Of the Respiratory System...Pathologies of the Respiratory System Mr. Lloyd Kelvin High School Strep...

Biology 30S Transportation Name:

Pathologies of the Respiratory System

Mr. Lloyd

Kelvin High School

Of the

Respiratory System

Your Task: Read the information provided. Highlight the important points and then answer the questions on the answer sheet provided at the end of this booklet. You may need to refer to your notes and Internet Sources for additional information in order to answer some of the questions.



Mr. Lloyd

Kelvin High School

Background (Read this first)

Your body is capable of functioning for days at a time without you providing it with food or water. The same cannot be said regarding its need for air. All living cells in your body depend upon a readily available supply of oxygen for their chemical activities. Deprived of this vital gas for even a few minutes, life itself is threatened. Your lungs function as the exchange area for gases. During such exchange, oxygen passes from the lungs to the blood, where it will be carried to the body cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs where it is exhaled. The efficiency with which the exchanges are made depends to a large degree on the health of the lungs. Normally lung tissue is very elastic and is easily inflated when you inhale, and deflated when you exhale. Aging, disease and smoking all take their toll on lung elasticity. At birth, your first cries helped to begin the expansion of the millions of microscopic air sacs located in your lungs. Up to this time your lungs were solid as they had not yet functioned. The expansion of your air sacs continued for about two weeks after birth. Your ribs, horizontal when you were born, gradually assumed a more sloped position over the first few years of your life. This change in rib position resulted in an increased chest volume which in turn provided a greater working space for your lungs. Contrary to their appearance in cartoons, your lungs do not resemble two balloons, one on each side in your chest. Instead they are cone shaped structures extending from just above the first pair of ribs down to the large breathing muscle, the diaphragm, located at the bottom of your chest cavity. You were born with pink lungs but as you progress through life their color will change to a bluish – grey because of particles inhaled from the air. The color is more pronounced in people who live in cities than in those who live in the country. During regular breathing you are using only 12 – 14% of the total capacity of your lungs. Nature has provided you with a very large reserve volume for gas exchange. You are using some of the reserve when you are involved in strenuous activity and are breathing heavily. The reserve lung volume is great enough to permit a person to live with only one lung and still not experience a shortness of breath under normal conditions. The volume of air in the lungs changes during breathing. This change can be measured by using an instrument called a Spirometer, several types of which are in general use today.



Mr. Lloyd

Kelvin High School

With the help of a Spirometer, it is possible to make the following measurements:

(a) Tidal Volume: the volume of air entering or leaving the lungs with each breath (approximately 300 – 500cc)

(b) Exhaling Reserve Volume: the amount of air that can still be exhaled after a normal exhalation

(c) Vital Capacity: the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after inhaling as deeply as possible (2800 – 5000cc normal 5000 – 6000cc for athletes)

(d) Rate: the number of breathing cycles (inhalation – exhalation) per minute. The spirometer is not required for this determination (rate should be 7 – 20 breaths)

Using figures obtained from these four measurements, the following lung volumes can be calculated:

(e) Inhaling Reserve Volume: the amount of air that can still be inhaled following a normal inhalation

Inhaling Reserve = Vital Capacity – (Tidal Volume + Exhaling Reserve)

(f) Total Lung Capacity: even after exhaling as much as you can, about 1000 cm3 of air, known as the Residual Volume, remains in the lungs.

Total Lung Capacity = Vital Capacity + Residual Volume (1000 cm3)

(g) Minute Volume: the volume of air entering your lungs each minute.

Minute Volume = Rate X Tidal Volume



Mr. Lloyd

Kelvin High School

The following table gives estimated values for Vital Capacity in relation to body height:

Females Males Height (cm)

Estimated Vital Capacity (cm3)

Height (cm)

Estimated Vital Capacity (cm3)

138 2760 148 3700 140 2800 150 3750 142 2840 152 3800 144 2880 154 3850 146 2920 156 3900 148 2960 158 3950 150 3000 160 4000 152 3040 162 4050 154 3080 164 4100 156 3120 166 4150 158 3160 168 4200 160 3200 170 4250 162 3240 172 4300 164 3280 174 4350 166 3320 176 4400 168 3360 178 4450 170 3400 180 4500 172 3440 182 4550 174 3480 184 4600 176 3520 186 4650 178 3560 188 4700 180 3600 190 4750

192 4800

Did You Know? An average person will breathe in and out more than 12000L of air in one day.

A foreign object passing down the windpipe (trachea) is likely to become lodged in the right lung. The right branch from the windpipe passes into the lung at a more direct angle than the branch to the left lung

The surface area provided by the air sacs in your lungs is FORTY times greater than the surface area of the outside of your ENTIRE body.

A flap of tissue (the epiglottis) at the top of the windpipe (trachea) normally prevents food from going down the wrong way when swallowing takes place. Try to swallow and inhale through your nose at the same time.



Mr. Lloyd

Kelvin High School

The Pathologies:

Asthma is a respiratory condition in which the alveoli become inflamed. The inflammation is accompanied by constriction (tightening) of the muscle tissue surrounding the airways leading to the alveoli. The combination of these two factors causes the airways to narrow reducing the flow of air to and from the alveoli. Also, the inflammation of the alveoli reduces the lungs ability to allow respiratory gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide) to pass from the alveoli to the capillaries surrounding the alveoli and vice versa. There is no cure for this condition. This condition can be treated and controlled with anti-inflammatory medication and steroids. Acute Bronchitis is a respiratory condition is which the larger bronchioles (and primary bronchi) become inflamed due to viral or bacterial infection. Referred to as a “chest cold” this condition results in the build up of mucous and phlegm in the bronchioles which triggers coughing and restricts airflow through the bronchioles. This in turn causes shortness of breath and wheezing. This condition can be treated with antibiotics. The Common Cold is a respiratory condition in which the upper respiratory tract is infected by a strain of Rhinovirus. The condition may result in sore throat (pharyngitis), sinus infections (sinusitis), “runny nose” due to excess mucous production, sneezing and fever. The cold may also result in inflammation of the eyes (conjunctivitis). The condition may lead to both the bacterial and viral forms of Pneumonia. There is no cure for this condition. However, the symptoms are manageable and dissipate after seven to ten days. Pneumonia is a respiratory condition in which the alveoli are infected by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. The inflammation results in an overproduction of mucous in the alveoli and infected airways. A number of other bacteria (Staph Aureus, Haemophillus Influenzae to name a few) can also infect the alveoli and cause this condition. Pneumonia can also be caused by fungal and viral agents. Symptoms of this condition are severe cough and chest pain and the infection spreads and damages alveoli. In addition, individuals suffering from this condition experience fatigue, severe shortness of breath, wheezing and fever. Tuberculosis is an infectious respiratory disease in which lung tissue is infected by various strains of mycobacteria (usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis). This condition is easily spread as the bacteria can be transmitted through respiratory fluids through the air released during coughing or sneezing. Symptoms of tuberculosis include chronic cough, mucous containing blood, fever, night sweats and weight loss. If left untreated, this condition kills 50% of those infected. Treatment of this disease involves long term antibiotic use. Unfortunately, many strains of the mycobacteria that cause this infection are developing resistance to known antibiotics.



Mr. Lloyd

Kelvin High School

Strep Throat (aka Streptococcal Pharyngitis) is a respiratory condition in which the pharynx, larynx and tonsils are infected by streptococcal bacteria. The bacteria may enter the mouth via the air, or objects placed in the mouth (moist bacteria on tooth brushes, toys, uncleansed utensils etc.).The condition causes sore throats and fever. Strep throat is easily treated by the use of antibiotics COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder) is a persistent respiratory condition in which the airflow through respiratory passages is continually reduced over time. As the airways narrow, breathing becomes more difficult and the build up of mucous in the constricting airways causes persistent coughing and inflammation of the airways which further restricts the airways. COPD is often caused by the inhalation of irritants (air pollution, air borne chemicals, smoking). Symptoms of COPD can be controlled with oxygen therapy, steroids and vaccinations. Severe cases of COPD may require surgery and possible transplantation. Emphysema is a form of COPD in which air borne irritants damage the alveoli and smaller bronchioles in lung tissue. The damage to these areas significantly reduces the lungs ability to exchange respiratory gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide). In addition, progressive emphysema can lead to the hardening and disintegration of the alveoli and smaller bronchioles which, in addition to reducing lung efficiency also reduces lung capacity as the lung tissue’s ability to expand is reduced. Smoking is the leading cause of Emphysema. Chronic Bronchitis is a form of COPD in which air borne irritants trigger a long term inflammation of the bronchioles in the lungs. The inflammation in turn causes the bronchioles to produce abnormally large amounts of mucous which narrow and eventually block the airways. Smoking is a leading cause of this condition. However, this condition is also brought on as a result of allergic reactions to air borne material. Unlike Acute Bronchitis, Chronic Bronchitis is a persistent, long term condition. The symptoms (coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath) can be controlled through medication but cannot be completely removed.



Mr. Lloyd

Kelvin High School

Questions In the bubble sheet provided on your answer sheet, shade in the best answer for the following multiple choice questions. There is no penalty for guessing. If you make a mistake, completely erase the mistake and the shade in your new selection. If you cannot erase the mistake, cross the mistake out using an X and then shade in your new selection. Each question is worth one mark.

1. During regular breathing, what percentage of lung volume is being used?

(a) 5 – 10% (b) 12 – 14% (c) 20 – 25% (d) 40 – 50%

2. The term used to describe the amount of air entering and leaving the lungs with each breath is: (a) Rate

(b) Tidal Volume

(c) Exhaling Reserve Volume

(d) Vital Capacity

3. The term used to describe the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after inhaling as deeply as possible is called:

(a) Rate

(b) Tidal Volume


(d) Vital Capacity

4. The term used to describe the number of breathing cycles that occur per minute is:

(a) Rate

(b) Tidal Volume


(d) Vital Capacity

5. The Residual Volume of the lungs refers to:

(a) the amount of air that can still be exhaled after a normal exhalation (b) the amount of air that can still be inhaled after a normal exhalation (c) the 1000cm3 of air that remains in the lungs regardless of inhalation or exhalation (d) the volume of air entering the lungs each minute



Mr. Lloyd

Kelvin High School

6. Consider the following statements:

i. If you are seated or lying down, your vital capacity should decrease ii. if you are seated or lying down, your exhaling reserve volume should decrease

iii. if you are seated or lying down, your tidal volume should decrease

(a) One of the statements are true (b) Two of the statements are true (c) All of the statements are true (d) None of the statements are true

7. Which of the following is a respiratory condition in which the alveoli become inflamed:

(a) Acute Bronchitis (b) Asthma (c) Tuberculosis (d) Strep Throat

8. Which of the following is a respiratory condition in which the bronchioles are inflamed by a

viral or bacterial infection: (a) Acute Bronchitis (b) Asthma (c) Tuberculosis (d) Strep Throat

9. The respiratory condition is which the Rhinovirus infects the upper respiratory tract is called:

(a) Strep Throat (b) the Common Cold (c) Tuberculosis (d) Pneumonia

10. The respiratory condition in which Myobacteria infects lung tissue is called:


11. Which of the following respiratory conditions involve a bacterial infection of the alveoli?




Mr. Lloyd

Kelvin High School


i. Lung efficiency generally decrease with age ii. Lung efficiency is decreased due to disease

iii. Increased lung elasticity will decrease lung efficiency

(a) One of the statements is true (b) Two of the statements are true (c) All of the statements are true (d) None of the statements are true


i. Chronic Bronchitis is a form of COPD in which the bronchioles are narrowed due to the production of excess of mucous

ii. Emphysema is a form of COPD in which the alveoli and smaller bronchioles are damaged and/or destroyed by the presence of air borne contaminants

iii. Asthma is a form of COPD in which the alveoli are inflamed by the presence of air borne irritants resulting in the production of excess mucous and the restriction of airways


14. Jeanne is a female with a height of 148cm. She is experiencing Acute Bronchitis. Jeanne’s

Estimated Vital Capacity should measure to be: (a) 2960cm3 (b) 3700cm3 (c) more than 3700cm3 (d) less than 2960cm3


i. The surface area provided by the alveoli in the lungs is forty times larger than the total surface area of the outside of the body

ii. A foreign object inhaled into the body is more likely to become lodged in the right lung than the left lung

iii. The average person will breathe in and out more than 12000L of air in one day


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