similar to that ofa kernel of rye. A spike, glumes,and kernels of the White Polishvariet~y· of Polish wlleat are sllownin figure 21, A.

Polish wheat usually yields lessthan other adapted varieties. Italso is of inferior value for bread ormacaroni manufacture. Polish,vheat is seldom grown in theUnited States.

TIMOPHEEVI

Timoplleevi wheat, which wasonly recently discoverad by Zhu­~ovsk~y· (.~33) , is of particularInterest because of its resistance toseveral diseases of wheat. It isvery higllly resistant to stem rustleaf rust, stinking smut, an.d mildew:The cytological studies of Kihara(122) have shown tllat it belongs tothe emmer group but contains onegenome not present in other speciesof !riticum. It is a late-maturingsprIng type. The grain does notthresh free of the glumes. Theglumes are densely pubescent andthe leaves have hairs on both ~pperand lower surface. A spike, spike­lets, and kernels of timopheevi areshown in figure 20, B.

EINKORN

Einkorn, or one-grained wheathas no English name but is calledeinkorn in German, and that namehas become fairly well known inNorth America. The spikes areawned, narrow, slender, and later­ally conlpressed. 'rhe spikelets

usually contain only one fertilefloret, for which reason it is calledone-grained wheat. The terminalspi~ele.ts are aborted. The paleasplIts Into two parts at maturity.'rhe kernels that remain in thespikelets after threshing, are palered, slender, and very much com­pressed. The kernel crease is al­In?st wanting. A spike, glumes, aspIkelet, and kernels of einkorn aresllown in figure 21, B.

. Ein~orn is not grown commer­CIally In North America and thespecies itself has no eco~omic im­portance.

COMMON WHEAT

III tIle Species Plantarum Lin­naeus in 1753 (134) first us~d thenanle Triticum aestivurn for a partof the common and club wheats.~rllis name originally referred to theU,wlled spring forms. It has beengiven priority use by botanists forthe name of the species morecommonly recognized as T. vulgare.'rllis name was applied to the com­mon wheats by Host· in 1805(107, v. 3) when it became apparentthat Linnaeus' separations were notlogical or correct. As the nameT. vulgare is in general use amongcereal agronomists the world overthe writers give preference to thatform, which has also been acceptedby Flaksberger and associates (80).

Common wheat has pairs of 21cllromosomes and is distinguishedfrom club wheat, which it mostclosely resembles, by a spike long inproportion to its thickness. Thespik~ is usually dorsally compressedand IS thus WIde when seen in faceview of the spikelets instead of nar­row, as with those of some other di­visions. The spikelets are two- tofive-flow~red,far apart, only slightlyoverlappIng, pressed close to theracllis, and nearly erect. Theglulnes are keeled only in the upperllalf, shorter than the lemmas,

CLASSIFICATIO OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROW IN 1949 41

A 8FIG RE 21.-A, White Polish (Polish) wheat and B, einkorn: pikes and glume , X 1;

kernels, X 3.

42 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

firm, and either glabrous or pubes­cent. The lemmas are awnlessor have awns less than 10 em. long.The palea is as long as the lemmasand remains entire at maturity.The culm of the plant usually ishollow, but occasionally is pithy"\\Tithin, and varies in strength andheight. '1'he blades of the leavesare usually narrower than those ofthe durum and poulard wheats.The kernels may be either soft orhard and white or red.

The characteristic of common"\\Theat of greatest economic value isits well-known quality for bread­making, as common wheat excelsall the other divisions of the genus

in tllis respect. I t is also the bestkno,vn and most widely cultivatedof all the species. The varietiesare most nearly related to the clubwheats (T. compactum.) These twodivisions have the same chromo­some number and cross readily.~I'here are intermediate types thatreselnble both common and clubwlleats.

Common wheat is adapted towidely varying climatic conditionsand possesses lTIOre diverse cllarac­tel'S than any of the otller divisions.'1'he 204 varieties cultivated in thelTIlited States are distinguished bythe accoITlpanying key.

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT

1a. Spike awnless to awnleted.2a. Glulnes glabrous.

3a. Glumes white.4a. }{ernels white (Triticum vulgare albidurn

Alef.) .1

I\:ernels short to midlong.:Kernels soft to semihard.

Winter habit. PaqeSpike fusiform to oblong . _ Yorkwin_ - - - - - - - - - - _ 50Spike oblong.

Keel straight above, shoulders Greeson_ _______________ 52wide.

Keel incurved above, shoulders White Winter - _____ 52wanting to oblique.

Spike oblong to clavate___ _ Brevor_________________ 52Spike clavate ___________ _ Wilhelmina (Holland) __ - _ 53

Spring habit.Spike fusiform.

Awnlets few _________ __ Defiance - _- - - __ - _- - _ 53Awnlets many, incurved_ _ _ Rink - _- _- - _- _____ 53

Spike oblong.Plant early to midseason.

Spike awnless.Spike fusiform to oblong_ ___ Idaed __ - - - _ 53Spike oblong_ ______ ____ _ Lemhi __ - __ - - __ - _- _____ 55

Spike apically awnleted_. ____ Onas - - - _ 55Resistant to bunt___ Onas 41________________ 55

Spike awnleted_______ _ Bunyip_________________ 57Plant midseason.

Spike awnless_______ _ Marfed_________________ 57Spike apically awnleted _ _ Cascade - __ - _- - _ 57

Plant late______________ _ Pacific Bluestem________ 57Resistant to bunt___ _ Pacific Bluestem 37 - - _ 59

Spike clavate.Plant early to midseason.

Spike apically awnlete(L. Major _____________ 59Spike awnleted_ ______ Oregon Zimmerman_ _____ 59

Plant late.Stem very glaucous_ ___ Dicklow _____________ 59

See footnote at end of key.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 43

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued

1a. Spike awnless to awnleted-Continued2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued

3a. Glumes white-Continued4a. Kernels white-Continued

Kernels short to midlong-ContinuedKernels semihard to hard.

Spring habit. PageSpike fusiform_ _____________ Florence (Quality) _______ 60Spike oblong.

Susceptible to bunt and rust White Federation_____ ___ 60Resistant to bunt and rust_ _____ White Federation 38_ ____ 60

Kernels midlong to long.Kernels soft.

Spring habit.Spike clavate ___________________ Pilcraw ________________ 60

4b. Kernels red (T. vulgare lutescens AIeL).!Kernels short to midlong.

Kernels soft to semihard.Winter habit.

Stem white.Spike fusiform.

Plant early.Spike erect, awnlets 2 to 15 Rice ___________________ 60

mm. long. Early Premium _____ ___ 64Spike nodding, lax.

Awnlets few, 3 to 10 mm. Leap___________________ 64long.

Awnlets several, 5 to 25 Leapland_ ______________ 64mm. long.

Plant midseason.Spike erect.

Awnlets several, 5 to 20 Vahart_________________ 64mm. long.

Spike inclined.Apically awnleted Kanqueen_ _____ _______ 64Awnlets few, 3 to 15 mm. Vigo___________________ 66

long.Awnlets several, 5 to 30 Lofthouse ______________ 66

mm. long.Spike nodding, lax_ ________ Wabash_ _______________ 66

Spike oblong.Plant midseason.

Spike erect to inclined.Spike lax _______________ Fairfield_ _______________ 67Spike middense_ _________ Clarkan_ _______________ 67Spike dense.

Awnlets, 3 to 10 mm. Harvest Queen__________ 69long.

Awnlets, 5 to 15 mm. Pennoll________________ 69long.

Spike nodding.Awnlets straight, 3 to 10 Prosperity______________ 69

mm. long.Awnlets incurved, 5 to 15 Forward__ __ ____________ 69

mm. long.Spike clavate.

Plant midseason Valprize________________ 70Plant very late Red Russian____________ 70

See footnote at end of key.

44 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUHE

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued

la. Spike awnless to awnleted-Continued2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued

3a. Glumes white-Continued4b. I{ernels red--Continued

Kernels short to midlong-ContinuedKernels soft to semihard-Continued

Winter habit-ContinuedStem purple.

Spike fusiform.Plant midseason.

Shoulders narrow, rounded__Shoulders midwide, rounding

to square.

Spike clavate ._Intermediate habit.

Stem white.Spike fusiform.

Awnlets 3 to 10 mIll. long _Awnlets 5 to 20 mIll. long.

Plant early________ __. .__Plant midseason .__

Spike fusiform to oblong.Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long -._

Spike oblong___________ _. _ _- _Spike oblong to clavate.

Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long _Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long _

Stem purple.Spike fusiform.

Susceptible to leaf rust_

Resistant to leaf rust andrnosa,ic.

Resistant to leaf rust _Spike oblong - - - - _-_.- _-._

Spring habit.Stem white.

Spike fusiform - - - ._._ _ .- _--Stem purple.

Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long _Awnlets 5 to 25 mm. long.

}{ernels semihard to hard.Winter habit.

Spike fusiform.Awnlets few, 3 to 12 mIn. long.

Kernels ovate, germ small ._Kernels elliptical, genn rnid­

sized.Awnlets several, 3 to 25 IllIn.

long.Kernels short to midlong _Kernels midlong.

Glumes white_ ______ -. _Glumes white with black

pigment.Spike oblong.

Awnlets several, 3 to 12 mIn.long.

Awnlets several, 5 to 25 Innl.long.

N ured _Fulhio _Fultz _Trumbull _Ashland _Fultzo-Mediterranean _

Carala _

Redhart _Taylor _

Hardired _Coker 47-27 _

Atlas 66 _Atlas 50 _

Purplestraw _Gasta _Chancellor _

Sanford _Flint _

Coastal _

IIuston _Seabreeze _

Newturk _Ridit _

Purkof _

Cache _Chiefkan _

Michikof _

Mosida _

Page707070707373

73

7373

7474

7476

767676

7677

77

7779

7979

79

8080

80

80

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 45

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued

la. Spike awnless to awnleted-Colltinued2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued

3a. Glumes white-Continued4b. Kernels red-Continued

Kernels short to midlong-ContinuedKernels semihard to hard-Continued

Spring habit.Stem white.

Plant early.Spike awnless _

Spike awnleted.Spike fusiform.

Kernels short _Kernels short to midlong_

Spike oblong _Plant early to midseason.

Kernels short.Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long __

Kernels midlong. .Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long.

Plant short to midtall _Plant midtall to tall _

Plant midseason to late.Kernels short.

Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long.Stem hollow _Stem solid _

Awnlets 5 to 15 mm. long __Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long __

Stem purple.Plant early.

Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long _Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long _

Plant early to midseason.Awnlets 2 to 10 mm. long.

Spike fusiform, erect _Spike oblong, inclined _Spike oblong to subclavate__

3b. Glumes brown.4a. Kernels white (T. vulgare alborubrum

Koern.).lKernels short to midlong.

Kernels soft to semihard.Winter habit.

Spike awnless.Spike oblong, stem white _

Spike awnleted.Spike fusiform, stem purple _Spike oblong, stem white.

Awnlets 1 'to 3 mm. long _Awnlets 3 to 20 mm. long _

Spike clavate, stem purple.Spike middense, erect to in­

clined.Spike dense, erect _

Spring habit.Spike oblong _

Resistant to bunt _Kernels semihard to hard.

Spring habit.Spike middense to lax _Spike dense _

See footnote at end of key.

Red Bobs _Supreme _

Redman _Garnet ~ _Comet ~ _

Thatcher _Newthatch _

Marquillo _Carleeds (Nordhougen) _

Marquis _Rescue _Apex _Cadet _

Rushmore _Saunders _

Renown _Regent _Kitchener _

Rex _

Cornell 595 _

Genesee _I>awson _

Goldcoin (Fortyfold) _

Golden _

Federation _Federation 41 _

Ramona 44 _Hard Federation _Hard_Federation:31 _

Page8282

828284

8486

8686

87889090

9092

929294

94

94

9595

95

97

9798

989898

46 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTVHE

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued

1a. Spike awnless to awnleted-Continued2a. Glulnes glabrous-Continued

3b. Glubes brown-Continued4b. Kernels red (T. vulgare miltura Alef.).1

Kernels short to midlong.Kernels soft to semihard.

Winter habit.Stem white.

Spike fusiform.Plant midseason.

Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long _Awnlets 5 to 15 mm. long _

Spike oblong _Stem purple.

Spike fusiform.Plant early, midtall _Plant midseason, midtall to

tall.Beaks 0.5 mm. long.

Awnlets 3 to 12 mm. long_Awnlets 5 to 20 mm~ long_

Beaks 1 to 1.5 mm. long _Spike oblong.

Plant early.Awnlets several, 5 to 25

mm.long.Plant midseason.

Awnlets few, 3 to 15mm.long.

Awnlets several, 5 to 25mm. long.

Kernels midlong to long _3c. Glulnes brown with black pigment.

4b. Kernels red.Kernels hard - _- - -

2b. Glumes pubescent.3a. Glumes white.

4b. Kernels red (T. vulgare villosum Alef.).1Kernels short to midlong.

Kernels soft to semihard.Winter habit.

Spike inclined; kernels semihard _Spike nodding; kernels soft _

Kernels hard.Spring habit.

Plant early, short - - -_ - _3b. Glumes brown.

4a. Kernels white (T. vulgare delft Koern.).1Kernels short to midlong.

Kernels soft to semihard.Spring habit.

Spike fusiform; beaks acute _Spike oblong; beaks acuminate _

lb. Spike awned.2a. Glumes glabrous.

3a. Glumes white.4a. Kernels white (T. vulgare graecum

Koern.).1Kernels short to midlong.

Kernels soft to semihard.Spring habit _Spring intermediate habit _

See footnote at end of key.

~oking _Red VVave _Purdue No. 1 _

Currell _

13aldrock . _Poole _llussian Red _

Purcam _

lled ~ay (~ichigan Am-ber).

Thorne _Seneca _Anderson _

Red Chief _

Triplet _Jones Fife _

lleward _

Galgalos _Sonora _

Awrled Onas _Orfed _

Page999999

99

99101101

101

101

103103103

103

106106

106

106108

108108

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 47

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued

lb. Spike awned-Continued2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued

3a. Glumes white-Continued4a. Kernels white-Continued

Kernels long.Kernels semihard.

Spring habit.Susceptible to rust and bunt _Resistant to some races of rust and

bunt.4b. Kernels red (T. vulgare erythrospermum

Koern.).lKernels short to midlong.

Kernels soft to semihard.Winter habit.

Stem white.Beaks 1 to 3 mm. long _

Baart _Baart 38 _Baart 46 _________ _ _

Gladden _Saline _Blackhawk _

Page110110110

111111111

Beaks 2 to 8 mm. long.Plant midtall Gipsy__________________ 111Plant midtall to tall Royal__________________ 111

Newcaster______________ 113Plant tall Valley _____________ 113

Stem purple.Spike fusiform.

Beaks 1 to 3 mm.long Kawvale_______________ 113Beaks 2 to 8 mm. long.

Plant midtall.Plant midseason Red Indian_____________ 113Plant late Mammoth Red____ ______ 114

Plant tall_ ____________ Fulcaster_______________ 114Nudel 115V. P. 1. 131_____________ 115

Spike oblong.Beaks 1 to 2 mm.long Butler__________________ 115Beaks 2 to 10 mnl.long Nittany________________ 115

Spring habit.Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long Progress________________ 115

Kernels semihard to hard.Winter habit.

Stem white.Plant very early.

Glumes white _______________ Triumph _______________ 117Glumes white with black

pigment.Kernels short to midlong Wichita________________ 117Kernels midlong Early Blackhull_ ________ 117

Plant early.Glumes white.

Kernels short to midlong.Beaks 3 to 5 mm.long Pawnee________________ 118Beaks 5 to 15 mm.long __ Ponca__________________ 118

Spike fusiform Westar_____ 120Spike oblong.

Winter habit_ _______ Comanche_ _______ _____ 120Winter intermediate Quanah_ _______________ 121

habit.Kernels midlong.

Beaks 3 to 10 mm. long __ Apache____ _____________ 121Glumes white with black

pigment.Kernels midlong.

Beaks 2 to 3 mm. long Kiowa_ ________________ 122See footnote at end of key.

260503-54--4

48 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued

1a. Spike awned-Continued2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued

3a. Glumes white-Continued4b. Kernels red-Continued

Kernels short to midlong-ContinuedKernels semihard to hard-Continued

Winter habit-ContinuedStem white-Continued

Plant midseason.Glumes white.

Stem white.Beaks 1 to 2 mm. long. Page

Spike inclined Marmin________________ 122Spike nodding yogo___________________ 122

Beaks 2 to 5 mm. long.Spike fusiform.

Spike middensc Minturki_ ______________ 123Minter_________________ 123

Spike lax ___________ Relief__________________ 123Wasatch________________ 124

Spike oblong to fusi- Cheyenne____ ___________ 124form, dense.

Beaks 2 to 8 mm. long.Spike fusiforlu, rnid- Turkey__ _______________ 126

dense.Karmont_ ______________ 127Montana No. 36___ ______ 128Nebraska No. 60________ 128Nebred_________________ 128Sioux_ ___________ 128Rio____________________ 128Reliant_________________ 128Ioturk__________________ 130

Beaks 3 to 30 mm. long.Kernels short to rnid- Tenmarq_ ______________ 130

long.Kernels midlong.

Spike fusiform.Spike lax _________ Sherman .______ 130Spike middcnse.

Glumes white Kanred ._______ 130Glumes yellow- ·Utah Kanred____________ 131

ish.Stem purple.

Beaks 2 to 8 mm. long ___ Wisconsin Pedigree No. 2_ 131Beaks 2 to 25 mrn. long.

Spike inclined Sibley 81_______________ 131Spike nodding Iowin__________________ 132

Glumes white with black pig-ment.

Stem white.Beaks 1 to 3 mm.long BlackhuIL___________ __ 132

Blue Jacket__ ___________ 132Plant late.

Spike lax, beaks 2 to 3 rum.long.

Kernels midlong, sen1ihard Orienta___ ______________ 133to hard.

Kernels midlong to long, Stafford_ _______________ 133semihard.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 49

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued

lb. Spike awned-Continued2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued

3a. Glumes white-Continued4b. Kernels red-Continued

Kernels short to midlong-ContinuedKernels semihard to hard-Continued

Spring habit.Spike fusiform.

Stem white.Plant midseason. Page

Beaks 0.5 mm. long Spinkcota____ ___________ 133Beaks 1 to 5 mm. long.

Kernels short Sturgeon_ 133Kernels midlong_ ________ Komar_________________ 135

Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long.Kernels short to midlong_ Canus___ _______________ 135Kernels midlong_ ________ Ceres __________________ 135

Beaks 5 to 20 mm. long Vesta__________________ 135Stem purple.

Plant midseason.Beaks 1 to 5 mm. long Henry__________________ 136Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long Hope___________________ 136

Pilot_ __________________ 136Beaks 5 to 20 mm. long Rival_ 138

Awns black lVlida___________________ 138Premier - ____________ 140

Spike oblong to fusiform, stem Lee__ __________________ 140white, plant early.

Kernels midlong to long.Kernels soft to semihard.

Winter habit.Stem purple.

Glumes white _________________ Nigger ._ _____ 140Nabob_________________ 140

Glumes white with black pig- Rudy __________________ 140ment.

3b. Glumes brown.4a. Kernels white (T. vulgare erythroleucon Koern.).l

Kernels midlong.Kernels soft.

Winter habit_ _____________________ Requa_ ________________ 141Kernels hard.

Spring habit Sevier__________________ 1414b. Kernels red (T. vulgare ferrugineum Alef.).l

Kernels short to midlong.Kernels soft.

Winter habit.Beaks 1 to 3 mm.long Goens__________________ 141Beaks 5 to 8 mm. long ___________ Prairie _________________ 143

Kernels semihard to hard.Winter habit.

Kernels short.Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long Iobred_ ________________ 143Beaks 8 to 15 mm. long ________ IohardL ________________ 143

Kernels midlong.Beaks 1 to 5 mm. long . ___ Brill_ __________________ 143Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long.

Glumes brown with black Red Jacket_ ____________ 144pigment. Redhull________________ 144

See footnote at end of key.

50 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

145

Paeg144144145

Austin _

Denton _Mediterranean _Red Rock _

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued

lb. Spike a,vned-Continued2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued

3b. Glumes brown-Continued4b. Kernels red-Continued

Kernels midlong to long.Kernels soft to semihard.

Winter habit.Stem white _Stem purple _

Intermediate habit.Beaks 5 to 8 rum. long _

Spring habit.Plant early - - - - - ____ _. Kentana_ ______________ 146Plant midseason_________ Supremo_______________ 146

1 The correct botanical.na~e for common wheat is Triticum aestivum L. The trinomials made by Alefeld andoth~rs under T. vUlqa~e cIted In t.he key have never been transferred to T. aestivum and are quoted in the form inWhICh they were orIgInally publIshed.

DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION,

AND SYNONYMY OF COMMON WHEAT

VARIETIESYORKWIN

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, rnidtall; stem white, midstrongto strong; spike awnleted, fusiform tooblong, rniddense, inclined; glumes gla­brous, ·white, short to midlong, midwide;shoulders rnidwide, oblique to square;beaks ,vide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long;awnlets fe,v, 5 to 15 mm. long; kernels,vhite, rnidlong, soft, elliptical; germmidsized; crease mid",~ide, middeep;cheeks rounded; brush rnidsized, midlong.(See fig. 22, A.)

llistory.-Yorkwin (C. 1. 11855) wasselected from a cross between Dietz(Fulcaster) and Goldcoin made in 1919.'The last selection was made in 1924, andthe strain was distributed to growers in1n36 (187). Prior to being namedY·orkwin the strain was known as No.254AI-101-19. Yorkwin was developedby the Cornell University AgriculturalExperiment Station in cooperation withthe ITnited States Department of Agri­culture. On account of its winter hardi­lless and high yield, Yorkwin became theleading variety in New York andl\fichigan.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949was 1,107,530 acres (fig. 23).

CLASSIFICATIO OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 51

FIGURE 22.-A, Yorkwin and B, Brevor wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

52 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 23.-Distrihution of Yorkwin wheatin 19-49. Estimated area, 1,107,530acres.

GREESON

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem glaucous, white,midstrong to strong; spike awnleted,oblong to fusiform, middense, erect toinclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,wide; shoulders wide, square to elevated;keel straight above; beaks wide, Obtuse,1 mnl. long; awnlets few, 2 to 20 mm.long, somewhat incurved; kernels white,midlong, soft, ovate, acute; germ lnid­sized; crease midwide, deep; cheeksrounded; brush small, midlong.

As grown commercially, Greeson con­tains a mixture of red kernels.

History.-Greeson (C. I. 6320) (reg. 64)was recorded by J. 1. Wagoner, countyagent of Guilford County, N. C. (220,p. 10). George Greeson of that countyfound a plant of wheat growing besidaan old stump in his apple orchard in 1896.He increased the seed and distributed itunder the name Wild Goose. After thedeath of l\Ir. Greeson in 1899, the varietywas called Greeson.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,2,452 acres, grown in North Carolina.

Synonyms.-Gleason, Greensboro.

WHITE WINTER

Description.-Plant winter habit, late,lnidtall; stem white, strong; spike awn­leted, ~'oblong, dense, erect; glumes gla­brous, "rhit~, midlong, broad at base;shoulders wanting to oblique; keel in­curved above; beaks wide, Obtuse, 1 mm.long; awnlets few, 3 to 20 mm. long;kernels white, short to midlong, soft,ovate, slightly humped; germ small;

6 Reg. refers to registration number, explained onp.14.

crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded;brush midsized, midlong.

History.-White Winter (C. I. 5219)(reg. 5) is one of the oldest wheats inwestern Oregon. It is reported to havebeen one of the principal wheats raised in()regon Territory in 1855 (87) . JosephConnell, of Hillsboro, Oreg., reported inthe wheat varietal survey of 1917 that'VoId's White Winter, a synonym for'Vhit8 Winter, originated in Kent County,England, and had been grown in Wash­ington County, Oreg., for about 40 years.'iv. L. Bishop, of Dundee, YamhillCounty, Oreg., claims that he originatedit as a result of a hybrid obtained byso,ving several varieties in a field andletting them cross naturally. Namesother than White Winter have beena,pplied to the variety at times, but nonehas become generally used

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,3,829 acres, grown in western Oregon.

Synonyms.-Bishop's Pride, Wold's\Vhite Winter.

BREVOR

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, very short; stem white, verystrong; spike awnleted, oblong to clavate,nliddense, erect to inclined; glumes gla­brous, ",'"hite, short to midlong, midwide;shoulders midwide, rounded; beaks mid­wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few]3 to 5 mm. long; kernels white, midlong,soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid­wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushrnidsized, midlong. (See fig. 22, B.)

The leaves of Brevor have a characteris­tic flecking, particularly noticeable afterheading. It is resistant to 23 of the 25races of common bunt and moderatelvresistant to the other two races, L-8 and1~-16. It is moderately resistant to dwarfbunt. It averaged among the highestyielding strains in tests covering 4 yearsboth on dry land and under irrigation inthe Pacific Northwest. The kernels ofBrevor appear uniform in texture. I t hasonly fair milling quality but has goodquality for bread, family, and cake flours.

History.-Brevor (C. I. 12385) wasSelection 1-3-11-5 from a cross betweenBrevon, a selection from a cross between(Turkey-Florence X Fortyfold-Federa­tion), and an F 2 from the cross (Oro XTurkey-Florence) X (Oro X Fortyfold­Federation) . The cross was made in1938 at Pullman, Wash. (217). Brevorwas released by the Washington Agricul­tural Experiment Station in cooperationw'ith the Division of Cereal Crops andDiseases, Bureau of Plant Industry,Soils, and Agricultural Engineering,United States Department of Agricul-

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 53

ture 7 in the fall of 1949 when approxi­mat~ly 100 acres were sown. I t is recom­mended for growing in Washington,Oregon, and Idaho.

WILHELMINA (HOLLAND)

Description.-Plant winter habit, late,Inidtall; stem white, strong; spike awn­leted, clavate, dense, er~ct; glum.es ~la­brous, white, short to mI~long, midwIde;shoulders narrow, wantIng to round;beaks wide obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnletsfew 3 to '10 mm. long; kernels white,sho~t to midlong, soft, ovate, slightlyhumped· germ small; crease midwide,middeep'; cheeks rounded; brush ~idsiz~d,midlong. (See fig. 24, A.) WIlhelmInais slightly later and shorter and has amore dense, erect, and blockier spikeWhite Winter.

History.-Wilhelmina, or Queen Wil­helmina (C. 1. 11389) (reg. 279), wasdeveloped by Emeritus Prof. L. Broekema(27), of the agricultural high school,Wageningen, the Netherlands, by back­crossing a selection from Squarehead XZeeuwsche on Squarehead. Zeeuwschewas grown extensively in the Netherlandsabout 1890. The original cross was madein 1885.

It was introduced under the name ofQueen Wilhelmina from the Netherlandsby the Oregon Agricultural. E~perimentStation about 1914 and dIstrIbuted, asHolland in the Willamette Valley of wes,t­ern Oregon, where it. has partly replacedsuch varieties as WhIte WInter.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,53 136 acres, grown in western Oregon,Id~ho and Washington.

Syn'onyms.-~ollan?, New yictory,Queen WilhelmIna, VIctory, WhIte Hol­land.

DEFIANCE

Description.-Plant spring ha?it, Inid­season midtall to tall; stem whIte, weakto midstrong· spike awnleted, fusiform,middense ere'ct to inclined; glumes gla­brous white midlong, narrow; shouldersnarro~ oblique to square; beaks wide,obtuse 'somewhat incurved, 1 mm. long;awnlet~ few, 5 to 20 mm. long; kernelswhite midlong, soft, ovate; germ usuallysmall ~ crease wide middeep; cheeks usu­ally ~ngular· brush midsized, midlong.

Defiance ~heat is variable in many ofthe characters above described, indicatingthat there are several different strainswithin the variety.

History.-Defiance (C. 1. 6477) (reg.13) is the result of a cross of White Ham­burg and Golden Drop, made by Cyrus

7 Hereinafter shortened to the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases.

G. Pringle, in the Champlain Valley, nearCharlotte, Vt., in 1871. It was first dis­tributed in 1878 by B. C. Bliss & Sons, asPringle's Defiance. It showed three dis­tinct types of grain. A. E. Blount too~sorne of this wheat to the Colorado AgrI­cultural Experi nent Station, where hegrew it during a nULlber of years andmade careful selections. Three otherCO'llmercial varieties-Early Defiance,Escondido and Regenerated Defiance­have been 'developed fro'TI it.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949~1 488 acres, grown in Colorado., Synonym.-Pringle's Defiance.

RINK

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, midtall ; stem whi~e, stro~g;spike awnleted, broadly fUSIform, mId­dense to dense, inclined; glumes glabrous,yellowish white, midlong, midwide;shoulders wide, usually square; beakswide, acute, curved, 1 to 1.5 mm. long;awnlets many, 2 to 10 mm. long, oc­curring throughout the spike and dis­tinctly incurved; kernels white, shortto midlong, soft, ovate, slightly humped;germ usually small; crease midwide,deep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized,midlong to long.. .. . ..

This variety IS dIstInct In havIng In­curved awnlets throughout the lengthof the spike.

History.-The origin of Rink (C. I.5868) (reg. 14) is undetermined. ~twas reported to have beel?- grown InWashington County, Oreg., SInce .1909.

Distribution.-Estimated area In 1949,959 acres, grown in western Oregon.

IDAED

Description.-Plant spring habit, ear.1Y,short; stem white, midstrong; spIkeawnless fusiform to oblong, dense, erect;glumes 'glabrous, w~ite! midlo~g, mid­wide· shoulders mIdwIde, oblIque tosqua;e· beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm.long; ~wnlets want!ng; kernels white,short soft to semihard, ovate; germmidsi~ed. crease midwide, middeep;cheeks a~gular; brush midsized, midlong.

History.-Idaed (C. I. 11706) wasdeveloped in the coordinated wheatimprovement pr~gram of. the . Stateagricultural experIment statl0.n~ .In thewestern region and the DIVISIon ofCereal Crops and Diseases. It resultedfrom a cross between Sunset and Boadi­cea (two Australian varieties) ma~eat Davis, Calif., in 1920. The hybrIdwas carried in bulk until 1927 when anumber of heads were selected. Selec­tion 20172 VII-4, which was later named

54 TECHNICAL BULLETI 1083, U. . DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

AFIGURE 24.-A, Wilhelmina and B, Lemhi wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 55

Idaed, showed considerable promise andwas taken to Moscow, Idaho, for testingin 1931. Its value and adaptation weredetermined in the coordinated regionalprogram. I t was increased by the IdahoAgricultural Experiment. Station anddistributed in 1938.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,166,418 acres, grown in Idaho, Washing­ton, and Oregon.

LEMHI

Description.-Plant spring habit, earlyto midseason, short; stem white, strong;spike awnless, oblong, dense, erect toinclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique;beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnletswanting; kernels white, short to midlong,soft, oval to ovate; germ midsized; creasewide, deep; cheeks rounded to angular;brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 24,B.)

Lemhi combines the short stiff strawof Federation with the Dicklow charac­teristic of producing white flour low incarotenoid pigments. I t is slightlyearlier than Federation.

History.-Lemhi (C. 1. 11415) was de­veloped in cooperative investigations ofthe Idaho Agricultural Experiment Sta­tion and the Division of Cereal Crops

FIGURE 25.-Distribution of Lemhi wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 202,256 acres.

and Diseases at the Aberdeen substation,from a cross between Federation, andDicklow made in 1921. The cross wasgrown in bulk until 1927 when headswere selected. The selection later namedLemhi was grown in the uniform irrigatednursery in the western region in 1931and was so promising that it was made auniform variety in field plots in 1935.I t was released to growers in the irrigateddistricts of southern Idaho in the springof 1939.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,202,256 acres, grown in seven States(fig. 25).

ONAS

Description.-Plant spring habit, earlyto midseason, short to midtall; stemwhite, strong; spike apically awnleted,oblong, dense, erect; glumes glabrous,white, short, wide; shoulders wide,oblique to square; beaks midwide towide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; apical awn­lets few, 0.5 to 5 mm. long; kernels white,short to midlong, soft, ovate; germ mid­sized; crease wide, middeep; cheeksrounded; brush small, midlong. (Seefig. 26, A.)

History.-Onas (C. 1. 6221) (reg. 252)was developed (166) by F. Coleman, ofTuela, Saddleworth, South Australia,from a cross between Federation andTarragon, the latter in turn from a crossbetween Improved Fife and Tardent'sBlue. Onas was introduced from Aus­tralia by the United States Departmentof Agriculture (211, P. 1.8 46796) in 1918.After having been tested in cooperativeexperiments in the Pacific Coast Statesseed was distributed from UniversityFarm at Davis, Calif., in 1923.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,49,661 acres, grown in California, Mon­tana, and Wyoming.

ONAS 41

Description.-Onas 41 is resistant toseveral races of bunt but is otherwisesimilar to Onas.

History.-Onas 41 (C. 1. 12229), whichhas the Martin factor for resistance tobunt, was developed in the backcrossingprogram of the California AgriculturalExperiment Station. According to Sune­son (201) it is a composite of 115 Fa bunt­resistant lines grown in 1941 from thebackcross (Martin-White Federation3) XOnas6• It was distributed in 1942 andprobably comprised most of the acreagereported as Onas in California in 1949.

8 P. 1. refers"to accession number of the Division ofPlant Exploration and Introduction (formerly ForeignPlant Introduction).

56 TECHNICAL BULLETI 1083 .. U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 26.-A, Onas and B, Bunyip wheats: pikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 57

BUNYIP

Description.-Plant spring habit, early,midtall; stem white, strong; spike awn­leted, oblong, dense, erect; glumes gla­brous, yellowish white (brown-striped),midlong, mid,vide; shoulders midwide,oblique to square; beaks narrow to mid­wide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few,3 to 12 mm. long; kernels white, midlong,soft to semihard, ovate; germ midsized;crease midwide, middeep ; cheeks angular;brush midlong, midsized to large. (Seefig. 26, B.)

The glumes of this variety are distinctlybrown-striped, which sometimes gives itthe appearance of a brown-glumed variety.

History.-Bunyip (C. I. 5125) (reg. 15)is an Australian variety originated byWilliam Farrer, the well-known plantbreeder of New South Wales, Australia.Its origin has been recorded (203, p. 189)as follows:

It is a crossbred, produced as theresult of mating two other crossbreds,Rymer and Maffra, together. Rymer,the mother plant, was produced as theresult of crossing Purplestraw [a whitegrain Australian variety] on to Im­proved Fife, the latter being a Mani­toba variety. Maffra was the productof King's Jubilee, mated with anunnamed crossbred (Blount's LambriggX Hornblende). . . . The cross wasmade in 1897, and named in 1901.

Bunyip was first introduced into theUnited States (211, P. I. 38345) in May1914 by the United States Department ofAgriculture. In 1915 a sample of thevariety was included in the Australianexhibit at the Panama-Pacific Interna­tional Exposition at San Francisco, Calif.A part of this seed was obtained, togetherwith that of several other varieties, bythe Sperry Flour Co., and grown on theirexperiment station near Stockton, Calif.Of several varieties grown, Bunyip wasselected as the most promising and wasincreased and distributed for commercialgrowing in California.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,13,541 acres, grown in California.

MARFED

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, strong;spike awnless, oblong, dense, erect;glumes glabrous, white, short, mid­wide to wide; shoulders narrow tomidwide, wanting to oblique; beaksmidwide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; kernelswhite, short, soft, ovate; germ mid­sized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeksrounded; brush midsized, midlong.

Marfed is resistant to 13 of 25 racesof bunt to which it has been tested andis moderately resistant to mildew. Ithas a good test weight, but some lotsdo not mill so well as Federation. Marfed,while a spring wheat, is slightly morewinter-hardy than Federation and may befall-sown in areas with mild winters.It has outyielded Federat~on, especiallyfrom late-spring seedings.

History.-Marfed (C. I. 11919) wasdeveloped by the Washington Agri­cultural Experiment Station in coopera­tion with the Division of Cereal Cropsand Diseases from a cross between al\larquis-Florence selection and Federa­tion made at Pullman in 1931. Theselection, Washington 3348, which re­sulted in Marfed was made in 1936.Two thousand bushels were distributedin Washington for growing in 1947 (218).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,31,998 acres, grown in Washington,Oregon, and Idaho.

CASCADE

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, tall; stem white, strong; spikeapically awnleted, oblong to fusiform,lax, inclined; glumes glabrous, white,midlong, wide; shoulders midwide, ob­lique to rounded; beaks midwide, obtuse,0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 5 to 15 mm.long; kernels white, short, soft to semi­hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid­wide, middeep to deep; cheeks rounded;brush midsized, midlong.

Cascade is moderately resistant tostem and leaf rust, to mildew, and alsoto loose smut and bunt. Its quality issatisfactory for family flour.

History.-Cascade (C. I. 12376) (C. A.N. 3593) (reg. 345) was developed by theCereal Division, Central ExperimentalFarm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, from thecross [(Quality A-Pacific Bluestem) XC-26-59.2D] X Onas made in 1936 (81).The C-26-59.2D was a selection from aHope X Reward cross. Cascade was li­censed in Canada in 1947, distributed in1948, and is recommended for growing inthe eastern Provinces and in BritishColumbia.

PACIFIC BLUESTEM

Description.-Plant spring habit, late,tall; stem white, midstrong; spike awn­leted, linear-oblong, dense, erect toinclined; glumes glabrous, yellowish white,sometimes becoming a light brown, mid­long, wide; shoulders wide, square toe I e vat e d; beaks wide, 0 btuset 0

truncate, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnletsseveral, 8 to 20 mm. long; kernels white,midlong, soft to semihard, ovate, some-

5 TECHNICAL BULLETI 1083, U. . DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A B

FIGURE 27.-A, Pacific Blue tern and B, Dicklow wheats: Spikes and glurnes, X 1; kernels,X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1 949 59

times becoming oval; germ midsized;crease wide, middeep; cheeks usuallyangular; brush midsized, midlong. (Seefig. 27, A.)

This variety can be easily identified byits broad, square to elevated shouldersand broad, blunt beaks

History.-Pacific Bluestem (C. 1. 4067)(reg. 16) is an old wheat of the Pacificcoast area, most commonly known asBluestem and White Australian. Thevariety came to North America fromAustralia. White Lammas was the lead..ing wheat variety of Australia during theearliest years of wheat production in thatcountry. According to Cobb (58, p. 9),White Australian of California is identicalwith White Lammas. It apparently wasintroduced into the United States in theearly fifties as White Australian orAustralian. During the period from 1852to 1866 (9, p. 138; 73, p. 586; 190, p. 176)its culture became established in Cali­fornia under the name White Australian.Bluestem is the name under which thevariety became established in Washing­ton and Oregon. According to W. P.Church, of Walla Walla, Wash., thewheat known as Bluestem in the sectioncame from two introductions, the firstfrom Australia in 1882 and the secondfrom New Zealand in 1896. A morecomplete history is given in TechnicalBulletin 459 (43).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,11,007 acres, grown in Washington,Oregon, and Idaho.

Synonyms.-Australian, B I u est e In,Palouse Bluestem, White Australian,White Lammas.

PACIFIC BLUESTEM 37

Description.-Pacific Bluestem 37 isvery similar to Pacific Bluestem, exceptin being resistant to some races of bunt.

History.-This strain (C. 1. 11903) ofPacific Bluestem is the result of a co­operative program of the California Agri­cultural Experiment Station and theDivision of Cereal Crops and Diseases, atDavis, Calif., to develop strains of theimportant commercial varieties of Cali­fornia resistant to bunt. The originalcross, Martin X Pacific Bluestem, wasmade in 1922. Bunt-resistant lines werebackcrossed to Pacific Bluestem 6 times.Following the sixth backcross a com­posite of 78 resistant F g lines was releasedfor production in the foothill area of theSacramento Valley and in northern Cali­fornia counties in 1937 (201).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,26,773 acres, grown in California andNevada.

MAJOR

Description.-Plant spring habit, earlyto midseason, midtall; stem white, strong;spike apically awnleted, oblong to clavate,dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white,midlong, midwide; shoulders narrow,oblique to elevated; beaks narrow, acute,0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to 5mm. long; kernels white, midlong, soft,ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide towide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushmidsized, midlong.

History.-Major (C. I. 4984) wasbred at Dookie Agricultural College,Victoria, Australia, from a cross betweenFederation and \Vallace (166). It wasintroduced by the United States Depart­ment of Agriculture in 1916 as P. 1. 42107(211). The variety was distributed bythe Branch Experiment Station at Water­ville, Wash., about 1929.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,474 acres, grown in Washington.

OREGON ZIMI\IERMAN (ZIMMERMAN)

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, tall; stem white, strong; spikeawnleted, clavate, middense to dense atapex, inclined; glumes glabrous, '\vhite,Inidlong, midwide; shoulders narro"\v,oblique; beaks midwide, obtuse, 1 mm.long; awnlets several, 5 to 25 mm. long;kernels white, short to midlong, soft;germ elliptical, midsized; crease wide,deep; cheeks angular; brush midlong.

History.-Ed. Zimmerman, of Shedd,Oreg., developed this variety from a singleplant and first distributed it about 1921.As the Surprise variety has been grown inthis locality, it is probable that OregonZimmerman (C. 1. 7359) (reg. 281) is aselection from it. Oregon Zimmerman isgrown in Oregon under the name "Zim­merman." It has white kernels andshould not be confused with the soft redwinter variety bearing the latter name.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,21,309 acres, grown in the WillametteValley of Oregon.

Synonym.-Zimmerman.

DICKLOW

Description.-Plant spring habit, late,midtall to tall; stem glaucous beforematurity, white, midstrong to strong,coarse; leaves broad; spike awnleted,clavate, dense, erect; glumes glabrous,white, midlong, midwide, shoulders mid­wide, oblique to square; beaks wide, ob­tuse, 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to15 mm. long; kernels white, short tomidlong, soft, oval to ovate; germ smallto midsized; crease wide, deep; cheeks

60 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

rounded to angular; brush midsized,midlong. (See fig. 27, B.)

Dicklow produces a low-protein, verywhite soft flour of good quality.

History.-Dicklow (C. I. 3663) (reg.21) is a selection from Surprise. Itsorigin has been recorded by Aicher(6, p. 20) as follows:

l\ir. James Holly, of Utah County,Utah, obtained some California Clubwheat from northern California andseeded it on his farm. Excellent resultswere obtained, and he called the at­tention of his neighbor, Mr. RichardLow, to his new wheat. Mr. Lowobtained some and grew it. Henoticed that the wheat containeddifferent types and proceeded toselect the type which he liked best.He grew this selection for severalyears, and the neighbors soon beganclamoring for "Dick" Low's wheat.As the wheat became spread over thatsection of Utah, it lost its personalconnection with "Dick" Low andbecame known simply as Dicklow""heat.Ir,vin Dicklow is the name used for a

selection of Dicklow developed by CarlD. Irwin, Twin Falls, Idaho, and iseven more uniform than Dicklow itself.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,29,229 acres, grown in Utah, Idaho,Colorado, Oregon, Nevada, Washington,and l\/lontana.

Synonyms.-Irwin Dicklow, Jim Holly.

FLORENCE (QUALITY)

Description.-Plant spring habit, early,short to midtall; stem white, strong;spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, erectto inclined, easily shattered; glumesglabrous, yellowish white, short, wide;shoulders wide, oblique to square; beakswide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnletsseveral, 5 to 25 mm. long; kernels white,short to nlidlong, hard, oval; germmidsized; crease midwide, middeep todeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized,midlong. (See fig. 28, A.)

Florence is resistant to some races ofbunt.

History.-Florence (C. 1. 4170) (reg.23) (P. 1. 38349) was introduced fromAustralia in 1914 by the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture (211) andwas tested at experiment stations in the"Testern States, but results did notwarrant its distribution for commercialgrowing. It was, however, used ex­tensively in the breeding program be­cause of its bunt resistance. Thisvariety under the name "Quality" wasdistributed by Luther Burbank, of

Santa Rosa, Calif., in 1918 (29) as oneof his productions and was grow~ in thelJnited States for several years beforeit ,vas recognized as being identical withthe Australian variety Florence. ThePillsbury Flour Mills Co., of Minneapolisl\linn., distributed seed under the nam~"Quality" or "Burbank's Quality" inNorth Dakota, South Dakota andl\1innesota in 1923. '

Florence was produced by WilliamFarrer, of New South Wales Australiaas the result of a successful 'attempt t~produce a bunt-resistant variety. Thecross was made in 1901 and Florence wasreported to have been distributed in~907. .Acco~ding to Sutton (203, p. 288),Its pedIgree IS as follows:

('Vhite Naples 2 X Improved Fife) X(Ilnproved Fife X Eden)

Distribution.-Estimated area in 19495,797 acres, grown in Montana, Idaho:South Dakota, and Oregon.. Synonyms.-Burbank's Quality, Qual­Ity.

WHITE FEDERATION

Descriptjon.-Plant sp~ing habit, early,short tomldtall; stem whIte, strong' spikeawnless, oblong, middense, erect; glumesglabrous, white, short, wide; shoulders\vide, square; beaks narrow, acute, 0.5nlnl. long; ~wnlets wanting or nearly so;kernels whIte, short, hard, ovate withtruncate tip; germ midlarge; creas~ mid...wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushnlidsized, midlong. (See fig. 28 B.)

This variety is very similar' to HardFederation, except that it has white in­stead of brown glumes, and is taller andlnore uniform in height. The kernels arenot quite so hard. It has proved to bea high-yielding wheat in some sections ofCalifornia, Oregon, and Washington.

History.-White Federation (C. 1.4981) (reg. 25) is a selection from Federa­tion (139). The following indicates itsorigin (4, p. 664): "The seed [hard ker­nels selected from Federation by Mr. J.1:'. Pridham, from which Hard Federationoriginated] was propagated, and in 1910the occurrence of white heads was noticedand fronl then until 1912 distinctly whitehea~~ were common among the brown

The name "White Federation" hasbeen used for this variety at the CowraExperiment Farm, New South Wales,Australia, since 1915, when a field of 3acres was grown (165).

It was introduced into the UnitedStates by the United States Departmentof Agriculture (211) in 1916 (P. I. 42104)froln Victoria, Australia. I t was firstgro,vn at the Sherman Branch Experiment

CLASSIFICATIO OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 61

A· B

I

FIGURE 28.-A, Florence and B, White Federation wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1;kernels, X 3.

62 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Station, ~Ioro, Oreg., in 1916. In 1918it was first grown at the United StatesPlant Introduction Garden, Chico, Calif.,and because of its high yield at that pointit was increased and distributed in 1920for commercial growing in California (56).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,5,417 acres, grown in Utah and Nevada.

WHITE FEDERATION 38

Description.-This variety is very simi­lar to \Vhite Federation except in beingresistant to stem rust and some races ofbunt.

llistory.--This strain (C. 1. 11906) of\Vhite Federation ""vas developed in coop­erative investigations of the CaliforniaAgricultural Experiment Station and theDivision of Cereal Crops and Diseases atDavis, Calif. A program was begun in1922 to develop, by backcrossing, strainsof the important commercial wheat vari­eties in California that would be resistantto bunt. In 1930 a similar project wasbegun to add stem rust resistance to themost important varieties. White Feder­ation 38 is the result of backcrossingl\;Iartin X White Federation 5 times with\Vhite Federation to obtain bunt-resistant\Vhite Federation and backcrossing HopeX White Federation 4 times with WhiteFederation to obtain rust-resistant WhiteFederation. Each backcross was madeto segregates resistant to bunt or stemrust, depending on the cross. The bunt-

FIGURE 29.-Distribution of White Federa­tion 38 wheat in 1949. EstiInated area,241,675 acres.

resistant and stem-rust-resistant strains'were then crossed, and 182 of the F 3 seg­regates, homozygous for resistance toboth diseases, were bulked and increasedin 1938. The variety was distributed togrowers in the fall of 1939.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949241,675 acres, grown in three States (fig:29).

PILCRAW (THOMPSON CLUB)

Descl'iption.-Plant spring habit nlid­season, midtall; stem white strong·spike awnleted, clava:te, den~e, erect;glurnes glabrous, whIte to yellowish,short, wide; shoulders midwide to wide,square to elevated; beaks narrow, acute,0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 8 to·to rnm. long; kernels white, midlong tolong, soft, ovate, distinctly humped·genn midsized; crease midwide, middeepto deep, pitted; cheeks rounded; brushlarge, n1idlong to long.

History.-Hugh A. Crawford, NapaCalif., obtained Pilcraw (C. 1. 5540/(reg. 2B) from a neighbor who said hehad noticed an unusual stool of wheatnear an unfrequented road and who cutit. whe~l ripe and started experimenting'wIth It. Mr. Crawford bought theoriginal seed in 1913 and increased ituntil in 1917 he had 360 acres growing at\\linters, Calif. He distributed it underthe nanle Pilcraw Enormous.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,2,138 acres, grown in Washington, Cali­fornia, and Oregon.

Synonyms.-P i Ie raw En 0 r m 0 us,Thornpson, Thompson Club, WhiteRussian.

RICE

Description.-Plant winter habit, veryearly (except in Northern States), shortto midtall; stem white, midstrong; spikeawnleted, fusiform, dense, erect; glumesglabrous, white, short to midlong, narrowto midwide; shoulders narrow, oblique toslightly elevated; beaks obtuse, 0.5 to1 rnm. long; awnlets few, 2 to 15 mm.long; kernels pale red, short to midlong,soft, ovate; germ small to midsized;crease midwide, shallow to middeep;cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong.(See fig. 30, A.)

The plants of Rice are pale green ascontrasted with the dark green of mostvarieties. Under some conditions it ap­pears to make a more rapid growth inthe spring. It heads about a weekearlier than Trumbull at Columbia, Mo.,but when grown in the Northern States,they head on about the sanle date.

i!'istory.-The origin of Rice (C. I.5734) (reg. 30) is undetermined, althoughit is known to be an old variety in the

CLASSIFICATIO OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROW I 1949 63

A B

FIGURE 30.-A, Rice and B, Leap wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.260503-54-5

64 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

United States. In 1883, it was firstreported as a new variety tested byM. F. P., Mount Pleasant, OntarioCounty, N. Y. (157), and it also wasInentioned in that year by C. S. Plumb(163, p. 310) in a paper entitled "The\Vheats of the World," read at the Ba­tavia Institute.

Rice is very similar if not identicalwith the variety Zimmerman, which isreported to have been originated about1837 near Frederick, Md., by HenryZimmerman, who noticed three heads ofsingular appearance near the edge of oneof his wheatfields (105). References inliterature show that it was widely gro\vnin Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvaniaabout 1850, and that it was an importantvariety in Kansas in the early nineties.In the South Central States, the nanteRed ~fay is applied to a variety appar­ently identical with Rice.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,11,114 acres, grown in eight SouthernStates.

Synonyms.-Early May, Early Rice,Little May, May, Red May.

EARLY PREMIUM

Description.-Early Premium is verysinlilar to Rice in all taxonomic charac...ters, although it may be a day or twoearlier.

History.-Early Premium (C. 1. 11858)was selected from a field of "May" wheat(probably Rice) on the farm of J. A.Houston, Platte County, Mo., in 1924.It was found by the Missouri AgriculturalExperiment Station, Columbia, to beabout 8 days earlier than such varietiesas Fulcaster and was increased and dis­tributed in the fall of 1937 (75).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,675 acres, grown in Missouri.

Synonym.-Missouri Early Premiumn

LEAP

Description.-Plant winter habit, early,midtall; stem white, midstrong; spikeawnleted, fusiform, middense to lax,inclined to nodding, easily shattered;glumes glabrous, yellowish white, mid­long, midwide; shoulders mid\vide, obliqueto square; beaks wide, acute, 0.5 mIll.long; a\vnlets fe\v, 3 to 10 mm. long; ker­n(lls red, midlong, soft, ovate; germ small;crease midwide to wide, middeep; cheeksusually angular; brush small, midlong.(See fig. 30, B.) Leap is resistant toloose smut.

History.-Leap (C. I. 4823) (reg. 35) isreported to have originated from a singleplant found in a field of Mediterraneanby a son of J. S. Leap, of Virginia. Froln

the five heads gathered in 1901, Mr. Leapincreased the wheat until 1905, when hethreshed 190 bushels grown from 10bushels of seed. T. W. Wood & Sons,seedsluen, of Richmond, Va., first dis­tributed the variety as Leap's Prolific.(jeneral distribution of the wheat startedabout 1907, and it later became verypopular (131, p. 44).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,127,489 acres, grown in 10 Eastern States,the largest acreage being in Virginia.

Synonyms.-Hastings Prolific, Leap'sProlific, Woods Prolific.

LEAPLAND

Description.-Leapland is similar toLeap in appearance except in havingawnlets, several, 5 to 25 mm. long, and inbeing taller and more uniform. Itsgrowth is more prostrate from springseeding, but from fall seeding it appearsto Inake a more rapid growth early in thespring and has produced higher yieldsthan Leap in Maryland.

History.-Leapland (C. 1. 11762) wasthe best line developed from 2,000 spacedplants of Leap grown at the MarylandAgricultural Experiment Station, CollegePark, Md., in 1924. It was distributed tofanners in 1932.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,48,94~) acres, grown in nine Eastern States,the largest acreage being in Maryland.

VAHART

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­seaSOll, rnidtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awnleted, fusiform, lax to middense,erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,Inid\vide; shoulders mid\vide, oblique torounded; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm.long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 mm. long;kernels red, midlong, soft to semihard,ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide,rniddeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid­sized, midlong.

Vahart is resistant to mosaic, to someraces of loose smut, and is somewhatresistant to mildew.

History.-Vahart (C. I. 12537) resultedfrorn a head selected from the originallledhart at the Virginia Agricultural Ex­periment Station at Blacksburg in 1930and is similar to that strain of Redhart(197). It was released to growers in1945. I t is recommended for growing inall sections of Virginia.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,60,991 acres, of which 60,805 were grownin Virginia.

KANQUEEN

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIE GROW IN 1949 65

FIG RE 31.-A, Vigo and B, Fairfield wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

66 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DJiJPT. OF AGRICULTURE

to strong; spike apically awnleted, fusi­form, middense to dense, inclined; glumesglabrous, white with black stripes mid­long, ,vide; shoulders wide, oblique tosquare; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm.l?ng; a.wnlets 3 to 10 mm. long, some­tImes Incurved; kernels red, midlong,semihard, ovate; germ midsized· creasemidwide, middeep; cheeks rounded· brushInidsized, Inidlong. '

History.-Kanqueen (C. 1. 12762) wasdeveloped by Earl G. Clark, the farmer­wheat breeder of Sedgwick, Kans., andfirst offered for sale in the fall of 1949.I t was sold in small lots in all sectionsof Kansas.

VIGO

Descript-ion.-Plant winter habit mid­se~son, Inidtall; s~em white, strong;spIke a,vnleted, fusIform, lax, inclined·glumes glabrous, white, long, narrow t~mid,vide; shoulders midwide, square torounded; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to 15 mm.long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate·germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep;cheeks rounded; brush small, short.(See fig. 31, A.)

Vigo is resistant to leaf rust andmosaic and to some races of loose smut.It is of good soft wheat quality and isrelatively winter-hardy.

History.-Vigo (C. 1. 12220) wasdeveloped at the Purdue University~t\gricultural Experiment Station in ex­periments cooperative between the Bot­any Department of that Station and theDivision of Cereal Crops and Diseases ofthe United States Department of Agri­culture (33). It was selected from across bet,veen Fultz Sel. C. I. 11512 asister selection of Wabash, and Trumbullmade in 1932. The strain later namedVigo ,vas selected in 1937 and designatedas 3241-15. It was distributed inIndiana in the fall of 1946. I t is recom­mended for growing in Indiana, southernIllinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and Missouri.

FIGURE 32.-Distrihution of Vigo wheat in1949. Estimated area, 452,427 acres.

D-istribution.-Estimated area in 1949,452,427 acres (fig. 32).

LOFTHOUSE

Description.-Plant winter habit mid­se~son, midtall; ste~ white, midstrong;s~Ike awnleted, fusIform, middense, in­chped.; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,InIdwHle; shoulders wanting to narrowoblique; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. long;a ,vnlets several, 5 to 30 mm. long:kerI~els red, midlong, soft, ovate; germsInaI!; crease midwide, middeep; cheeksusually a~gular; brush s~all, midlong.

There IS some confUSIon as to theidentity of this variety. It frequentlyhas been referred to as white-kerneledand often is confused with the Kofodvariety. .

History.-A wheat by the name ofLofthouse has been grown in Utah sinceabout 1890. The sample from whichwere grown the plants described abovewas obtained by the Nephi substationNeph~, Utah, fr~m the State agriculturaiexpernoent statIon at Logan in 1904The origin of Lofthouse (C. I. 3275)(reg., .32) cannot be traced accurately, andconsIderable confusion exists as towhether the variety originally was awhite-kerneled or red-kerneled wheat.According to ? B. Nelson, the varietybecame establIshed in Utah from seeddistributed by a Mr. Lofthouse a farmerat Paradise, Utah, about 16 m'iles southof Logan. Mr. Nelson states that in1893 or 1894, in a conversation with Mr.Lofthouse regarding the best varieties ofwheat for dry farming, he was told that1\11'. Lofthouse had received a sample ofsoft white winter wheat from the UnitedStates I)epar~ment of A~riculture a yearor two prevIously, whIch promised toproduce large yields and was a goodlnilling wheat. The wheat was hardystanding the winter better than othe:varieties, and soon became the mostextensively grown winter wheat in north­ern -Utah and southern Idaho. Althoughthe above statement shows that the,vheat originally was white-kerneled thewheat grown at Nephi, Utah, since i904is red-kerneled. '

Distribution.-Estimated area in 19491,705 acres, grown in Idaho. '

S?~nonyn~s.-\Vinter La Salle, WinterNellIS. WInter La Salle is thought tobe the name under which the wheatlater named Lofthouse was sent to Utahby the United States Department ofAgriculture.

WABASH

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall to tall; stem white, mid-

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 67

strong to strong; spike awnleted, fusiform,lax, nodding; glumes glabrous, white,midlong, midwide; shoulders wide, square;beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long;awnlets several, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernelsred, midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized;crease midwide, middeep; cheeks roundedto angular; brush midsized, midlong.

Wabash is resistant to some races ofleaf rust. It, is also resistant to mosaicbut is susceptible to flag smut and mostraces of loose smut.

History.-Wabash (C. 1. 11384) (reg.324) was selected from C. 1. 5308 incooperative investigations at the PurdueUniversity Agricultural Experiment Sta­tion. C. I. 5308 originated from a singlehead received by the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases from the MissouriAgricultural Experiment Station in 1913.This head apparently was from a naturalhybrid between Fultz and an unknownvariety, as its progeny segregated forleaf-rust resistance, chaff, color, andother characters. A number of leaf­rust-resistant selections were made fromit. The one named Wabash was lastselected in 1924 and was carried in earlytests as C. 1. 5308-Wh.-l-l-1. It wasapproved for distribution in~ithe fall of1938 by the Indiana and Illinois Agri­cultural Experiment Stations.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,22,875 acres, grown in Illinois and Indiana.

FAIRFIELD

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awnleted, oblong, lax, erect; glumesglabrous, white, midlong, midwide; shoul­ders narrow, rounded; beaks midwide,obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to20 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft,ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide,middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid­sized, midlong. (See fig. 31, B.)

Fairfield is relatively winter-hardy,resistant to mosaic, to many races of loosesmut, and has some resistance to leaf rust.It is well adapted for combine harvesting.It has good soft-wheat quality.

History.-Fairfield (C. I. 12013) (reg.332) was developed from a cross betweenPurkof and Fulhio made in 1926 by theAgronomy Department of the PurdueUniversity Agricultural Experiment Sta­tion, at Lafayette, Ind. The strain laternamed Fairfield was selected in 1932 andduring the testing period was designatedas Purdue No.6 (64). It was distributedin Indiana in the fall of 1942.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,691,488 acres (fig. 33).

FIGURE 33.-Distribution of Fairfield whea tin 1949. Estimated area, 691,488 acres.

CLARKAN

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awnleted, oblong to'fusiform, mid­dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white,sometimes with faint black stripes, mid-·long, midwide; shoulders midwide to wide,oblique to square; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5mm. long; awnlets few, 1 to 8 mm. long;kernels red, midlong, soft, elliptical; germmidsized; crease midwide, middeep;cheeks rounded; brush midsized, shortto midlong. (See fig. 34, A.)• Clarkan is moderately resistant to flagsmut but is susceptible to mosaic and verysusceptible to loose smut and bunt. Thegrain of Clarkan is of unusually high-testweight. The texture of Clarkan kernelsis somewhat harder than that for typicalsoft wheats.

History.-Clarkan (C. 1. 8858) (reg.316) was developed by a private wheatbreeder, Earl G. Clark, of Sedgwick,Kans., from a natural hybrid found in afield of Blackhull in 1916. It probablywas a Blackhull X Harvest Queen cross.Clarkan resulted from a plant selected in1921 and was first known as Clark's No.40. The variety was tested by the KansasAgricultural Experiment Station and wasdistributed by Mr. Clark in 1934, whenit was recommended by the Kansasstation for growing in eastern Kansas(101) .

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,939,098 acres (fig. 35).

Synonym.--Clark's No. 40.

68 TECHNICAL B LLETI J 10 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULT RE

A 8FIG RE 34.-A, Clarkan and B, Forward wheats: pikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 69

FIGURE 35.-Distribution of Clarkan wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 939,098 acres.

HARVEST QUEEN

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, tall; stem white, strong; spikeawnleted, oblong, dense, erect to inclined;glumes glabrous, white, midlong, mid­wide; shoulders wide, oblique to square;beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnletsfew, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels dull red,midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized;crease midwide to wide, middeep; cheeksrounded; brush midsized, midlong.

Harvest Queen is distinct in having tall,bright, strong straw and a thick oblongspike.

History.-The history of Harvest Queen(C. 1. 5314) (reg. 39) is not definitelyknown. The name "Harvest Queen" wasused early for a white wheat, but this useapparently has been discontinued. Theearlier names, under which the wheat de­scribed above was known, were "BlackSea" and "Red Cross." The name"Harvest Queen" is claimed by E. S.Marshall, of De Soto, Kans., to havebeen applied to the variety by him. Heselected a tall, promising stool of thewheat from some other variety in 1895,increased it in 1896, and named it in 1897.

Distribution.-The estimated area ofHarvest Queen decreased from 1,007,600acres in 1919 to 8,665 acres in 1949. Thelatter acreage was grown in Oklahomaand Missouri.

Synonyms.-Black Sea, Golden Van,Kansas Queen, May Queen, Red Cross,Winter Queen.

PENNOLL

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, tall; stem white, midstrong; spikeawnleted, oblong, dense, inclined; glumesglabrous, white, midlong, midwide; shoul­ders midwide, oblique to rounded; beakswide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few,

5 to 15 mm. long; kernels red, midlong,soft, ovate; germ midsized to large; creasemidwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushmidsized, midlong.

Pennoll is a rather tall growing varietybut has withstood lodging very well con­sidering its height. It has been a pro­ductive variety in Pennsylvania and hassatisfactory soft-wheat quality.

History.-Pennoll (C. 1. 12755) wasselected from a cross between Valprizeand Nittany by the Agronomy Depart­ment at the Pennsylvania AgriculturalExperiment Station. The selection whichresulted in Pennoll was designated as Pa.114a42 during the testing period. It wasentered in the eastern uniform soft winterwheat nursery in the fall of 1949. I twasreleased in 1951 and it was estimatedthat 30,000 acres were seeded in Pennsyl­vania in the fall of 1952.

PROSPERITY

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem glaucous "rhengreen, white, strong, coarse; spike awn­leted, linear-oblong, broad, middense,nodding; glumes glabrous, white, mid­long, wide; shoulders wide, oblique tosquare; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. long;awnlets few, 3 to 10 mm.long; kernels red,midlong, s'bft, ovate; germ midsized;crease wide, deep; cheeks angular; brushmidsized, midlong.

This variety is marked by its broad,nodding spike and the very glaucousappearance of the entire plant whileimmature.

History.-Prosperity (C. 1. 5380) (reg.40) was originated by A. N . Jones, ofNewark, Wayne County, N. Y. Mr.Jones first called it No.8, but later namedit American Bronze.9 It was firstadvertised and distributed in 1890 byPeter Henderson & Co., seedsmen, ofNew York City, and was said by them tobe the result of a cross between Martinand Fultz (98). The name "Prosperity"came into use for the variety about 1895(3) .

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949.3,038 acres, grown in Illinois.

Synonym.-American Bronze.

FORWARD

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awnleted, oblong-fusiform, mid­dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white,midlong, mid,vide; shoulders oblique tosquare; beaks wide, Obtuse, 0.2 mm.long; awnlets few, 5 to 15 mm. long,

Printed letterheads of Mr. Jones.

70 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

sometimes incurved; kernels red, mid­long, soft, elliptical; germ midsized;crease midwide, deep; cheeks angular;brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 34,B.)

Forward differs from Prosperity inbeing earlier and in having shorterbeaks and longer awnlets, sometimesincurved. It is resistant to several racesof loose srnut.

IIistory.--Forward (C. 1. 6691) (reg.41) was originated by the Departlnentof Plant Breeding of the Cornell Uni­versity Agricultural Experiment Station,Ithaca, N. Y., in cooperation with theDivision of Cereal Crops and Diseases.During the experimental stages it waskno\vn as Cornell Selection 123-32.Concerning the variety, Doctor Love,who was in charge of the cooperativeexperinlents at Cornell, wrote asfollows: 10

The Forward is a white chaff,beardless, red-kerneled wheat selectedout of a commercial lot of Fulcasterand under test has proved to be winterhardy and a good yielder. It has out­yielded Fulcaster and bids fair to beone of our best red-kerneled sorts.

For\vard is very different from Ful-caster fronl which it was selected and mayhave been a rnixture or the result of anatural cross. It was first distributedfor cornmercial growing in New York inthe fall of 1920.

Distribution.-The estimated area in1949, 140,303 acres, gro,vn in 16 EasternStates.

VALPRIZE

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, rnidtall; stem white and purple,strong; spike awnleted, clavate, dense,erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique torounded, keels tend to incurve; beakswide, obtuse, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnletsfew, 3 to 12 mm. long; kernels light red,midlong, soft, elliptical, broad and some­what flattened; germ large; crease wide,deep; cheeks angular; brush midsized,midlong.

History.-Valprize (C. 1. 11539) is aselection from a cross between Valleyand Grandprize made in 1912. The finalselection ,vas made in 1920. I twasdeveloped by the Cornell UniversityAgricultural Experiment Station atIthaca, N. Y., in cooperation with theDivision of Cereal Crops and Diseases.Valprize was distributed to growers in1931.

10 Correspondence of the Division of Cereal Cropsand Diseases, dated March 19, 1921.

])istribution.-Estimated area in 1949,n18 :l,cres, grown in Ohio.

RED RUSSIAN

Description.-Plant winter habit, verylate, tall; stem white, coarse, strong;spike awnleted, clavate, dense, erect toinclined; glumes glabrous, white, mid­long, \vide; shoulders midwide, oblique tosquare; keel incurved above; beaks wide,obtuse, 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 1 to 10nun. long; kernels red, midlong, soft,ovate, sometimes broadly ovate; germsrnall to midsized; crease wide, deep;cheeks usually rounded; brush midsized,midlong to long.

Hi'story.-Red Russian (C. 1. 4509)(reg. 43) undoubtedly is of English originand is, or is derived from, the old Square­head wheat. The origin of the variety,ho\vever, is undetermined. The name"Ited I{ussian" seems to be used for thevariety only in the Pacific Northwestsection of the United States. Thevariety was introduced into the Palousesection of Washington about 1890 andhas always been best known there underthe nanle "Red Russian" (84). Becauseof lack of winter hardiness, susceptibilityto bunt, and poor grain quality, theacreage of Red Russian is decreasing.

])istr'ibution.-The estimated area ofJled Russian decreased from 154,900acres in 1919 to 9,139 acres in 1949.The latter acreage was in Idaho, Wash­ington, and Oregon.

Synonyms.-German Red, Montana])eal, Red Walla, Squarehead.

NURED

Description.-Plant winter habit t mid­season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong;spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, in­clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,Inid\vide; shoulders narrow, rounded;beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long;awnlets several, 5 to 20 mm.; kernels red,lnidlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized;crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded;brush midsized, short.

N ured is resistant to mosaic and toSOl1le races of loose smut. It is moderatelyresistant to mildew.

History.-Nured (C. I. 12455) wasdeveloped frOln a cross between Forwardand a selection from Dietz, which is asynonYln for Fulcaster, at the CornelllJniversity Agricultural Experiment Sta­tion, at Ithaca, N. Y., in investigationscooperative with the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases. I t was distributedin 1939 as a high-yielding variety in thoseareas of New York wh9re a feed wheatw'as desired (137).

CLASSIFICATIO.J: OF WHEAT VARIETIE GRO I 1949 71

AFIGURE 36.-A, Fultz and B, Redhart wheat: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

72 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DJ1JPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,19,257 acres, grown in seven States, thelargest acreages being in New York andPennsylvania.

FULHIO

Description.-Fulhio is very similar~toFultz except in having more fusiformheads a.nd slightly longer kernels.

History.-Fulhio (C. I. 6999) (reg.231) was developed at the Ohio Agri­cultural Experiment Station (205) froma plant selected from Fultz. The selec­tion was made at Wooster, Ohio, in 1912.The variety has been commerciallygrown in ()hio since 1920. It was firstdistributed as Ohio No. 127 and laternamed "Fulhio." Its superior charactersare high yield, good tillering capacity,winter hardiness, fairly stiff straw, andsomewhat greater resistance to loosesmut than Fultz.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,178,212 acres, grown in six States, thelargest acreages being in Illinois, Ohio,and Missouri.

Synonym.-Ohio No. 127.

FULTZ

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong;spike awnleted, fusiform to oblong, mid­dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white,midlong, midwide; shoulders midwide,oblique to square; beaks narrow to mid­wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few,3 to 15 mm. long; kernels pale red,usually short, ovate; germ midsized;crease usually midwide, shallow to mid­deep; cheeks rounded to angular; brushmidsized, nlidlong. (See fig. 36, A.)

I t is alrnost impossible to distinguishFulhio, Trumbull, and Ashland fromFultz.

Fultz does not appear pure for winterhabit of growth, as some plants in it willhead froln early spring seeding, \vhileselections from it, such as Ashland andTrumbull, are uniform for winter habit.

History.-The origin of Fultz (C. I.1923) (reg. 48) wheat has been recordedby Ca.rleton (37; pp. 199-200), as follows:

In 1862, in Mifflin County, Pa.,Abrahanl Fultz, while passing througha field of Lancaster wheat, which is anawned variety, found three spikes ofawnless wheat. He sowed the seedfrom these spikes the same year, andcontinued sowing a larger amount eachyear, until he obtained sufficient seedto distribute it pretty well over thecountry. It soon became a well-markedand popular variety, called Fultz fromthe name of the breeder. * * * In

E~ 1871 the United States Departmentof Agriculture distributed 200 bushelsof the wheat for seed.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,377,24:J acres (fig. 37).

Synonyms.-Bluestem, Bluestem Fultz,Hickrnan, Posey, Slickhead, Snow.

FIGURE 37.-Distribution of Fultz wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 377,243 acres.

TRUMBULL

Description.-Trumbull differs fromFultz in being pure for winter habit.It(is slightly taller and later and hasslightly stronger and less purple stems.It is resistant to several races of looseslnut.

History.-Trumbull (C. I. 5657) (reg.50) was developed at the Ohio Agricul­tural E~xperiment Station, Wooster, froma plant selected from Fultz. The selec­tion was grown as early as 1908. After8 years of experiments with the varietyat Wooster, C. G. Williams (229, p. 466)wrote as follows regarding it:

The other new introduction is theTrunlbull, a pure-line selection of theFultz. Wherever the Fultz wheat isfound satisfactory, the Trumbull shouldsucceed. I t may be expected to yield2 to 4 bushels per acre more than theFultz. It possesses the quality of allpure lines-greater uniformity than thebulk seed, is fair in breadmaking andalnong the good ones in stiffness ofstraw.

~'Distl'ibution.-Estimatedarea in 1949,300,H54 acres (fig. 38).

FIGURE 38.-Distribution of Trumbullwheat in 1949. Estimated area, 300,954acres.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 73

ASHLAND

Description.-According to the Ken­tucky Agricultural Experiment Station(5, p. 1197), Ashland is very similar incharacter to ordinary Fultz. It has thegood milling qualities of Fultz, and in ad­dition yields better, with better straw,and is fairly resistant to scab and otherdiseases.

History.-Ashland (C. 1. 6692) (reg.49) was developed from a plant selectedfrom Fultz at the Kentucky AgriculturalExperiment Station, Lexington, Ky.,and was distributed to farmers in 1919and 1920.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,128 acres, grown in West Virginia.

FULTZO-MEDITERRANEAN

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall ; stem purple, strong;spike awnleted, clavate, dense, erect,easily shattered; glumes glabrous, white,midlong, midwide; shoulders wanting tonarrow, oblique; beaks wide, obtuse,1 mm. long; awnlets several, 1 to 10 mm.long; kernels red, short to midlong,soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease nar­row to midwide, shallow to middeep;cheeks usually rounded; brush midsized,midlong.

Fultzo-Mediterranean is distinct fromFultz in having very strong stems anderect, dense, clavate spikes.

History.-The origin of Fultzo-Mediter­ranean (C. 1. 4811) (reg. 51) is notdefinitely known. Many synonyms areused for the variety, one of which maybe the original name. The variety wasfirst distributed as Fultzo-Mediterraneanby Everitt's O. K. Seed Store, Indian­apolis, Ind., in 1898. The variety wasevidently named by that firm, and it isclaimed by them to have originated froma cross between Fultz and Mediterranean(76).

Fultzo-Mediterranean shows no indica­tion of having been derived from Mediter­ranean, although it has many of thecharacters of Fultz.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,2,010 acres, grown in Missouri.

Synonyms.-Columbia, Flat Top, NewColumbia, Square Head.

CARALA

Description.-Carala is very similar toPurplestraw, except in having strongerwhite stems and in giving higher yields.It is adapted for growing in the sameareas as Purplestraw.

History.-Carala (C. I. 12184) wasselected from Alabama Bluestem, a strainof the Purplestraw variety, by the North

Carolina Agricultural Experiment Stationat Raleigh, in 1929 and was desig­nated as Alabama Bluestem 89 in earlytests. I t was distributed to farmers inthe fall of 1940.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,71,894 acres, grown in 12 SoutheasternStates.

Synonym.-Alabama Bluestem 89.

REDHART

Description.-Plant spring intermedi­ate habit, early to midseason, midtall;stem white, strong; spike awnleted, fusi­form, middense, erect to inclined; glumesglabrous, white, midlong to long, narrowto midwide; shoulders narrow, wantingto oblique; beaks narrow, obtuse, 1 mm.long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 mm. long;kernels red, midlong, semihard, elliptica.l;germ midsized; crease midwide, deep;cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong.(See fig. 36, B.) ,

History.-Redhart (C. I. 8898) (reg.283) was selected from the southern Flintor Red May wheat by Coker's PedigreedSeed Co., Hartsville, S. C. It was firstdistributed in 1921. Redhart 3 (C. I.11860) was developed from a cross be­tween Redhart and a variety namedGolden Chaff. Redhart 3, Redhart 4(C. 1. 12003), and Redhart 5 (C. 1. 12004)are reselections of the same line and areearlier than the original Redhart.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,604,624 acres, grown in 12 States (fig. 39).

FIGURE 39.-Distribution of Redhartwheat in 1949. Estimated area, 604,624acres.

TAYLOR

Description.-Plant spring intermediatehabit, midseason, midtall; stem white,midstrong; spike awnleted, fusiform,middense, inclined; glumes glabrous,white, midlong, midwide; shoulders mid­wide, oblique; beaks midwide, obtuse,0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to ,20mm. long; kernels red, midlong,~'.soft,

elliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide,

74 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

middeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized,midlong.

Taylor is resistant to leaf rust, moder­ately resistant to stem rust and mosaic,and has yielded very well in the South.I t is susceptible to mildew and is notsufficiently winter-hardy for growingnorth of Virginia and Maryland. I t hassoft 'grain of good quality, although itaverages somewhat higher in proteincontent than the older varieties grownin the South. I t is lower in proteincontent than the Atlas strains.

History.-Taylor (C. 1. 12461) wasdeveloped from the cross Trumbull XFrondoso lnade at Arlington Farm,Rosslyn, Va., by the Division of CerealCrops and })iseases. Selection was con­tinued at Beltsville, Md., where it wasdesignated Y2375. I t was entered inthe Uniform Southern Wheat Nursery in1946 and its adaptation and valuedetermined cooperatively with the agri­cultural experiment stations in the South.I t was distributed by the South Carolinaand North Carolina Agricultural Experi­ment Stations in the fall of 1953.

HARDIRED

Description.-Plant intermediate habit,midseason, midtall; stem white, mid­strong; spike awnleted, fusiform to oblong,middense, inclined; glumes glabrous,white, long, narrow; shoulders wantingto narrow, oblique; beaks midwide,obtuse, 1 111m. long; awnlets several, 5to 20 mn1. long; kernels red, midlong,semihard, elliptical; germ midsized; creasemidwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushmidsized, midlong.

Hardired is moderately resistant to leafrust and to some races of mildew.

History.-·Hardired 5 (C. I. 12411) wasdeveloped by the Coker's PedigreedSeed Co., Hartsville, S. C., from a crossbetween Early Red May and a selectionfrom Hope X Hussar made in 1932, bythe Division of Cereal Crops and Diseasesat ~Ianhattan, Kans. The first dis­tribution was designated as Coker 39-3until it was named and distributed inthe fall of 1~}40.

Several similar strains have since beendistributed.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,109,903 acres, grown in nine SouthernStates, the largest acreage being inNorth Carolina and South Carolina.

COKER 47-27

Description.-Plant spring intermedi­ate habit, midseason, midtall; stemwhite, strong; spike awnleted, oblong,middense to dense, erect; glumes glabrous,white, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar-

ro,v to 'wanting; beaks midwide, obtuse,0.5 111rn. long; awnlets few, 5 to 10 mm.long; kernels red, midlong, soft to semi­hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid­wide, lniddeep; cheeks rounded; brushrnidsized, midlong.

Coker 47-27 is resistant to leaf rustand Inoderately resistant to stem rust.I t is about 2 days later than Hardiredand is somewhat more winter-hardythan Coastal.

History.-Coker 47-27 (C. 1. 12563)was selected at the Coker's PedigreedSeed Co. at Hartsville, S. C., from across between Fronteira and HardiredD1ade in 1939. After several years ofselection and testing, it was offered forsale in the fall of 1950.

ATLAS 66

Descn:ption.-Plant spring intermedi­ate habit, midseason, short to midtall;sten1 ,vhite, strong; spike awnleted, ob­long to clavate, dense, erect; glumesglabrous, white, midlong, midwide;shoulders narrow, wanting to rounded;beaks lnidwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long;a,wnlets several, 3 to 10 mm. long;kernels red, midlong, soft, elliptical;germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep;cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong.(See fig. 40, A.)

Atlas 66 is resistant to leaf and stemrust and has mild resistance to powderyInildew. I t has stiff straw and is similarto Leap in time of maturity, or about a"reek later than Purplestraw. It isrecollunended for growing on the CoastalPlain and Piedmont sections of NorthCarolina, but does not have sufficient"Tinter hardiness for growing in thelnountain areas. The grain of Atlasa verages higher in protein content than11lOst varieties.

[listory.-Atlas 66 (C. I. 12561) wasdeveloped cooperatively by the NorthCarolina. Agricultural Experiment Sta­tion n.nd the Division of Cereal Cropsand Diseases. Segregating :F4 lines from across between Frondoso and a selectionfroln a cross between Redhart 3 and Noll28 were sent from the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases, Arlington Farm,v"'a., to Raleigh, N. C., in 1940. Noll 28,vas selected at State College, Pa., froma cross between Hussar and Forward.Atlas 66 resulted from a selection made inNorth Carolina. I t was tested widely asN. C. 5466 in the uniform nursery in theSouthern States, beginning in 1948. It,vas distributed in North Carolina in thefall of 1n48 (14-3).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,t,535 aeres, grown in North Carolina.

CLA SIFICATIO J OF WHEAT ARIETIES GROWN 1949 75

A

FIGURE 40.-A, Ada 66 and B, Purplestraw wheats: Spikes and glume , X 1; kernels, X 3.

76 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ATLAS 50

Description.-Atlas 50 is similar toAtlas 66 except in being less resistant toleaf rust and more resistant to mildewand in having somewhat longer awnlets(5 to 20 mm.).

History.-Atlas 50 (C. I. 12534) is asister selection of Atlas 66, and its historyis the same. It was entered in the Uni­form Southern Wheat Nursery in 1947.It was distributed in North Carolina inthe fall of 1948 (143).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,841 acres, grown in North Carolina.

PURPLESTRAW

Description.-Plant spring intermedi­ate habit, early, midtall; stem purple;midstrong; spike awnleted, fusiform,middense, inclined to nodding; glumesglabrous, white, short to midlong, mid­w"ide; shoulders narrow to midwide,oblique to square; beaks wide, obtuse,0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to10 mm. long; kernels red, short to mid­long, soft, ovate or sometimes nearlyoval; germ midsized; crease midwide,shallow to middeep ; cheeks usuallyrounded; brush small to midsized, mid­long. (See fig. 40, B.)

History .-The origin of Purplestraw(C. 1. 1915) (reg. 53) wheat is undeter­mined. It is, however, one of the earliervarieties of wheat grown in the UnitedStates. Concerning its early culture,the following information was recordedin 1851 by Edmund Ruffin (173, p. 454):

From 1822 to the present time thesame kind of wheat has been culti­vated, first known as Mountain Purple­straw and more lately distinguishedas the Early Purplestraw.

Purplestraw has been an importantwheat in the southeastern United Statesfor more than 125 years.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,100,692 acres, grown in 11 SoutheasternStates.

Synonyms.-Alabama Bluestem, Blue­stem, Early Purplestraw, Georgia Blue­stem, Georgia Red, Mountain Purple­straw, Ripley.

GASTA

Description.-Gasta is similar toPurplestraw except in being later andhaving a more winter habit of growth.It is a higher yielding wheat and moreresistant to loose smut than Purplestrawat Experiment, Ga.

Hiltory.-According to Bledsoe (21),Gasta (C. 1. 11398) (reg. 268) wasdeveloped from a head selected from

Purplestraw at the Georgia Agricultural]~xperiment Station, Experiment. Theselection was made in 1921 and was firstdistributed for commercial growing in1931.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,f389 acres, grown in Georgia.

CHANCELLOR

Description.-Plant intermediate habit:early, nlidtall; stem purple, strong; spikeH,wnleted, fusiform, middense to dense,erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,narrow; shoulders narrow, wanting torounded; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm.long; awnlets few, 3 to 25 mm. long;kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; germsmall; crease midwide, middeep; cheeksrounded; brush small, short.

Chancellor is similar to Purplestraw inplant characters except that it is morew'interish in habit of growth. It isrnoderately resistant to leaf rust and isresistant to mosaic, but it is very sus­ceptible to mildew. It has yielded sig­nificantly higher than Purplestraw.

History.-Chancellor (C. I. 12333) wasdeveloped at the Georgia Agricultural]~xperinlent Station at Experiment, incooperation with the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases, by crossing a selec­tion from (Carina X Mediterranean) X(Dietz X Carina) with a selection fromPI068 X Purplestraw 3. Carina, Medi­terranean, and PI068a, a sister of Kanred,nre resistant to some races of leaf rust.The strain later named Chancellor wasdesignated as No. HI050-12-5-10-3during the testing period. It was dis­tributed in Georgia in the fall of 1947.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,9,941 acres, grown in seven SoutheasternStates.

SANFORD

Description.-Sanford is very similar toPurplestraw in plant and kernel charac­teristics but is somewhat resistant to leafrust.

History.-Sanford (C. 1. 12026) (reg.336) was developed in cooperative inves­tigations of the Georgia AgriculturalI~xperiment Station at Experiment, andthe Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases.I t is the result of backcrossing leaf-rust­resistant selections from Kanred XPurplestraw to Purplestraw twice. Thesecond backcross ,vas made in 1928, andthe selections were nlade in 1934. Twoselections, H264-1-2-3-3-3 and H264­1-2-3-3-5, which appeared to be identicalin plant characters, yield, and quality,\\'ere bulked and increased in 1940. Thevariety was named "Sanford" and dis-

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 77

tributed to Georgia farmers in the fallof 1940.

Sanett, a selected Sanford, was dis­tributed by the Marrett Seed Farm ofWestminster, S. C.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,164,871 acres, grown in Georgia andseven other Southeastern States.

Synonym.-Sanett.

FLINT (RED MAY)

Description.-Plant winter intermedi­ate habit, early to midseason, midtall;stem purple, midstrong; spike awnleted,oblong, dense, erect; glumes glabrous,white, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar­row, oblique to square; beaks midwide,obtuse, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets few,2 to 40 mm. long; kernels pale red, shortto midlong, soft, ovate; germ small;crease midwide, middeep; cheeks angularto rounded; brush midsized, midlong.

History.-The origin of Flint (C. I.6307) (reg. 47) wheat is undetermined.It is known to be an old wheat of theeastern United States. The early namesfor the variety and the literature con­cerning them are very confusing. AWhite Flint, claimed to have been intro­duced from Spain in 1814 (92, p. 217),which became widely grown in the East­ern States from 1830 to 1850, wasdescribed by Harmon as awnless, withwhite glumes and hard white kernels.There seems to be no winter wheat of thatdescription now grown. The Flint wheatnow in cultivation has red kernels and issimilar to wheat known as Little RedMay, Early May, and Rappahannock.These are all old names in Americanwheat literature. Little Red May islisted by Killebrew (123, p. 56) as avariety of the above description which"was brought into Tennessee by JosephJacobs from Missouri, no doubt havingbeen taken there from Kentucky orVirginia. "

Much of the Flint wheat now grown isknown as Red Mayor Little Red.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,64,518 acres, grown in 10 SoutheasternStates.

Synonyms.-Early May, Little May,Little Red, Little Red May, May, Rappa­hannock, Red May.

COASTAL

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, midtall to tall; stem white, mid­strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, mid­dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white,midlong; beaks 0.5 mm. long; kernels red,midlong, soft, elliptical; germ midsized;crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded;brush midsized, midlong.

Coastal is resistant to leaf and stemrust and has some resistance or toleranceto mildew and septoria glume blotch.It is susceptible to mosaic. Coastal hasa spring growth habit and is not winter­hardy. It is about 1 week later thanHardired. I t is recommended only forthe Coastal Plain of the Southeast.Grain of Coastal averages higher in pro­tein content than most varieties exceptAtlas.

History.-Coastal (C. I. 12463) wasselected from a cross between Frondosoand a selection from a cross between Red­hart 3 and Noll 28 at the Coker's Pedi­greed Seed Co., Hartsville, S. C. Thecrosses were made by the Division ofCereal Crops and Diseases at ArlingtonFarm, Va., and F 4 segregating materialwas furnished to cooperators in the fallof 1940. Noll 28 was a selection from across between Hussar and Forward madeat State College, Pa. During the periodof testing Coastal was designated asCokers 45-21. I t was released in thefall of 1949.

HUSTON

Description.-Plant spring habit, earlyto midseason, midtall; stem faintly purple,midstrong; spike awnleted, oblong, dense,erect, easily shattered; glumes glabrous,white, midlong, midwide; shoulders want­ing to narrow, oblique; beaks narrow,obtuse, 1 to 1.5 mm. long; awnlets several,3 to 10 mm. long; kernels red, short, 80ftto semihard, broadly ovate; germ mid­sized; crease midwide, shallow to middeep,usually pitted; cheeks rounded; brushsmall, midlong, sometimes collared.

This is one of the few soft red spring­wheat varieties grown in the UnitedStates.

History.-According to S. L. William~,

of the Eugene Mill & Eleva.tor Co., Eu...gene, Oreg., Huston (C. I. 5208) (reg. 54)was introduced in the vicinity of Eugenein 1876 by a Mr. Belshaw, who obtaineda sample of the wheat at the CentennialExposition, where it was on exhibitionas Bulgarian Red Spring. He sowed thefew kernels in his garden and in this wayobtained sufficient seed to sow 5 acres.His land was low and heavy, however,and the wheat did not prove satisfactory,so he gave the seed to a Mr. Hustonliving 16 miles west on the hill lands, whogrew it with splendid success and thewheat came to be known a~ Huston.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,4,687 acres, grown in we~tern Oregon.

Synonyms.-Bulgarian, Early Wonder.Little Red, Ninety-Day.

7 TECHNICAL B LLET 10 3, . DEPT. OF AGRICUV.rURE

AFIGURE 41.-A, ewturk and B, Ridit wheat : Spike and glume , X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 79

SEABREEZE

Description.-Plant spring habit, early,midtall; stem purple, midstrong; spikeawnleted, oblong to clavate, middense,erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,midwide; shoulders narrow, wanting tooblique; beaks midwide, acute, 0.5 mm.long; awnlets several, 5 to 25 mm. long;kernels red, short to midlong, soft,ovate; germ small; crease midwide, mid­deep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized,midlong.

Seabreeze was developed for growingas a feed grain and for grazing in southernTexas. It makes a vigorous leafy growthduring the short days of winter and isresistant to many races of stem rust andleaf rust. I t has some resistance to loosesmut and mildew. It is very early andis not winter-hardy.

History.-Seabreeze (C. 1. 12611) wasdeveloped at the Texas AgriculturalExperiment Station at College Station incooperation with the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases from a cross betweena selection from Mediterranean-Hopeand Gasta made in 1938. Selection 242,later named Seabreeze, was made atCollege Station in 1941. It was dis­tributed in Texas in the fall of 1945.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,6,750 acres, grown in southern Texas.

NEWTURK

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, weak tomidstrong; spike awnleted, fusiform,middense, inclined; glumes glabrous,white, midlong, midwide; shoulders mid­wide, oblique to square; beaks wide,acute, 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to10 mm. long; kernels red, short to mid­long, hard, ovate; germ very small;crease narrow to midwide, shallow;cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong.(See fig. 41, A.)

Newturk is high yielding, more resist­ant to shattering than Turkey, and equalin quality for breadmaking.

History.-Newturk (C. 1. 6935) (reg.245) was developed in cooperative ex­periments of the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases and the Oregon andMontana Agricultural Experiment Sta­tions. I t is the result of a cross betweenNewton (a selection of Alton) andTurkey, made in 1916 at Moro, Oreg.Selections of this cross were sent to theJudith Basin Branch Station, Moccasin,Mont., in 1920. One of these selections(166B-I-6) proved most promising andwas named Newturk. Seed of the New­turk variety was distribut8d for com-

260503-54--6

mercial growing in 1926. Its superiorcharacters are good yield and quality andresistance to shattering.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,82,045 acres, grown in Montana, SouthDakota; North Dakota, and Minnesota.

Synonym.-Beardless Turkey.

RIDIT

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, in­clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,narrow to midwide; shoulders midwide,oblique to square; beaks midwide, acute,1 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to 12 mm.long; kernels red, midlong, hard, ellip­tical; germ midsized; crease midwide,middeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized,midlong. (See fig. 41, B.)

I t is resistant to many races of buntand to shattering. Ridit was the firstvariety bred for resistance to bunt to bedistributed for growing in the UnitedStates.

History.-Ridit (C. 1. 6703) (reg. 248)was developed from a cross between Tur­key and Florence made in 1915 at theWashington Agricultural Experiment Sta­tion, Pullman. A selection made in1919 resulted in the Ridit variety. Itwas distributed for commercial growingin Washington in 1923.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,75,027 acres, grown in Washington,Idaho, and Montana.

Synonyms.-Selection C, Smutless.

PURKOF

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall to tall; stem white, mid­strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, mid­dense, nodding; glumes glabrous, white,short, wide; shoulders wide, oblique tosquare; beaks midwide, obtuse, 1 mm.long; awnlets several, 5 to 25 mm. long;kernels red, short to midlong, hard, ovateto elliptical; germ midsized; crease mid­wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushmidsized, midlong. (See fig. 42, A.)

Purkof has good winter hardiness,resistance to shattering, and some resist­ance to leaf rust.

History.-Purkof (C. I. 8381) (reg.263) was produced from a hybrid be­tween Michigan Amber and Malakofmade in 1912 and last selected in 1915at the Purdue University AgriculturalExperiment Station, Lafayette, Ind. Itwas distributed about 1924.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,62,835 acres, grown in six States, thelargest acreages being in Illinois andIndiana.

o TECHNICAL BULLETIN 10 3, . DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A 8FIGURE 42.-A, Purkof and B, Chiefkan wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 81

CACHE

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awnleted, fusiform, lax, erect;glumes glabrous, white, midlong, mid­wide; shoulders narrow, rounded; beaksmidwide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnletsseveral, 5 to 20 mm. long; kernels red,midlong, hard, ovate; germ small; creasenarrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brushsmall, short.

Cache is resistant to many races ofbunt and is moderately resistant todwarf bunt. It has satisfactory millingand breadbaking quality.

History.-Cache (C. 1. 11599) wasdeveloped at the Utah AgriculturalExperiment Station in cooperation withthe Division of Cereal Crops and Diseasesfrom a cross made in 1927 between Riditand Utah Kanred. The plant whichresulted in Cache was selected in 1931and was designated as 54a-40 during thetesting period (231). It was distributedto growers in 1937.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,154,464 acres on the dwarf-bunt-infesteddry lands of Utah, southern Idaho,Montana, and Washington.

CHIEFKAN

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awnleted, fusiform to oblong, mid­dense to lax, inclined; glumes glabrous,white, usually with black streaks, mid­long, midwide; shoulders rnidwide, ob­lique to square; beaks ,vide, obtuse, 0.5mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to 15 mm.long, partly incurved; kernels red, mid­long, hard, ovate to elliptical; germmidsized; crease midwide, middeep;cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong.Kernels of Chiefkan are usually sway­backed, that is, they have a depressionon the back midway between the brushand germ. (See fig. 42, B.)

Chiefkan is rnoderately resistant toleaf and stem rust but is very susceptibleto loose smut and bunt. It has a hightest weight. It differs in breadbakingcharacteristics from typical hard redwinter wheat and is generally dislikedby millers in the hard winter-wheat area.Kanhull, a sister selection, differs fromChiefkan in having longer, narrowerglumes, taller straw, and longer heads,in being later, and in giving loweryields. The two are difficult to distinguishin the field.

History.-Chiefkan (C. 1. 11754) wasbred by Earl G. Clark, of Sedg,vick,Kans., who also developed Blackhull andClarkan wheats. It is reported by him

to be from a Blackhull X soft wheathybrid recrossed with Superhard Black­hull (.~O). The first cross was made in1916. The selection which resulted inChiefkan was made in 1926 and wasfirst distributed in 1935.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,425,270 acres (fig. 43).

Synonyms.-Chiefton, Kanhull, New­chief.

FIGURE 43.-Distribution of Chiefkan wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 425,270 acres.

MICHIKOF

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awnleted, oblong, dense, erect toinclined; glumes glabrous, white, short,midwide; shoulders midwide, square toelevated; beaks midwide, acute, 0.5 mm.long; awnlets several, 3 to 12 mm. long;kernels red, short, hard, ovate with trun­cate tip; germ midsized; crease midwide,middeep; cheeks rounding; brush mid­sized, midlong.

History.-Michikof (C. 1. 6990) (reg.233) was developed (227) at the PurdueUniversity Agricultural Experiment Sta­tion, Lafayette, Ind., from a cross madein 1912 between Michigan Amber andMalakof. The final selection was madein 1915, and the variety has been com­mercially grown since about 1920.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,580 acres, grown in Illinois.

MOSIDA

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, short to midtall; stem white,strong; spike awnleted, oblong, dense,erect, easily shattered; glumes glabrous,white, midlong to long, narrow to mid­wide; shoulders narrow, oblique to

82 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

square; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. long;R\vnlets several, 5 to 25 mm. long; kernelsred, midlong, semihard to hard; germ mid­sized; crease wide, middeep; cheeksrounded; brush midsized, midlong.

History.-Mosida (C. 1. 6688) (reg.247) ,vas produced from a cross made atthe Colorado Agricultural ExperinlentStation between Fultzo-Mediterraneanand Turkey in 1916. The segregatingmaterial ,vas taken to the Idaho Agri­cultural Experiment Station, Moscow,'where the selection that is now called~losida ,vas made in 1918. It was dis­tributed for commercial growing in north­ern Idaho in 1924. This variety is welladapted to the cutover lands of northernIdaho but is not adapted in areas whereshattering is apt to occur.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,14,335 acres, grown in Idaho, Oregon,Washington, and Montana.

Synonym.-Beardless Turkey.

RED BOBS

Description.-Plant spring habit, early,midtall; stern white, midstrong to strong;spike a,vnless, fusiform, middense, erect;glumes glabrous, white to yellowish, mid­long, midwide; shoulders wide, obliqueto square; beaks wide, acute, 0.5 rnm.long, sonletimes nearly wanting; apicalawnlets usually wanting; kernels red,usually short, hard, oval to ovate, withtruncate tip; germ midsized; crease mid­wide to ,vide, middeep to deep; cheeksangular; brush midsized, short.

This variety has several types ofplants. Red Bobs is very susceptible tostern rust.

History.-Red Bobs (C. 1. 6255) (reg.56) ,vas originated from a head selectionmade in a field of Bobs wheat by SeagervVheeler in 1910 at Maple Grove Farm,Rosthern, Saskatchewan, Canada. Itwas distributed for the first time in 1918,and its history was recorded the followingyear by \V. N. Burns in the NationalAlfalfa Journal (31). A history of thisvariety has been recorded by Buller(28, pp. .'259-275). I t is evidently theresult of a natural field hybrid betweenBobs and a red-kerneled variety. EarlyTriumph, a selection made from RedBobs by Seager Wheeler, is very similarto Ited Bobs and is here considered asynonym.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,4,851 acres, grown in Montana. It wasalso estimated (186) grown on 1,480,000acres in ...~lberta, Canada.

Synonyn't.-Early Triumph.

SUPREME

])escription.-Supreme differs from RedBobs in being taller and slightly later, inhaving lighter green leaves and stems\vhen young, and in being more uniform.(See fig. 44, A.)

History.-Supreme (C. I. 8026) (reg.257) is a selection from Red Bobs madeby Seager Wheeler at Rosthern, Sas­katche,van, Canada. The variety hasbeen grown conlmercially in Canadasince 1H22 and in Montana since 1924,seed having been obtained by the Mon­tana Agricultural Experiment Station,Bozenlan, in March 1922. It outyields~Iarquis in Montana, is 4 to 7 daysearlier, and has stronger stems.

Distn:bution.-:Estimated area in 1949,74,~186 acres, gro\vn in Montana, North])akota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Min­nesota, and New Mexico.

REDMAN

])escription.-Plant spring habit, early,short to rnidtall; stem white, strong;spike awnleted, fusiform, lax to middense,erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlongto long, midwide, shoulders narrow tornidwide, oblique to rounded; beaks mid­,vide, Obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnletsseveral, 5 to 20 mrn. long; kernels red,short, hard, ovate; germ midsized; creaseInidwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushrnidsized, rnidlong. (See fig. 44, B.)

Itedman is slightly earlier than Thatch­er, is resistant to stem rust (except race15B) and to bunt, and to some races ofleaf rust and loose smut. It is equal toThatcher in milling and breadbakingquality.

History.-Redman (C. I. 12638) wasdeveloped at the Dominion Laboratory ofCereal Breeding at Winnipeg, Manitoba,Canada, from a cross between Regent andCanus rnade in 1934 (150). The originaldistribution was designated as R. L.1834.1 (C. I. 12496) and was distributedin 1945. A selection from this strain wasdesignated as R. L. 1834.7 (C. 1. 12638)and increased for distribution in 1947.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,136,057 acres, grown in Minnesota, NorthI)akota, South Dakota, lVIontana, andvVisconsin. Redrnan was also estimatedgrown on 643,200 acres in Manitoba andSaskatchewan, Canada, in 1949 (186).

GARNET

Descr£ption.-Plant spring habit, early,short to midtall; stem white, slender,weak to midstrong; spike awnleted, fusi­forIn, rniddense to lax, inclined, easilyshattered; glumes glabrous, white, long,narrow; shoulders wanting to rounded;

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1 949 83

AFIGURE 44.-A, Supreme and B, Redman wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

84 TECIINICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

beaks narrow, acute, 1 mm. long; awnletsseveral, 3 to 15 mm. long; kernels red,short to midlong, hard, elliptical; germlarge; crease narrow, midwide; cheeksrounded; brush small, midlong.

Garnet is very early and is resistant tobunt. The quality of the grain is notequal to that of Marquis.

History.-Garnet (C. 1. 8181) (reg.

260) was originated from a cross made atCentral Experimental Farm, Ottawa,Canada, in 1905, by C. E. Saunders, andwas distributed for commercial produc­tion in the Prairie Provinces of Canadain the spring of 1926.

The parentage of Garnet has beenrecorded by Newman and Whiteside(151) as follows:

Ladoga 1888 Red Fife Onega 1891 Gehun

1 1Preston Early Riga

I IPreston A 1905 Riga M

11--__-.;.1 1I

Garnet

Garnet was first grown at experimentstations in the United States in 1925 and,vas first introduced from Canada bycommercial growers in about 1928.

Distribution.-It was not reported inthe United States in 1949, but an esti­mated (186) 640,900 acres were grown in.A.lberta, Canada.

COMET

Description.-Plant spring habit, early,short to midtall; stem white, strong; spikeawnleted, oblong, middense, erect; glumesglabrous, white, midlong, midwide towide; shoulders wide, rounded to square;beaks wide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnletsseveral, 3 to 25 mm. long; kernels red,midlong, hard, ovate; germ large; creasemiddeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized,midlong.

History.-Comet (C. I. 11465) (reg.315) was developed in cooperative experi­ments of the Division of Cereal CropBand Diseases and the Montana Agricul­tural ExperiInent Station from a cross ofMarquis and Hard Federation made in1921. It has been extensively used inbreeding, but it has not been distributedfor comInercial growing in Montana orin other States of the hard spring wheatregion. COInet was tested in the westernregional nursery for a number of yearsand was distributed for growing in centralOregon in 1940.

Distribution.-Estimated acreage in1949, 1,000 acres, grown in Oregon.

THATCHER

Description.-Plant spring habit, earlyto lnidseason, short to midtall; stem

white, strong; spike awnleted, oblong tofusiforln, middense, erect; glurnes gla­brous, white (with coffee-colored stains),short to Inidlong, midwide; shoulders mid­wide, rounded to square to elevated;beaks narrow, obtuse to acute, 0.5 to 1rum. long; awnlets many, 5 to 20 mm.long, incurved; kernels light red, short,hu,rd, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid­wide, middeep; cheeks angular; brushInidsized to large, midlong. (See fig. 45,A.)

Thatcher is resistant to stem rust(except race 15B) but is susceptible toleaf rust. It has a short stiff straw andis resistant to lodging and shattering.I t has strong gluten and is very satisfac­tory for breadmaking. Its test weightis relatively low.

History.-Thatcher (C. 1. 10003) (reg.277) ,vas developed in cooperative experi­rnents of the Minnesota Agriculturall~xperiment Station and the Division ofCereal Crops and Diseases. It is theresult of a so-called double cross; i. e.,frOIn a cross between a selection of Mar­quis >< Iumillo and a selection of MarquisX: }{anred made in 1921 at UniversityPann, St. Paul, Minn. The plant selec­tion,which resulted in Thatcher, wasInade in 1925 and was first grown in fieldplots in 1929 (95). It was distributedfor cOllllllercial growing in 1934.

Thatcher proved to be very resistantto stem rust in the severe epidemics of1935 and 1937, and its acreage increasedvery rapidly both in the United Statesand in Canada, where it was officiallyapproved for distribution in 1937.

Distribution.-Estimated area in theUnited States in 1949, 3,370,823 acres

CLASSIFICATIO OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 85

·A BFIGURE 45.-A, Thatcher and B, Marquis wheats: Spike and glumes, X 1; kernel, X 3.

86 TECIINICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(fig. 46). It was estimated,~that 15,336,­900 acres were grown in the PrairieProvinces of Canada in 1949 (186).

FIGURE 46.-Distribution of Thatcher wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 3,370,823acres.

NEWTHATCH

Descripl£on.-Plant spring habit, earlyto nlidseason, midtall; stem white,strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, mid­dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white,short, lnidwide; shoulders midwide,rounded; beaks narrow, acute, 0.5 mm.long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 mm. long;kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germ mid­sized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeksangular; brush midsized) midlong.

N ewthatch is resistant to stem rust(except race 15B), loose smut, and bunt,but it is susceptible to some races of leafrust and to fusarial head blight (scab).I t is resistant to lodging and has goodmilling and breadmaking properties.

H£story.-Newthatch (C. I. 12318)(reg. 335) was developed in cooperativeexperiments of the Minnesota Agricul­tural Experiment Station and the Divi­sion of Cereal Crops and Diseases. Itwas produced by backcrossing in whichthe initial cross between Hope andThatcher ,vas rnade in 1930. The F 1 wasbackcrossed to Thatcher in the green­house during the winter of 1930-31. Thesecond backcross was made to Thatcherin the SUlnmer of 1931. Seven strainsselected in the F 5 generation from thesecond backcross were found to be similarand were bulked to produce the varietyNewthatch. All seven strains were de­rived from a single F 2 plant. They werefirst grown in rod-row trials in 1939.Newthatch was released to growers in1944 (11).

D'istrl'but£on.-Estimated area in 1949,282,0'76 acres, grown in four States(fig. 47).

FIGURE 47.-Distribution of Newthatchwheat in 1949. Estimated area, 282,076acr(~s.

MARQUILLO

Descript'ion.-Plant spring habit, earlyto Inidseason, short to rnidtall; stem\vhite, rnidstrong to strong; spike awn­leted, fusiform, middense, erect; glumesglabrous, white, sometimes showingstreaks ofjbrown or black, midlong, mid­\vide; shoulders midwide, rounded toelevated; beaks wide, acute, 1 to 1.5 mm.long; awnlets many, 5 to 20 mm. long;kernels red, midlong to long, hard, ovate;gerlll large; crease middeep; cheeks angu­lar; brush midlarge, midlong, collared.

l\farquillo is resistant to stem rust andlnoderately resistant to hessian fly. Thegrain produces a yellowish flour and inthat respect is undesirable. The variety,as shown by Powers (164), is not entirelystable.

History.-Marquillo (C. I. 6887) (reg.237) \vas produced in cooperative experi­Inents between the Minnesota Agricul­turall~xperimentStation and the Divisionof Cereal Crops and Diseases, at Univer­sity Farrn, St. Paul, Minn. It is theresult of a cross between Marquis andIUlnillo durum made in 1914. Theselection 11-15-44, later named Mar­quillo, was made in 1918 and was firstdistributed in 1928.

Distr'ibution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,053 acres, grown in Minnesota.

Synonym.-Minnesota No. 2202.

CARLEEDS (NORDHOUGEN)

l)escription.-Plant spring habit, earlyto lnidseason, midtall to tall; leavespubescent; stem white, midstrong; spikea\vllieted) fusiform, rniddense, erect, easilyshattered; glumes glabrous, yellowishw"hite" rnidlong, wide; shoulders wide,oblique to square; beaks wide, obtuse,0..5 lllrn. long; awnlets several, 5 to 20llun. long; kernels red, midlong, hard,elliptical; germ midsized; crease wide,lniddeep; cheeks angular; brush large,rnidlong.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 87

Carleeds is resistant to stem rust butsusceptible to leaf rust. Its test weightis somewhat low. The kernels appear tobe somewhat softer than those of theleading varieties of hard red springwheat, and, in commercial tests, thegluten characteristics are said to bedifferent from those of the bettervarieties.

History.- The origin of Carleeds (C. I.11801) is uncertain. It was developed byCarl Nordhougen, of Leeds, N. Dak.,and distributed in 1936. Mr. N ordhougenstates that he is not certain regarding theexact parentage, as he did not make arecord of his crosses, but thinks it maybe the result of crossing two selectionsfrom a Hope X Marquis hybrid and inturn crossing a selection from this doublecross with Florence. The variety appearsto have the resistance of Hope to stemrust.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,8,004 acres, grown in North Dakota andMinnesota.

Synonym.-Nordhougen.

MARQUIS

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awnleted, fusiform, dense, erect toinclined; glumes glabrous, white toyellowish, short, wide; shoulders mid,videto wide, usually square; beaks wide,acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to10 mm. long; kernels red, short, hard,ovate, with truncate tip; germ midsized;crease wide, deep; cheeks angular; brushmidsized, midlong. (See fig. 45, B.)

History.-Marquis (C. 1. 3641) (reg.57) is of hybrid origin, having beenoriginated by the cerealists of the Do­minion Department of Agriculture at theCentral Experimental Farm, Ottawa,Canada. The crossing that resulted inMarquis was done under the direction ofWilliam Saunders, but the credit is dueC. E. Saunders for selecting, naming,testing, and distributing the variety.He has given an account of its origin inthe following words (176, pp. 118-120):

All the details in regard to theorigin of Marquis are not available,but it is one of the descendants of across between an early-ripening Indianwheat, Hard Red Calcutta (as female)and Red Fife (as male). The cross* * * was made by Dr. A. P. Saunders,probably at the Experimental Farmat Agassiz, in the year 1892. Thecrossbred seeds, or their progeny, weretransferred to Ottawa, and [when the]writer of this report was appointed in1903 to take charge of the work ofcereal breeding, he made a series of

selections from the progeny of all thecrossbred wheats which had been pro­duced at Ottawa up to that time.Some of these had been named andothers were under numbers. Thoughthey had all been subjected to a certainamount of selection, each of them con­sisted of a mixture of related types.In some cases all the types presentwere similar. In other instances strik­ing differences were 0 bserved. Thegrain which had descended from thecross referred to above was found bycareful study of individual plants(especially by applying the chewingtest to ascertain the gluten strengthand probable breadmaking value) tobe a mixture of similar-looking varietieswhich differed radically in regard togluten quality. One of the varietiesisolated from this mixture was sub­sequently named Marquis. Its highbreadmaking strength and color offlour were demonstrated in the testsmade at Ottawa in the early months of1907, and all the surplus seed was atonce sent to the Indian Head Experi­mental Farm for propagation.

It will be clearlv seen from the aboveaccount that the""' question "When wasMarquis wheat originated?" can neverbe answered. It came into existenceprobably at Ottawa between the years1895 and 1902. It remained, however,mixed with other related sorts untildiscovered by the writer in 1903. Itwas first grown in a pure state in 1904,when a few seeds were sown in asheltered garden on the Central Ex­perimental Farm. Even then, how­ever, its fine qualities were only partlyknown, and it was not until thecerealist's baking tests of 1907 werecompleted that he decided to send outthis wheat for trial in Saskatchewan.Its success in the prairie country wasphenomenal.

Marquis wheat was first sent to thePra.irie Provinces of Canada in 1907,where it was thoroughly tested at experi­ment stations. At Indian Head andRosthern, Saskatchewan, and at Brandon,Manitoba, it very significantly outyieldedall other varieties. By 1911 the varietyhad become commerci.ally established inCanada.

Attention was first attracted to Mar­quis wheat in the United States throughits having won premiums at severalexpositions. Seed was introduced by theUnited States Department of Agriculturein 1912 and 1913, and the variety wasthoroughly tested at numerous experimentstations in the spring-wheat sections.These and other experiments, reported

88 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. s. D~JP'r. OF AGRICULTURE

by Ball and Clark (15, 16), proved thevariety to be widely adapted. In themeantime, in consequence of muchpublicity, a strong demand for seed arose.A considerable quantity was broughtinto the country for sowing in 1913. Muchlarger quantities were imported in 1914.The importations of these 2 years, withthe seed homegrown in 1913, weresufficient to sow about half a millionacres in 1914. Most of the importedseed was sold in Minnesota, NorthDakota, and Montana. Smaller quanti­ties ,vere sold in other spring-wheatStates. In this way the Marquis varietybecame vvidely distributed in a veryshort time. In 1919, only 7 years afterits introduction, it made up at least 60percent, or nearly 12,000,000 acres, ofthe total spring-wheat acreage of theUnited States. For more than 15 yearsit ",'"as the most widely grown springwheat. Following the severe rust epi­demic of 1935, much of the acreage ofMarquis 'vas replaced by Thatcher.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,882,382 acres (fig. 48). l\1arquis wasalso gro,vn, it ",'"as estimated (186), on1,292,600 acres in the Prairie Provincesof Canada in 1949.

RESCUE

Description.-Plant spring habIt, mid­season to late, tall; stem White, weak,solid; spike awnleted, fusiform, middense,inclined; glumes glabrous, white, mid­long, rnidwide; shoulders midwide, ob­lique; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm.long; awnlets several, 3 to 8 mm. long;kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germsrnall; crease narrow, shallow; cheeksrounded; brush small, short. (See fig.4H, A.)

Rescue has solid stems and is resistantto the ,vestern wheat stern sawfly. Itis somewhat resistant to steIn rust but issusceptible to leaf rust and bunt. ItJUtS a low protein content and waterabsorption and is not considered equalto Thatcher in breadbaking quality,although the loaf volume is good.

History.-Rescue (C. 1. 12435) wasdeveloped at the Dominion ExperimentStation ~tt Swift Current, Saskatchewan,Canada, from a cross between Apex andS-615 made at Ottawa in 1938. It wasselected for resistance to wheat stemsawfly and has solid stems like the S-615pH/rent, 1Nhich was introduced from NewZealand. I t was designated as Swift

:..

FIGURE 48.--Distribution of Marquis wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 882,382 acres.

CLASSIFICATIO OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROW IN 1949 89

AFIGURE 49.-A, Rescue and B, Cadet wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

90 TECIINICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Current No. 4188 (150). Two bushelsof seed w~ere furnished to the Montanastation in the fall of 1944. One bushelwas fall-planted at Mesa, Ariz., and 35bushels ,,~ere returned to Montana in timeto plant in the spring of 1945. Thissunlmer crop produced 900 bushels.In the fall of 1945 the Montana SeedGrowers contracted for the fall seedingof 100 acres at Yuma, Ariz. As a result ofgrowing t,vo crops in each of 2 years,60,000 bushels were available for seedingin Montana in 1947.

Distribution.-Rescue is grown in thesa"rfly-infested areas of Saskatchewan,Canada, and of Montana and north­,vestern North Dakota. 1,730,000 acreswere grow~n in Saskatchewan in 1949(186), and 916,147 acres in the UnitedStates (fig. 50).

FIGURE SO.-Distribution of Rescue wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 916,147 acres.

APEX

Description.-Plant spring habit, nlid­season, short to midtall; stem white, mid­strong; spike 'awnleted, fusiform, nlid­dense, erect; 19lumes glabrous, white,short to rnidlong, midwide; shoulderswide, oblique to rounded; beaks wide,obtuse, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets several,5 to 15 mm. long; kernels red, short, hard,ovate; gerrn rnidsized; crease narrow tomid"ride, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushmidsized, nlidlong.

Apex is resistant to stem rust (exceptrace 15B) and loose smut and to someraces of bunt. Its breadmaking qualityis satisfactory.

History.-Apex (C.!. 11636) (reg. 320)was developed from a cross between anF 1 plant of 1f-44 X [Marquis-Iumillo XKanred-:\larquis] and Marquis made in1927 at the University of Saskatchewan,Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Mar­quis thus entered the parentage fourtimes. Apex was released for commercialgrowing in 1937 when about 1,500 acreswere grown in Saskatchewan (150).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,7,220 acres, grown in Montana and NorthDakota. Apex was also grown, it wasestimated (186), on 239,300 acres inSaskatchewan, Canada, in 1949.

CADET

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, rnidtall; stem white, strong; spikea,wnleted, oblong to fusiform, middense,erect; glumes glabrous, white, short, mid­wide; shoulders midwide, oblique torounded; beaks midwide, acute, 0.5 mm.long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 mm. long;kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germrnidsized; crease wide, deep; cheeksa,ngular; brush midsized, midlong. (Seefig. 4H, B.)

Cadet is resistant to stenl rust (exceptrace 1513) and to some races of leaf rust,loose srout, and mildew. It has goodstra,v and does not shatter easily. It isabout 3 days later than Thatcher andgrows taller. I t has excellent milling andbreadbaking properties.

History.-Cadet (C. I. 12053) (reg.343) was developed from a cross between~lerit and Thatcher made in 1936 in thegreenhouse of the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases at Washington, D. C.It ,vas selected for several generations atexperirnent stations in North Dakota and~lontana. An F 6 selection, 1290A­1-76--7-3-1, N. No. 1597, after thoroughtesting, was named "Cadet" and distrib­uted in 1946 in North Dakota.

]Jistribution.-Estimated area in 1949,626,282 acres, grown in four States(fig. 51).

FIGURE Sl.-Distribution of Cadet~wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 626,282 ~acres.

RUSHMORE

Descn:ption.-Plant spring habit, early,short to midtall ; stem purple, strong;spike R\vnleted, fusiform, middense, erect;ghuues glabrous, white, rnidlong, mid­wide to wide; shoulders midwide, roundedto square; beaks midwide, acute, 0.5 mm.long; awnlets several, 3 to 10 mm. long;kernels red, short to midlong, hard,ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide,rniddeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid­sized, midlong. (See fig. 52, A.)

Ilushrnore is resistant to stem rust(except race 15B), loose smut, bunt, andto sOIne races of leaf rust. I t is early,has stiff straw, and has yielded well in

CLASSIFICATIO OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN I 1949 91

AFIG RE 52.-A, Rushmore and B, Regent wheats: Spikes and glumes, Xl; kernels, X3.

92 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEI>T. OF AGRICULTURE

South Dakota. I t has good milling andbreadbaking characteristics.

History.-Rushmore (C. 1. 12273)(South Dakota 2280) was selected from across bet\veen Rival and Thatcher, madeat Brookings, S. Dak., in 1937 (88). It'was entered in the uniform hard redspring-'wheat nursery in 1942. About4,800 bushels were distributed in SouthDakota in 1949.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 194916,031 acres, grown in South Dakota'North Dakota, Montana, and Minnesota:

SAUNDERS

Description.-Plant spring habit, early,short; stem purple, strong; spike awn­leted, fusiform, middense, erect; glumesglabrous, 'w'hite, midlong, midwide; shoul­ders midwide, rounded; beaks midwide,obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 5to 20 mm. long; kernels red, short, hard,ovate; germ midsized; crease narrow,shallow; cheeks rounded; brush mid­sized, midlong.

Saunders is resistant to stem rust(except race 15B) and loose smut andmoderately resistant to bunt, root rot,and black chaff. I t is susceptible tosome races of leaf rust. Saunders hassatisfactory milling and breadmakingquality. The kernels closely resemblethose of l\larquis. I t matures 2 to 3days earlier than Thatcher.

History.-Saunders (C. 1. 12567)(C. A. N. 3516) (reg. 344) was developedfrom a cross between Brandon selectionC-26-44.7 from Hope X Reward andThatcher made at Central ExperimentalFarm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, in1938. It 'was designated as CT 406 (81).It ,vas licensed in 1947 and released forcomnlercial production in 1948. Saun­ders was bred to replace Garnet and RedBobs in northern Alberta and northwest­ern Saskatchewan and is recommendedin that region.

Distribution.-Saunders was not re­ported in the United States in 1949 butwas grown on an estimated 1,265,000acres in Alberta, Canada (186).

RENOWN

Description.-Plant spring habit, earlyto midseason, short to midtall; leavespubescent; stem purple, midstrong; spikeawnleted, fusiform, middense, erect;glumes (glaucous and light green beforematurity) glabrous, white, midlong, mid­wide; shoulders midwide to wide, rounded;beaks wide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnletsfew, 2 to 10 mm. long; kernels dark red,short, hard, ovate; germ midsized; creasemidwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushmidsized, Inidlong.

Renown is resistant to stem rust (exceptrace 15B), bunt, and powdery mildewand is lnoderately resistant to leaf rust.It has satisfactory breadmaking quality.

lIistory.-Renown (C. I. 11709) (reg.325) was produced at the Dominion RustIlesearch Laboratory, Winnipeg, Mani­t?ba, from ~ cross between H-44-24 (asister selectIon of Hope) and Rewardr~lade in 1926 (150). The selection (RustLaboratory No. 716A),which was laternalned Renown, was made in 1927.!\-bout 6,000 acres were grown in CanadaIII 1937. The seed released in 1937 waso~ slig~tly inferio! grain quality andhIgher In carotenoId content than mosthard red spring-wheat varieties but areselection (Rust Laboratory 716-6) (C.1. 11947) made in 1932 was found inexperimental tests to be more satisfactoryand was released in 1939.

DistT1~bution.-Estimated area in 194920,376 acres, grown in Minnesota, North])akota, and Montana. It was also esti­rnated (186) that Renown was grown on155,500 acres in Manitoba Canada inIH49. "

REGENT

Des.cription.-Plant spring habit, earlyto lTndseason, short to midtall' stempurple, midstrong; spike awnlet~d ob­long, middense, inclined; glumes glabrousw'hite, lnidlong, midwide ; shoulders nar~ro,v, ,vanting to oblique; beaks narrow,acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 2 to 10lnnl. long; kernels dark red midlonghard, ovate; germ small; cr~ase wide:deep; eheeks angular; brush midsizedlnidlong. (See fig. 52, B.) ,

Regent is resistant to stem rust (exceptrace 15B) and bunt and to some races ofleaf rust. It is of high quality for bread­lnaking.

History.-Regent (C. 1. 11869) (reg.~~27) was developed from a cross between1-I-44: and Reward made in 1926 at theDC?mi?ion Rust .Research Laboratory at\VInnipeg, ManItoba. Selection R. L.~)75.1, ,vhich resulted in Regent, was madeIn 1932 (150) . It was first released in1939, when about 11,000 bushels were

FIGURE 53.-Distrihution of Regent wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 441,392 acres.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN I 1949 93

A BFIGURE 54.-A, Rex and B, Cornell 595 wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

94 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

distributed in Manitoba and easternSaskatche,van.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,441,392 acres (fig. 53). An estimated(186) 984,000 acres were grown inl\Ianitoba, Canada.

KITCHENER

Description.-Plant spring habit, lnid­season, midtall to tall; stem purple,strong; spike awnleted, oblong to sub­clavate, middense, erect; glumes glabrous,yellowish ,vhite, short, wide; shouldersmid\vide, oblique to square; beaks lnid­,vide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few,3 to 10 lnm. long; kernels red, short,hard, ovate, with truncate tips; germmidsized; crease wide, middeep; cheeksangular; brush midsized, midlong.

Kitchener differs from Marquis inbeing taller and later and in having abroader spike, purple straw, and aslightly longer and more rectangularkernel.

History.-Kitchener (C. I. 4800) (reg.66) was originated from a head selectedin a field of Marquis by Seager Wheelerin 1911 at Maple Grove Farm, Rosthern,Saskatche,van, Canada. It was increasedand tested for yield by Mr. Wheeler fora period of 4 or 5 years and then dis­tributed (226, pp. 8-9).

D1:stribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,078 acres, grown in Colorado.

REX

Descript£on.-Plant winter habit, early,short to midtall; stem white, strong; spikea,vnless, oblong, middense, inclined';glurnes glabrous, brown, short to midlong,lllidwide to wide; shoulders wide, roundedto square; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm.long; a ,vnlets usually wanting or 1 to 3llun. long; kernels yellowish white, shortto midlong, soft, oval; germ midsized;crease ,vide, rniddeep; cheeks rounded;brush lllidsized, midlong. (See fig. 54, A.)

Rex is resistant to some races of buntand is very resistant to lodging andshattering. Grain of Rex is difficult tomill.

History.--Rex (C. 1. 10065) (reg. 276),,""as developed at the Sherman BranchExperilnent Station, Moro, and thePendleton :Branch Experiment Station,Pendleton, Oreg., in cooperative experi­ments of the Oregon Agricultural Experi­n1ent Station and the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases. It was selectedfrom a cross between White Odessa andHard Federation which was made in1921. The plant selection that resultedin Rex ,vas lllade in 1926. It was foundto carry the factors from White Odessa

for resistance to some races of bunt. It\vas released for commercial growing in1933. :Because of its resistance to lodg­ing, shattering, and some races of buntand its combination of early maturityand ,vinter hardiness, all of which resultin good yields, Rex has been extensivelygro\vn in the Pacific Northwest.

Ilex was found not to be pure for plantheight, and a strain (Rex M1) pure forthe shorter and earlier type was increasedand distributed in the fall of 1938.

Distn:bution.-Estimated area in 1949,427,413 acres (fig. 55).

lTIGUIlE 5S.-Distribution of Rex wheat in19Lt9. Estimated area, 427,413 acres.

CORNELL 595

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem mostly purple,strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, lax,erect; glumes glabrous, brown, midlong,lnichvide; shoulders narrow, wanting torounded; beaks narrow to midwide, ob­tuse, 0 ..5 lnill. long; awnlets several, 5 to20 Bun. long; kernels white, midlong,

FIGUIlE 56.-Distribution of Cornell 595wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 335,894acres.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 95

soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid­wide, deep; cheeks angular; brush mid­sized, midlong. (See fig. 54, B.)

Cornell 595 has a very stiff straw andis resistant to Inosaic and to some racesof loose smut and mildew. It is alsoresistant to Septoria tritici and has goodsoft-white-wheat quality.

History.-Cornell 595 (C. 1. 12372) wasdeveloped at the Cornell UniversityAgricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca,N. Y., in investigations cooperative withthe Division of Cereal Crops and Diseasesfrom crossing an F 1 between Honor andForward with N ured, then backcrossingthis F 1 to Honor. The best of many se­lections was distributed in 1942 asCornell 595 (137).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,335,894 acres (fig. 56).

GENESEE

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, strong;spike awnleted, oblong, middense, erect;glumes glabrous, brown, short, midwide;shoulders midwide, square; beaks mid­wide, obtuse, 0.6 mm. long; awnlets 1 to3 mm. long; kernels white, short tomidlong, soft, ovate; gerln midsized tolarge; crease midwide, middeep; cheeksrounded; brush midsized, midlong.

Genesee has a stiff straw, is resistantto some races of loose smut, and has goodsoft-white-wheat quality.

History.-Genesee (C. 1. 12653) wasdeveloped in cooperative investigationsat the Cornell University AgriculturalExperiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y.,from the cross (Honor-Forward X Honor)X Yorkwin. During the testing periodit was designated as Cornell 828a1-2-3.It was distributed in the fall of 1951 (114).

DAWSON

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, strong; spikeawnleted, linear-oblong, middense, in­clined; glumes glabrous, light brown,midlong, wide; shoulders wide, oblique tosquare; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm.long; awnlets several, 3 to 20 film. long;kernels white, short to midlong, soft,ovate to oval; germ midsized to large;crease midwide to wide, middeep; cheeksusually angular; brush midsized, midlong.

Dawson differs from Goldcoin chiefly inhaving white straw, an oblong spike, andno collar around the brush. l-'his varietyis very resistant to the hessian fly foundin California.

260503-54--7

llistory.-Dawson (C. I. 3342) (reg.69) was originated in 1881 by RobertDawson, of Paris, Ontario, Canada (189,p. 8). It was selected (232, p. 11) from"a field of Seneca or Clawson in which hefound one plant quite distinct and muchsuperior to the rest of the crop. Mr.Dawson sowed the grain from this plantand has continued to grow this wheatsince that time."

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,58,390 acres, grown in Michigan, Ohio,New York, Illinois, Indiana, Pennsyl...vania, and Wisconsin.

Synonyms.-American Banner, DawsonGolden Chaff, Golden Bronze, GoldenChaff.

GOLDCOIN (FORTYFOLD)

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, short to midtall; stem purple,strong; spike awnleted, clavate, middense,erect to inclined, easily shattered; glumesglabrous, brown, long, midwide; shouldersmidwide, oblique to square; beaks wide,obtuse, 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to15 mm. long; kernels white, short to mid­long, soft, ovate; germ midsized; creasemidwide, middeep; cheeks usuallyrounded; brush small, midlong, collared.

The distinctive characters of Goldcoinwheat are the purple straw, clavatespike, and collared brush. (See fig.57, A.)

History.-Goldcoin (C. I. 4156) (reg.74) is probably a descendant from theRedchaff or Redchaff Bald "\vheat men­tioned in early agricultural literature asbeing grown in the Genesee Valley ofNew York, as early as 1798. The fol­lowing history of Redchaff was recordedby Allen (8, p. 153) in 1885:

The old Genesee Red-chaff is a bald,white wheat, first cultivated in thesame region in 1798, and for a long timeit was the decided favorite. Since1820, however, it has been very subjectto rust and blast, but when circum­stances are favorable it is still found tobe highly productive. Its transfer toother localities may therefore beattended with great success.

For a Inore complete history, especiallyof the synonyms of Goldcoin, see Tech­nical Bulletin 459 (43).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,359,678 acres, grown in six States (fig.58) . The acreage has decreased greatlyin recent years.

Synonyms.-Fortyfold, Junior No.6,Klondike, White Clawson.

96 TECH ICAL BULLETIN 1083) U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 57.-A, Goldcoin and B, Federation wheats: Spikes and glum~s. X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 97

FIGURE 58.-Distribution of Golden and Goldcoin wheats in 1949. Estimated area,593,877 acres.

GOLDEN

Description.-Golden differs from Gold­coin in being slightly later and in havingshorter and stronger stems, more erect,dense, and clavate spikes. It is lesseasily shattered and is much moreuniform.

H is tory .-Seventy-five heads wereselected from a field of Goldcoin at theSherman Branch Experiment Station,Moro, Oreg., in 1923. After severalyears' tests selection No. 43, with ker­nels very similar to Goldcoin, was chosenas the best of the group. It was namedGolden (C. 1. 10063) (reg. 286) and wasdistributed to farmers in Union Countyand in Morrow County, Oreg., in 1930and in Latah County, Idaho, in 1931.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,234,199 acres, grown in Oregon, Wash­ington' and Idaho (fig. 58). Undoubt­edly much of the acreage reported asGoldcoin in these States is Golden.

FEDERATION

Description.-Plant spring habit, earlyto midseason, short; stem white, strong;spike apically awnleted, oblong, dense,erect; glumes glabrous, brown, short,wide; shoulders wide, oblique to square;beaks narrow, acute, 0.5 mm. long;awnlets few, 1 to 3 mm. long; kernelswhite, usually short, soft, broadly ovate;germ midsized, crease usually narrow,shallow; cheeks rounded; brush mid­sized, midlong. (See fig. 57, B.)

Federation is a high-yielding variety inthe western United States. Although aspring variety, it is fairly hardy and isfall-sown in mild climates.

History.-Federation (C. 1. 4734) (reg.77) , according to Richardson (171,reprint, pp. 124-126):

. . . was produced by the late Mr.Farrer, Wheat Experimentalist, of

New South Wales [Australia], from across between Purplestraw [Austral­ian] and Yandilla. Yandilla is a crossbetween Improved Fife and Etewah,an Indian variety. The production ofthis wheat was probably the greatest ofMr. Farrer's many triumphs in wheatbreeding, for none of his many success­ful crossbred wheats have enjoyed sucha wide measure of popularity asFederation.

Federation was first introduced intothe United States by the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture (211, P. 1.38347) in 1914 from Western Australia.The variety first showed promise in nurs­ery experiments at the Sherman Branch

FIGURE 59.-Distribution of Federationwheat in 1949. Estimated area, 564,841acres.

98 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Experiment Station, Moro, Oreg., in1916. The first distribution to farmersfor commercial growing was from thatstation in the spring of 1920.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,564,841 acres, grown in six States (fig. 59).

FEDERATION 41

Descripl'ion.-Federation 41 is resistantto several racas of bunt, but is otherwisesiInilar to Federation.

History.--Federation 41 (C. I. 12230)was developed by the California Agricul­tural Experiment Station at Davis bycompositing 130 F 3 bunt-resistant linesgrown in 1941 from the backcross (Mar­tinX"Vhite Federation3) X Federation 6

(201). It was distributed in 1942 andprobably comprises most of the acreagein California reported as Federation.

RAMONA 44

Description.-Plant spring habit, early,short; stern white, midstrong; spike awn­less, fusiform to oblong, middense to lax,erect; glurnes glabrous, brown, short,,vide; shoulders wide, square; beaks mid­,vide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets,vanting; kernels white, midlong, semi­hard, ovate; germ midsized to large;crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded;brush midsized, midlong.

Ramona 44 is resistant to several racesof bunt and of stem and leaf rust. I t isabout 3 days later than Ramona but issirnilar in rnorphological characters.

History.--Ramona 44 (C. I. 12390),vas developed in the backcrossing pro­gram of the California AgriculturalExperiment Station at Davis in coopera­tion ,vith the Division of Cereal Cropsand Diseases. It is a composite of 126F 3 lines derived from (Martin X WhiteFederation 3) X Ramona 6 crossed on(Hope X 'Vhite Federation 6) X Ramona3

grown in 1944. It was released in 1945as Ranlona 44.

Distribut1:on.-Estimated area in 1949,189,967 acres, grown in California,Arizona, and Nevada.

HARD FEDERATION

Descripl'ion.-Plant spring habit, early,short; stem white, strong; spike awnless,oblong, dense, erect; glumes glabrous,brown, short, wide; shoulders wide,square; beaks narrow, acute, 0.5 mm.long; awnlets usually wanting; kernelswhite, short, hard, ovate, with truncatetip; germ large; crease midwide, middeep,frequently pitted; cheeks angular torounded; brush large, midlong.

Hard Federation differs from Federa­tion in being earlier and slightly shorter

and in having curled flag leaves and hardkernels.

History.-Hard Federation (C. I. 4980)(reg.. 7~)) was originated by selection fromFederation in Australia. The followinghistory was recorded (4, p. 664) in 1914:

In consequence of the variationsfrom ordinary type exhibited by thestrain of Federation wheat now beinggrown at Cowra Experiment Farm, ithas been deemed advisable to apply adistinct name to it, and Hard Federa­tion has been selected as the mostappropriate. The departure from type,vns first noticed by Mr. J. T. Pridham,Plant Breeder, in 1907 or 1908, one ofthe plants selected from the stud plotsbeing observed to thresh grain of re­markably hard and flinty appearance.The plant had the distinctive brownhead and general appearance of Fed­eration in the field, but the grain wasof a class that had never been seen inthis variety before. The seed waspropagated, and in 1910 the occurrenceof white heads was noticed, and fromthen till 1912 distinctly white heads,vere common among the brown, but in1913 there were no white-eared plants,and it is hoped that the seed will nowbe true to type.

Hard Federation was introduced fromNe\v South Wales, Australia, in August1915, by the United States Departnlentof Agriculture (211, P. I. 41079). It wasfirst grown at the Sherman BranchExperhnent Station, Moro, Oreg., in1916. ]~xperiments conducted in Oregonand California from 1917 to 1919 (56)showed it to be a high-yielding, dry-land·wheat. I t was distributed for commer­cial growing in 1920.

D£stribution.-Estimated area in 1949,34,025 acres, grown in four States,()regon, Washington, I d a h 0, andMontana.

HARD FEDERATION 31

Description.-This selection differs{rorn H'ard Federation in having slightlytaller, stronger, and more glaucousstems, in being more uniform in time ofheading and height, and in being later.

H£story.-Hard Federation 31 (C. 1.8255) (reg. 288) proved to be the best of85 head selections made from a field ofHard Federation on the Sherman BranchExperirnent Station, Moro, Oreg., in1921. It was distributed for growing inthe Grande Ronde Valley of easternOregon in 1928, where it has replaced theHard Federation variety.

Distribution.-It is likely that most ofthe acreage reported as Hard Federationis renlly Hard Federation 31.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEA'l' VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 99

HOKING

Description.-Plant winter habit, earlyto midseason, midtall; stem white, mid­strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, dense,inclined; glumes glabrous, brown, mid­long, midwide to wide; shoulders midwideto wide, square to rounded; beaks mid­wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnletsseveral, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels red,short, soft, broadly elliptical; germmidsized; crease midwide, shallow; cheeksrounded; brush midsized, midlong.

Moking differs from Clarkan in havingbrown chaff and slightly weaker straw.It is resistant to flag smut.

History.-Moking (C. 1. 12556) wasdeveloped by the private breeder, EarlG. Clark, of Sedgwick, Kans. Theparentage is unknown, but its resem­blance to Clarkan suggests that variety asone parent. It was distributed in 1946as Clark's 40R169 and later namedMoking.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,2,200 acres, grown in Oklahoma.

RED WAVE

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season to late, midtall to tall; stemWhite, midstrong; spike awnleted, broadlyfusiform, middense, nodding; glumesglabrous, brown, midlong, wide; shoulderswide, rounded to oblique, sometimesnearly square; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm.long; awnlets several, 5 to 15 mm. long;kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; germmidsized; crease midwide to wide, mid­deep, sometimes pitted; cheeks usuallyangular; brush midsized, midlong.

History.-Red Wave (C. 1. 3500)(reg. 82) originated by A. N. Jones,Le Roy, Genesee County, N. Y., in 1906as the result of a cross between EarlyRed Clawson and an unnamed crossbredwheat of Russian parentage (98, 1910issue).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,10,290 acres, grown in six States.

Synonyms.-Indiana Red Wave, JonesRed Wave.

PURDUE NO.1

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrongto strong; spike awnleted, oblong, mid­dense, erect to inclined; glumes glabrous,brown, sometimes with black stripes,midlong, midwide; shoulders wide,rounded to square; beaks midwide,obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several tomany, 5 to 25 mm. long, partly incurved;kernels light red, midlong, soft, elliptical;germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep;cheeks angular; brush midsized, short.

Purdue No. 1 is somewhat resistant toleaf rust but is susceptible to mosaic,flag smut, and loose smut. It is alsoresistant to winterkilling by both lowtemperature and heaving.

History.-Purdue No.1 (C. I. 11380)is from a cross between Michigan Amberand Rudy made at the Purdue UniversityAgricultural Experiment Station, Lafa­yette, Ind., in 1909. The selection thatresulted in Purdue No. 1 was made in1925. It was first gro,vn on farms in1934.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,148 acres, grown in Indiana.

CURRELL

Description.-Plant winter habit, earlyto midseason, midtall; stem usuallypurple, midstrong; spike awnleted, fusi­form, middense, inclined; glumes gla­brous, brown, midlong, narrow to midwide;shoulders midwide, oblique to square;beaks usually wide, sometimes nearlywanting, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to10 mm. long; kernels dull red, short tomidlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized;crease narrow to midwide, shallow tomiddeep, distinctly triangular; cheeksusually rounded; brush small, midlong.(See fig. 60, A.)

History.-The history of Currell (C. 1.3326) (reg. 90) has been recorded byCarleton (37, p. 202) as follows:

Currell Prolific wheat was selectedby W. E. Currell, of Virginia, from afield of Fultz in 1881. The originalseed was from three spikes. In 1884it was first sold for seed.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,87,891 acres, grown in eight States, thelargest acreages being in Missouri, Ken­tucky, and Tennessee.

Synonyms.-Currell's Prolific, Dunbar,Gill, Golden Chaff, Pearl Prolific, Perfec­tion, Prolific, Red Gill, Red Prolific,Tennessee Prolific.

BALDROCK

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall to tall; stem purple,midstrong to strong; spike awnleted, fusi­form, middense, inclined to nodding;glumes glabrous, brown, midlong, mid­wide; shoulders wide, oblique to round­ing; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm.long; awnlets few, 3 to 12 mm. long;kernels red, midlong, soft, elliptical;germ midsized; crease wide, deep; cheeksangular; brush midsized, midlong.

History.-Baldrock (C. I. 11538) (reg.271) was produced (71) by the MichiganAgricultural Experiment Station, EastLansing, from a field hybrid between

100 TECHNICAL BULLETI 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

AFIGURE 60.-A, CurrelJ and B, Poole wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 101

Red Rock and an unknown variety.Many awnless selections were made fromthese hybrids and tested from 1917 to1922. Baldrock is one of these strains.I t was increased and 145 bushels weredistributed to farmers in 1931.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,10,149 acres, grown in Michigan.

POOLE

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong;spike awnleted, usually fusiform, some­times nearly oblong or linear oblong,wide, middense to lax, usually nodding;glumes glabrous, brown, midlong, wide;shoulders wide, oblique to square; beakswide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnletsseveral, 5 to 20 mm. long; kernels red,midlong, soft, ovate to oval, frequentlyelliptical, flattened; germ small to mid­sized; crease midwide, middeep to deep;cheeks usually rounded; brush small tomidsized, midlong.

Poole is distinguished from Red Waveby its purple stems. The kernels arerather narrow, flattened, and rounded inoutline. (See fig. 60, B.)

History.-The origin of Poole (C. 1.3488) (reg. 92) is undetermined, but ithas been an important variety in Ohioand Indiana since about 1880. It wasgrown by the Ohio Agricultural Experi­ment Station as early as 1884 (130, p. 15).

Harvest King was distributed by J. A.Everitt & Co. (76), seedsmen, of Indian­apolis, Ind., from 1894 to about 1900.There is no information regarding theorigin of the variety, and it probably isonly a lot of seed of the Poole variety.As the wheat was widely advertised underthis name, it is now grown nearly aswidely as Harvest King and other namesas under the name "Poole."

Distribution.-The estimated area in1949, was 44,122 acres, grown in 12Eastern States.

Synonyms.-Beechwood, Harvest King,Hedge Prolific, Hundred Mark, MortgageLifter, Nissley, Red Amber, Red Chaff,Red Fultz, Red King, Red Russell,Winter King.

RUSSIAN RED

Description.--Russian Red differsslightly from Poole in having morepersistent glumes that have more tri­angular shoulders and longer beaks (1 to1.5 mm. long).

History.-Russian Red (C. 1. 5928)(reg. 94) usually is grown under the name"Red Russian," but as other varietiesare known by this name it is here~desig­nated as Russian Red.~ The following

history of this wheat was reported byE. H. Collins (61, p. 7), who was offeringthe seed for sale in 1898:

In answers to questions allow me tosav that the Red Russian wheat Iadvertise in the Farmer was selectedby an agent sent by the American SeedCo., of Rochester, N. Y., to Russiato secure their best wheat. It wasintroduced in this section by a promi­nent mill in Indianapolis * * *.This variety was grown by the Ohio

Agricultural Experiment Station as earlyas 1888 (102, p. 29). It was distributedwidely by Peter Henderson & Co. (98),seedsmen, of New York City, and J. A.Everitt & Co. (76), seedsmen, of Indian­apolis, Ind., in the early nineties.

Distribution.-Estimated area in:1949,335 acres, grown in Missouri.

PURCAM

Description.-Plant winter habit, early,short; stem purple, midstrong to strong;spike awnleted, oblong, middense todense, erect; glumes glabrous, brown,short to midlong, midwide; shouldersmidwide, oblique; beaks midwide, ob­tuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to25 mm. long; kernels red, short, soft,ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide,middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid­sized to large, midlong.

Purcam is a very early variety with awinter habit of growth, short stiffstraw, and high resistance to leaf rust.It has satisfactory soft-wheat qualitybut is very susceptible to loose smut andmosaic.

History.-Purcam (C. I. 12295) wasdeveloped by the Purdue AgriculturalExperiment Station in cooperation withthe Division of Cereal Crops and Diseasesfrom a cross made in 1932 betweenPurplestraw and a selection from a cross(2758A1-3-14) between Chinese (C. 1.6223) and Michigan Amber. Indianaselection 3217-29, an F 7 selection made in1937, was one"'of several sent to ArlingtonExperiment Farm in Rosslyn, Va.,in 1940. After showing promise atArlington Farm and Beltsville, Md., itwas included in the Uniform SouthernWheat Nursery in 1943 and named Purcam.I t was distributed by the ClemsonAgricultural Experiment Station in SouthCarolina in the fall of 1951.

RED MAY (MICHIGAN AMBER)

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall to tall; stem purple, mid­strong; spike awnleted, usually oblong,middense, erect to linclined; glumes fgla­brous, brown, short to midlong, wide;

102 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083) U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

AFIGURE 6l.-A, Red May and fl, Thorne wheats:)3pikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 103

shoulders wide, usually square; beaksnarrow, triangular, 0.5 mm. long; awnletsfew, 3 to 15 mm. long; kernels red, usuallyshort, soft, ovate; germ midsized; creasemidwide to wide, middeep to deep;cheeks usually angular; brush usuallysmall, nlidlong.

Red May differs from Poole in beingearlier and in having a broader and moreoblong spike and wider glumes withsquarer shoulders. (See fig. 61, A.)

History.-Red May (C. 1. 5336) (reg.97) is believed to be identical with ordescended from the Red or Yellow Lam­mas. Several writers have suggested theidentity. Tracy (210) mentions YellowLammas as being a synonym of Red May.Lammas was mentioned by K6rnicke andWerner (126, pp. 253, 290) as being a veryold English wheat grown prior to 1699.Both the Red and Yellow Lammas weregrown in Virginia many years before theRevolutionary War. A white May wheatof a later period, according to Cabell(32, p. 14), was grown in Virginia as earlyas 1764. A lnore recent history of RedMay indicates that it was originated byGeneral Harlnon from the Virginia WhiteMay (a white-kerneled wheat) about 1830(92, p. 226). This wheat has been grownquite widely under the name "Red May"since 1845.

Although more commonly used, espe­cially in Indiana, the name MichiganAmber seems to be of a later date thanRed May and for that reason the latteris preferred. The writers' samples of thevariety are similar to Red lVlay, \vith thepossible exception of being a few dayslater in maturity. This might be easily

owing to the fact that Michigan Amberwheat has been grown farther north thanthe Red May since about 1870.

Michigan Wonder is the name underwhich the variety is grown in Missouri.I t was reported as one of the highestyielding wheats at the Missouri Agricul­tural Experiment Station in 1911 (1.~5,

p. 211). The writers' specimens are thesame as Red May, except that the headsare slightly more erect.

Orange wheat was reported as havingbeen introduced into Monroe County, N.Y., from Virginia in 1846 (93, p. 286).In 1858 Klippart (124) reported Orangewheat as a beardless, white-grained winterwheat grown in Ohio. The wheat nowgrown as Orange, however, has red kernelsand apparently is identical with Red May.I t was reported as one of the excellent­yielding awnless varieties of wheat forMissouri in 1910 (66, p. 67). For a morecomplete history of the synonyms of RedMay, see Technical Bulletin 459 (43).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,139,723 acres, grown in 12 States.

Synonyms.-Beechwood, Early May,Jones Longberry, May, Michigan Amber,Michigan Wonder, Orange, Purdue No.4, Red Amber, Red Republic.

THORNE

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem faint purple, mid­strong to strong; spike awnleted, oblongto fusiform, middense, erect to inclined;glumes glabrous, brown, midlong, mid­wide; shoulders midwide, oblique; beakswide, obtuse, wanting to 0.5 mm. long;

..

FIGURE 62.-Distribution of Thorne wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 3,447,661 acres.

104 TECH ICAL BULLETI 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

• I... 'l.

AFIGURE 63.-A, Red Chief and B, Triplet wheats: pikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 105

awnlets several, 5 to 25 mm. long; kernelsred, midlong, soft, elliptical; germ mid­sized; crease midwide, middeep ; cheeksangular; brush midsized, midlong. (Seefig. 61, B.)

Thorne is resistant to the races ofloose smut commonly found in Ohio.It has very stiff straw and is resistant tomosaic. It is a high-yielding varietyof good soft-wheat quality, although it issomewhat low in weight per bushel.

History.-Thorne (C. 1. 11856) (reg.323) was bred from a cross betweenPortage and Fulcaster made at the OhioAgricultural Experiment Station at Co­lumbus, in 1917. The bulk materialwas taken to the experiment station atWooster, Ohio, where the selection thatresulted in Thorne was made in 1922.It was carried as T. N. 1006 until 1936,when it was reselected and increasedunder the name "Thorne." Seed wasdistributed to a select group of farmersfor increase in the fall of 1937 (128).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,3,447,661 acres (fig. 62). It is the lead­ing soft-wheat variety.

Synonym.-T. N. 1006.

SENECA

Description.-Seneca is very similarto Thorne. I t has a higher test weight,a slightly higher yield, and a slightlystiffer straw.

History.-Seneca (C. I. 12529) (OhioT. N. 1016-4) was developed at the OhioAgricultural Experiment Station. I t isa sister selection of Thorne. Afterthorough testing it was increased on afew acres in 1949, and several thousandbushels were distributed from the 1950harvest.

ANDERSON

Description.-Plant intermediate habit,midseason, midtall to tall; stem white,midstrong to strong; spike awnleted,oblong, lax, inclined; glumes glabrous,brown, long, midwide; shoulders narrow,rounded; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5mm. long; kernels red, midlong to long,soft, elliptical; germ midsized; creasemidwide, middeep; cheeks angular; brushmidsized, midlong.

Anderson is resistant to leaf rust,but it is susceptible to stem rust andmoderately susceptible to mosaic. Itaverages less than the Atlas strains inprotein content but is somewhat higherthan many other varieties grown in theSouth. Its quality is satisfactory for themedium-strength soft wheat flour.

History.-Anderson (C. 1. 12536) wasdeveloped from a cross between Leaplandand Fronteira made at Arlington Farm,

Rosslyn, Va., by the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases. Selection wascontinued at Beltsville, Md. SelectionY2652, later named Anderson, wasentered in the Uniform Southern WheatNursery in 1947. It showed promiseand was distributed in South Carolinain the fall of 1951. It was distributedin North Carolina in the fall of 1952.

RED CHIEF

Description.-Plant winter habit,early, midtall; stem ,v"hite, midstrong;spike awnleted, fusiform, dense, erect;glumes glabrous, brown and black,short, midwide; shoulders narrow,rounded; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5mIn. long; awnlets several, 3 to 15 mm.long; kernels red, midlong, hard, broadlyelliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide,shallow; cheeks rounded; brush midsized,midlong. (See fig. 63, A.)

Red Chief is somewhat similar toChiefkan but has brown pigment alongwith black in the glumes and has strongerstraw. The grain is also darker in colorthan Chiefkan and somewhat higher intest weight. It is poor in bread-bakingquality.

History.-Red Chief (C. 1. 12109) re­sulted from a vigorous awnless plantselected from a field of Blackhull wheatby Earl G. Clark, a farmer wheat breeder

FIGURE 64.-Distribution of Red Chiefwheat in 1949. Estimated area, 1,160,893

c. acres.

106 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

of Sedgwick, Kans. It was increased anddistributed by him in 1940 (101).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,160,893 acres (fig. 64).

Synonyms.-Deluxe Red Chief, Super­red, Super Red Chief.

TRIPLET

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike Rwrnleted, oblong to fusiform, mid­dense, inclined; glumes pubescent, white,midlong, midwide; shoulders midwide,oblique to square; beaks wide, obtuse,0.5 to 1 rum. long; awnlets several, 3 to12 mm. long, sometimes incurvedthroughout spike; kernels red, short tomidlong, semihard, ovate; germ small;crease narrow to midwide, shallow;cheeks rounded; brush small, midlong.(See fig. 63, B.)

Triplet differs from Jones Fife in beingslightly shorter and earlier and in havinga harder kernel with a smaller germ androunded rather than angular cheeks.

History.--Triplet (C. 1. 5408) (reg. 108),vas originated at the Washington Agri­cultural Experiment Station, Pullman.Its pedigree is as follows:

(Jones Fife X Little Club) X (JonesFife X Turkey)

It was first grown as a pure strain in1910 and ,vas distributed for commercialgro'wing in 1918.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,44,248 acres, grown in Washington,Idaho, and Montana.

JONES FIFE

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike a,,'"nleted, oblong to fusiform, mid­dense, nodding; glumes pubescent, white,midlong, midwide to wide; shoulders mid­,vide, oblique to square; beaks wide,obtuse, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets few toseveral, lo,ver ones often incurved, 3 to 8mIn. long; kernels red, short to midlong,soft, ovate, humped; germ midsized;crease mid\vide to wide, middeep to deep;cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong.

History.-Jones Fife (C. I. 4468) (reg.110) was originated by A. N . Jones, ofNewark, 'Vayne County, N. Y., in 1889. 11

According to Carleton (37, p. 221), it"descended from Fultz, Mediterranean,and Russian Velvet."

Crail Fife is a local name applied toJones Fife wheat in Montana, FrankCrail, of 130zeman, Mont., being thefarmer ,vho grew and distributed thevariety under that name. Burbank's

11 Printed stationery of A. N. Jones.

Super, or Super wheat, was distributedby Luther Burbank, of Santa Rosa,Calif., in the fall of 1917. Apparently11l0st of his stock was purchased andresold by the State Seed & Nursery Co.,of IIelena, Mont. The writers have foundSuper ,vheat to be identical with JonesFife in all taxonomic characters, as wellas in yield and in milling and bakingquality.

l)istribution.-:B~stimatedarea in 1949,20,064 acres, grown in Idaho, Illinois,I{entucky, Oregon, Tennessee, and W ash­ington.

Synonyms.-Burbank's Super, CrailFife, Fife, Fishhead, Jones Winter Fife,Silver King, Super, Velvet Chaff, WinterFife.

REWARD

Description.-Plant spring habit, early,short to midtall; stem white, midstrongbut easily crinkled at the nodes; spikes1:t\vnleted, fusiform, middense, erect toinclined; glumes pubescent, white, some­times black-striped, short, midwide;shoulders midwide, oblique to elevated;beaks ,vide, acute, triangular, 0.5 to 1llnll. long; awnlets several, sometimesblack, 5 to 15 mm. long; kernels red,short to midlong, hard, ovate; germ mid­sized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeksrounding to angular; brush midsized,short. (See fig. 65, A.)

Reward is very early and has a hightest\veight and good quality for bread­rnaking.

History.-Reward (C. I. 8182) (reg.2() 1) was developed from a cross betweenl\1arquis and Prelude made in 1912 at theCentral Experimental Farm, Ottawa,Canada. I twas distributed for com­lllercial growing in Canada in 1928.Ile\v1:trd was first introduced into theITnited States from Canada by com­Inercial growers in 1928 (150).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,U8,271 acres grown in seven States, thelargest acreages being in Montana,Colorado, and South Dakota.

GALGALOS

])escription.-Plant spring habit,1:tlthough remaining prostrate during itsearly growth, midseason, midtall; leavespubescent, glaucous; stem white, slender,\veak; spike awnleted, fusiform, lax,inclined; glumes pubescent, light brown,long, midwide; shoulders midwide, obliqueto square; beaks wide, acute, 1 to 2 mm.long; awnlets many, 3 to 30 mm. long;kernels white, midlong, soft, ovate toelliptical, slightly humped, ventral siderounded; germ small; crease narrow,

CLASSIFICATIO OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 107

BFIG HE 65.-A, Reward and B, Sonora wheats: Spikes and lumes. Y 1; kernel, X 3.

108 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

shallow; cheeks usually rounded; brushmidsized, midlong.

History.-Galgalos (C. 1. 2398) (reg.113) (P. 1. 9872) was introduced in 1903by the United States Department ofAgriculture (211) from the Erivan Gov­ernment in Transcaucasian Russia. Seedof Galgalos was increased by E. M.Smith of Hay Creek, Oreg., from asample sent him from the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture in 1904.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,40,377 acres, grown in Oregon, California,Nevada, and Utah.Synonyn~s.-Russian Red, Velvet Chaff.

SONORA

Description.-Plant spring habit, early,short to midtall; stem white, weak;spike awnleted, oblong, short, dense,erect, easily shattered; glumes pubescent,bro\vn, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar­ro,v, usually oblique; beaks narrow,acuminate, 1 to 3 mrn. long; awnletsseveral, 3 to 8 mm. long; kernels white,short, soft, ovate to oval; germ snlall;crease mid\vide, shallow; cheeks rounded;brush sUlall, short. (See fig. 65, B.)

History.-Sonora (C. I. 3036) (reg.114) was brought to the United Statesfrom 1\lagdalena Mission, in northernSonora, l\'Iexico, where it has been grownsince about 1770.12 It is known to havebeen grown in the United States sinceabout 1820. Sev€ral samples of wheat,similar to Sonora, have been introducedby the United States Department ofAgriculture from South Africa.

Sonora 37, a bunt-resistant strain, wasdeveloped by the California AgriculturalExperiment Station by backcrossing bunt­resistant lines of Sonora X Martin toSonora six times. I t was distributed in1937.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,2,285 acres, grown in Arizona, California,New 1\lexico, and Utah.

Synonyrns.-Ninety-Day, Red Chaff,"\\;Thite Sonora.

AWNED ONAS

Description.-Plant spring habit, earlyto midseason, short to midtall; stem"rhite, strong; spike awned, oblong,dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white,short to nlidlong, wide; shoulders rnid­\vide, rounded to elevated; beaks narrow,acuminate, 8 to 12 rnm. long; awns 3 to6 em. long; kernels white, short tomidlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized;crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded;brush small, midlong.

12 Verbal statement of W. W. Mackie, Jan. 22,1919.

The variety is similar to Onas exceptin being awned and in having a highertest \veight.

History.-Awned Onas (C. 1. 12235)was derived from Baart X Onas back­crossed 8 and 9 times to Onas to transferthe awns of Baart to Onas. The material'was grown at Tucson, Ariz., and Aberdeen,Idaho, during the making of the first 6backcrosses. The additional backcrosseswere made at Davis, Calif., beginning in1938, and the final composite of 24 Falines was made at that station. Thework was cooperative between the Divi­sion of Cereal Crops and Diseases and theArizona, Idaho, and California Agri­cultural Experiment Stations (202). Bulkseed was distributed in Arizona in thefall of 1950. Approximately 1,000 headrows \vere grown in Arizona in 1950. Theofftype rows were discarded and seed ofthe renlainder bulked for foundationseed.

ORFED

Description.-Plant spring interme­diate habit, early, if fall-sown, late ifspring-sown, short to midtall; stem white,strong; spike awned, oblong, dense,erect; glumes glabrous, white, short tolnidlong, narrow; shoulders narrow, want­ing to square; beaks narrow, acuminate,8 to 15 mm. long; awns 5 to 8 em. long;kernels ,vhite, midlong, soft to semihard,ovate; germ midsizad; crease midwide,rniddeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid­sized, midlong. (See fig. 66, A.)

Orfed is resistant to most races of buntbut is susceptible to T-16 and L-8. Itis resistant to flag smut. I t has stiffstraw \vhich is rather fine and wiry.()rfed is moderately hardy when sownlate in the fall, but also may be grown insonle areas as a spring variety if seededearly. Its milling qualities are onlyfair. Its baking qualities for cakes orbread, depending on protein content, aregood. It is a soft-textured wheat with astrong gluten.

H'tstory.-Orfed (C. I. 11913) (reg.339) was selected from a cross between()ro and Federation made in 1931 at theIdaho Agricultural Experiment Stationat Moscow. The F 2 was grown at theWashington Agricultural Experiment Sta­tion at Pullman in 1933. Seed for thethird generation was inoculated withseveral races of bunt. Smut-free plantsresistant to lodging and shattering wereselected in 1934. Seed of selection 80,\Vash. No. 3300, was named Orfed andreleased to growers in 1943 (216).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,182,652 acres, grown in Washington,Oregon, and Idaho.

CLA IFICATIO OF WHEAT VARIETIE GRO I 1949 109

A

FIGURE 66.-A, Orfed and B, Baart wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

110 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, lJ. S. DEprr. OF AGRICULTURE

BAART

Description.-Plant spring habit, earlyto midseason, midtall to tall; stem white,weak; spike awned, fusiform, middense,inclined; glumes glabrous, white, long,narro,v; shoulders narrow, oblique tosquare; beaks 3 to 5 mm. long; awns 3 to6 cm. long; kernels white, long, semihard,ovate; gerIn small; crease narrow, shal­lo,v; cheeks usually rounded; brushmid:~;ized, short to midlong. (See fig.66, B.)

Baart can be distinguished from aUothers by the large yellowish pear-shapedkernels.

History.-Baart (C. 1. 1697) (reg. 123)was received as Early Baart with fourother varieties (211, P. 1. 5078) fromAustralia by the United States Depart­ment of A.griculture in 1900. In Aus­tralia it has never been a leading com­mercial variety, although it has beengrown by SOllle farmers for many years.The variety was introduced to Australiafrom the Cape Colony, South Africa,about 1880 (185).

Neethling, 1932 (147, p. 33), statedthat "Baard'f wheat was mentioned inSouth African literature as early as 1739and suggests that the original stock Inayhave been introduced from westernEurope.

In the United States the variety wasfirst distributed for commercial growingby the Arizona Agricultural Experiment

FIGURE 67.--Distrihution of Baart wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 504,268 acres.

Station,which obtained its original seedfrorn the then Office of Cereal Investiga­tions, ·United States Department ofAgriculture. The variety was well es­tablished in Arizona in 1914·, when it,vas first grown in Washington from seedfrorn Arizona; it later spread to Oregona,nd Idaho and to California about 1917.

Distribution.-The estimated area ofBaart in 1949 was 504,268 acres (fig. 67).

Synonym.-Early Baart.

BAART 38

Description.-This variety is very simi­lar to Baart except in being resistant tosorne raees of stem rust and bunt.

History.-This strain (C. 1. 11907) ofBaart was developed in cooperative inves­Ligations of the California AgriculturalExperiInent Station and the Division ofCereal Crops and Di~eases at Davis,Calif. .A program was begun in 1922 todevelop, by backcrossing, strains of theiInportant commercial wheat varieties inCalifornia that would be resistant to bunt.Later a similar project was begun to addstern rust resistance to the most importantvarieties. Baart 38 is the result of back­crossing Martin X Baart 6 times withBaart to obtain a bunt-resistant Baartand backcrossing Hope X Baart 4 timesvdth Baart to obtain a rust-resistantBaart (201). Each backcross was madeon segregates resistant to bunt or stemrust, depending on the cross. The bunt­resistant and stem-rust-resistant strains,vere then crossed and 157 of the F 3 segre­gates resistant to both diseases werebulked and increased in 1938. Thevariety was distributed to growers inthe fall of 1939.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,154,OnO acres, of which 15~~,263 were inCalifornia and Arizona.

BAART 46

Descr'iption.-Baart 46 is similar toBaart in morphologic characters. As aresult of rigid selection, it is more resistantthan Baart 38 to stem rust. It is resistantto SOlne races of bunt.

History.-Baart 46 (C. I. 12386) wasdeveloped in the backcrossing programof the California Agricultural ExperimentStation, at Davis, in cooperation with theIHvision of Cereal Crops and Diseases.Thirteen of the original 182 lines com­posited to make Baart 38 were back­crossed twice to Baart and the progeniesselected for rust resistance from F 2 to F ssegregates. Forty-five F s lines wereCOlllposited in 1946 and increased anddistributed in the fall of 1948.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 111

GLADDEN

Description.-Gladden is similar toGypsy, but can be distinguished from it byits shorter beaks, which usually do notexceed 3 mm. I t also has stronger stemsand is superior to Gypsy in yield andquality.

History.-The following history ofGladden (C. 1. 5644) (reg. 126) has beenreported by C. G. Williams (230, p. 3),of the Ohio Agricultural ExperimentStation, where the variety was originated.

The Gladden wheat originated froma single head of wheat selected from afield of Gypsy wheat in 1905, and wasfirst grown in 1906 under the number6100, along with other headrows ofGypsy, Fultz, Poole, and other varieties.

In consulting the old notebook of 14years ago I find it described as "veryerect" in growth, the words beingunderscored, and given the highestrank for stiffness of straw of any of theGypsy rows, and as high a rank as anyrow in the test. The photographstaken in 1907, 1910, and 1915 showmore than ordinary stiffness of straw.

This variety passed along under thenumber name "6100" until 1915, whenit seemed best to give it a real name inorder to prevent confusion, as it wasbeing distributed quite a little over theState. It was named for WashingtonGladden, a man not associated withagriculture particularly, but the mostuseful citizen Ohio had for many years.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,23 acres, grown in Ohio.

Synonym.-Number 6100.

SALINE

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, strong; spikeawned, oblong, middense to dense, in­clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,narrow to midwide; shoulders narrow,rounded to elevated; beaks midwide,acute, 2 to 3 mm. long; awns 5 to 8 em.long; kernels red, short to midlong, soft,ovate; germ midsized to large; crease mid­wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushmidsized to large, midlong.

Saline has good resistance to mosaicand some resistance to leaf and stem rust,but is susceptible to loose smut. Itsgrain is of good soft-wheat quality.

History.-Saline (C. 1. 12674) was de­veloped in cooperative experiments at theIllinois Agricultural Experiment Stationat Urbana from a cross between Wabashand Illinois No.2. Selection 40-679,which was later named Saline, was madein 1940 and distributed in the fall of 1950.

2(60503-54--8

BLACKHAWK

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season to late, tall; stem white, midstrong;spike awned, fusiform, middense, inclined;glumes glabrous, white, midlong, narrow;shoulders narrow, wanting; beaks narrow,acuminate, 1 to 3 mm. long; awns 5 to 8em. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate;germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep;cheeks rounded; brush small, midlong.

Blackhawk is resistant to leaf rust,bunt, and flag smut, and moderatelyresistant to stem rust and loose smut.It is winter-hardy and of satisfactory softwheat quality. I t is susceptible tomosaic.

History.-Blackhawk (C. 1. 12218)(reg. 341) was developed at the WisconsinAgricultural Experiment Station in exper­iments cooperative with the Division ofCereal Crops and Diseases from a crossbetween a sister selection of Wabash (Br­Ml-4) and Minturki made in 1930. Itwas carried as H59-13-9-5-7-12 after itsselection in the seventh generation. Itwas distributed to farmers in Wisconsinin the fall of 1944 and is recommendedfor growing in that State.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,71,506 acres, grown in 11 States, thelargest acreage being in Wisconsin.

GIPSY

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awned, fusiform, middense, inclined;glumes glabrous, white, midlong, mid­wide; shoulders midwide, oblique tosquare; beaks 2 to 8 mm. long; awns 3to 7 em. long; kernels red, midlong, soft,ovate, humped; germ midsized; creasemidwide, shallow to middeep, pitted;cheeks usually rounded; brush small,midlong.

History.-The origin of Gipsy (C. I.3436) (reg. 127) is undetermined. It wasgrown in Missouri as early as 1877 (1)and at the Ohio Agricultural ExperimentStation by 1888 (69, p. 28). There is atradition that the name was given thevariety because it was first obtained froma gypsy.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,255 acres, grown in Ohio.

Synonyms.-Lebanon, Niagara, Reli..able.

ROYAL

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall to tall; stem white, mid­strong; spike awned, fusiform to oblong,middense, inclined; glumes glabrous,white, rnidlong, midwide; shoulders nar-

112 TECHNICAL BULLETI 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

AFIGURE 68.-A, Kawvale and B, Fulcaster wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 113

row, wanting to rounded; beaks narrow,acunlinate, 5 to' 8 mm. long; kernels red,midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized;crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded;brush midsized, midlong.

Royal is resistant to flag smut and ismoderately resistant to stem rust and tomosaic. It has satisfactory soft-wheatquality.

History.-Royal (C. 1. 12558) wasdeveloped by the Illinois AgriculturalExperiment Station from resistant plantsselected from Illinois No. 2 grown on afield infested with mosaic near Delavan,Ill., in 1935. It was designated as D85during the testing period and wasdistributed in 1947.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,85,384 acres, grown in Illinois, Indiana,and Ohio.

NEWCASTER

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall to tall; stem white, weak;spike awned, fusiform, lax, inclined;glumes glabrous, white, midlong, mid­wide; shoulders narrow, wanting tooblique; beaks narrow, acuminate, 5 to7 mm. long; awns 5 to 8 em. long; kernelsred, midlong, soft, ovate; germ small;crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded;brush midsized, midlong.

Newcaster has a trace of purple in itsstems, but is otherwise similar to Ful­caster in plant and quality characters.I t is highly resistant to mosaic· and toflag smut.

History.-Newcaster (C. 1. 12528) wasdeveloped as a selection from Fulcasterby the Illinois Agricultural ExperimentStation. Seed of Fulcaster from severalfarmers in southern Illinois was grown onthe Agronomy Farm at Urbana andheads were selected for further testing.One of these selections resulted in New­caster. It was distributed in Illinois in1946.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,42,814 acres, grown in Illinois.

VALLEY

Description.-Valley differs from Gipsyonly in being taller and slightly earlierand in having slightly longer spikes,beaks, and glumes.

History.-Valley (C. 1. 5923) (reg. 128)was obtained by the Ohio AgriculturalExperiment Station from Elias Tetter,Pleasant Plain, Ohio, in 1883 and grownby that station for the first time in 1884(69, p. 35). It is said to have originatedin the Scioto Valley, Ohio (103, p. 3).

Indiana Swamp is a name under whicha sample of wheat very similar to Valleywas obtained from the Illinois station in

1913. A wheat under that name wasgrown by that station as early as 1902.The Everitt O. K. Seed Store advertisedIndiana Swamp wheat in 1899, statingthat it was of the Mediterranean type.The name "Swamp" is also used forseveral other varieties.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,464 acres, grown in Ohio.

Synonyms.-German Amber, IndianaSwamp, Niagara, Russian Amber.

KAWVALE

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem purple, strong;spike awned, fusiform, middense, erectto inclined, easily shattered; glumesglabrous, white, short, midwide; shouldersnarrow, wanting to oblique; beaks nar­row, acute, incurving, 1 to 3 mm. long;awns 3 to 6 em. long; kernels red, midlong,semihard to hard, ovate; germ midsized;crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded;brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 68, A.)

This variety is more winter-hardy thanmost soft or semihard red winter wheats.It is resistant to loose smut and is some­what resistant to leaf and stem rust andto hessian fly. Flour from Kawvale ismore granular than from varieties oftypical soft whe.at and is not satisfactoryfor making cakes and pastries.

History.-Kawvale (C. 1. 8180) (reg.265) was developed at the Kansas Agri­cultural Experiment Station, Manhattan,in cooperative experiments with theDivision of Cereal Crops and Diseases.The selection was made in 1918 fromIndiana Swamp, a synonym of Valley.The variety was released for commercialgrowing in the fall of 1932.

Distribution..,.-Estimated area in 1949,300,594 acres (fig. 69).

FIGURE 69.-Distribution of Kawvale wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 300,594 acres.

RED INDIAN

Description.-Red Indian is similar toFulcaster except for having shorter,stronger, and less purple stems.

114 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. s. D~JPT. OF AGRICULTURE

History.--The history of Red Indian(C. 1. 8382) (reg. 294) is undetermined.I t is a distinct strain of Fulcaster grownin Ohio. Seed was obtained in September1927 from C. O. Pierman, Ottawa, Ohio.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,91 acres, grown in Ohio.

MAMMOTH RED

Descr'iption.-Mammoth Red is similarto Fulcaster except for being slightlylater and shorter and in having a slightlylarger and harder kernel.

History.--Mammoth Red (C. I. 2008)(reg. 132), distributed by the DavidHardie Seed Co., Dallas, Tex., in theearly nineties, was first obtained by theUnited States Department of Agriculturein 1904 from the 101 Ranch, Bliss, Okla.In experiInents at the Maryland Agri­cultural College, College Park, Md., it"ras highest yielding of the many varietiestested over a period of years and wasdistributed from that station and fromthe Arlington Experiment Farm,Rosslyn, Va.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,8,323 acres, grown in Delaware andIVlaryland.

FULCASTER

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, tall; stem purple, midstrong tostrong; spike awned, fusiform, middense,inclined; glumes glabrous, white, mid­long, mid,vide to wide; shoulders nlid­,vide, oblique to square; beaks 2 to 8 mm.long; a,vns 3 to 6 em. long; kernels red,midlong, soft, ovate, humped; germ mid­sized; crease midwide, middeep, some­times pitted; cheeks usually angular;brush nlidsized, midlong. (See fig. 68,B.)

Fulcaster differs from Gipsy and Valleyin having purple straw. A prominentchar31cteristic is the orange-colored stripeson the glumes. I t has long been a pop­ular HInd widely grown variety.

History.-According to Carleton (35,1). 70), Fulcaster (C. 1. 4862) (reg. 131)"... was produced in 1886 by S. M.Schindel, of Hagerstown, Md., and is[froIn] a hybrid between Fultz and Lan­caster . . . , the latter being the Medi­terranean variety."

~1any names have been used for wheatflitnilar to Fulcaster. The earliest recordis under the name "Dietz." Dietz wasfirst included in the varietal experimentsof the Ohio Agricultural ExperimentStation in 1884. The same wheat, how­ever, apparently soon came to be calledDietz Longberry (2, p. 591) and waslater known as Dietz Longberry Red(34-, p. 18). The true origin of DietzLongberry and Fulcaster is somewhatobscure. The former has the earlierpublished history. However, accordingto N. Schmitz, formerly of the MarylandA.gricultural Experiment Station, Mr.Schindel claimed that Mr. Dietz merelygave the name Dietz Longberry to hisFulcaster wheat.

Arnong the other names Stoner andMiracle are most commonly used.

Stoner cannot be distinguished fromFulcaster by any character and is hereconsidered merely a synonym of thatvariety. The history of Stoner hasbeen recorded by Ball and Leighty (19).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,854,137 acres (fig. 70).

Synonyms.-Bearded Bluestem, Cum­berland Valley, Dietz, Dietz Longberry,])uffy, :King, Lancaster, Marvelous, Mir­acle, Peck, Red Wonder, Stoner, Winter!{ing.

FIGURE 70.-Distribution of Fulcaster \\'Theat in 1949. Estimated area, 354,137 acres.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 115

NUDEL

Description.-N udel is similar to Ful­caster, except in being more uniform andin giving higher yields than Nittany andThorne in Delaware, especially on sandysoils. It also seems to be damaged lessby scab.

History.-Nudel (C. I. 12672) resultedfrom a head selected by the DelawareAgricultural Experiment Station from afield of wheat thought to be Fulcastergrowing on the farm of G. Y. Carrow nearDover, Del., in 1930. It was distributedin 1947.

Distribution.- Estimated area in 1949,692 acres, grown in Delaware.

v. P. I. 131

Description.-This selection ~f Fulc!1s­tel' differs from Fulcaster only In havIngsomewhat shorter beaks and in beingmore uniform.

History.-V. P. 1. 131 (C. I. 10047)(reg. 295) is the result of a plant selectedin 1905 from Fulcaster by the VirginiaPolytechnic Institute, Blacksburg. .Itwas first distributed for commerCIalgrowing in 1915. .

Distribution.-Estimated area In 1949,81 402 acres, grown in Virginia, NorthC~rolina, West Virginia, Maryland, andArkansas.

BUTLER

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season midtall: stem purple; spike awned,oblong, middense, inclined; glum.es ~la­brous, white, midlong, narrow to mldwl~e;shoulders narrow, rounded; beaks mld­wide acute 1 to 2 mm. long; awns 5 to7 c~. long'; kernels red, midlong, so.ft,ovate; germ midsized to large; crease mld­wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushmidsized, midlong.

Butler has straw strength nearly asgood as Thorne and is more ,vinter-hardy.It is resistant to mosaic, flag srnut, severalraces of loose smut, and is similar toTrumbull in reaction to scab. I t hasgood soft-wheat quality.

History.-Butler (C. 1. 12527) was de­veloped at the Ohio Agricultural Experi­ment Station from a cross between OSU101-3 and Trumbull made at Columbusin 1928. OSU 101-3 is a selection froma cross between Portage and Fulcaster.The selection that resulted in Butler wasmade at Wooster in 1933. During thetesting period it was designated as T. ~.1151. It was distributed to farmers Inthe fall of 1947.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,52,160 acres, grown in Ohio, Indiana, andWest Virginia.

NITTANY (PENN. NO. 44)

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season to late, tall; stem purple, mid­strong to strong; spike awned, oblong tofusiform, middense, erect to inclined;glumes glabrous, white, midlong, wide;shoulders midwide, oblique to square;beaks 2 to 10 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 em.long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate,humped; germ midsized; crease wide,middeep, sometimes pitted; cheeks angu­lar; brush large, midlong.

This variety differs from Fulcaster inbeing later and taller, in having spikesmore oblong and slightly longer beaks,and in producing higher yields in theEastern States. The kernels are softerthan Fulcaster.

History.-Nittany (C. I. 6962) (reg.254) was developed (161, p. 7) by thePennsylvania Agricultural ExperimentStation, State College. I t is the resultof a plant selection from Fulcaster madein 1909. This variety has been growncommercially in Pennsylvania since 1918as Penn. No. 44, or Nittany.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,110,369 acres, grown in nine EasternStates, the largest acreages being inMaryland and Pennsylvania.

Synonym.-Penn. No. 44.

PROGRESS

Description.-Plant spring habit, early,midtall; stem white, midstrong; spikeawned, fusiform, middense, erect to in­clined; glumes glabrous, white, long,narrow; shoulders narrow, rounding toelevated; beaks 2 to 10 mm. long; awns2 to 8 em. long; kernels red, midlong,soft to semihard, ovate; germ midsized;crease narrow to midwide, shallow;cheeks rounded; brush midsized, short.

Progress is resistant to powdery mildewand moderately resistant to stem rust,but its kernels are softer than those ofthe hard red spring varieties and, al­though high in protein content, theprotein is of poor quality and it usuallyproduces bread of low loaf volume and ofpoor grain and texture.

History.-Progress (C. I. 6902) (reg.234) was developed at the Marshfieldbranch station of the Wisconsin Agricul­tural Experiment Station. I t is theresult of a plant selection from a field ofJava wheat made in 1916. It was dis­tributed for commercial growing in 1921.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,504 acres, grown in Wisconsin andMinnesota.

Synonyms.-Canadian Progress, Nord­hougen, Prosper.

116 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1 083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 71.-A, Triumph and B, Wichita wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 117

TRIUMPH

De3cription.-Plant winter habit, veryearly, short; stem white, strong; spikeawned, fusiform to oblong, middense,erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,narrow to midwide; shoulders narrow,wanting; beaks midwide, acuminate, 2 to5 mm.long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernelsred, short to midlong, hard, ovate; germsmall; crease midwide, shallow; cheeksrounded; brush midsized, midlong. (Seefig. 71, A.)

Triumph is a very early variety withmoderately strong straw. Its quality issatisfactory for family flour, but it isonly fair as a baker's bread flour.

History.-Triumph (C. 1. 12132) wasdeveloped by Joseph Danne of EI Reno,Okla., and distributed by him in 1940.Its parentage is not known (181).

Distribution.- Es timated area in1949, 5,596,200 acres (fig. 72).

Synonyms.-Dane's Early Triumph,Early Dain, Early Premium, Early Tri­umph, Premium.

FIGURE 72.-Distrihution of Triumph wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 5,596,200 acres.

WICHITA

Description.-Plant winter habit, veryearly, short; stem white, midstrong;spike awned, fusiform, middense, inclined;glumes glabrous, white with black,mid­long, narrow to midwide ;tJshouldersnarro,v, wanting to oblique; beaks nar­row, acuminate, 3 to 5 mm. long; awns 3to 8 cm. long; kernels red, short to mid­long, hard, ovate; germ small; crease

narrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brushmidsized, midlong. (See fig. 71, B.)

Wichita is a very early maturing wheat,being about a week earlier than Black­hull. I ts earliness often enables it toescape rust damage. I t has a high testweight. Its breadbaking quality issatisfactory, being somewhat similar tothat of Blackhull.

History.-Wichita (C. I. 11952) (reg.337) was developed by the KansasAgricultural Experiment Station in co­operation with the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases from a cross betweenEarly Blackhull and Tenmarq made in1929. The selection that resulted inWichita was made in 1935 and wasdesignated as Kansas No. 2739. Seedwas increased in Kansas, Oklahoma, andTexas for distribution in the fall of1944.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,3,004,432 acres, grown in six States(fig. 73).

FIGURE 73.-Distrihution of Wichita wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 3,004,432 acres.

EARLY BLACKHULL

Description.-Early Blackhull differsfrom Blackhull principally in being about8 days earlier and somewhat shorter. Incomparative experiments Early.~1Black­hull has been less hardy and also hasvielded less than Blackhull. I t has fairmilling and baking quality but is somewhatshort in mixing time and low in waterabsorption.

History.-Early Blackhull (C. I. 8856)(reg. 297) was selected from a field of

118 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Blackhull in 1921 by A. P. Haeberle, ofClearwater, Kans. Owing to variousvicissitudes, seed increase was slow. In1928 Mr. Haeberle had a 40-acre field.In December 1933 he reported that 960bushels of seed had been sold duringthe previous 3 years.

D-istribution.-Estimated area in 1949,2,.106,295 acres (fig. 74).

Synonyrns.-Early Hardy, Early Kan­sas, Early I{ussian, Haeberle, Haeberle'sEarly.

FIGURE 74.-Distrihution of Early Black.hull wheat in 1949. Estimated area,2,106,295 acres.

PAWNEE

Description.-Plant winter habit, early,short; steIn white, strong; spike awned,fusiform, middense, erect; glumes gla­brous, ,,~hite, short, midwide; shouldersnarro\v to \vanting; beaks narrow, acumi­nate, 3 to 5 Inm. long; awns 3 to 8 Cln.long; kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germmidsized to large; crease midwide, mid­deep; cheeks rounded; brush small, mid­long. (See fig. 75, A.)

The superior characteristics of Pawneeare high yield, good test weight, shortstiff strR\V, high resistance to loose smut,and rnoderate resistance to some races ofleaf rust, stem rust, bunt, and hessian fly.It is sOlnewhat susceptible to shatteringand to Septoria tritici. Its quality forbreadmaking is good, although it isslightly lo"r in water absorption and

rnixing tiIne. Its milling quality is good.It is about 2 days earlier than Tenmarq.

History.-Pawnee (C. I. 11669) (reg.3:30) w:ts developed in cooperative ex­perirnents of the Kansas and NebraskaAgricultural Experiment Stations and theJ)ivision of Cereal Crops and Diseasesfrorn a cross between Kawvale and Ten­rnarq made at Manhattan, Kans., in1928 (169). In the fall of 1931, seed ofFa plants was sent to Lincoln, Nebr.1"he one designated as 4444-3 was early,resistant to hessian fly, produced a highyield in a single-rod row, and was incli­cated as very promising at Lincoln in1932. It continued promising and wasentered in the uniform hard red winterregional yield nursery in the fall of 1934and in field plots at Lincoln, Nebr., andl\fanhattan, Kans., in the fall of 1935.It \VH,s named Pawnee in 1941 and dis­tributed in Nebraska in the fall of 1942and in Kansas in 194:3.

Distribution.-~~stimatBd area in 1949,11,120,653 acres (fig. 76).

PONCA

])escription.-Ponca is very similar toPa\vnee in observable characters. Theshoulders of the glumes are somewhat\vider and often square near the top of thespike, and the beaks may be slightlylonger. Ponca is similar to Pawnee intirne of maturity, plant height, strengthof straw, test weight, and resistance toloose Slnut. It is superior in dough­handling properties, resistance to leafrust, hessian fly, and to shattering, but isnot so winter-hardy and is lnore suscepti­ble to bunt than Pawnee. It has seedlingas \vell as adult-plant resistance to leafrust. It yields about the same. Thegrain does not bleach nor sprout in thehead so readily as that of Pawnee.

History.-Ponca (C. I. 12128) wasdeveloped at the Kansas AgriculturalI~xperirnent Station at l\fanhattan inexperiments cooperative with the Bureauof Plant Industry, Soils, and Agriculturall~:ngineering and the Bureau of Ento­Inology and Plant Quarantine, UnitedStates I)epartment of Agriculture (129).It \vas selected from the cross, Kawvale­l\farquillo X Kawvale-Tenmarq, madein 19a5. Its value was determined in thecooperative regional testing program, andabout 3,000 bushels were distributed bythe }(ansas and Oklahoma stations in thefall of 1951. It is recommended for east­ern }(ansas and Oklahoma.

CLA SIFICATIO.J: OF WHEAT VARIETIE GROWN IN 1949 119

AFIGURE 75.-A, Pawnee and B, Comanche wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

120 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 76.-Distribution of Pawnee wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 11,120,653 acres.

WESTAR

Descrt'ption.-Plant winter habit, earlyto midseason, midtall; stem white, mid­strong;; spike awned, fusiform, middense,inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,narrow; shoulders narrow, wanting; beaksnarrow, acuminate, 5 to 15 mm. long;a,vns 3 to 8 em. long; kernels red, short,hard, ovate; germ. small; crease narrow,shallow; cheeks rounded; brush midsized,midlong.

Westar has been a high-yielding wheatin tests on the high plains of Texasand has high test weight, excellent millingand baking qualities, and resistance tosome races of leaf rust. It is about 3days earlier than Tenmarq.

History.-Westar (C. I. 12110) (reg.340) was developed by the Texas Agri­cultural Experiment Station at Dentonin cooperation with the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases from a cross betweenKanred-Hard Federation (sel. 25007)and Tenmarq made in 1929. The selec­tion that resulted in Westar was made in1934, and during the testing period itwas designated as No. 25-34-116. Itwas increased and distributed in the fallof 1944 froIn the Amarillo Station of theSoil Conservation Service. I t is recom­mended for the Panhandle and plainssections of Texas.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,2,169,798 acres, grown in four States(fig. 77).

t~

I..

FIGUR.E 77.-Distribution of Westar wheatin 19Lt9. Estimated area, 2,169,798 acres.

COMANCHE

Descn:ption.-Plant winter habit, earlyto midseason, short to midtall; stemwhite, rnidstrong; spike awned, oblonp;,rniddense, inclined; glumes glabrous,white, short to midlong, midwide;

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 121

shoulders narrow, wanting to elevated;beaks narrow, acuminate, 5 to 15 mm.long; awns 3 to 8 em. long; kernels red,short to midlong, hard, ovate; germmidsized; crease midwide, middeep todeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized,midlong. (See fig. 75, B.)

The superior characteristics of Co­manche are high yield, good test weight,earliness, stiff straw, excellent millingand baking quality, resistance to manyraces of bunt, and some resistance toleaf and stem rust. I t is similar toTenmarq in winter hardiness.

History.-Comanche (C. I. 11673)(reg. 331) was developed by the KansasAgricultural Experiment Station in co­operation with the Division of C~real

Crops and Diseases from a cross betweenOro and Tenmarq made in 1928. Theselection that resulted in Comanche wasmade in F s and designated as Kansas2729 (169). It was included in the U ni­form Hard Red Winter Wheat RegionalN ursery in the fall of 1936. I t was dis­tributed in the fall of 1942 in Kansas,Oklahoma, and Texas.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,5,931,718 acres (fig. 78).

FIGURE 78.-Distrihution of Comanchewheat in 1949. Estimated area, 5,931,718acres.

QUANAH

Description.-Plant winter intermedi­ate habit, early to midseason, midtall;

stem white, midstrong; spike awned;oblong to fusiform, middense, inclined;glumes glabrous, white, midlong, narrow;shoulders narrow, square to elevated;beaks narrow, acuminate, 5 to 15 mm.long; awns 3 to 8 em. long; kernels red,short to midlong, hard, ovate; germmidsized; crease midwide, middeep;cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong.

Quanah is resistant to many races ofstem rust and leaf rust and bunt orstinking smut but is susceptible to loosesmut. It is similar to Comanche ingeneral appearance but is slightly shorterand has stronger straw. Milling andbaking qualities are good. Being some­what .more erect in early growth thanmost hard red winter varieties, Quanahis well adapted for winter grazing but isless winter-hardy than Comanche.

History.-Quanah (C. I. 12145) re­sulted from a compound cross (Mediter­ranean-Hope X Comanche) X (Coman­che X Honor-Forward). It was de­veloped by the Texas Substation No.6at Denton in cooperation with theDivision of Cereal Crops and Disease.3.The last cross was made in 1939. Theselection that was named Quanah anddistributed in the fall of 1950 wascarried as 171-43-29 during the testingperiod (10) . I t was entered in thelJniform Hard Red Winter Wheat Nurseryin the fall of 1946.

Dislribution.-Quanah is recommendedfor growing in the central and rollingplains areas of Texas to replace varietiesof less desirable milling and bakingquality and to give protection from leafand stem rust. About 350 bushels weredistributed in the fall of 1949.

APACHE

Description.-Plant winter habit, early,midtall; stem white, slender, weak;spike awned, fusiform, middense, erect toinclined.; glumes glabrous, white, mid­long, narrow to midwide; shoulders nar­row to midwide, rounded; beaks narrow,acuminate, 3 to 10 mm. long; R\VnS 3 to8 em. long; kernels red, midlong, hard,ovate to elliptical; germ small; creasenarrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brushsmall, midlong.

Apache is intermediate between EarlyBlackhull and Comanche in maturity, hasa good test weight, and good milling andbreadbaking quality. It is not resistantto the rusts or smuts.

History.-Apache (C. I. 12122) wasdeveloped from a cross between Cheyenneand Early Blackhull made at Wood,vard,Okla., about 1932. Bulk seed in the thirdor fourth generation (Woodward No.1127) was sent to the Fort Hays Experi-

122 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ment Station, Hays, Kans., in the fall of1935. Apache resulted from a singleplant selected at Hays in 1937. By1940 this line had demonstrated highproductivity and good performance andwas designated as H. C. 40-95. It wastested in the cooperative regional pro­gram, and 180 bushels were distributedby the New Mexico Agricultural Stationin the fall of 1949. Apache was developedcooperatively by the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases and the Kansas,Oklaholna, and New Mexico AgriculturalExperiment Stations. It is recommendedfor gro·wing in northeastern New Mexico.

KIOWA

Description.-Plant winter habit, early,midtall; stem white, strong; spike awned,fusiform to oblong, middense, inclined;glumes glabrous, white to black, mid­long, midwide; shoulders wanting tonarrow, oblique; beaks narrow, acumi­nate, 2 to 3 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm.long, black; kernels red, midlong, hard,ovate; gerln midsized; crease midwide,nliddeep; cheeks angular; brush mid­sized, midlong.

The superior characteristics of Kiowaare resistance to lodging, high yield, andsome resistance to shattering and to bunt.I t has tolerance to stern rust but is sus­ceptible to loose smut, leaf rust, and hes­sian fly. G-rain of Kiowa is about 1pound heavier in test weight than that ofComanche and does not bleach easily.l\1illing and baking qualities are some­\vhat better than those of Pawnee.

History.--Kiowa (C. I. 12133) wasdeveloped from a cross between Chiefkanand Oro-Tenmarq, the latter a sister ofComanche, at the Kansas AgriculturalExperiment Station in cooperation withthe Division of Cereal Crops and Dis­eases. The cross was made at Man­hattan in 1938 while the selection andearly testing was done at the Fort HaysBranch Experiment Station, Hays.About 1,700 bushels were distributedthrough the Kansas Crop ImprovementAssociation in the fall of 1950.

MARMIN

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall to tall; stem white, weak;spike awned, fusiform, middense to lax,inclined; glumes glabrous, yellowish,,'-hite, midlong, narrow; shoulders want­ing to narrow, oblique; beaks 1 to 2 mm.long; a,vns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red,

Inidlong, selnihard to hard, ovate toelliptical; germ small; crease narrow,shallow; cheeks rounded to square;brush slnall, midlong.

1'larnlin is sirnilar to Minturki in,vinter hardiness and in resistance tostenl rust and bunt. I t has a higher test''''eight, slightly harder kernels, and lowercarotenoid content in the grain.

History.-Marnlin (C. I. 11502) (reg.:·~28)\vas developed in cooperative experi­Inents of the Minnesota AgriculturalExperiInent Station and the Division ofCereal Crops and Diseases. I t is theresult of a cross between Minturki("'inter) and Marquis (spring) made atSt. Paul in 1922. During the testingperiod it was designated as 11-22-38,l\1inn. No. 2614.

The variety was named, and about1,300 bushels of seed were distributed tofarlners in the fall of 1940.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,21,356 acres, grown in Minnesota, Mon­tana, Illinois, and North Dakota.

YOGO

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, Inidtall; stem white, weak; spikeH,,,·ned, fusiform, middense to lax, nod­ding; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,narrow; shoulders wanting to narrow,rounding to oblique; beaks 1 to 2 mm.long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red,lnidlong, semihard to hard, ovate toelliptical; germ small; crease narrow, mid­deep; cheeks rounded; brush small,rnidlong.

Yago is the most winter-hardy varietygro\vn in the United States. It is resist­ant to some races of bunt, and high yield­ing in Montana mountain valleys and inSOBle sections of the northern GreatPlains. It is easily distinguished from'Turkey wheat by its lax, nodding spikes.

.FIGURE 79.-Distribution of Yogo wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 562,186 acres.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHFJAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 123

History.-Yogo (c. 1. 8033) (reg. 272)was produced from a cross (Minturki XBeloglina) X Buffum made in 1919 atthe Kansas Agricultural Experiment Sta­tion, Manhattan, in a winter-hardinessbreeding program, in cooperation withthe Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases.Head selections from bulk progenies ofthe cross grown at the Judith BasinBranch Station, Moccasin, Mont., in1923, resulted in Yogo. The variety wasfirst grown on farms in Montana in thefall of 1932.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,562,186 acres (fig. 79).

MINTURKI

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, weak; spikeawned, fusiform, middense, inclined;glumes glabrous, yellowish white, mid­long, narrow; shoulders wanting to nar­row, oblique; beaks 2 to 5 mm.long; awns3 to 8 em. long; kernels red, midlong,semihard, ovate to elliptical; germ small;crease narrow, shallow to middeep; cheeksrounded; brush small, midlong.

This variety is very winter-hardy andis moderately resistant to stem rust, bunt,and flag smut. It resembles Turkey butdiffers from Turkey principally in havingRofter kernels and in being more winter­hardy.

History.-Minturki (C. 1. 6155) (reg.139) is the result of a cross between Odessaand Turkey, made at the Minnesota Agri­cultural Experiment Station, UniversityFarm, St. Paul, in 1902. Of the manyselections made from the progeny of thiscross, two have shown sufficient value tobe named and distributed by the Minne­sota station. This selection was firstknown as Minnesota No. 1507 but wasnamed Minturki in 1919 (97, pp. 17-28)when it was first distributed.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,32,591 acres, grown in Minnesota, Wis­consin, Montana, and Iowa.

Synonym.-Minnesota No. 1507.

MINTER

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awned, fusiform, middense, in­clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,narrow; shoulders narrow, wanting; beaksnarrow, acuminate, 3 to 5 mm. long;awns 8 to 10 em. long; kernels red, mid­long, hard, ovate; germ small; crease

narrow, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushsmall, midlong.

Minter is winter-hardy and is moder...ately resistant to stem rust and bunt.It has a higher test weight, higher waterabsorption, lower carotenoid content,and whiter crumb color than Minturkiand Marmin.

History.-Minter (C. I. 12138) wasdeveloped by the Minnesota AgriculturalExperiment Station at St. Paul in co­operation with the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases from a cross betweenMinturki and Hope made in 1931 fol­lowed by one backcross to Minturki.It was designated as Minnesota No. 2713during the testing period. The SouthDakota Agricultural Experiment Stationcooperated in testing some of the selec­tions from this cross. On the basis ofthese tests Minter was named and dis­tributed to growers in each of the twoStates in the fall of 1948.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,14,429 acres, grown in South Dakota,Minnesota, Montana, and Iowa.

RELIEF

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­i3eason, midtall to tall; stem white, weak;spike awned, fusiform, middense to lax,inclined to nodding; glumes glabrous,white, midlong, midwide; shoulders want­ing to narrow, oblique to elevated; beaks2 to 5 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 em. long;kernels red, midlong, hard, ovate toelliptical; germ small; crease midwide,middeep ; cheeks rounded; brush midsized,midlong.

Relief differs from Turkey in beingtaUer, in having a longer and laxer spike,darker glumes, shorter beaks, a slightlylonger kernel, and in being resistant tosome races of bunt including dwarf bunt.

History.-Relief (C. I. 10082) (reg.274) was developed from a cross betweenHussar and a selection from Turkey(Utah No. 26) made in 1925 at the UtahAgricultural Experinlent Station, Logan.The selection that resulted in Relief wasmade in 1928. It was tested at severalstations in the western United States in1932 and 1933 under the designation43e21. It showed a high degree of re­sistance to the races of bunt that werecausing heavy losses in the Cache Valleyof Utah. It also yielded well in limitedtrials and was distributed to a few farmers

124 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

for further trial in the fall of 1932. In1934 the variety was named and releasedfor general distribution (207).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,5,056 acres, grown in southern Idahoand Utah.

WASATCH

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awned, fusiform, lax, inclined;glumes glabrous, white, midlong, narro w ;shoulders narrow, wanting; beaks narrow,acuminate, 3 to 5 mm. long; awns 3 to 8em. long; kernels red, midlong, hard,ovate; germ midsized to large; creasemidwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushmidsized, rnidlong.

'Vasatch is resistant to dwarf bunt andto rnost of the present known races ofordinary bunt. I t is moderately winter­hardy, has good straw, and is satisfactoryin quality.

History.-Wasatch (C. 1. 11925) ,vasselected at the Utah Agricultural Experi­ment Station at Logan, from a crossbet,veen Relief and Ridit, both hard red,vinter wheats. It was carried during thetesting period as Utah No. 122a327-1.It was selected for resistance to dwarf

FIGURE 80.-Distribution of Wasatch wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 393,788 acres.

bunt and is also resistant to the races ofordinary bunt present in the West.Wasatch was distributed for growing inin the dwarf-bunt-infested areas of UtahH,nd of ,vestern Montana in 1942. About14,000 bushels of certified seed weredistributed in Utah in 1944. Whend"rarf bunt becanle prevalent in DouglasCounty, Wash., seed of Wasatch wasshipped in for planting in the fall of1947.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,893,788 acres (fig. 80).

CHEYENNE

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, short to midtall; stem white,slender, midstrong; spike awned, oblongto fusiform, dense, erect; glumes glabrous,white, rnidlong, nlidwide; shoulders mid­wide to wide, oblique to elevated;beaks 2 to 5 mm. long; kernels red, mid­long, hard, ovate to elliptical; germsrnall; crease midwide, middeep; cheeksrounding to angular; brush midsized,lnidlong. (See fig. 81, A.)

This variety differs from Turkeyprincipally in having shorter and strongerstenlS, denser, and more erect spikes,\vider shoulders, and shorter beaks,and in being more susceptible to stemrust. The breadbaking characteristicsalso are slightly different, a longer mixingtilne being required for Cheyenne.

[-li'story.-Cheyenne (C. 1. 8885) (reg.269) is the result of a plant selected fromCrirnean (C. 1. 1435) in 1922 at theoNebraska Agricultural Experiment Sta­tion, Lincoln. The new variety wasincluded in plot tests at Lincoln in thefall of 1927 and distributed to farmers in1930 as Nebraska No. 50. The seedoriginally distributed became mixed, and apurified seed supply was named Cheyenneand made available in 1933.

D1,·stribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,940,510 acres, grown in eight States(fig. 82).

Synonym.-Nebraska No. 50.

CLA SIFICATIO OF WHEAT VARIETIES GRO :r I 1949 125

A B

FIGURE 81.-A, Cheyenne and B, Turke wheats: Spike and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3

126 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 82.-Distribution of Cheyennewheat in 1949. Estimated area, 1,940,510acres.

TURKEY

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, n1idtall; stem white, slender,weak; spike awned, fusiform, middense,inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,mid\vide; shoulders wanting to narrow,oblique; beaks 2 to 8 mm. long ; awns 3 to8 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, hard,ovate to elliptical; germ small; creasenarro,v to midwide, middeep; cheeksrounded; brush small, midlong. (Seefig. 81, B.)

This variety is winter-hardy anddrought resistant. The first leaves arenarrow and of a dark-green color.

History.--Turkey (C. 1. 1558) (reg.143) is the name most commonly used forthe Crimean group of hard winter wheatsgrown in the United States. Many his­tories of this wheat have been written.That recorded by Carleton (36, pp.398-399) is given here) however, as heintroduced many strains and spent muchtiIne in an attempt to determine accu­rately the history of the wheat.

The original home of hard winterwheat is in the area of Russia just northand east of the Black Sea and north ofthe Caucasus Mountains. The areaincludes chiefly the governments ofTaurida (including the Crimea), Ekate­rinoslav, Kharkof, and Stavropol, andthe Don and Kuban territories. Inthat region the wheat is generallycalled simply winter wheat, but iskno\vn locally by various names asKrimka (Crimean), Kharkof, Beloglina,Ulta, Torgova, etc. * * *

The history of hard winter wheat [inthe 1.Jnited States] is closely associated\vith the rnovement of Russian Men­nonite hnmigrants to the middle GreatPlains. These people originally wentfrom ,vest Prussia to southern Russiaabout 1770 because of certain landgrants and civil privileges offered bythe Government under Empress Cath-

erine. One hundred years later theirdescendants, desiring further advan­tages to be obtained in America,ernigrated to the middle Great Plainsand settled principally in Kansas.The greater number were from theMolochna colonies in northern Taurida,but sorne were from the Crimea properand others from Ekaterinoslav. Thefirst settlements in Kansas were madein 1873 near Newton, Halstead, andl\ioundridge. Each family broughtover a bushel or more of Crimeanwheat for seed, and frorn this seed wasgrown the first crop of Kansas hard win­ter wheat. Bernard Warkentin, aruiller, who erected mills at Newtonand Halstead, was chiefly instrumentalin introducing the Turkey wheat, butin this pioneer movement of the Men­nonites two other men were associ­ated--Christian Krehbiel, first a farm...er, but who later, in 1886, erected arnill ::tt Moundridge, and C. B. Schmidt,acting as immigration agent for theSanta Fe Railroad.

CriInean is the name properly used forthis whole group of hard red winterwheats. It also has been used as avarietal name for separate introductions.The first introduction of the wheat underthis nanle is thought to have been madeby Carleton in 1900 (211, P. 1. 5635)frorn K urman-Kemelchi, Central Crimea,llnssia. Many other nanles have beenused for wheat similar to Turkey.

Kharkof, for the most part, is a wheatrnorphologically identical with Turkey.Several introductions were made whichcarne frorn a region much farther north,and it was therefore thought to be arnnch more winter-hardy wheat thanTurkey. The Kharkof wheat was firstintroduced into the United States byM. A. Carleton in 1900, from Starobelsk,Kharkof, Russia (211, P. 1. 5641, C. I.1442) . Two other strains (P. 1. 7467,C. L 1.583; and P. 1. 7786, C. 1. 2193, orC.1. 6206) were obtained in 1901 throughA.. Boenicke, president of the KharkofAgricultural Society. The latter of theset\VO introductions contained a consider­able portion of long-beaked strains moresirnilar to Beloglina than the trueKharkof. A fourth lot of Kharkof(P. 1. 9125, C. I. 2208), consisting of450 bushels, was received in 1902 fromthe Starobelsk district through E. A.Bessey. For several years these strainsof Kharkof wheat gave slightly better re­sults than the ordinary Turkey wheat ofKansas and became quite widely dis­tributed in that State, as well as in\Vyorning and Montana. In recentyears, however, little difference in hardi-

CLASSIFICATION ·OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 127

FIGURE 83.~Distrihutionof rrurkey wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 3,311,617 acres.

ness or yield has been observed, exceptin northern Wyoming and in Montana,where it still consistently yields betterthan Turkey.

Malakof is a name under which manystrains of Crimean wheat have been intro­duced and grown. Wheat of this nameis thought to have been first distributedby the Ratekin Seed Co., Shenandoah,Iowa, in the early nineties from seed thatwas said to have come from Russia.

Distribution.-The acreage of Turkeywheat in 1949, including that grownunder the name Kharkof and many othersynonyms, is shown in figure 83. Tur~eyis still a widely grown variety, occupyIng3,311,617 acres in 1949. In 191~. itoccupied 21,598,200 acres, comprIsIng26.93 percent of all wheat.

Synonyms.-Alberta Red, Argentine,Bulgarian, Crimean, Hundred-and-One,Hungarian, Improved Turkey, Kharkof,Malakof, Minnesota Reliable, PioneerTurkey, Red Russian, Romanella, Rus­sian Taruanian, Theiss, Turkey Red,Turkish Red, Ulta, Zuni.

KARMONT

Description.- Karmont is similar to260503-54--9

Turkey. It is a hardy, high-yieldingstrain, grown largely in Montana.

History.-Karmont (C. 1. 6700) (reg.244) was developed in cooperative ex..periInents of the Montana AgriculturalExperiment Station and the Division ofCereal Crops and Diseases, at the JudithBasin Branch Station, Moccasin. Itis the result of a head selection madefrom Kharkof (C. 1. 1583) in 1911.Karmont was grown commercially inMontana for the first time in 1921.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,511,371 acres (fig. 84).

FIGURE 84.-Distribution of Karmontwheat in 1949. Estimated area, 511, 371acres.

128 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

MONTANA NO. 36

Description.-This variety cannot bedistinguished from Turkey and Kharkof,but it proved superior in winter h;ardinessand yield in experiments in Montana.

History.--Montana No. 36 (C. 1. 5549)(reg. 146) is the result of a plant selectedfrom Kharkof at the Montana Agricul­tural Experiment Station, Bozeman, anddistributed in the fall of 1915.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,15,952 acres, grown in Montana.

NEBRASKA NO. 60

Description.-Nebraska No. 60 is nearlyidentical with Turkey in all taxonomiccharacters but will produce heads whenseeded later in the spring than Turkey.

History.--Nebraska No. 60 (C. 1. 6250)(reg. 147) is a selection of Turkey wheatdeveloped at the Nebraska AgriculturalExperiment Station. I t was distributedfor conunercial growing in the fall of1918 because of its relatively highyields.., Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,39,717 acres, grown in Nebraska, Okla­homa, and Iowa.

NEBRED

Description.-Plants of Nebred differfrom those of Turkey in being slightlyearlier, shorter, and stronger and in hav­ing a glaucous color. Nebred is resistantto the races of bunt known to be presentin Nebraska and is winter-hardy. It issusceptible to stem and leaf rust butseems to be able to produce a better crop\vhen infected than many other varieties.

History.--Nebred (C. 1. 10094) (reg.321) was developed in cooperative experi­ments of the Nebraska Agricultural Ex-

FIGURE 85.-Distribution of Nebred wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 1,457,375 acres.

peritnent Station and the Division ofCereal Crops and Diseases. The originalselection was made in 1924 from a plotof Turkey (S. Dak. 144, C. 1. 3684) atLincoln. Seed for the plot had beeninoculated with bunt, and an epidemicof steIn rust also was created in the spring.Heads were selected from plants that,vere free of bunt and that showed thelowest infection of rust. In succeedingvears these selections were inoculated\vith bunt, and only the resistant ones\vere continued. N ebred (Nebraska No.1063) was named in the fall of 1938 whenabout 1,100 bushels were distributed.

D1:stribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,457,375 acres, grown in nine States(fig. 85).

SIOUX

Description.-Sioux is similar to N ebredin "Tinter hardiness, bunt resistance, yield,and quality.

H'£story.-Sioux (C. I. 12142) wasselected at the North Platte (Nebraska)Substation in 1939 from a cross betweenCheyenne and Turkey (170). The cross\vas Inade at Lincoln. Sioux was devel­oped in experiments cooperative betweenthe Nebraska Agricultural ExperimentStation and the Division of Cereal Cropsand Diseases. It was distributed in thefall of 1951 and recommended for growingin central and western Nebraska.

RIO

Description.-Rio differs from Turkeyonly in having slightly shorter stems andin being resistant to many races of bunt.

H£story.-Rio (C. I. 10061) (reg. 275)is the result of a head selected fromArgentine (C. 1. 1569), a Crimean wheatobtained from the Marseille (France)grain exchange by the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture in 1900. Theselection was made in 1920 at Moro,()reg., in cooperative investigations be­tween the Oregon Agricultural Experi­IUCut Station and the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases. I t is resistant toluany races of bunt and gives high yieldsof a good quality of grain. Rio was firstdistributed to farmers in Sherman County,Oreg., in 1931.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,114,U48 acres, grown in Washington,Oregon, and California. Probably muchof the 'acreage grown as Turkey in thePacific Northwest is really Rio.

RELIANT

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awned, fusiform, middense, in­clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,

CLASSIFICATIO OF WHEAT VARIETIE GROW I 1949 129

A 8FIGURE 86.-A, Tenmarq and B, Blackhull wheals; Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

130 TFJCHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, tJ. S .. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

narrow to midwide; shoulders narrow,,vanting; beaks narrow, acuminate, 5to 8 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 em. long;kernels red, midlong, hard, ovate; gernlrnidsized; crease midwide, middeep;cheeks rounded; brush small, midlong.

Reliant has some resistance to leafrust. Its ruilling and breadbaking qualityis poor.

History.--Reliant (C. 1. 12144) wasselected frorn a cross Kanred X BlackhullInade in 1924 by Joseph Danne of EIReno, Okla., and distributed by hinlin 1940.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,2,430 acres, grown in Oklahoma.

IOTURK

Descript£on.-Ioturk is sirnilar to Tur­key, except for being slightly later and inbeing resistant to some races of bunt.

History.--Ioturk (C. 1. 11388) (reg.266) is a selection from Turkey made bythe Farrn-Crop Section of the Iowa Agri­cultural Experiment Station, Ames. It,vas distributed for commercial growingabout 1926.

Distr-ibution.-Estimated area in 1949,4,7(i2 acres, grown in Iowa and Nebraska.

TENMARQ

Descript1:on.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, nlidtall; stem ·white, slender,midstrong; spike awned, fusiform, mid­dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white,midlong, rnidwide; shoulders wanting tomid"ride, oblique to elevated; beaks 3 to30 Hnn. long; awns 3 to 8 em. long;

FIGURE 87.-Distrihution of Tenmarqwheat in 1949.· Estimated area, 2,902,645acres.

kernels red, short to midlong, hard,ovate; gerrn small to midsized; creasernidwide, middeep; cheeks rounded toangular; brush midsized, midlong. (Seefig. 86 A.)

Tenrnarq differs from Kanred in beingearlier and less winter-hardy and inhaving stronger stems and shorter kernels,as ,veIl as resistance to some races ofstern and leaf rust.

History.-Tenmarq (C. 1. 6936) (reg.2()4) was produced from a hybrid betweenl\:larquis and P-1066, the latter a sisterselection of Kanred made from Crimean(C. 1. 1435). The cross was made inI 917 at Manhattan, Kans., in cooperativeexperirnents between the Kansas Agri­cultural Experirnent Station and theI)ivision of Cereal Crops and Diseases.Tenrnarq is the result of a plant selectionrnade in 1921. I t ,vas released for com­Inercial growing in 1932.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,2,902,645 acres (fig. 87).

SHERMAN

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, Inidtall; stem white, weak tornidstrong; spike awned, fusiform, mid­dense to lax, inclined, easily shattered;glurnes glabrous, yellowish white, mid­long, narrow; shoulders wanting tonarro,v, oblique to square; beaks 3 to30 nun. long; awns 3 to 8 em. long;kernpls red, midlong, semihard, ovate toelliptieal; germ small; crease narrow,shallo,,,; cheeks rounded; brush midsized,ruidlong.

Shennan differs from Turkey chieflyin having stronger stems, more easilyshattered gluInes, longer beaks, andsofter kernels, and in being resistant tosorne races of bunt.

Ifistory.-Sherman (C. 1. 4430) (reg.249) ,vas developed in cooperative ex­perirncnts between the Oregon Agri­cultural Experiment Station and theDivision of Cereal Crops and Diseases atthe Sherman Branch Experiment Stationat Moro. It is the result of a doublecross between Budapest X Turkey andZiInmerman X Turkey made about 1908.The selection resulting in Sherman wasmade in 1915 at Moccasin, Mont. Itwas distributed in southern Idaho by theIdaho Agricultural Experiment Stationin 1928.

l)istribution.-Estimated area in 1949,39,~~90 acres, grown in southern Idaho.

KANRED

l)escription.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall ; stem white, weak;spike awned, fusiform, middense, inclined;glurnes glabrous, white, midlong, mid-

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 131

wide; shoulders narrow, oblique to ele­vated; beaks 3 to 25 rnm. long; awns3 to 18 em. long; kernels dark red, mid­long, hard, ovate to elliptical; gerrnsmall; crease narrow to midwide, rnid­deep; cheeks rounded; brush small,midlong.

Kanred is very similar to Turkey, butit is slightly rnore winter-hardy andslightly earlier and can be distinguishedfrorn that variety by its longer beakson the outer glumes and its resistance tosome races of both leaf and stem rust.It is equal to Turkey in rnilling andbreadmaking value.

llistory.-Kanred (C. 1. 5146) (reg.149) is the product of a single headselected from Crimean (C. 1. 1435),which had been introduced into theUnited States from Russia by theUnited States Department of Agriculture.The head from which it descended wasone of 554 selected in 1906 by the botanydepartment of the Kansas AgriculturalExperirnent Station (175). In 1911 themore promising strains were included inexperinlents by the agronomy departmentof the Kansas station, and several ofthem, including ICanred, were grown infield plots. In 1916 it was discovered tobe rust-resistant. During these years ofpreliminary testing it was known by thenumber P-762. In 1917 it was namedKanred (a contraction of Kansas Red).About 4,000 acres were seeded to thisvariety in the fall of 1917.

FIGURE 88.-Distrihution of Kanred wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 252,049 acres.

Distribution.-The estimated area ofKanred in 1919 was 100,300 acres and in1924, 4,314,962 acres. In 1949 theestimated area was 252,049 acres (fig. 88).

Synonym.-P-762.

UTAH KANRED

Description.-Plant 'winter habit, mid­season, rnidtall; stern white, weak; spikeawned, fusiform, middense to lax, nod­ding; glurnes glabrous, yellowish withbrown stripes, rnidlong, narrow to mid­wide; shoulders narrow to midwide,oblique to slightly elevated; beaks vari­able, 3 to 20 mrn. long; awns 3 to 8 crn.long; kernels red, rnidlong, hard, ovateto elliptical; gerrn sInall; crease narrowto midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded;brush sInall, rnidlong.

Utah Kanred differs from Kanred inhaving longer, laxer, and Inore noddingspikes, darker glumes, and more variableand shorter beaks, and in being lesswinter-hardy.

History.-In experirnents at the NephiDry-Farm Substation, Nephi, Utah, thiswheat proved to be a high-yielding varietyand was distributed in 1922. The originalsource of this variety is not known.When distributed, it was thought to beKanred and, having been comrnerciallygrown as Kanred for Inany years, is nowdesignated as Utah Kanred (C. 1. 11608)(reg. 302).

Distribution.-Estirnated area in 1949,42,962 acres, grown in Utah.

Synonym.-Kanred.

WISCONSIN PEDIGREE NO.2

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, rnidtall; stern faintly purple,slender, weak; spike awned, fusiforrn,rniddense, inclined; glumes glabrous,white, midlong, narrow to midwide;shoulders wanting to narrow, oblique;beaks 2 to 8 mrn. long; awns 3 to 8 em.long; kernels red, midlong, sernihard tohard, ovate to elliptical; germ small;crease narrow to rnidwide, rniddeep;cheeks rounded; brush midlong.

The variety differs from Turkey insometimes having faintly purple stemsand slightly softer kernels.

History.-Wisconsin Pedigree No. 2(C. I. 6683) (reg. 148) is a selection ofTurkey developed by the WisconsinAgricultural Experiment Station anddistributed by it in 1918.

Distribution.-Estimated a,rea in 1949,615 acres, grown in Illinois.

SIBLEY 81

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall ; stern purple, weak tomidstrong; spike awned, fusiform, mid­dense, inclined; glurnes glabrous, white,midlong, narrow to midwide; shouldersnlidwide, wanting to oblique to square;beaks 2 to 25 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 em.long, sometimes purple; kernels red,midlong, semihard to hard, elliptical;

132 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

germ small to midsized; crease midwide,llliddeep; cheeks rounded; brush midwide,11liddeep. The variety shatters easily.It is resistant to some races of bunt.

llistory.-Several hundred heads wereselected from a field of Sibley at theOklaholna Agricultural Experiment Sta­tion in 1921. In 1927 a number of wheatsincluding selection 81 from Sibley weretested on the farm of Earl Estil atCarrier, Okla. This selection showed up,veIl and was distributed in 1930 asSibley 81 (C. 1. 10084).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,7,000 acres, gro,vn in Oklahoma andTexas.

IOWIN

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season to late, midtall to tall; stem purpleand ,vhite, Inostly purple, weak to mid­strong; spike awned,. fusiform, middense,nodding; glumes glabrous, white, 11lid­long, lllid\\Tide; shoulders midwide, obliqueto elevated; beaks 5 to 25 mm. long; awns5 to 9 CIllo long; kernels red, midlong,semihard to hard, elliptical; germ small;crease mid,vide, middeep; cheeks rounded;brush Inidsized, midlong.

lowin differs from Turkey in beingtaller and later, in having "longer beaks,purple steIns, and slightly softer kernels,and in being moderately resistant tosteIn rust.

History.--Iowin (C. 1. 10017) (reg. 267),vas developed by the Iowa AgriculturalExperiInent Station. It is the result of aplant selection from Theiss wheat and wasfirst cOllunercially grown in 1930. Theadvantages of lowin are stem rust resist­ance and high yield under Iowa condi­tions.

Distribution.-EstiInated area in 1949,94,873 acres, grown in six States, thelargest acreages being in Iowa andKansas.

BLACKHULL

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, Inidtall; stem white, midstrong;spike a,vned, fusiform, middense, in­clined; glumes glabrous, white, usually,vith black stripes, midlong, midwide;shoulders wanting to narrow, oblique;beaks 1 to 3 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cnl.long, sOlnetimes black; kernels red, mid­long, selnihard to hard, usually elliptical;germ sluall to midsized; crease narrO\\T,shallo,v; cheeks rounded; brush midsized,nlidlong. (See fig. 86, B.)

Blackhull is a few days earlier thanTurkey and has a softer kernel. It is dis­tinctly less hardy than Turkey. Exceptunder certain unfavorable weather condi­tions, the glumes of Blackhull have black

stripes on the surface or sometimes areahnost entirely black.

History.-Blackhull (C. I. 6251) (reg.142) was originated by Earl G. Clark (39),of Sedgwick, Kans., as a selection from afield of Turkey. He states:

The Clark's Black Hull wheat is a\volHlerful hardy variety of wheat thatI have developed from three blackheads found in 1912. It has provensuperior to all other varieties of winterwheat.

Blackhull was first distributed by Mr.Clark in the fall of 1917. A selected strainwas distributed as Superhard Blackhullin 1925. As it usually is not possible totell this strain from Blackhull, it is con­sidered a synonym of that variety.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,786,492 acres (fig. 89).

Synonyms.-Black Chaff, Clark's BlackHull, Superhard, Superhard Blackhull.

. :~ ~.::..:.,:~.

e.e\:e.......:.

FIGlJRB 89.-Distribution of Blackhullwheat in 1949. Estimated area, 1,786,492acres.

BLUE JACKET

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, nlidtall; stem white, strong; spikesawned, fusiform, middense, erect; glumesglabrous, white with black, midlong, nar­row; shoulders narrow, wanting; beaksnarrow, aculllinate, 2 to 3 mm. long;awns a to 8 em. long; kernels red, mid­long, hard, ovate; germ midsized; creaselllidwide, shallow; cheeks rounded; brushlnidsized, midlong.

Blue Jacket is about a day earlier, hasstiffer straw, and is slightly taller thanBlaekhull. I t also develops a more in­tense black coloring in the glumes. Ithas a higher test weight than Blackhull.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 133

Its baking quality is fair, being betweenEarly Blackhull and Blackhull.

History.-Blue Jacket (C. I. 12502)was selected from a field of SuperhardBlackhull by Earl G. Clark, farmer-wheatbreeder, of Sedgwick, Kans. I t was firstdistributed in 1946. Limited tests onClark's 40-H-10, called "Improved BlueJacket," indicate that it has somewhatbetter quality than the original strain.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,124,015 acres, grown in Kansas, Okla­homa, Texas, New Mexico, and Iowa.

ORIENTA

Description.-Plant winter habit, late,tall; stem white, midstrong; spike awned,fusiform, lax, inclined; glumes glabrous,white, midlong, narrow to midwide;shoulders narrow to wanting; beaks nar­row, acuminate, 2 to 3 mm. long; awns3 to 8 em. long; kernels red, midlong,semihard to hard, ovate to elliptical, backflat to swayed; germ midsized; creasenarrow, middeep; cheeks angular; brushmidsized, short to midlong.

Orienta is a day or two earlier thanTurkey and has some resistance to leafrust. I t has a short dough-mixing timeand its bread-baking quality is poor.

History.-Orienta (C. I. 12522) wasdeveloped by the farmer-wheat breeder,Joseph Danne, of EI Reno, Okla. Itsparentage has not been divulged by itsoriginator. It was designated as C 29­5-12 until 1948, when it was namedOrienta and released for commercialgrowing.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,810 acres, grown in Oklahoma.

STAFFORD

Description.-Plant winter habit, late,tall; stem white, midstrong; spike awned,fusiform, lax, inclined; glumes glabrous,white, midlong to long, midwide; shoul­ders wanting to oblique; beaks midwide,acuminate, 2 to 3 mm. long; awns 3 to8 em. long; kernels red, midlong to long,semihard, ovate to elliptical; germ mid­sized to large; crease midwide, middeep;cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong.

Stafford has some resistance to stemrust and a good test weight. Its bread­baking quality is questionable. I t has avery short mixing time and is low in waterabsorption and in loaf volume.

History.-Stafford (C. 1. 12706) re­sulted from a single plant selected froma field of Blackhull wheat by S. E. Black­burn, of Stafford County, Kans. Thesingle plant appeared not to be affectedby rust, while the rest of the field washeavily infested and was badly lodged..

Approximately 1,000 bushels of seed weresold by Mr. Blackburn in the fall of 1949.

SPINKCOTA

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, tall; stem white, midstrong;spike awned, fusiform, very lax, inclined;glumes glabrous, white~ long, narrow;shoulders narrow, wanting to square;beaks narrow, acute, 0.5 mm. long;awns 3 to 6 em. long; kernels red, mid­long, hard, elliptical; germ midsized;crease midwide, middeep ; cheeks rounded;brush small, short.

Spinkcota has a long lax speltoid typeof head, especially during the earlyheading stage. I t is susceptible to therusts. This variety has poor bread­making properties.

History.-Spinkcota (C. 1. 12375) wasdeveloped by T. G. Overly of Redfield,S. Dak., and distributed by him in 1944.The parentage is reported as (Prestonsel. X red durum) X Preston sel.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,15,197 acres, grown in South Dakotaand Minnesota.

STURGEON

Description.-Plant spring habit, earlyto midseason, short to midtall; stem white,midstrong; spike awned, fusiform, mid­dense to lax, inclined; glumes glabrous,white, midlong, narrow; shoulders narrow,rounded to elevated; beaks 1 to 3 mm.long; awns 3 to 8 em. long; kernels red,short, semihard to hard, ovate; germmidsized; crease midwide, middeep;cheeks rounded; brush small to mid­sized, midlong.

Sturgeon is resistant to powderymildew.

History.-Sturgeon (C. I. 11703) (reg.278) was produced by the WisconsinAgricultural Experiment Station (Penin­sular Branch) at Sturgeon Bay, Wis.It is the result of a cross between Progressand Marquis made in 1924. The plantselection that resulted in Sturgeon wasmade in 1927. It was included in fieldplots in 1931 and was distributed forcommercial growing in 1934.

Sturgeon was distributed to replaceProgress, which makes flour of poorbreadbaking quality. Sturgeon kernelsmore nearly resemble those of Marquisthan those of the Progress parent. Flourfrom Sturgeon is superior to that fromProgress, but does not equal that fromMarquis in quality for bread.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,071 acres, grown in Minnesota andWisconsin.

134 TECHNICAL B LLETI 10 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A B

FIGURE 90.-..11, Ceres and B,.Henry wheats: pikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WIIEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 135

KOMAR

Description.-Komar differs from Ceresin having shorter beaks (1 to 3 mm.long) , weaker stems, slightly greaterresistance to stem rust, and slightlyharder kernels.

History.-Komar (C. 1. 8004) (reg.270) was produced (221) from the samecross between Marquis and Kota fromwhich Ceres was selected. The cross wasmade in 1918 at the North DakotaAgricultural Experiment Station, Fargo.The selection designated as 1656.84,which resulted in Komar, was made in1923.

Komar was distributed by the IowaAgricultural Experiment Station in 1930and by the Colorado Agricultural Ex­periment Station in 1931, but it is nolonger recommended in Colorado be­cause of its grain quality, which isobjectionable to the grain trade.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949)59,991 acres, grown in six States, thelargest acreage being in Idaho.

Synonyms.-No. 1656, N. D. Ns. No.1656.84.

CANUS

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season midtall; stem white, midstrongto strhng; spike awned, fusiform, mid­dense, erect to inclined; glumes glabrous,,vhite midlong, midwide; shoulders nar­row, 'elevated; beaks midwide, acute,5 to 10 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 em. long;kernels red, short to midlong, hard,ovate to elliptical; germ midsized; creasemidwide, middeep; cheeks angular; brushmidsized, midlong.

Canus is resistant to foot rots and tobunt or stinking smut, but it is sus­ceptible to rusts. It is among the springwheat varieties more resistant to lowtemperatures in the seedling stage. Ithas satisfactory milling and breadmakingproperties.

History.-Canus (C. 1. 11637) (C. A. N.1260) was developed from a cross betweenMarquis and Kanred made in 1918.Selections made at the University ofMinnesota were taken to Canada and afurther selection that resulted in Canuswas made at the University of Alberta,Edmonton, in 1929 (150). It wasnamed and distributed in that provincein 1934. It was brought from Albertainto l\lontana about 1940.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,13,104 acres in Montana.

CERES

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike ~wned, fusiform, middense, erect to

inclined; glumes glabrous, white, mid­long, midwide; should9rs midwide,l"ounded to elevated; beaks 2 to 10 mm.long ; awns 3 to 8 em. long; kernels red,midlong, hard, ovate; germ small; creasemid,vide, shallow to middeep; cheeksusually angular; brush midsized, short.(See fig. 90, A.)

Ceres is lnoderately resistant to someraces of stem rust and to drought.

History.-Ceres (C. 1. 6900) (reg. 241)was developed (221) at the NorthDakota Agricultural Experiment Stationfrom a cross between Marquis and Kotamade in 1918. It was distributed inNorth Dakota in 1926 and was widelygrown because of its resistance to stemrust and drought, early maturity, highyield, and good quality . It is, however,susceptible to bunt and loose smut.

When races of stem rust to which Cereswas susceptible became prevalent, be­ginning about 1935, the acreage of Cereswas rapidly replaced by Thatcher.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,184,625 acres (fig. 91).

FIGURE 91.-Distribution of Ceres wheat in1949. Estimated area, 1,184,625 acres.

VESTA

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, tall; stem white, weak; spikeawned, fusiforln, lax, inclined; glumesglabrous, white, midlong to long, narrowto midwide; shoulders wanting; beaksnarrow, acuminate, 5 to 20 mm. long;awns 3 to 8 em. long; kernels red, mid­long, hard, ovate; germ small; creasenarrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brushsmall, midlong.

Vesta is resistant to stem rust (exceptrace 15B) but is susceptible to leaf rust.

136 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

It is resistant to shattering but has weakstraw. Its breadbaking quality is ac­ceptable but is not equal to that of thebetter hard red spring varieties.

History.-·Vesta (C. 1. 11712) was de­veloped by the North Dakota Agricul­tural Experiment Station in cooperationwith the Division of Cereal Crops andDiseases from a cross between Ceres anda selection from a Hope-Florence crossmade in 1929 (222). It was designatedas Ns. 2592 during the testing period andwas first included in the Uniform Re­gionalHard Red Spring Wheat Nursery in1935. It was distributed in North Da­kota in 1942.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,106,062 acres, grown in North Dakota,Montana, South Dakota, and Minnesota.

HENRY

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, nlidtall; stem purple, midstrong;spike awned, fusiform, lax, inclined;glumes glabrous, white, midlong, narrow;shoulders narrow, wanting to oblique;beaks narrow, acuminate, 1 to 5 mm.long; awns 5 to 8 em. long; kernels red,midlong to long, semihard to hard, ovate;germ small to midsized; crease midwide,middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid­sized, midlong. (See fig. 90, B.)

Henry is resistant to stem rust (exceptrace 15B), bunt, and is moderately resist­ant to leaf rust but is moderately sus­ceptible to loose smut. It is about 3days later than Thatcher and is a high­yielding variety. The variety sometimesshows the false black chaff or brownnecrosis often encountered in Hope de­rivatives. Because of its soft-wheatcharacteristics, it lllUSt be speciallyhandled to obtain satisfactory millingand baking results. When speciallyhandled it produces bread of good loafvolume and texture.

I-listory.-Henry (C. I. 12265) wasdeveloped by the Wisconsin AgriculturalExperiment Station in cooperation withthe Division of Cereal Crops and Dis..eases from a cross made in 1933 betweena selection from Illinois 1 X Hope and aselection from Webster X Resaca. Itwas designated as HI57a-4-12-8 duringthe testing period and was released tofarmers in Wisconsin in 1944.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,168,679 acres, grown in 12 States, thelargest acreages being in Wisconsin,Minnesota, and North Dakota.

HOPE

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, Inidtall; leaves pubescent.; stempurple, midstrong; spike awned, fusiform,

Iniddense, erect to inclined, very resistantto shattering; glumes glabrous, white,midlong, midwide to wide; shoulders mid­wide, rounded to elevated; beaks 2 to 10mm. long; awns 2 to 6 cm. long; kernelsred, midlong, hard, ovate; germ small;crease wide, middeep; cheeks angular;brush large, long.

Under field conditions in the UnitedStates F[ope is nearly immune from stemrust (except race 15B), flag smut, andloose smut, and is resistant to some racesof leaf rust and powdery mildew. Fromspring seeding it also is very resistant tobunt. It is susceptible to frost andheat injury and to the black chaff disease.

History.-Hope (C. I. 8178) (reg. 240)was developed by E. S. McFadden (138)froln a cross made in 1916 betweenYaroslav emmer and Marquis wheat.,]~he cross was made at Brookings, S.I)ak., while Mr. McFadden was employedby the South Dakota Agricultural Experi­Inent Station. Because of the widecross, much sterility and shriveled grainwere encountered in the early generations.Mechanical separation was employed, andonly the plumpest grain saved. Forsevern.l years the hybrid material wascarried in bulk at the Highmore Sub­station, Highmore, S. Dak., where Mr.McFadden was conducting experimentsin cooperation with the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases. However, the selec­tion that resulted in Hope was made inIH2:~ by Mr. McFadden on his farm near\Vebster, S. Dak., where it was increasedand distributed in 1927. IIope was thefirst variety of hard red spring wheat tohave the stem-rust reaction of emmerand has been used widely as a parent inbreeding to transfer this reaction to othervarieties of hard red spring wheat.

Distribution.-Not reported grown in1949.

PILOT

Descriplion.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, midtall; leaves pubescent; stempurple, weak; spike awned, fusiform, mid­dense to lax, inclined; glulnes glabrous,white, nlidlong, midwide; shoulders mid­,vide, rounded to elevated; beaks 2 to 8nun. long; a.wns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernelsred, Inidlong, hard, ovate; germ small;crease midwide, middeep; cheeks angular;brush Inidsized, midlong. (See fig. 92, A.)

Pilot is resistant to stem rust (exceptrH,ce 15B) and to some races of leaf rust,bunt, and powdery mildew. It has goodluilling and breadmaking quality.

History.-Pilot (C. 1. 11428) (reg. 322),vas developed by the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases and the NorthI)akota and other State agriculturalexperirnent stations cooperating in the

CLASSIFICATIO OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROW IN 1949 137

FIGURE 92.-A, Pilot and B, Rival wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

138 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Regional Hard Red Spring-Wheat Im­provement Program. It is the result of across between Hope and Ceres made atMandan, N. Dak., in 1926. The selection(N. No. 1098) was made in F 3 in 1928.Reselections were made in 1933 at Lang­don,'lN. 'Dak. Eighty of the 100 headselections grown in 1934 were compositedfor increase as N. No. 1098A. Nine ofthe stern-rust-resistant, high-yieldingselections grown during the rust epidemicsof 1935 ,vere composited for increase asN. No. 1098B.

Approxirnately 1,500 bushels of seed ofa bulk of N. No. 1098 and N. No. 1098Aand 80 bushels of N. No. 1098B weredistributed in North Dakota for seedingin 19:39. Selection N. No. 1098-13 (C. I.11945), pure for resistance to leaf rustand rnilde,v, was distributed about 1941to replace the original variety.

Distr<ibut£on.-Estimated area in 1949,570,675 acres (fig. 93).

FIGURE 93.--Distribution of Pilot wheat in1949. Estimated area, 570,675 acres.

RIVAI~

Descript£on.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong;leaves pubescent; spike awned, fusiform,middense, inclined; glumes glabrous,,vhite, midlong, midwide; shoulders mid­,vide, rounded to elevated; beaks 5 to 20rnm. long; awns 3 to 8 em. long; kernelsred, midlong, hard, ovate; germ midsized;crease 11lid,vide, middeep; cheeks angular;brush rnidsized to large, midlong. (Seefig. 92, B.)

Rival is resistant to stem rust (exceptrace 15B) and to some races of leaf rustand to several races of bunt. I t has goodquality but is somewhat susceptible toshattering and to sprouting during a wetharvest.

History.--Rival (C. I. 11708) (reg. 329)is a selection from a cross made in 1929bet,veen Ceres and a Hope X Florencehybrid. It was developed in cooperative

experirnents of the North Dakota Agri­cultural Experiment Station and the Divi­sion of Cereal Crops and Diseases. Strain9.54.2.13, given as Ns. No. 2634, was oneof the best of many selections tested fromthis cross and named Rival. About 725bushels were distributed in the spring of1~}:39"

l)istribution.-Estimated area in 1949,2,930,903 acres (fig. 94).

FIGURE 94.-Distribution of Rival wheat in19,1t9. Estimated area, 2,930,903 acres.

Mida

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, midtall ; stem purple, midstrongto strong; spike awned, fusiform, lax toIniddense, inclined; glurnes glabrous,white, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar­row, elevated; beaks narrow, acuminate,5 to 15 mm. long; awns 5 to 8 em. long;kernels red, midlong to long, hard, ovate;gerIn midsized to large; crease midwide,Iniddeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid­sized, Inidlong. (See fig. 95, A.)

Mida sometirnes has blackish awns,strong straw, large kernels, and high test,veight. It is resistant to stem rust(except race 15B), to some races of leafrust, and to bunt. I t is susceptible toloose smut and shattering. Its qualityfor breadbaking is good.

History.-Mida (C. 1. 12008) (reg. 338),vas developed by the North Dakota Agri­cultural Experiment Station in coopera­tion with the Division of Cereal Cropsand Diseases froln a cross between Mer­cury and Ceres-Double Cross (R. L. 625)(223) . Mercury was developed at theNorth Dakota Agricultural ExperimentStation frolll a cross between Ceres anda selection from Hope-Florence. DoubleCross was a selection from the Marquis­Iumillo X Marquis-Kanred hybrid from,vhich Thatcher was selected. The crossthat resulted in Mida was made in thegreenhouse at Fargo in December 1933.An :F5 selection N s. No. 2829 made in1936 was named Mida in 1944 and 15,000bushels distributed to farmers in NorthDakota in that year.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 139

I

~

A

/

FIGURE 95.-A, Mida and B, Lee wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

140 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U'. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 96.--Distribution of Mida wheat in1949. Esthnated area, 5,554,156 acres.

l)istribut1~on.-Estimated area in 1949,5,554,156 acres (fig. 96).

PREMIER

])escription.-Premier is very sirnilarto l\iida except in being resistant toloose sruut and in being somewhat lesssusceptible to shattering and less desir­able in breadbaking quality.

History.-Prernier (C. 1. 11940) (Ns.2772) ,vas developed at the North DakotaAgricultural Experiment Station fromthe same cross as Mida. A 2-poundsample of Ns. 2772 was sent from Fargoto EI Centro, Calif., in the fall of 1937,and the seed was returned to NorthDakota to plant 7 acres in 1938.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,165,614 acres, grown in North Dakota,1\iinnesota, Montana, and Idaho.

LEE

Description.-Plant spring habit, early,short; stern white, midstrong; spikea'wned, oblong to fusiform, middense,erect; glurnes glabrous, white, midlong,rnidwide; shoulders midwide, oblique;beaks 5' to 15 mm. long; awns 2 to 6CIn. long; kernels red, midlong, hard,ovate; genn midsized to large; creaselnidwide, lniddeep; cheeks angular; brush11lidsized, lnidlong. (See fig. 95, B.)

Lee is resistant to leaf rust and tothe races of stem rust present in NorthArnerica except race 15B. It is sus­ceptible to loose smut, bunt, scab, mildew,and bacterial black chaff. I t is the firstconunercial variety resistant under fieldconditions to the races of leaf rust nowprevalent in the spring-wheat region.The grain of Lee is slightly higher intest ,veight than Thatcher. It has ahigh protein content and good millingand breadbaking properties.

History.--Lee (C. 1. 12488) (Minn.2776) ,vas developed at the MinnesotaAgricultural Experiment Station in co­operation with the Division of Cereal

Crops and Diseases from a cross betweenHope and Timstein made in 1939. TheTirnstein parent is a leaf- and stem-rust­resistant selection from a cross between'P. ti'mopheevi and Steinwedel made byJ. T. Pridham of New South Wales,Australia, and was brought to thiscountrv by S. L. Macindoe, his associate.

Lee was narned in 1950 and distributedin the spring of 1951. I t was licensedin Canada in 1950.

NIGGER

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall to tall; stern purple, mid­strong to strong; spike awned, fusiform,lniddense, inclined; glumes glabrous,white, long, wide; shoulders midwide,oblique to square; beaks 1 to 2 mm. long;a\vns 3 to 9 em. long; kernels red, long,soft, ovate to elliptical, slightly humped;gerrll lnidsized; crease midwide, deep,I>it ted; cheeks rounded to angular;brush lnidsized, midlong.

Nigger differs from Rudy chiefly inhaving shorter beaks.

H1~story.-Nigger(C. 1. 5366) (reg. 157)wheat is "said to have been first dis­tributed from the farm of a colored manin Darke County, Ohio" (103, p. 4).I t was grown in experiments by theOhio Agricultural Experiment Station asearly as 1884.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,116,191 acres, grown in six States.

Synonyrn.-Winter King.

NABOB

])escription.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stem purple, midstrongto strong; spike awned, fusiform, mid­dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white,long, midwide; shoulders wanting tonarrow, rounded to square; beaks 1 to 3nun. long; awns 3 to 8 em. long; kernelsred, rnidlong to long, soft, elliptical;gerlIl lnidsized; crease midwide, deep;cheeks angular; brush midsized, long.

H'istory.-Nabob (C. I. 8869) (reg.262) ,vas developed at the Ohio Agri­cultural Experiment Station. It is theresult of a selection from Nigger made in1918. It was distributed for commercialgrowing in 1928.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,681 acres, grown in Ohio.

RUDY

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season to late, midtall to tall; stem purple,rnidstrong; spike awned, linear-fusiform,lax, inclined to nodding; glumes glabrous,yellowish white with black-striped mar­gins, nlidlong, wide; shoulders midwide,

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 141

usually oblique; beaks 1 to 5 mm. long;awns 3 to 8 em. long; kernels red, long,soft, usually elliptical; germ small;crease wide, middeep; cheeks rounded;brush midsized, midlong.

Rudy is distinct in having long, softkernels and black stripes on the glumes.

History.-The origin of Rudy (C. I.4873) (reg. 155) has been recorded byCarleton (35, p. 65) as follows:

One of the best of the more recentlyproduced varieties is the Rudy, whichwas originated at Troy, Ohio, in 1871,by M. Rudy, through a careful prop­agation of the seed from a superiorand distinct stool of wheat found in alarge field.

Rudy wheat was not included in thevarietal experiments of the Ohio Agri­cultural Experiment Station until 1892.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,163,777 acres, grown in Indiana, Illinois,and Ohio.

Synonym.-Black Mediterranean.

REQUA

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall; stems purple and white,very weak; spike awned, oblong-fusiform,lax, nodding; glumes glabrous, brown,long, narrow to midwide; shoulders nar­row, rounded to oblique; beaks 2 to 10mm. long; awns 3 to 8 em. long; kernelswhite, midlong, soft, ovate to elliptical;germ small; crease narrow, middeep;cheeks rounded; brush small, midlong.

History.-Requa (C. 1. 11554) wasdeveloped from heads selected in 1926from a field of Turkey by E. Requa, afarmer living near Pomeroy, Wash. Theoriginal increase that was distributedabout 1931 consisted of a mixture ofred and white kernels. Mr. Requaselected, increased, and distributed awhite-grain type about 1935. Char­acteristics of the selection and the factthat Mr. Requa grew Goldcoin in thehay strip around his fields suggest thatRequa was from a natural cross betweenTurkey and Goldcoin.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,112,060 acres, grown in Washington,Oregon, and Idaho.

SEVIER

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, slender, weakto midstrong; spike awned, somewhatlaterally compressed, oblong, dense, erectto inclined; glumes glabrous, light brown,midlong, midwide; shoulders midwide,oblique; beaks 1 to 3 mm. long; awns 2

to 6 em. long; kernels white, midlong,hard, ovate, humped; germ midsized;crease midwide, shallow; cheeks angular;brush midsized, midlong.

Sevier is not pure as commerciallygrown. It is very distinct and peculiar,as it represents an almost intermediateform between common and durum wheat,and for that reason it also somewhat re­sembles poulard wheat. It has thelaterally compressed spike, sharply keeledglumes, and large hard kernels of durumand the short, hollow stem, short awns,and midlong brush of common wheat.

History.-The origin of Sevier (C. I.6247) (reg. 168) is undetermined. It maybe the result of a natural field hybridbetween common and durum wheat. Itwas first recorded as commercially grownin Utah by Stewart (199, p. 385) in thesummer of 1918 and first listed as Ku­banka durum wheat. It was found notto be Kubanka and was also determinedto be more nearly a common than adurum wheat. As the variety had beengrown in Sevier County, Utah, for 25years or more, it was named Sevier byStewart (198, p. 25).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,002 acres, grown in Utah.

GOENS

Description.-Plant winter habit, earlyto midseason, midtall; stem faintlypurple, strong; spike awned, fusiform,middense, inclined, easily shattered;glumes glabrous, brown, midlong to long,midwide; shoulders narrow, usuallyoblique; beaks 1 to 3 mm. long; awns 2to 7 em. long; kernels red, midlong, soft,ovate; germ midsized to large; creasemidwide, middeep to deep, sometimespitted; cheeks usually rounded; brushmidsized, midlong.

History.-Goens (C. 1.4857) (reg. 172),under the names "Red Chaff" and "RedChaff Bearded," has long been known inthe United States. According to Klip­part (124, p. 739), this ,vheat was "culti­vated in Clermont county [Ohio] for up­ward of 50 years." In his report, whichwas written in 1857, he further statesthat the origin of the name Goens isundetermined. I t "was introduced intoMuskingum County [Ohio] by John Dent,in 1808." The Red Chaff wheat men­tioned above, however, may be only theMediterranean variety, as Goens hasbeen said to be a cross between Mediter­ranean and Gipsy made by a man namedGoens in Ohio and afterward developedby his son. Concerning the introductionof the variety into Shelby County, Ind.,

142 'I'ECHNICAL BULLETI 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A BFIGURE 97.-A, Goens and B, Mediterranean wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1 949 143

Russell G..East, county agent, Shelby­ville, Ind., has written as follows :13

Answering your inquiry regardingShelby Red Chaff wheat. The year1887 a man named Hall, living atFountaintown, in this county, pur­chased a carload of wheat in PauldingCounty, Ohio. From this start th~s

variety has become the common varI­ety grown throughout the county andhas been known locally as Hall, RedHall, Red Chaff, and Red ChaffBearded.

Distribution.-EstiInated area in 1949,110,470 acres, grown in Ohio, Indiana,Illinois Missouri, and Kentucky.Syn~nyms.-Baldwin, Cummings,

Dunlap, Early Red, Early Ripe, Going,Hall Owen Red Chaff, Red ChaffBea;ded, R~d Hall, Red Rudy, ShelbyRed Chaff.

PRAIRIE

Description.-Plant w~nter habit, rll.id­season rnidtall; stern whIte, strong; spIkeawned' fusiform middense, inclined;glurne~ glabrous, brown, rnidlong, nar~owto midwide; shoulders narrow to wanting;beaks narrow 5 to 8 mnl. long; awns 5 to10 cm. long; kernels red, short to midlor;g,soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease mId­wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brushmidsized, midlong. .

Prairie is resistant to mosaIC and mod­erately resistant to stem rust ~ut i~ sus­ceptible to loose srnut. It IS wlnter­hardy and has good straw and good soft­wheat quality.

History.-Prairie (C. 1. 12371) wasdevelope'd from one o~ 250 rnosaic­resistant plants selected In 1935 from afield of Illinois No. 2 on the farm ofRalph Allen, Delav~r:, Ill. Th~ selectionthat resulted in Pralne was deSIgnated asD47. In 1940 400 head rows from D47were grown add found to differ in resist­ance to stem rust, strength of straw, a:ndother characters. Seven outstandIngstrains were bulked for planting in thefall of 1942 and foundation seed increasedfrom these' was distributed in the fall of1943 (23). .

Distribution.-Estilnated area In 1949,44 945 acres grown in Illinois, Indiana,3Jn'd Missouri.

lOBRED

Description.-Plant winter habit, ~id­

season to late midtall to tall; stem whIte,midstrong; spike ~wned, f~siform, mid­dense erect to inchned, eaSIly shattered;glum~s glabrous, brown, sometimes black,

13 Correspondence of the Division of Cereal Cropsand Diseases. March 1, 1922.

260503--54----10

midlong, narrow to midwide; shouldersnarrow to rnidwide, rounded to elevated;beaks 2 to 10 mm. long; a,vns 3 to 8 cm.long; kernels red, short, har~, ovate; gerrnmidsized; crease rnidwide, middeep; brushmidsized, midlong.

Iobred is moderately resistant to leafand stem rust, but is susceptible toshattering.

History.-Iobred (C. 1.6934) (reg. 236)was produced at the Iowa AgriculturalExperiInent Station, Ames, in cooperationwith the Division of Cereal Crops andDiseases. It is a selection of Banat (IowaNo. 1661) made in 1915. It was firstdistributed for cornrnercial growing in1923.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,68 427 acres grown in seven States, thela~gest acre~ges being in Kansas, Iowa,and Nebraska.

Synonyms.-Hybred, Iowa Bred, RedRussian.

IOHARDI

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season rnidtall; stem white, midstrong;spike 'awned, fusiforrn, rnidden~e, in­clined; glumes glabrous, ~rown, mld~ong,

midwide; shoulders wanting to obhque;beaks 8 to 15 nlrn. long; awns 3 to 8 em.long· kernels red, short to rllidlong, hard,ovat~; gerrn rnidsized; crease m.id'Yide,nliddeep; cheeks rounded; brush mldslzed,midlong.

Iohardi is more winter-hardy thanIobred and has the stiff straw and stern­rust resistance of that parent. It is simi­lar to Turkey in date of maturity. Itgives good yields and ~a~ a good testweight and acceptable mIlhng and bread­baking quality.

History.-Iohardi (C. I. 12510) wasdeveloped at the Iowa Agricultural Ex­periment Station in cooperation wi.th theDivision of Cereal Crops and DIseasesfrom a cross made in 1935 betweenIobred and Minhardi (30). During thetesting period it was designated asI-M516. It was distributed in the fallof 1948.

Distribut1~on.-Estimated area in 1949,449 acres, grown in Iowa.

BRILL

Description.-Plant winter habit, earlyto midseason short to midtall; stem whiteand purple, ~eak; spike awn~d, fusiform,middense inclined to noddIng; glumesglabrous, 'yellowish bro.wn, rnidlong, nar­row· shoulders wantIng to rounded;beaks 1 to 5 mm. long; awns 3 to 6 em.long; kernels r~d,. rnidlong, hard? el~ip­tical; germ mldslzed; crease mldwlde,

144 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

shallow to middeep; cheeks rounded;brush Inidsized, midlong.

Brill is sOlnewhat resistant to yellowberry, scab, leaf rust, stem rust, flagslnnt, and "Tinter injury. It is susceptibleto mosaic.

llistory.--Brill (C. 1. 11853) was thebest of 6,000 selections made fromTurkey in 1922 in cooperative investiga­tions between the Illinois AgriculturalExperirnent Station and the Division ofCereal Crops and Diseases at Urbana.The selections were made as part of asearch for strains resistant to scab.Brill was designated as Illinois No. 131until it was named and distributed in thefall of 1936.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,71,396 acres, grown in nine States, thelargest acreage being in Illinois.

RED JACKET

Descr£ption.-Red Jacket is similar toBlue Jacket, except that its glumes arebrown \vith black instead of white withthe black. Limited tests indicate thatits breadbaking quality is poor comparedwith fair or acceptable for Blue Jacket.I t is lo\v in water absorption and shortin doughnlixing time.

History.--Ited Jacket (C. 1. 12713) wasdeveloped by the farmer-wheat breeder,E. G. Clark of Sedgwick, Kans., as Clarksel. 44-13. It was distributed by himin 1950.

REDHULL

Description.-As cOlIlmercially grown,Redhull is a lnixed type of hard red winter

wheat. The predominating type is awned:1nd has brown glumes with black stripes.

History.-Redhull (C. I. 11534) (reg.304) is reported to have been developedfroIn a brown-glumed selection from afield of Blackhull at Haven, Kans., byF. E. Tonn in 1921. 14 Seed was increased:1nd sold by R. M. Woodruff, of Pratt,~Kans.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,15,285 acres, grown in Oklahorna, Colo~

rado, and Wyoming.Synonyms.-Bartels Best, Bronze Tur..

key, Cleathers Red, Conoway, IroncladBlackhull, Nick Special, Red Chaff, Rupp.

DENTON

Description.-Denton differs from Med­iterranean principally in having whitesteIns. It is taller, has stiffer stems and:1 denser spike, and is resistant to someraces of leaf rust.

llistory.-Denton (C. 1. 8265) (reg.255) was developed (132) by the TexasA.gricultural Experiment Station at Sub­station No.6, from a plant selected fromNlediterranean in 1918. The variety wasdistributed for commercial growing in1926.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,2,100 acres, grown in Colorado, Texas,u,nd Oklahoma.

MEDITERRANEAN

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, tall; stem purple, weak to mid-

14 'Voodruff, R. M., 23-page pamphlet on wheatvarieties. No date. Pratt, Kans.

FIGURE 98.-Distrihution of Mediterranean wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 252,145acres..

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 145

:.::..

· ·:.i.....~:... ~-:~::-. :. ..

strong, coarse; spike awned, fusiform,middense to lax, erect to inclined, easilyshattered; glumes glabrous, brown, long,midwide; shoulders wanting to narrow,rounded to oblique; beaks 1 to 8 mm.long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red,long, soft, elliptical; germ midsized;crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded;brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 97,B.)

History.-Reference to the Mediterra­nean (C. 1. 5303) (reg. 180) variety inAmerican literature begins in 1842, whenthe variety was widely grown, with thestatement that it had been introducedsome years before. One writer says (92,p. 228) it was introduced into Marylandfrom the Mediterranean Sea region in1837. In 1863 it was recorded (136, p.501) that it was introduced in 1819 fromGenoa, Italy, by John Gordon, of Wil­mington, Del. It came into prominencein New York between 1845 and 1855,from which time its culture spread rapidlywestward. Its early popularity appar­ently was gained because it was moreresistant to hessian fly damage than othervarieties. It was found also to be severaldays earlier than the winter wheats com­monly grown at that time, such as Blue­stem, Red Bluestem, and Golden Straw.I t was called rust resistant and was rec­ommended as being a high yielder ofespecially heavy grain and adapted topoorer soils than most varieties. Whitewheats being the standard, it was vigor­ously criticized, especially by millers be­cause its red kernels yielded a dark flourand because of the thickness of the bran.This disapproval persisted for at least 25years, but after the introduction of rollermills it became recognized as a goodmilling wheat.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,252,145 acres (fig. 98).

Synonyms.-Acme, Bluestem, FarmersTrust, Key's Prolific, Lancaster Red,Lehigh, Miller, Missouri Bluestem, Mort­gage Lifter, Red Chaff, Red Mediterra­nean, Red Sea, Red Top, Standby,Swamp.

RED ROCK

Description.-Red Rock is similar toMediterranean except for having strongerstems; a slightly longer, wider, and laxerspike; and a harder kernel with a widerand deeper crease. It is resistant toflag smut.

History.-Red Rock (C. 1. 5597) (reg.181) was originated at the MichiganAgricultural Experiment Station from !1nindividual kernel picked out of a whItewheat called Plvmouth Rock. Theselection was first sown in the fall of 1908.In 1914, 60 bushels were sent out by the

experiment station to as many farmers,1 bushel being furnished each farmer(195) .

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,14,266 acres, grown in Michigan.

AUSTIN

Description.-Plant intermediate habit,Inidseason to late, tall; stem white,midstrong; spike awned, fusiform, mid­dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, brown,midlong, narrow to midwide; shoulderswanting to narrow; beaks narrow, acu­minate, 5 to 8 mIn. long; awns 5 to 8 cm.long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate;germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep;cheeks rounded; brush midsized to large,midlong.

Austin is resistant to many races ofstern rust and loose Slnut and to someraces of leaf rust. It has a semi-erect­growth habit and is not winter-hardynorth of Texas. It is sirnilar to Medi­terranean in quality.

History.-Austin (C. 1. 12346) (reg.342) was developed froln a cross betweenMediterranean and Hope Illade in 1928at the Texas Agricultural ExperimentStation at College Station, in cooperationwith the Division of Cereal Crops andDiseases. Bulk hybrid populations weregrown at Texas substations for severalgenerations and at the Kansas andNebraska stations in 1934 and 1935 inorder to eliminate the rnore winter­tender types before selections were made.A selection, designated as 41-16-3-3during the testing period, was namedAustin and distributed to Texas wheatgrowers in 1942. It reached its largestacreage in 1946 when an estimated 750,000

FIGURE 99.-Distribution of Austin wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 218,211 acres.

146 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

acres were grown. It was recommendedfor growing in the area south of Dallasand Fort Worth, Tex. Its value in thecontrol of the rusts has decreased sincethe appearance of new races to whichit is susceptible.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,218,211 acres, grown in Texas andOklahorna (fig. 99).

KENTANA

Description.-Plant spring habit, earlyto midseason, midtall ; stem white, 11lid..strong to strong; spike awned, fusiform tooblong, middense, inclined; glumes gla­brous, brown, long, midwide; shouldernarrow, wanting to elevated; beak nar­ro,v, aculllinate, 3 mm. long; kernels red,midlong, soft to semihard, ovate toelliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide,middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid­sized, rnidlong.

Kentana is a high-yielding variety inl\Iexico, especially from fall seeding.I t is highly resistant to the races .of sternrust prevalent in the Western HemIsphere,including race 15B, and is moderatelyresistant to stripe rust, but is sus­ceptible to leaf rust. I t is a true springvariety and is not winter-hardy.

History.-Kentana was developed inthe wheat-irnprovement program of theOficina de Estudios Especiales of theSecretaria de Agricultura y Ganaderia ofMexico in collaboration with the Rocke­feller Foundation. It resulted from across bet,veen Kenya C9906, P. I.118896, R. F. 324, and Mentana, made atChapingo, l\Iexico, in the spring of 1945.By growing two generations ~ach year andselecting only stem-rust-resIstant plants,F 5 lines pure for resistance to stem rustwere gro,vn during the summer of 1947.The best of these were entered in yieldtrials in four regional nurseries in thefall of 1947. Yield trials from both falland spring plantings were made eachyear. The first field increase was made inthe winter crop of 1948-49. Followingfurther testing for rust reaction andadaptation, Kentana was increased undercontrol in the summer of 1949. It wasreleased for seeding in commercial in­crease fields in the four major wheat-grow­ing regions of Mexico for the wintp,rcrop of 1949-50. Thus the variety WB.A

gro,ving on commercial increase fieldR inthe FlO generation just 5 years afterthe cross ,vas made.

Kentanul' grown in commercial fieldR inthe surLlller of 1951, showed onlysubepidermal pustules of stem rust whenadjacent fields of Supremo, which hadbeen resistant to all races of stern rustprevalent in North America except race15B, were so badly damaged by rust

that they were not harvested. Beginningwith the summer crop of 1952, Kentanaconstituted a major part of the wheatcrop in Mexico and should greatly re­duce the amount of inoculum of race 15Bthat Inay overwinter in Mexico andsouthern Texas. This will greatly reducethe danger of epidemics of race 15B inthe Wheat-growing areas of the UnitedStates and Canada.

l(entana was estimated grown on40,000 acres in Mexico in the w-intercrop of 1951-52. A few bushels werebrought to southern Texas and plantedin the fall of 1951.

SUPREMO

])escription.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, nlidtall; stem \vhite, midstrong;spike awned, fusiform to oblong, mid­dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, brown,lnidlong to long, midwide; shoulderswanting to narrow; beaks narrow, acumi­nate, 3 to 5 mm. long; awns 2 to 6 em.long; kernels red, midlong to long, soft toseruihard, elliptical; germ midsized; creaselnidwide, rniddeep; cheeks angular; brushlnidsized, ruidlong.

Suprerllo is very resistant to stem rust(except race 15B), leaf rust, stripe rust,and loose smut. It has produced well incentral and northern Mexico and insouthern Texas. I t is not winter-hardyand should not be grown north of Temple,Tex. The variety is somewhat susceptibleto shattering in dry windy areas.

History.-Supremo (C. I. 12531) (Roca­IHex 211) was developed from the crossSurpresa X (Hope-Mediterranean) madeat College Station, Tex., in 1936 in workcooperative between the Division ofCereal Crops and Diseases and the TexasAgricultural Experiment Station. TheRockefeller Foundation, in cooperationwith the .Mexican Ministry of Agriculture,obtained several lines from College Sta­tion in 1944 for testing in Mexico.Selection 3651-29-1 from the above crossWH,S very promising and after being fur­ther purified was distributed in Mexicoin 1948 as Supremo (24). Fifty bushelsof seed were returned to southern Texasfor seeding in the fall of 1949. It is esti­rnated that 250,000 acres were grown inMexico in 1950.

CLUB WHEAT

The plants of club wheat may be ofeither winter or spring habit and eithertall or short. The stems usually are stiffand strong. The spikes usually are awn­less but lllay be awned, and are elliptical,oblong, or sometimes clavate or club­shaped, short, usually less than 2% inchesin length, very compact, and laterally

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 147

compressed. The spikelets usually con­tain five fertile florets and spread atnearly a right angle to the rachis. Thekernels of club wheat are small andlaterally compressed or "pinched" be­cause of crowding in the compact spikes.Most club wheat kernels have a small,short brush and a narrow, very shallowcrease. The grain may be either white orred and that of most varieties i~ of ratherpoor quality for breadmaking and is usedlargely for cake and pastry flours.

The club wheats are distinguished fromcommon wheats by the shorter anddenser, laterally compressed spikes. Thevarieties of wheat grown in the easternpart of the United States often referredto as club because of having clavatespikes do not belong to this group, butare common wheats.

Distribution of club wheats in theUnited States in 1949 is shown in figure FIGl.TRE 100.-Distrihution of club wheats100. in 1949. Estimated area, 1,256,544 acres.

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF CLUB WHEAT

1a. Spike awnleted.2a. Glumes glabrous.

3a. Glumes white.4a. ""Kernels white (T. compactum humboldtii (Koern.)

i* Stol.).Kernels soft to semihard.

Winter habit.Awnlets 1 to 5 mm. long; plant short.

Stem white and purple; susceptible to Pagebunt Alicel_ _________ __ 148

Stem white.Susceptible to bunt __________________ Elgin___ __________ 149Resistant to bunt Elmar____________ 149

Awnlets 2 to 10 mm. long; plant midtall totall Hybrid 128_ ______ 149

Awnlets 3 to 15 mm. long; plant midtall totall_ _________________________________ H ymar__ ________ 149

Albit _______ ______ 150Spring habit.

Plant short, early; spike oblong to clavate__ Poso 48__________ 150Plant midtall to tall, midseason; spike el-

liptical to clavate Big Club 43_______ 150Kernels semihard to hard.

Spring intermediate habit.Spike elliptical to oblong Hybrid 63_ _______ 150

3b. Glumes brown.4a. I{ernels white (T. compactum rufulum (Koern.)

Stol.) .Kernels soft to semihard.

Spring habit.Spike oblong to fusiform; glumes dark

brown Jenkin___________ 151Spike elliptical to clavate.

Glumes light brown Redchaff_________ 151lb. Spike awned.

2a. Glumes glabrous.3a. Glumes white.

4a. Kernels white (T. compaetum erinaceum(Hornem.) Koern.).

Kernels semihard to hard.Spring intermediate habit lJtac__ ___________ 151

148 TECHNICAL BULLETI 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

DE CRIPTION, HISTORY, DISTRIBUTIO ,A D SY ONYMY OF CLUB WHEATVARIETIES

ALICEL

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, short; stem white and purple,very strong; spike awnleted, elliptical,very dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white,short, narrow to midwide; shoulderswanting to narrow, oblique; beaks mid­wide, obtl,Jse, 0.5 mm. long; awnletswanting to few, 1 to 5 mm. long; kernelswhite, short, soft, ovate, irregular,humped, flattened; germ small to mid­sized; crease narrow, shallow; cheeksrounded to angular; brush midsized,midlong.

Alicel is very susceptible to bunt.History.-Alicel (C. 1. 11700) was

developed in cooperative investigationsof the Division of Cereal Crops andDiseases and the Oregon AgriculturalExperiment Station, from a cross betweenGoldcoin and Hybrid 128 made at the

A

FIGURE 101.-Distribution of Alicel andElgin wheats in 1949. Estimated area,830,096 acres.

BFIGURE 102.-A, Elgin and B, Hybrid 128 wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 149

Sherman Branch Experiment Station in1919. Selection 1998A5-1-1 made in1924 was distributed in the Grande RondeValley in,eastern Oregon in the fall of1932.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,233,803 acres (fig. 101). Since Aliceland Elgin are so similar and Elgin isreplacing Alicel, the acreage of the twovarieties is combined.

ELGIN

Description.-Elgin is very similar toAlicel except in being more uniform andin having white stems. It is a veryproductive club wheat with short, stiffstraw and excellent milling and soft...wheat baking quality. It is very sus­ceptible to bunt. (See fig. 102, A.)

History.-Elgin (C. 1. 11755), a selec­tion made from Alicel in 1932 at thePendleton Branch Experiment Station,Pendleton, Oreg., is more uniform inplant height and color of straw thanAlicel and has largely replaced thatvariety.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,596,293 acres, grown in four States(fig. 101).

ELMAR

Description.-Elmar is practicallyidentical with Elgin in plant character­istics and in yield. It has the bunt re­sistance of Hymar, which includes thatto dwarf bunt and to several races ofcommon bunt. I t is similar to Elgin inmilling behavior but slightly inferior inbaking quality.

History.-Elmar (C. 1. 12392) wasdeveloped from a cross of Hymar-Elginbackcrossed twice to Elgin. The firstcross was made in 1942 and the back­crosses were made in 1943 and in 1944 atPuillnan, Wash. The most bunt-re­sistant Fa progeny was thereafter in­creased and distributed in the fall of 1949by the Washington Agricultural Experi­ment Station in cooperation with theUnited States Department of Agriculture.(217). Approximately 400 bushels weredistributed in Washington, 50 bushels inIdaho by the Idaho Agricultural Experi­ment Station, and 50 bushels in Oregonby the Oregon Agricultural ExperimentStation.

HYBRID 128

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­season, midtall to tall; stem white,strong; spike awnleted, elliptical, dense,erect; glumes glabrous, white, short,,vide; shoulders narrow, usually rounded;beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnletsfew, 2 to 10 mm. long; kernels white,short, soft, ovate to oval, irregular,

humped; germ midsized; crease midwide,shallow; cheeks angular: brush small,midlong. (See fig. 102, B.)

Hybrid 128 is very susceptible to bunt.H1:story.-Hybrid 128 (C. 1. 4512) (reg.

190) was originated at the WashingtonAgricultural Experiment Station, Pull­man. Its history has been recorded bySchafer and Gaines (178, p. 8) as follows:

Hybrid 128 is a cross between JonesWinter Fife and Little Club. It wasoriginated in 1899 by Prof. W. J.Spillman. After being selected andtested for 8 years, it was distributedto ranchers for further testing.

Professor Spillman started his work inwheat breeding at the Washington Agri­cultural Experiment Station in 1899.Valuable results were obtained, Hybrid128 being only one of the varieties thatresulted from the first crosses. Thework was hardly commenced before heleft the station, and the important taskof making the selections, testing the manystrains, and distributing the new varietieswas left to other workers. His work withwheat, however, resulted in some of thevery earliest discoveries of the funda­mental principles of heredity in plantbreeding. He left Pullman in June 1902,and it was not until 1909 that he publishedthe results of his studies in hybridization(193). In tbe same year he publisheda more popular bulletin from the Wash­ington Agricultural Experiment Station,which gave some of the results of hisearly experiments (194).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,77,899 acres, grown in Washington,Oregon, and Idaho.

HYMAR

Description.-Hymar is very sirnilarto Hybrid 128 except in having slightlymore and longer a wnlets and in beingslightly later. It is resistant to severalraces of bunt.

History.-Hymar (C. 1. 11605) (reg.314) was developed in cooperative ex-

FIGURE 103.-Distribution of Hymar wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 269,880 acres.

150 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, lJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

periments of the Washington AgriculturalExperiment Station and the Division ofCereal Crops and Diseases. It is theresult of a cross between Hybrid 128 and~Iartin made in 1923. The plant selec­tion that resulted in Hymar was made in1930. It was distributed for commercialproduction in the fall of 1935.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,269,880 acres, grown in Washington,Idaho, l\10ntana, and Oregon (fig. 103).

ALBIT

Descriptt"on.-Albit differs from Hybrid128 in having slightly longer spikes,less harsh glumes, slightly longer awn­lets (3 to 15 mm. long), and sometimeslighter green leaves. It is resistant tosome races of bunt but has a slightlylower test weight and is more susceptibleto shattering than is Hybrid 128.

History.-Albit (C. 1. 8275) (reg. 258)was developed by the Washington Agri­cultural Experiment Station in experi­ments cooperative with the Division ofCereal Crops and Diseases, from a crossInade in 1920 between Hybrid 128 and'Vhite Odessa (C. 1. 4655). The selection,later nanled Albit, was made in 1923 andreleased for commercial production in thefall of 1926.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,5,943 acres, grown in Washington, Idaho,and Oregon.

POSO 48

Description.-Plant spring habit, early,short; stem white, strong; spike awnleted,dense, oblong to clavate; glumes glabrous,\vhite (sometimes light brown striped),midlong, rnidwide; shoulders midwide,rounded; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm.long; awnlets few, 3 to 15 rnm. long;kernels ,\\Thite, short, soft, ovate, humped,truncate; germ midlarge to large; creasenarrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brushlarge, short.

Poso 48 is resistant to several races ofbunt and stem rust and is mixed for resist­ance to hessian fly but is otherwise sim­ilar to Poso. It has largely replaced theoriginal Poso and other improved strainsof that variety.

jlistory.-Poso 48 (C. 1. 12691) "rasdeveloped in the backcrossing progral.l1of the California Agricultural ExperitnentStation at .Davis in cooperation with theDivision of Cereal Crops and Diseases,Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, andA.gricultural Engineering, and Division ofCereal and Forage Insect Investigations,Bureau of :Entomology and Plant Quaran­tine. It is a composite of 197 F 7 linesderived from [(Hope-Baart4 X POS0 3) XPoso 412] X Poso 42. Poso 41 was de-

rived from Martin-White Federation3

X POS06, and Poso 42 from Dawson XPOS06. Poso 44 distributed in the fall of1945 is no longer grown on a significantacreage. It was a composite of 67 F 3lines derived from (Dawson X POS06) X(Hope-Baart4 X POS03) grown in 1944.Poso 48 was distributed in the fall of 1948and comprises most of the Poso acreageno\v gro\vn.

Distribut.ion.-Estimated area in 1949,14,984 acres, grown in California andUtah. This acreage includes all strainsof Poso.

BIG CLUB 43

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­Heason, midtall to tall; stem white, strong;peduncle curved; spike awnleted, ellipti­cal to clavate, dense, erect; glumes gla­brous, ,vhite, midlong, midwide; shoulderslnid,vide, usually rounded; beaks wide,obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 2 to 5nun. long; kernels white, short, soft,nearly oval, humped; germ small; creasenarrow, shallow; cheeks usually angular;brush small, midlong. Big Club 43 isvery similar to Big Club except in beingresistant to some races of bunt, stemrust, and hessian fly. I t has replacedBig Club and Big Club 37.

H·istory.-Big Club 43 (C. 1. 12244),vas developed in the backcrossing pro­~ranl of the California Agricultural]~xperiment Station at Davis in coopera­tion with the Bureau of Plant Industry,Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, andthe Bureau of Entomology and PlantQuarantine. [(Hope X Baart 4) X BigClub 2] X (Martin X Big Club 7) 2 wascrossed on (Dawson X Big Club 4) X(l\lartin X Big Club 7) 2. A compositeof 1,,14 F 3 lines selected for resistance tobunt, stem rust, and hessian fly wasincreased for distribution in 1944.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,40,048 acres, grown in California andlJtah.

HYBRID 63

Description.-Plant spring intermedi­ate habit, midseason to late, midtall;stern white, strong; spike awnleted, ellip­tical to oblong, dense, erect; glumes gla­brous, white, midlong, narrow to mid­,vide; shoulders midwide, usually rounded;beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnletsfe\v, 3 to 20 mm. long; kernels white,short, semihard to hard, ovate to ellipti­cal, hUInped; germ small; crease narrow,shallow; cheeks rounded to angular; brushsInall, midlong.

Hybrid 63 is winter-hardy and is dis­tinguished by its rather long narrowglumes and semihard to hard kernels.

ITistory.-Hybrid 63 (C. 1. 4510) (reg.

CLASSIFICATION OF WIIEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 151

195) was originated at the WashingtonAgricultural Experiment Station. It i8of hybrid origin, being selected from across made by W. J. Spillman in 1899between Turkey and Little Club. Thevariety was distributed to farmers in 1907by the Washington station. Although itis a spring wheat, it usually has beengrown from fall sowing.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,242 acres, grown in Oregon.

Synonym.-Turkey Hybrid.

JENKIN

Description.-Plant spring habit, late,tall; stem white, strong; spike a"vnleted,oblong to fusiform, dense, erect; glumesglabrous, brown, midlong, rnidwide; shoul­ders midwide, usually rounded; beaksbroad, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few,2 to 10 mm. long; kernels white, short,soft, broadly ovate, humped; germ small;crease midwide, middeep to deep, some­times pitted; cheeks angular to rounded;brush small, midlong.

History.-The origin of Jenkin (C. 1.5177) (reg. 198) is undeterruined. It isknown to have been grown in the vicinityof Wilbur, I.Jincoln County, Wash., about1895 (113). By 1900 it was grownaround Walla Walla, Wash., and Pendle­ton, Oreg., and during the next decade itlargely replaced other varieties in thosesections, being grown from both fall andspring sowing. In this area Jenkin hasnow largely been replaced by Federation,Rex, and Elgin.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,16,887 acres, grown in Idaho, Washing­ton, and Oregon.

REDCHAFF

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season to late, midtall; stem white, strong;spike awnleted, elliptical to clavate, dense,erect; glumes glabrous, light brown, mid­long, midwide; shoulders midwide, u~uallyoblique; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm.long;aWD-lets few, 2 to 10 mm. long; kernelswhite, short, soft, ovate, humped; germsmall, abrupt; crease midwide, shallow;cheeks usually angular; brush small,rnidlong.

Redchaff differs from Jenkin in beingshorter and earlier and in having a nloreclavate spike and lighter brown glumes.

History.- The origin of Redchaff (C. I.4241) (reg. 199) is undetermined. Ac­cording to Hunter (112), it was an im­portant variety of club wheat. in theColumhia Basin of Oregon and Washing­ton in 1907.

Distribution.- N ot reported grown in1949.

Synonyms.-Oregon Red Chaff, RedChaff Club.

UTAC

Description.-Plant spring interluedi­ate habit. midseason to late, midtall totall; steJn' ~vhite, midstrong; spike awned,elliptical, dense, erect to inclined; glumesglabrous, white, midlong, midwide;shoulders narrow, ,vanting to ohlique;beaks 1 to 5 mm. long,; awns 2 to 5 em.long; kernels white, nlidlong, semihardto hard, ovate, hurnped; gerrn midsized;crease "Tide, rniddeep to deep; cheeksangular; brush rnidsized, short to rnidlong.

History.-Utac (C. 1. 10045) was d~­

veloped by the Utah Agricultural ExperI­ment Station at Logan, Utah. It is theresult of a cross bet,veen Dicklow andSevier nlade about 1923. It was dis­tributed to farrners in Utah about 1928.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,501 acres, grown in Utah.

DURUM WHEAT

The plants of d urum wheat are ofspring habit. The peduncle is pithy, at

FIGURE I04.-Distribution of durum wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 3,579,196 acres..,

152 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, tJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

least in the upper part. The spikes arecompact and laterally compressed, andhence are narro\ver when seen in a faceview. The glurnes are sharply keeled,and the lerurnas are awned except in afew awnless forms originated by hybridiza­tion and ,,,hich are not in commercial produc­tion. The awns are long and coarse and are,,,hite, yellow, brown, or black. Thekernels are white or red and usuallvrather long and pointed; they are veryhard and translucent, rnaking the white­kerneled forrns appear arnber-colored.The kernels always have a short brushand angular cheeks and are the hardestof all known wheats.

The dururn wheats, as already stated,are sometirnes very similar to certainpoulard varieties. The spikes, however,usually are ruuch thinner, the glumes arelonger, and the kernels are longer, moreslender, and usually much harder.

Durulll \vheat has been widely grownin the United States only since about1900. The durutn wheat area has 1110vednorth\vard until the center of production

is in northeastern North Dakota at thepresent time. The area grown outside ofNorth Dakota has been greatly reducedsince 1920. Most of the varieties ofdurum wheat were introduced fromsouthern Russia and the Mediterraneanregion, where, exclusive of North Amer­ica, the largest acreage of this class of,vheat is grown. Certain introductions,including Kubanka, made by the UnitedStates Department of Agriculture about1noo, became popular with farmers inthe northern Great Plains and prairiesections, and production increased rap..idly. The distribution of durum wheatin ~ 1949 is shown in figure 104. Thedurluns furnish the great bulk of the\vorlel's supply of wheat for the manu­facture of semolina, which is made intoIn:-tcaroni, spaghetti, and similar prod­ucts. The production of durum wheatin the United States has made possible alarge lnacaroni industry.

The varieties that are commerciallygrown are distinguished by the accom­panying key.

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF' DURUM WHEAT

1a. Spike awned.2a. Glumes glabrous.

3a. Glurues white.4a. Awns white.

Sa. Kernels red (Triticum durutn ajfine (:Koern.) Stol.).Kernels short to midlong . __ _ _ _

4b. Awns black.Sa. Kernels white (amber) (T. dururrl leucomelan

Dhtm.).Kernels very long . . - _

3b. Glumes yellow.4a. Awns white.

5a. Kernels white (amber) (T. dururn hordeiforme(Host.) Stol.).

I{ernels midlong.Beaks 1 to 2 mm. long.

Plant very early . - _-_Plant early .. .. - _- - - - - - -Plant late.

Spike oblong to fusiforlll, lniddense - - _Spike oblong, dense . - - - - _

Pentad _

PeUss _

N ugget _Vernum _

Stewart _Carleton _Kubanka _

Page

152

154

154154

155155156

Beaks 1 to 5 mm. long.Plant late.

Spike oblong fusiform, lniddense Arnautka_____ 156Mindum_ ____ 158

DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION,

AND SYNONYMY OF DURUM WHEAT

VARIETIES

PENTAD (D-5)

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, midtall; stem white, midstrong;spike awned, fusiform, middense, in-

clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong,rnidwide; shoulders midwide, oblique toelevated; beaks 1 to 2 mm. long; awnswhite,S to 15 em. long; kernels red, shortto nlidlong, hard, ovate, truncate tip,hUlllped; germ midsized; crease midwide,shallow; cheeks angular; brush midsized,short. (See fig. 105, A).

Pentad is distinct from all other com­mercial varieties of durum wheat grown

LA nne TIOJ: OF WHEAT VARIETIE GROW I 1949 153

A.

\)

8

FIG RE 105.-A, Pentad and B, le\ art wheats: pike and glumes, X 1; kernel, X 3.

154 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

in the l.Jnited States because of its redkernels. The kernels are smaller, morenearly square at the brush end and morepointed at the germ end than kernels ofthe other durum varieties. Prior to thedevelopment of Carleton and Stewart it,vas the rnost rust-resistant variety of thedururn ,vheats grown in the United States,and therefore it yielded well under con­ditions favoring rust. I ts quality is in­ferior, however, to that of the arnberdururn varieties. It is used largely forfeed.

H£story.-Pentad (C. 1. 3322) (reg.209) was introduced from Russia in 1903by the North Dakota Agricultural Ex­perirnent Station. It was distributed inNorth Dakota in 1911. Because of itsrust resistance it gained popularity andhas been ,videly grown in the spring­wheat area from late seeding. Becauseof its poor quality its production has beenopposed by rnany agencies. The namePentad ,vas first recorded in 1920 (153,p.17).

D£str£bution.-l~stimatedarea in 1949,288,762 acres, grown in five States(fig. 106).

Synonyms.-D--5, D-fife, Durum No.5, l.add Durum, Red Durum.

FIGURE I06.-Distrihution of Pentad wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 288,762 acres.

I)ELISS

Descript£on.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, tall; stem white, midstrong; spikeawned, broadly fusiform, middense, in­clined; glunles glabrous, white, long,wide; shoulders narrow to midwide,oblique to elevated; beaks 1 to 5 mm.long; a,,"ns black, 6 to 18 cm. long;kernels ,,'-hite (arnber), very long, hard,elliptical, curved, humped; germ mid­sized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeksangular; brush small, short.

Peliss is distinct from Kubanka inhaving ,,'-hite rather than yellowishglumes, black awns, and very long kernelsthat are somewhat curved.

History.-Peliss (C. I. 1584) (reg. 210)

(P" 1. 5380) was introduced from Mus­tapha, Algiers, Algeria, by the UnitedStates Department of AgriCUlture, in1900. The variety was widely dis­tributed throughout northern Africa.According to Scofield (183, p. 38), theoriginal seed was obtained from a mannalned Pelissier, who lived near Pontsdes Issers in the western part of theProvince of Oran and who improved theyield of this variety by selection. In theUnited States the variety was first calledPelissier, but the shorter and simplerforin Peliss was substituted in 1920.

l)£stribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1:~,478 acres, grown in Montana andSouth ])akota.

Synonyms.-Black-Bearded Durum,Pelissier.

NUGGET

Description.-Plant spring habit, veryearly, short to midtall; stem white, weak;spike awned, fusiform, middense, inclined;gltunes glabrous, yellow, midlong, mid­wide; shoulders narrow, rounded; beakswide, acute, 1 mm. long; awns white,8 to 16 crn. long; kernels white (amber),rnidlong, hard, elliptical; germ midsized;crease narrow to midwide, middeep;cheeks rounded; brush small, midlong.

Nugget is an early durum wheat ofhigh quality for making macaroni prod­ucts. It is not a high-yielding durumvariety.

llistory.-Nugget (C. 1. 12620) (Ld.303) is a result of a cross between Ld.216 and Ld. 240 developed in cooperativeexperiments between the North DakotaAgricultural Experiment Station and the])ivision of Cereal Crops and Diseasesat the Langdon and Fargo, N. Dak.,stations. The Ld. 216 parent is aselection from Heiti X Stewart and Ld.240 is a selection from Mindum XCarleton. The earliness and shortnessof Nugget come from the Heiti parent.])istributed to a few durum-wheatgrowers by the North Dakota Agricul­tural Experiment Station in the spring of1950.

VERNUM

Descripl'ion.-Plant spring habit, early,tall; stern white, midstrong; spike awned,oblong, middense, inclined; glurnes gla­brous, yellow, midlong, midwide; shoul­ders narrow to wanting; beaks midwide,acute, 1 mm. long; awns white, 12 to 18Cin. long; kernels white (amber), midlong,hard, elliptical; germ midsized to large;crease wide, middeep; cheeks angular;brush srnall, short.

Vernum is about 2 or 3 days earlierand has shorter, slightly weaker strawthan Mindum. It is resistant to leaf

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 155

rust and to stem rust except race 15B,,vhich became prevalent in 1950. Itsquality is satisfactory for the making ofmacaroni.

History.-Vernum (C. 1. 12255) wasdeveloped in a backcrossing program in­volving Mindum durum and the rust­resistant Vernal emmer at the NorthDakota Agricultural Experiment Stationin cooperation with the Division of CerealCrops and Diseases. It is the result ofbackcrossing early stem-rust-resistantselections four times to Mindum torecover the grain quality of Mindum.It was designated as Mindum 5 X Vernal,Ld. 153, during the testing period andwas named Vernurn and distributed fromthe Edgeley Substation in 1947 for grow­ing in the southern part of the regionwhere durum wheat is grown.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,13,392 acres, grown in North Dakota,South Dakota, and Minnesota.

STEWART

Description.-Plant spring habit, late,tall; stem white, midstrong; spike awned,oblong to fusiform, middense, inclined;glumes glabrous, yellow, long, midwide;shoulders narrow to wanting, rounded;beaks wide, acute, 1 mm. long; awnswhite, 10 to 18 cm. long; kernels white(amber), midlong, hard, elliptical; germmidsized; crease midwide, middeep;cheeks angular; brush small, short.(See fig. 105, B.)

Stewart is resistant to stem rustexcept race 15B, which became prevalentin 1950. I t is resistant to leaf rust andhas some resistance to bunt. I t issimilar to Mindum in strength of strawand like Mindum has excellent macaroniquality. I t is about 1 day later thanMindum and more resistant to shattering.Its awns are easily broken off at maturity,giving the spikes an irregular appearance.

History.-Stewart (C. 1. 12066) (reg.

....

FIGURE 107.-Distribution'lof Stewart wheatin 1949. Estimated area, 1,344, 158 acres.

334) resulted from the same backcrossingprogram as Carleton but from a re­ciprocal cross. The original cross be~

tween Mindum and Vernal emmer wasmade in 1930. A selected F 4 progeny wasbackcrossed to Mindum in 1933, fromwhich an F 4 progeny was again back­crossed to Mindum in 1936. An F 4selection of this second backcross, orMindum 3 X Vernal, grown in 1938,was tested as Ld. 111 and later increasedand named Stewart. It was developedat the Langdon Substation of the NorthDakota Agricultural Experiment Stationin cooperative experiments with theDivision of Cereal Crops and Diseasesand was distributed in 1943 (191).

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,1,344,158 acres (fig. 107).

CARLETON

Description.-Plant spring habit, late,tall; stem white, strong; spike awned,oblong, dense, erect; glumes glabrous,yellow, long, midwide; shoulders narrow towanting, rounded; beaks wide, acute, 1rum. long; awns white, 10 to 18 Cffi. long;

. kernels white (amber), midlong, hard,elliptical; germ midsized to large; creasemidwide, middeep; cheeks angular; brushsmall, short.

Carleton is resistant to stem rust(except race 15B, which became prevalentin 1950) and to many races of leaf rust.It has stiff coarse straw, erect heads, andis 1 or 2 days later in maturity thanMindum. I t has excellent macaroniquality, and the kernels are shorter thanthose of Mindum. Its awns break offeasily at maturity, causing the spikes tohave an irregular appearance.

History.-Carleton (C. I. 12064) (reg.333) resulted from a cross betweenVernal emmer and Mindum durum back­crossed twice to Mindum. The cross

FIGURE 108.-Distribution of Carletonwheat in 1949. Estimated area, 563,762acres.

156 TECHNICAL B LLETI 10 3, U. DEPT. OF AGRICULT RE

i

AFIGURE 109.-A, Kubanka and B, Mindum wheat: pikes and glume , X 1; kernels, X 3.

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 157

KUBANKA

FIGURE 110.-Distribution of Kubankawheat in 1949. Estimated area, 280,438acres.

Vernal X Mindum was made in 1930. Aselected F 3 progeny was backcrossed toMindum in 1932, from which an F 4progeny was again backcrossed to Min­dum in 1936. An F 4 progeny of thissecond backcross or Vernal X Mindum 3

grown in 1938 was increased as Ld.104 and later named Carleton. It wasdeveloped at the North Dakota Agri­cultural Experiment Station in coopera­tion with the Division of Cereal Cropsand Diseases and distributed in 1943(191) .

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,563,762 acres, grown in North Dakota,Minnesota, and South Dakota (fig. 108).

ARNAUTKA

States Department of Agriculture, fromUralsk Territory, Russia (211, P. 1. 5639).The original seed of this introductionwas grown under contract in New Mexicoand South Dakota in 1901, and the fol­lowing year 200 bushels of seed weredistributed to many growers. The dis­tribution was continued by the Depart­ment up to 1909. Aside from the dis­tribution made by the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture, both theNorth Dakota and South Dakota Ex­periment Stations distributed large quan­tities to growers.

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949,280,438 acres (fig. 110). Much of theacreage reported only as durum also isKubanka.

Synonyms.-Beloturka, Gharnovka,Pererodka, Taganrog, Yellow Gharnovka.

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season to late, tall; stem white, mid­strong; spike awned, oblong to fusiform,middense, nodding; glumes glabrous,yellowish, midlong, midwide; shouldersnarrow, usually oblique; beaks wide, 1to 5 mm. long; awns white, 6 to 18 em.long; kernels white (amber), midlong,hard, elliptical; germ midsized; creasemidwide, shallow; cheeks angular; brushmidsized, short.

Arnautka differs from Kubanka inhaving a longer, narrower, and laxerspike, which usually is more noddingwhen ripe.

History.-Arnautka (C. I. 1494) (reg.213) was first introduced by the UnitedStates Department of Agriculture in1864 (167, p. 27). It was grown in 1865with other varieties of wheat on whatare now the grounds of the Departmentof Agriculture, near Fourteenth Street,Washington, D. C. (17, p. 3). It wasdistributed to several sections of theUnited States, but as far as known neverbecame commercially established. Thebasis for the present commercial stock isthought to have been brought by earlyimmigrants from Russia to North Da­kota (35, p. 40), where it was calledWild Goose. Distribution from thissource by the Department of Agricul­ture dates from 1900, when seed (C. 1.1494) was obtained from T. N. Oium,of Lisbon, N. Dak. This seed was dis­tributed with that of Kubanka and othervarieties. The variety had previouslybecome established, however, in south­eastern North Dakota, where it earlyproved to be well adapted. A more com­plete history is given in Technical Bulle­tin 459 (43).

....• •••

.•..~•• CL,....~.••• ••••.....i~·.. t,I·~~i'·... ·..~·I· :.• d ••:.... :..,~•• ••. ..~.. ..~ .. . :. . .

•• •

Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­season, tall; stem white, midstrong; spikeawned, broadly oblong, very dense, in­clined to nodding; glumes glabrous, yel­lowish, midlong, wide; shoulders mid­wide, usually rounded; beaks wide, 1 to2 mm. long; awns white, 6 to 15 em. long;kernels white (amber), midlong, hard,elliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide,shallow; cheeks angular; brush midsized,short. (See fig. 109, A.)

Kubanka is more resistant to stemrust than is Arnautka. I t differs fromArnautka in having shorter, denser, andmore erect spikes and shorter beaks andkernels. It also has better quality thanArnautka.

History.-Kubanka (C. I. 1440) (reg.215) is of Russian origin. More than adozen importations into the UnitedStates have been made. The principalintroduction of the variety was made in1900 by M. A. Carleton, of the United

158 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Distribution.--Estimated area in 1B49,4,046 acres, grown in North Dakota.

Synonyms.-CJoose, Johnson, Nicara­gua, Pierson, Wild Goose.

MINDUM

Descr£ption.--Mindum is sirnilar ioArnautka, except for being slightly earlier,in having slightly weaker straw, narrowergluInes, longer awns, and a shorter ornearly absent brush, and in being slightl.vmore resistant to steIn rust. (See fig.109, B.)

History.-Mindum (C. 1. 5296) (reg.214) ,vas first grown in 1896 in a nurseryat University Farm, St. Paul, Minn., asa head selection from a field of comInonwheat called Hedgerow. It proved to bea rust-resistant strain of durum wheatand ,vas distributed to farmers in 1917and naIned Mindum in 1918 (97, p. 33).

Distribution.--Estimated area in 1949,980,677 acres, grown in four States (fig.111) .

..........~

FIGURE lll.-Distribution of Mindunl'wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 980,677acres.

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CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 169

INDEX TO VARIETIES ANDSYNONYMS

Recognized varieties are In cap­itals ,; varietal synonyms are 1ncapitals and lower case, and com­mon names of species are in italiccapitals. Of the two page refer­ences given for recognized varieties,the first refers to the key and thesecond to the description, history,distribution, and synonymy. Eachpage reference given for a synonymis to the recognized variety forwhich the name is a synonym.

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Where two or more page numbersare given, therefore, the name is asynonym of more than one variety.

Name PageAcme___________________ 145Alabama Bluestem__ ____________ 76Alabama Bluestem 89_ __________ 73Alberta Red____________________ 127ALBIT 147,150ALICEL 147,148American Banner_______________ 95American Bronze _______________ 69ANDE RSON _ ________________ 46, 103APACHE 47,121APEX_ ________________________ 45, 90Argentine______________________ 127ARNAUTKA_ _______________ 152, 156ASHLAND_ ___________________ 44, 73ATLAS 50_ ____________________ 44, 76ATLAS 66_ ____________________ 44, 74.AUSTIN 50, 145Australian _____________________ 59AWNED 0 N AS___________ ___ 46, 108BAART 47,110BAART 38 47,110BAART 46 ________________ __ 47, 110BALDROCK _ _________________ 46, 99Baldwin_______________________ 143Bartels Best_ ___________________ 144Bearded Bluestem _ _____________ 114Beardless Turkey_______________ 79, 82Beechwood___ ________________ 101, 103Beloturka______________________ 157BIG CLUB 43 147,150BishOp's Pride.__ ________________ 52Black-Bearded Durum_ _ _ _______ 154Black Chaff____________________ 132BLACKHAWK 47,111BLACKHULL 48,132Black Mediterranean__ __________ 141Black Sea______________________ 69BLUE JACKET 48, 132Bluestem 59,72,76,145Bluestem Fultz_ ________________ 72BREVOR 42,52B R ILL________________ ______ 49, 143Bronze Turkey_________________ 144Bulgarian__ ______________ ____ 72, 127BUNyIP 42,57Burbank's Quality ______________ 60Burbank's Super________________ 106BUTLER 47,115CACHE_~ 44,80CADET 45,90Canadian Progress ______________ 115CANUS_ _____________________ 49, 135CARALA 44,73CARLEEDS_ __________________ 45, 86CARLETON 152,155CASCADE 42,57CERES _ _____________________ 49, 135CHANCELLOR 44,76CHEyENNE 48,124CHIEFKA.N 44, 80

170 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, 1J. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

.1.Vame PageCbieftoIL ._ ______________ 81CLARKAN ._ ______________ 43, 67Clark's Black HuIL_____________ 132Clark's No. 40 ._ ______________ 67Cleathers Red_ _________________ 144CL rJB TVH EAT_______________ 146COASTAL 44,77COI{ER 47-27__ . 44,74Colurnbia ._ ______ ________ 73CO :VI AX CHE____ _____________ 47, 120CO~IET______________________ 45, 84COAfl\;fO..V lVHEAT___________ 40Conoway -_____________ 144COR~ELL 595 45,94Crail Fife_ _____________________ 106Cr~llean_______________________ 127Cll1nberland Valley _____________ 114Curnrnings __. ._ ______________ 143CURRELL . 46, 99Currell's Prolific_._ ______________ 99D-5___________________________ 154D-fife ._ ______________ 154Dane's Early Triumph_ _________ 117D AWSOX ._ ______________ 45, 95Da,vson Golden Chaff . 95DEFIA.NC.E 42,53Deluxe Red Chief_______________ 106DENTOX 50,144DICKLO\V . 42, 59D~tz_________________________ 114Dietz Longberry________________ 114Duffv_________________________ 114Dunbar_______________________ 99Dunlap_ _____ _____ ______________ 143DurU1ll No. 5__________________ 154DUR[]JI WHE.ilT_____________ 151Early Baart ._ ______________ 110E.ARLY BLACKHULL 47, 117Early Dain ______ ______________ 117Early Hardy _____ ______________ 118Early Kansas_ _ 118Early l\Iay . 64, 77, 101Early Premium_________________ 117E.ARLl~ PREMIUM 43,64Early Purplestraw ______________ 76Early Red ._ ______________ 143Earlv Rice_____________________ 64Early Ripe ._ ______________ 143Earlv Russian_ _________________ 118Early Triulllph_ __ _____________ 82, 117Early vVonder ._ ______________ 77E I ...¥ K 0 R lV______ ______________ 40ELGIN _____________________ 147, 149ELMA.R, ~-------- 147,149E~[AIE R . _____ ______________ 37F AI IlFI E LD ._ ______________ 43, 67Farlners Trust .______ 145FEDERA.TION_. 45,97FEDER.ATION 41 4.5,98File___________________________ 106F~hhead______________________ 106Flat Top______________________ 73FLINT__ ____ ___________________ 44, 77FLORE~CE 43, 60

Name PageFortyfold______________________ 97FOR,WARD 43, 69FIJLCASTER 47,114FUL1IIO 44, 70FULTZ ._ _________________ 44, 70FUI/rZO-MEDITERRANEAN__ 44,73C}ALGALOS 46,106C}ARNET 45,82C}ASTA 44,76C} ENESEE ____________________ 45, 95C;eorgia Bluestem_ ______________ 76C;eorgia Red ___________________ 76C;errnan A.mber_________________ 113C;crrnan Red ___________________ 70C;harnovka_ ____________________ 158C;ill_ __________________________ 99C}IPSY 47,111C;LADDEN 47,111G~ason_______________________ 52C;OE~S 49,141Going_____ 143C;0 L DC0 IN___________________ 45, 95C;OLDEN 45,97Golden Bronze_________________ 95C;olden Chaff___________________ 95, 99C}olden Van____________________ 69Goose_________________________ 158C;reensboro ____________________ 52C} ItEESON 42, 52IIaeberle______________________ 118I-Iaeberle's Early________________ 118I-Iall_ __ ________________________ 143FIAIlD FEDERATION 45,98lIARD FEDERATION 31 45,98IIARDIRED __________________ 74I-Iastings Prolific___ _____________ 64llarvest King__________________ 101lIARVEST QUEEN 43,69fledge Prolific__________________ 101I-I E N I{Y _____________________ 49, 136IIickrnan______________________ 72FIolland _______________________ 53!-[OPE _______________________ 49, 136F[undred-and-One_____ __________ 127fI undred Mark_ ________________ 101I-I ungarian_ ____________________ 127lIlTS'rON 44,77II vbred __.______________________ 143H\rBIlID 63 ~ 147,150FI"YBI{ID 128 147,149I-I"Y 1\1 AR ____________________ 147, 149I D AED _______________________ 42, 53Irnproved Turkey ___________ 127Indiana Red Wave______________ 99Indiana Swamp_________________ 113IOBRED 49,1431011A RDI _________ ___________ 49, 143IOTlTRK 48,130Iowa Bred_____________ 143IOWIN .. 48,132Ironclad Blackhull_ _____________ 144Ir,,'in Dicklow__ ________________ 60JENl(IN 147,151Ji III I-IoIly______________________ 60

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 171

Name PageJohnson_______________________ 158JONES FIFE 46,106Jones Longberry - - - - - - - - 103Jones Red VVave________________ 99Jones VVinter Fife . ___________ 106Junior No. 6___________________ 97Kanhull - _- -- - -- 81KANQUEEN - _ 43, 64Kanred________________________ 131KANRED_- - - 48, 130Kansas Queen - - - _- _ 69KARMONT 48,127KAVVVALE 47,113KENTANA 50,146Key's Prolific___________________ 145Kharkof -------- 127King -------------------- 114KIOVVA 47,122KITCHENER - _- _- - - - 45, 94Klondike______________________ 97KOMAR 49,135KUBANKA----- 152,156Ladd Durum ._______ 154Lancaster - _- - - - - - - - 114Lancaster Red - - - _- - - - 145LEAP - - - - - - - - - 43, 64LEAPLAND - - - - - - - - 43, 64Leap's Prolific__________________ 64Lebanon --------- 111LEE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 49, 140Lehigh __ ---------------------- 145LEMHI - 42,55Little May - -._ - - - - - - - - - - - - 64, 77Little Red_______ 77Little Red May - - - - - - - - 77LOFTHOUSE------------------- 43,66M AJ0 R, - _- - - - - - - 42, 59Malakof______________________ 127lVIAMMOTH RED 47,114MARFED --- 42, .57MARMIN 48,122MARQUILLO - - - - - - __ 45, 86MARQUIS - - - - - - - - _ 45, 8711arvelous_____________________ 114May - - - - 64, 77, 103May Queen - - - - - ___ 69MEDITERRANEAN 50,144Michigan Amber________________ 103lVIichigan Woncler - _____ 103MICHIKOF 44,80MIDA - _ ___ 49, 138l\filler ~ 145MINDUM -- 152,158Minnesota No. 1507______________ 123Minnesota No. 2202 - ~ ___ 86l\1innesota Reliable _____ _______ 127l\1INTER ~ 48, 123MINTURI(I 48,123Miracle__ -----------_-_________ 114Mhsouri Bluestem____________ _ 145l\lissouri Early Premiu~n________ 64MOKING 46,99lViontana Deal_ ________________ 701\;10N TANA NO. 36 ___________ 48, 128l\fortgage Lifter __ _ 101, 145

Name PageMOSIDA .. 44,80Mountain Purplestraw __________ 76NABOB 49,140N. D. Ns. No. 1656.84____ 135Nebraska No. 50_ _ _____________ 124NEBRASKA NO. 60 48,128NEBRED ._ 48, 128NEVVCASTER . 47, 113Newchief ______________________ 81New Columbia___________ 73NEVVTHATCH -- 45,86NEVVTURK_ __________________ 44, 79New Victory _______________ ___ 53Niagara _____________________ 111, 113Nicaragua_____________________ 158Nick Special_ ____________ _ ._ 144NIGGER 49,140Ninety-Day 77,108Nissley____ ___________________ 101NITTANY _____ _ 47, 115No. 1656 ~_ 135Nordhougen 87,115NUDEL 47,115NUGGET 152,154Nuillber 6100 __________________ 111NURED ________________ _____ 44, 70Ohio No. 127 - - - ___ 72ONAS 42,55ONAS 41 42,55Orange________________________ 103Oregon Red Chaff _____ __________ 151OREGON ZIMMERMAN 42,55ORFED 46,108ORIENTA 48,133Owen_________________________ 143P-762_________ 131PACIFIC BLUESTEM 42,57"PACIFIC BLUESTEM 37 42,59Palouse Bluestem_ ______________ 59PAVVNEE - 47,118Pearl Prolific ___________________ 99Peck -------____________ 114PELISS _____________________ 152, 154Pelissier _______________________ 154Penn. No. 44_______ _ 115PENNOLL __ - - ____________ ___ 43, 69PEN1'AD __________ ___________ 152Pererodka -__________ 157Perfection ____________ ______ _ 99Pierson__ . - - - ___________ 158PILCRAVV ____________________ 43, 60Pilcraw Enormous ____________ ___ 62PILOT 49,136Pioneer Turkey_________________ 127POLISH WHEAT ~__ 40PONCA 47,118POOLE 46,101Posey_________________________ 72Poso 44_________________ 150POSO 48_ ___________________ 147, 150POULARD WHEAT_____ 37PRAIRIE 49, 143PRE lVI I E R ___________________ 49, 140Premium_ ____________________ __ 117Pringle's Defiance__ __ ___________ 53

172 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083. lJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

lVame PagePROGRESS 47,115Prolific____ H9Prosper______ 115PROSPERITY__ _______________ 43, 69PURC A1\1_ ___________________ 46, 101PURDUE NO. 1 46,99Purdue No. 4 ----__________ 103PURKOF - - 44, 79PURPLESTRAW __ - - __________ 44, 76Quality__ ______________________ 60QUAN AH - - _________ 47, 121Queen 'Vilhelmina __ - - - _ 5 '3RAl\fON.A 44__ ____ _ 45, 98Rappahannock_________________ 77Red Amber 101,103RED BOBS __ - 45,82REDCHAFF 147,151Red Chaff 101, 10~ 143, 144, 145Red Chaff Bearded ______________ 143Red Chaff Club_______ 151RED CHI:B~F --- 46,103Red Cross_____________________ 69Red Duruln -____________ 154Red Fultz ______ _- - - - _ 101Red GilL __ __- - - -- - _- - __ - - - - 99Red Hall - - - - ____________ 143RED H ART - - - ____________ 44, 73REDHITLL--------- 49,144RED INDIAN 47,113RED J.ACKET 49,144Red King______________________ 101REDl\!J.A.N - - - - 45, 82Red May - - - - --- - 64, 77RED 1'1AY - - __________ __ 46, 101Red Mediterranean- ____________ 145Red Prolific_______ 99Red Republic - - ____________ 103RED ROCK 50,145Red Rudv_____________________ 143Red R uss~elL - - - ____________ 101Red Russian 127,143RED RlTSSIAN _- 43, 70Red Sea_______________________ 145Red Top_______ 145Red Walla_____________________ 70RED WA VE 46, 99Red Wonder_ 114REGENT 45, H2Reliable ____ _______ ___________ 111RELIANT __ _ . . _- 48, 128R ELIE F _ _ _ - 48, 123R EN0 'VN ___________________ ___ 45, 92R E QU A_ __ __________ _________ 49, 141RESCUE_ _____________________ _ 45, 82REWARD 46,106REX _____ __ _ ._ _ __ 45, 94RICE 43,60RIDIT__ _ 44,79R INK _____ ___________________ 42, 53RIO __________________________ 48, 128Ripley____ 76RIVAL__ ______ ______________ 49, 138Romanella_ _ __________________ 127ROYAL 47,111R ITD 'y-____ _________ ______ 49, 140

.lvarne PageItupp______________ 144ItITSHMORE 45,90Itussian _ _ _____ _____ _________ 127Itussian Arnber__________________ 113Itussian Red - - _ _____________ 108IllJSSIAN RED _ __ _ 46, 101SALINE 47,111Sanett - - - - __ - - - - ____________ 77SAN FORD __ - _- - - - - - __________ 44, 76SAITNDERS 45,92SEABR:B~EZE 44,79Selection C __ - - - - - - - - - _________ 79SENECA 46,103SEVlER 49,141Shelby Red Chaff________________ 143SHERMAN - - - - - - - - - 48, 130SIBLEY 81 48,131Silvel' King - - - __ - - - __________ 106SI () l~X _____ - - .- - _- __________ 48, 128Sliekhead_ - - .- - - - - - - - __________ 72Smutless - - - - - - - - - - __________ 79Snow__________________________ 72SONORA 46,108SPELT- - - - - - - - - - - - __________ 37SPINKCOTA 49,133Squarehead -__________ 70Square Head___________________ 73STAFFORD__ - --- 47, 133Standby - - _- - - - - - - __________ 145STEWART --- 152,155Stoner - - - - - - __________ 114STURGEON _ - - - - - - - 49, 133Super_____ 106Superhard_____________________ 132Superhard Blackhull_ - ._ 132Superred______________________ 106Super Red Chief _ - _- - _ __ ______ 106SlTPl~EME 45,82SUPI1EMO __ - -.- - - - 50, 146S"ralup __.__ 145Taganrog ------____________ 157Taruanian_____________________ 127TA·YLOR 44,73TE:NMARQ 48,130Tennessee Prolific . _ ________ 99THATCHER 45,84Theiss____ 127Thonlpson_____________________ 62Thonlpson Club________________ 62TIIORNE 46,103'PIAfOP!fEEVI________________ 40T.N.1006._____________________ 105TRIPLET__ _________ _ 46, 106TIlIUMPH 47,117TI1UMBIJLL 44, 70TIJRKEY 48, 126Turkey Ifyb rid _________________ 151Turkey lled_____ 127Turkish Red___________________ 127UUa_______ 127IT1'AC___ _ 147,151lJl"AH KANRED 48,131VAHART 43,64VALLEY 47,113VALPRIZE ... 43,70

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIE,'!'IES GROWN IN 1949 173

Name PageVelvet Chaff ______ _________ 106, 108VERNUM 152,154VESTA __ ____ __ ____________ 49, 135Victory___ ________ _ _ _______ 53VIGO _________________________ 43, 66V. P. 1. 131 47,115WABASH ___________________ ___ _ 43, 66WASATCH 48,124WESTAR ____________ _______ 47, 117White Australian________________ 59White Clawson_________________ 97WHITE FEDERATION 43,60WHITE FEDERATION 38 43,60White Holland - _- _____ 53White Lammas_------ 59White Russian __________ ______ 62White Sonora_ _________________ 108

Name PageWHITE WINTER_ ____________ 42, 52WICHITA_ ___________________ 47, 117Wild Goose __ _ _____________ __ 158WILHELMINA_ _______________ 42, 53Winter Fife ____________________ 106Winter King 101,114,140Winter La Salle ________________ 66Winter Nellis_ __________________ 66Winter Queen __________________ 69WISCONSIN PEDIGREE NO.2_ 48,131Wold's White Winter____________ 52Woods Prolific_ ___________ _____ 64Yellow Gharnovka______________ 157YOGO 48,122YORKWIN 42,50Zimmerman_ ___ _ _ ____ ________ 59Zuni___ __ 127

u. s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1954