· PDF fileof jurisdiction be attached “to found or confirm” ... that the contents...

GUIDE –ENFORCEMENT AND DEFENCE OF MARITIME CLAIMS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Contents

04 OurShippingandLogisticsPractice

05 AGuidetotheEnforcementandDefenceofMaritimeClaimsinSouthAfrica

1. Introduction2. SomekeyaspectsoftheSouthAfricanjurisdiction3. EssentialsfortheenforcementofamaritimeclaiminSouthAfrica4. Proceduresfortheenforcementofmaritimeclaims5. Proceedingsin personam

6. ProceedingsinREM7. Associatedshiparrests8. Arrestsforsecurityforproceedingselsewhere9. Attachmentofbunkers10. Damagesforwrongfularrest11. Forcedsalesandrankingofclaims12. Inspectionsandexaminations13. Timebars14. Provisionalsentencesummons15. TonnagelimitationinSouthAfrica

16 AdmiraltyJurisdictionRegulationAct105of1983

29 AdmiraltyProceedingsRules

44 OurFirm

45 OurFootprintinAfrica

46 KeyContacts

3

Guide – Enforcement and Defence of Maritime Claims in South Africa

CONTENTS PAGE

ThroughourofficesinvariousAfricanjurisdictionsaswellasthestrongrelationships

weenjoywithfirmsacrosstherestofAfrica,weareabletoadviseorsourcemaritimelawadviceforclientsthroughoutAfrica.

Weprovideefficientandcost-effectiveenforcementanddefenceofallmaritime-relatedclaims,shiparrestsandemergencyresponses.

OurteamatBowmansisinternationallyrecognisedasofferingleadingexpertisethroughoutallmajorSouthAfricanandregionalports.Thisreputationhasbeenbuiltonmorethanacenturyofexperience,24-houravailabilityandspeedofresponse.

Thefirmhasbeeninvolvedinnumeroussignificantcases,includingmanyofthemajorcasualtiesinSouthAfrica(morerecentlythecollisionsinvolvingthe"ChemstarJewel"andthe"SunriseJade",thefiresaboardthe“TaiShan”andthe“MaerskLondrina”,thesinkingofthe“KianiSatu”,thegroundingofthe“Smart”andthelossofcontainersoverboardthe“SerojaLima”).Asinthecaseofthefirmasawhole,theteamrepresentsawiderangeofinternationalandSouthAfricanclients,includingmajorshipowners,P&IClubs,hullandcargounderwritersandbanksinvolvedinshipfinancing.Throughthesignificantgrowthofthe

firminthelastdecade,Bowmanshasstrengtheneditsabilitytoofferclientsabroadrangeofservices,notonlywithregardtomaritimeandadmiraltyissuesbutotheraspectssuchascommodities,energy,oilandgasandenvironmentallaw.

Ourexpertisecoversthewholerangeofmaritimelegalservices,including:

• Accessandexaminationorders• Arrests,attachmentsandsecurityarrests• Billsoflading• Cargoclaims• Carriageofgoods• Charterparties• Generalaverage• Judicialsalesandmortgageforeclosures• Liens• Marineresources• Maritimecasualties,collisions,grounding

andsalvage• P&I,hullandcargoinsurance• Personalinjuries• Pollution• Salvageandstowaways• Shipbuildingandrepair• Shipsaleandpurchase• Shipfinance

Our Shipping and Logistics Practice

Bowmans has more than 125 years of experience in the specialist field of maritime law. We are based near the ports of Cape Town and Durban, but operate throughout South Africa, and have an intimate understanding of the unique aspects of the South African jurisdiction – one of the world’s most favoured jurisdictions for the arrest of vessels.

4

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION

Thisguidecontainssomebriefdetailsandinformationwhichwehopewillbeofgeneraluseinrelationtotheenforcement,ordefence,ofmaritimeclaimsintheRepublicofSouthAfrica.Itcontainsonlyasummaryanddoesnotpretendtobeexhaustive.Wherenecessary,furtherinformationandadviceshouldbesought.ThisguideisbasedonthelawandpracticeasofOctober2016.

Referencesto“theAct”aretotheAdmiraltyJurisdictionRegulationAct105of1983,whichcameintoforceon1November1983,asamended.Referencestothe“Rules”aretotheRulesRegulatingtheConductofAdmiraltyProceedingsintermsoftheAct,whichcameintoforceinMay1997.Foreaseofreference,theActandRuleshavebeenincludedinthisguide.

2. SOME KEY ASPECTS OF THE SOUTH

AFRICAN JURISDICTION

SomeoftheaspectsoftheSouthAfricanjurisdictionwhichmightbeofinteresttoyouandthoseforwhomyouact:

• Accesstodocumentation,includingtheretentionandcopyingofrelevantdocumentsnecessaryfordeterminingamaritimeclaim–obtainableatshortnoticeviaanex-parteapplication.

• Ordersfortheexamination,testingorinspectionofanyship,cargooranyotherthingand,inexceptionalcircumstances,forthetakingofevidencewhichmightbeconsiderednecessaryordesirable,forthepurposeofdetermininganyclaimwhichhasbeenormaybebroughtbeforeaCourt,arbitratororrefereeinSouthAfricaorelsewhereintheworld.

• Associatedshiparrests–arguablythebestjurisdictionfor“piercingthecorporateveil”ofone-shipcompanies.

• Securityarrestsforthepurposesofobtainingsecurityforarbitrationoranyproceedingscontemplated,pendingorcurrent,anywhereintheworld.

• Theprospectofbreakingtonnagelimitationintermsofthe1957Convention,whichhasbeenincorporatedintoourlaw(theonusisstillontheownertoproveabsenceof“actualfaultandprivity”).

• Quickandrelativelysimplearrest in rem

proceedings–obligingtheownertoprovidesecurityuptothevalueoftheship.

• In personamattachmentproceedings–obligingtheownertoprovidesecurityforthefullamountoftheclaim.

• Proceduresforenforcingclaimsagainstbareboatandtimecharterers.

• Quickandefficientjudicialsales.

3. ESSENTIALS FOR THE ENFORCEMENT

OF A MARITIME CLAIM IN SOUTH AFRICA

Thesemaybesummarisedasfollowsandaremorefullydealtwithbelow:

• Theclaimmustbea“maritimeclaim”asdefinedinSection1oftheAct.

• TheCourtmusthaveorbeconferredwithjurisdictionwhich,inanactionagainstaforeigner,isgenerallyeffectedbyanarrestorattachmentofhisorhervesselorotherpropertyinSouthAfricaorwithinitsterritorialwaters.

The32categoriesof“maritimeclaims”definedinsection1oftheAct,whicharesubjecttotheadmiraltyjurisdictionoftheHighCourt,includeallofthoseitemisedinarticle1ofthe1952ArrestConventionandmanyothers.A“catch-all”provisiongives

A Guide to the Enforcement and Defence of Maritime Claims in South Africa

5


CONTENTS PAGE

theCourtjurisdictionoveranymatterwhich,byvirtueofitsnatureorsubjectmatter,isamarineormaritimematter.Neithertheplacewheretheclaimarose,northeflagofthevessel,northeresidence,domicileornationalityofitsowneroroftheclaimant,isrelevanttothequestionofwhetherornottheSouthAfricanCourtshaveadmiraltyjurisdiction.

4. PROCEDURES FOR THE ENFORCEMENT

OF MARITIME CLAIMS

TheActprovidesfortwoseparateformsofproceedings:

• Proceedingsin personam,inwhichthepersonorthedebtororwrongdoeriscitedastheDefendant.

• Proceedingsin rem,inwhichtheship,bunkers,cargo,equipmentorfreightagainstorinrespectofwhichtheclaimlies,iscitedastheDefendant.

Inaddition, in remproceedingscanbebroughtagainstacontaineriftheclaimarisesoutoforrelatestotheuseofthatcontainerinoronashiporthecarriageofgoodsbyseaorbywaterorotherwiseinthatcontainer.

5. PROCEEDINGS IN PERSONAM

TheprerequisiteisthattheDefendantbepersonallyliabletothePlaintiffforthemaritimeclaimconcerned,whethercontractuallyordelictually(intort).UnlesstheDefendantisdomiciledorresidentwithinSouthAfricaorhasconsentedtothejurisdiction(consentbeingawideconceptwhichcanincludecontract),itisnecessarythatpropertywithintheCourt’sareaofjurisdictionbeattached“tofoundorconfirm”theCourt’sjurisdiction.

5.1 The property attached

Thepropertywhichcanbeattachedincludesallpropertywhichcanbearrestedinproceedingsin rem,asdescribedinparagraph6.1below.However,contrarytothein remprocedure,thereisnolimitedlistofpropertywhichcanbeattachedtofoundorconfirmjurisdiction;anypropertycanbeattached,whateveritsnature

andwhateveritsvalue,includingintangibleproperty,suchastherighttoclaimpaymentofdebts,providedthattheSheriffcanmakeaneffectiveattachmentandthepropertyinquestionhassomecommercialvalue.

5.2 Procedure

Applicationmustbemadetoajudgeforanorderofattachment.Thisisdoneonthestrengthofanaffidavit,containingthefollowingessentialallegations:

• thattheclaimisamaritimeclaimforwhichtheDefendantisliableandthattheCourtwillhavejurisdictionpursuanttotheproposedattachment;

• thatthepropertysoughttobeattachedispropertybelongingtotheDefendantorinrespectofwhichheorshehasanattachmentinterest;

• whetheranysecurityhasbeengiveninrespectoftheclaimandthereasonsfortheCourt’saidbeingrequired;

• thesourceofthesignatory’sinformationandthatthecontentsoftheaffidavitaretrueandcorrect;and

• thereasons,ifany,forurgency.

5.3 Evidence

TheevidencetobeplacedbeforetheCourtwilldependonthetimeavailable.Incasesofurgency,theinformationcanbeconveyedtousbyemailoreventelephoneandanattachmentcanbeobtainedwithinamatterofhours,theaffidavitbeingdeposedtobyourselves.

Iftimepermits,relevantdocumentsshouldbetransmittedelectronicallyasattachmentsorbycourier.AffidavitsbythePlaintifforitsrepresentative,generallytobepreparedbyus,wouldsimilarlybeobtained,iftimepermits.Thesecanalso,inthecaseofurgency,betransmittedbyemail.

5.4 Authority

FormalpowersofattorneyarenotrequiredattheattachmentstageanditismerelynecessarythatweareproperlyauthorisedbythePlaintifftobringtheapplicationtoenableustomakethisavermentintheaffidavit.

6

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

5.5 Counter-security

ThereisnoautomaticrequirementobligingthePlaintiffwhowishestoattachpropertytofurnishcounter-security.ADefendanthastobringaformalcounter-applicationforsuchsecurity,whichwillgenerallyonlybeorderedifheorshecanestablishthatthePlaintiff’sattachmentwas“withoutreasonableandprobablecause”,givingtheDefendantaclaimfordamagesforwrongfulattachmentorinrespectoflegalcosts.

5.6 Setting aside of attachments

Anattachmentisgrantedintheformofaninterimorderwhichcallsuponallinterestedpersonstoshowcause,onadatestatedintheorder,whytheattachmentshouldnotbeconfirmed.ThisprocedureforjudicialreviewhastheadvantageofgivingaDefendantanautomaticrighttoahearingatwhichheorshehastheopportunity,afterfilingopposingaffidavits,tocontesttheattachment.ItalsomeansthatthePlaintiffknowsatanearlystageoftheproceedingswhetherornothisorherattachmentistobecontestedandifso,thequestionofjurisdictionandotherpreliminaryissuescanberesolvedexpeditiously;ifnot,themainactioncanproceedwithoutdelay.

5.7 Release

TheDefendantisentitledtothereleaseofhisorherpropertyupongivingsecurityfortheamountoftheclaimforwhichithasbeenattached,buthastherighttoapplyforareductionintheamountofthesecurity.IthasbeenheldthataP&IClubletterofundertakingconstitutessufficientsecurityundertheAct,includingforthepurposesofsecuringthereleaseofavesselunderarrest.SecuritymayalsobefurnishedbywayofabankguaranteeissuedbyaSouthAfricanbankorbyaforeignbankprovidedtheguaranteeisnegotiableinSouthAfrica.

6. PROCEEDINGS IN REM

Theprerequisitesare:EITHER

thatthePlaintiffhasamaritimelienoverthepropertytobearrested;

OR

thattheownerofthepropertytobearrestedwouldbepersonallyliabletothePlaintiff(asinthecaseofanactionin personam);

OR

inalimitednumberofcases,wheretheColonialCourtofAdmiraltycouldhaveproceededin rem;

AND

thatproperty,againstorinrespectofwhichtheclaimlies,bearrested;

AND

theCourtwillalsorecogniseanyotherappropriateremedyallowedinlaw,suchasavindicatoryactioninadisputeoverownershipforthepurposesofenforcingamaritimeclaim.

6.1 The property arrested

Thisisrestrictedtooneormoreofthefollowingcategoriesofproperty:

• theship,withorwithoutherequipment,furniture,storesorbunkers;

• thewholeoranypartoftheequipment,furniture,storesorbunkers;

• thewholeoranypartofthecargo;thefreight;• anycontainer,iftheclaimarisesoutofor

relatestotheuseofthatcontainerinoronaship,orthecarriageofgoodsbyseaorbywaterorotherwiseinthatcontainer;

• afundconstitutedbytheproceedsofthejudicialsaleofanyoftheaforegoing.

6.2 Procedure

NeitheranaffidavitnoranapplicationtoCourtisrequired.ThearrestisobtainedonthestrengthofacertificatebythePlaintifforhisorherattorney,containingessentiallythesameinformationandavermentsasareincludedinanaffidavitinsupportofanapplicationforattachment,asdescribedin5.2.ThewarrantofarrestisservedbytheSheriffonthepropertyarrestedandapplicationcanthenbemadeforthearresttobesetaside.(Nodateisfixedforthiswhenthewarrantisissued,asinthecaseofattachments).

ThewarrantofarrestinformstheDefendantthatthepropertyarrestedwillbereleasedupon

7


CONTENTS PAGE

securitybeingprovidedfortheamountoftheclaimorthevalueoftheproperty,whicheverislower.Simultaneously,withtheissueofthewarrantofarrest,asummonsisissuedandserved.TheproceedingsarethereforecommencedwiththeserviceofthewarrantandsummonscommencingactionandtheDefendantmustthereafterfilehisorherdefence.

6.3 Evidence, authority and counter-security

Thepositionforattachmentsin personamwithregardtoevidence,authorityandcounter-securityalsoappliesinbroadtermstoarrestsin rem.Theformofsecurityforthereleaseofthepropertyarrestedisthesameasinthecaseofanattachment.

7. ASSOCIATED SHIP ARRESTS

APlaintiffmay,bymeansoftheprovisionforthearrestorattachmentofan“associatedship”insteadoftheshipinrespectofwhichthemaritimeclaimarose,beinapositionwithincertaindefinedbounds,topiercethecorporateveilof“one-ship”companies.

Any“maritimeclaim”(whichisverywidelydefined)canbeenforcedbyanassociatedshiparrest,saveforclaimsrelatingtomortgages.

Anassociatedshiparrestmaytakethreeforms:

1. Bythearrestofashipinthesameownershipastheshipagainstorinrespectofwhichtheclaimlies(a“sistership”arrest):

Beneficial owner

Blue Wave Shipping SA

Ship concerned

Stealth Naviera SA

Associated ship

Beneficial owner

Blue Wave Shipping SA

Ship concerned

Associated ship

Beneficial owner

Ship concerned Stealth Naviera SA

Associated ship

Beneficial owner

Ship concerned Associated ship

OR

2. Bythearrestofashipownedbyacompanycontrolledbyapersonwhocontrolledthecompanywhichownedtheshipconcerned:

3. Acombinationof1and2–whereoneoftheshipsisownedbythebeneficialownerpersonallyandtheotherbyhimorherthroughthecompany:

8

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

7.1 Chronological criteria with regards to

ownership/ control

1.Sisterships

• Theshipconcernedmusthavebeenownedbythebeneficialowneratthetimetheclaimarose,butneednolongerbesoownedatthetimeofarrest.

• Theassociatedshipmustbeownedbythebeneficialowneratthetimeofthecommencementoftheaction,butneednothavebeensoownedatthetimethemaritimeclaimarose.

2.Company-ownedassociatedships

• Theassociatedshipmustbeownedbytherelevantcompanyandthatcompanymustbecontrolledbythebeneficialowneratthetimeofcommencementoftheaction.(“Company”isverywidelydefinedtoincludevirtuallyanylegalentity).

• Theshipconcernedneedonlyhavebeenownedbythebeneficialownerandthecompanyneedonlyhavebeencontrolledbythebeneficialownerwhenthemaritimeclaimarose,andnotnecessarilyatthetimeofthearrest.

3.Directlyownedassociatedships,wheretheshipconcernedisownedbythecompany

• Theassociatedshipmustbeownedbythebeneficialowneratthetimeofthearrest.

• Thecompanyneedonlyhavebeencontrolledbythebeneficialownerandtheshipconcernedneedonlyhavebeenownedbythe“company”whenthemaritimeclaimarose,andnotnecessarilyatthetimeofthearrest.

7.2 Chartered ships

Theprovisionsforthearrestofassociatedshipsalsoapplyto“associatedships”ofachartererorasubchartererwho,forthepurposeofsuchanarrest,isdeemedtobetheowneroftheshipinrespectofanymaritimeclaimforwhichthechartererorsubcharterer,andnottheowner,isallegedtobeliable.

9


CONTENTS PAGE

7.3 Claims in personam

TheActhasbeenamendedtoallowassociatedshipattachments(ieinrespectofclaimsin

personam),theimportantconsequencesofwhichare:

• thattoobtainthereleaseoftheship,thefullclaimwillhavetobesecuredandnotmerelythevalueoftheshipasisthecaseinanarrestin rem;and

• thatashipmayarguablybeattachedtofoundjurisdiction(andtoobtainsecurity)inanactionagainstthebeneficialowneroftheshippersonally,ifheorsheownsthesharesorcontrolsthecompanywhichrunstheship,therebypiercingthecorporateveil.

8. ARRESTS FOR SECURITY FOR

PROCEEDINGS ELSEWHERE

APlaintiffwhoisalreadyengagedinarbitrationorlegalproceedingselsewherethaninSouthAfrica,butwhoisconcernedabouttheefficacyofafavourabledecision,becauseofhisorheropponent’spoorfinancialpositionorbecauseofotherdifficultiesinenforcingthedecision,mayincertaincircumstancesobtainanarrestofpropertysimplyforthepurposesofobtainingsecurity,pendingtheoutcomeoftheproceedingselsewhere.

TheActrequiresthat:

• thepersonseekingthearresthasaclaimenforceableeitherbyanactionin personamagainsttheownerofthepropertyconcerned,oranactionin rem;and

• theclaimisormaybethesubjectofarbitrationorotherproceedingscontemplated,pendingorcurrent,eitherinSouthAfricaorelsewhere.

Iftheaboverequirementsaresatisfied,theCourthasthediscretionwhetherornottograntanorderforarrest.TheprocedureisaccordinglybyapplicationtoCourt,andtheRegistrarcannotissueawarrantofarrestonthestrengthofacertificate,asinthecaseofin remarrestsinthenormalcourse.

IncargoladenandlatelyladenonboardtheMV“ThalassiniAvgi”vsMV“Dimitris”1989(3)SA820(A),theSupremeCourtofAppeallaiddowntherequirementswhichanApplicantmustmeetinordertoobtainasecurityarrest:

• thatheorshehasaclaimenforceablebyanactionin remagainsttheshipinquestionoragainsttheshipofwhichtheshipinquestionisanassociatedship–thishasbeenextendedtoactionsin personam;

• thatheorshehasaprima faciecaseinrespectofsuchaclaim,whichisenforceableinthenominatedcountryorcountriesofhisorherchoice;and

• thatheorshehasagenuineandreasonableneedforsecurity.

InBocimarNVvKotorOverseasShippingLtd1994(2)SA563(A),theCourtindicatedthatthisneedforsecurityistobedeterminedaccordingtotheusualcivilstandardofproof,ieonabalanceofprobabilities.Thisburdenismoreonerousthantheprima faciecaseindicatedabove,whichtheApplicantmustmakeoutinrespectofthemeritsofhisorherclaim.

9. ATTACHMENT OF BUNKERS

TheSouthAfricanCourthasheldthatatimechartereristheownerofthebunkersaboardacharteredvesselandthatitisaccordinglypossibleforacreditorofthecharterertoattachthebunkersinordertoenforcehisorherclaim.Thequestionofwhetherornotanattachmentwillbepossibleintheparticularcircumstanceswillhoweverdependuponthewordingofthecharterpartyinquestion.

10. DAMAGES FOR WRONGFUL ARREST

Section5(4)providesasfollows:

“AnypersonwhomakesanexcessiveclaimorrequiresexcessivesecurityorwithoutreasonableandprobablecauseobtainsthearrestofpropertyoranorderofCourt,shallbeliabletoanypersonsufferinglossordamagesasaresultthereofforthatlossordamage.”

10

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

PriortotheamendmentofthissectioninJune1992,thetestwas“goodcause”andnot“reasonableandprobablecause”.TheamendmentshavenarrowedtheambitofthesectionandreducedaPlaintiff’sriskofbeingheldliablefordamagesforwrongfularrest.

11. FORCED SALES AND RANKING

OF CLAIMS

ThenumberofforcedsalesinSouthAfricaindicatesthatitisoneofthefavouredjurisdictionsfortheforeclosureofmortgagesandforthedeterminationanddistributionofclaimsagainsttheownersofvesselsinfinancialstraits.Intheabsenceofdelaysoccasionedbytheinterventionofotherinterestedparties,theappraisement,saleandtransferofthevesseltoitsnewownerscantakeplacewithinsixtoeightweeksfromthedateoftheCourtOrderforthesale.

Inordertoavoidanysuggestionofdifficultyoruncertaintyregardingcurrencyfluctuations,orpossibleexchangecontrollimitationsonpayments,itispossibletoobtainanorderprovidingforpaymenttobemadeandforthefundcomprisingtheproceedsofthesaletobeheldinUSDollarsoffshore.

Interestearnedwillbeaccumulatedforthebenefitofcreditors.Thereareinfactnoexchangecontrolprovisionsinhibitingthesaleofaforeignvesseltoanon-resident,norhavetheauthorities,toourknowledge,intervenedinthedistributionoftheproceedsofthesaleofavessel–soldtoanon-residentintroducingforeigncurrency–amongstnon-residentclaimants;theTreasurymay,however,imposeconditionswhereaSouthAfricanshipissoldtoanon-residentoraforeignshipissoldtoaSouthAfricanresident.

11.1 Sale procedure

TheCourtmayatanytimeorderthatanypropertywhichhasbeenarrestedorattachedbesold,andtheproceedsheldasafundintheCourtorotherwisedealtwith.Ifavessel’sownersfailtoprovidesecurity,theCourtmayorderthevessel’ssaleafterjudgment

bydefaultiftheproceedingsareunopposed,or–inappropriatecircumstances–pendingtheoutcomeofdefendedproceedings,onthegroundsthatthevesselisawastingassetanditisintheinterestsofallconcernedthatshebesold.

Pendingthesale,theshipunderarrestremainsinthecustodyoftheSheriff,whoisauthorisedtotakeallsuchstepsastheCourtmayorderorasappeartohimorhertobeappropriateforthe“custodyandpreservationofthepropertyincludingtheremovalandstorageofanycargoandtheremoval,disposalandstorageofperishablegoodswhichhavebeenarrestedorattached”.

TheSheriffmust,however,consultwithanypersonswhohavearrestedorattachedpropertyandmustalsoactinaccordancewithanyrelevantorderofCourt.ItisimportanttonotethattheRulesdonotmakeprovisionforthepaymentoftheexpensesofpreservingthepropertyunderarrestpendingthereleaseorsalethereof,andtheremaybecircumstancesunderwhichtheSheriffmayrequirethecreditorsdetainingthevesseltoadvancesufficientfundstoenablehimorhertomeetsuchcosts.

InlightofthedecisionbytheSouthAfricanSupremeCourtofAppealinthe“Argun”matter,thereisapossibilitythatincertaincircumstancesarrestingcreditorsmaybeheldliablefortheSheriff’sexpensesreasonablyincurredinthepreservationofthevesselwhilstunderarrest,aswellastheSheriff’sreasonableremunerationinrelationtosuchexpenses.

ThecontinuedarrestofavesselattheinsistanceofanarrestingcreditorcouldbemadeconditionaluponthatarrestingcreditorreimbursingtheSheriffforthelatter’sreasonableexpensesandremuneration.Inourview,thisstateofaffairswouldonlyariseintheeventoftheownersterminatingthemandateofthevessel’sagentsandabandoningthefundingoftheongoingoperationalandpreservationexpensesofthevessel,atwhichtimethearrestingcreditorswouldbeentitledtoreleasethevesseltoavoidliabilityforthesecosts.

11


CONTENTS PAGE

TheCourtisempoweredtogive,andinvariablygives,specificdirectionsastothetermsofandthemannerinwhichtheshipshallbesold.Theseinclude,inter alia:

• theappointmentofagents;• therepatriationofthecrew;• themanningofthevesselbyaskeletoncrew;• theremovalandstorageofthecargo;• thepreservationofthevessel;• theappraisementofthevessel;• theadvertisingofthesalethereof;• theengagingofauctioneersandtheir

commissionscale;• thetimewithinwhichthevesselmustbe

sold;and• thefixingofareserveprice.

TheCourtwillfurthermoreapproveofthedetailedconditionsofsaleunderwhichprospectivepurchasersaretobeinvitedtosubmittendersorintermswhereofthevesselistobeauctioned.TheCourtwillalsostipulatethemannerinwhichthepurchasepriceispayableonthedayofthesale,whilstthebalancethereofmaybesecuredbywayofanirrevocablebanker’sguaranteeorletterofcreditinfavouroftheRegistraroftheCourt,pendingthedirectionsoftheCourtastothedistributionoftheproceedsofthesale.

Afterthevesselhasbeenvalued,sheisputupforsaleeitherbytenderormoreusuallybypublicauction.Ifthehighestofferexceedstheappraisedvalueofthevessel,itwillnormallynotbenecessarytoreverttotheCourtforconfirmationofthesale.

Ontheotherhand,shouldthehighestbidbelessthantheappraisedvalue,theCourtmaybeapproachedwithaviewtoitsconfirmingthesaleatsuchalowerpurchaseprice,shouldcircumstanceswarrantsuchconfirmation.

11.2 Ranking of claims

Whereafundarisesfromthesaleofanassociatedshiptherewillbethreequeues:

• rankingfirst,directclaimsagainsttheshipsold;

• rankingsecond,claimsarisinginrespectofsisterships(ownedbythesameparty);and

• rankingthird,claimsinrespectofassociatedships.

Interestonanyclaimandthecostofenforcingitaredeemedtoformpartoftheclaim,forthepurposesofranking.

Notwithstandingtheprovisionsastoranking,anyundertakingorsecuritygivenforaparticularclaimmustbeappliedinsatisfactionofthatclaim.

12. INSPECTIONS AND EXAMINATIONS

TheSouthAfricanCourtshavethepowertomakeanorderfortheexamination,testingorinspectionbyapersonofanyship,cargo,documentsoranyotherthingandforthetakingoftheevidenceofanyperson,ifthisisnecessaryordesirableforthepurposesofdetermininganymaritimeclaimordefencetoanysuchclaimwhichhasbeenormaybebroughtbeforeaCourt,arbitratororrefereeinSouthAfrica(Section5(5)oftheAct).

TheCourtalsohasdiscretion,inexceptionalcircumstances,toexercisethesepowersinrespectofactionsinstitutedortobeinstitutedelsewherethaninSouthAfrica,andourCourtmaymakesuchordersforthepurposesofarbitrationorlegalproceedingselsewhereintheworld,eitheratthetimeofgrantinganorderforthearrestofashipforsecurityforproceedingselsewhere,orevenintheabsenceofanyarrest.

Againstthebackgroundofthesepowers,ourCourthasbeenpreparedtoorderthatevidenceofcrewbetakenonoathpursuanttoanapplicationby,forexample,cargointerestsand/orcharterersforthepurposesofdeterminingamaritimeclaiminrespectofproceedingscontemplatedelsewherethaninSouthAfrica.Suchanorderwould,asamatterofpracticalapplication,entailadirectiveprohibiting(orinterdicting)thecrewfromleavingthejurisdictionoftheCourtuntilsuchtimeastheevidencehasbeentaken.Ineachinstance,thewillingnessoftheCourttomakesuchanorderwilldependonthetotalityofthecircumstancesofthecase–or,putdifferently,the“factualmatrix”uponwhichtheapplicationisbased.

12

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

AdmiraltyRule14providestheframeworkforthetakingofsuchevidenceoncommission.Inthisregard,theRuleaffirmstheCourt’sdiscretionastotheappointmentofacommissioner,anddetermineshisorherdutiesandpowersandthedatesandvenuesofanypossiblehearings.

Italsodirectsthatanypersongivingevidenceshallbeliabletoexaminationandcross-examinationbyanyinterestedparties,andthattheseexaminationsshouldoccurinthesamemannerasiftheevidencewasbeingheardatthetrialofthematter.Theseprocedurescouldbeinvaluablefordeterminingthecauseofcargodamageandforthetakingofcrewmembers’evidence(iffavourable)priortotheirrepatriationtoforeigncountries.

Inappropriatecircumstances,itmaybepossibletoobtainsuchanorderwithoutnoticetothepersonwhosepropertyordocumentsaretobeexamined,whereforexample,therewouldbeariskthatevidencewouldbelostifnoticeweregiven.

13. TIME BARS

Anactionisdeemedtohavecommencedforallpurposes,includingtheinterruptionofatimebar:

• bytheissueofawarrantofarrestandsummonsin rem;

• bythemakingofanapplicationfortheattachmentofpropertytofoundjurisdiction;

• bytheserviceofanyprocessbywhichtheactionisinstituted;or

• bygivingsecurityfortheclaim.

Theattachmentofpropertytofoundjurisdictionortheserviceoftheprocessin remmusttakeplacewithin12monthsofthedateofissueorgrantingofsuchattachmentorder,buttheCourthasthepowertoextendthisperiod.

14. PROVISIONAL SENTENCE SUMMONS

ThisspecialisedformofSummons(Writ),whichhasbeenpartofthenon-admiraltyordinarypracticeintheHighCourtofSouthAfricaforsometime,hasbeenintroducedintotheadmiraltyjurisdictionoftheHighCourt.ThisformofSummonsisutilisedwherethePlaintiffisproceedingwithacauseofactionbasedonaliquiddocument,acopy

ofwhichmustbeattachedtotheSummons.AliquiddocumentisessentiallyawrittenacknowledgmentofunconditionalliabilityforthepaymentofafixedsumofmoneytothePlaintiff,anditissignedbytheDefendantoritsagent.Itmaytakemanyforms,afewofthemorecommondocumentsbeingcheques,billsofexchange,acknowledgementsofdebtandmortgagebonds.

ThroughtheProvisionalSentenceSummonsprocedure,theDefendantiscalledupontoappearonaspecifieddatetoanswertheclaimbroughtontheliquiddocument.ShouldtheDefendantfailtoenterintothisapplicationprocess,orifhisorheroppositiontotheapplicationisunsuccessful,theCourthasthepowertoenteraprovisionalorfinalsentenceinfavourofthePlaintiff.ADefendantmayonlyopposetheapplicationbyeitherallegingtheinvalidityoforplacinginquestiontheidentityofthesignatureonthedocument,orbyraisingadefenceonthemeritsofthematter,suchasthattheamountclaimedhasalreadybeenpaid.

WheretheDefendant’soppositiontotheprovisionalsentenceapplicationisunsuccessful,aprovisionalsentencewillbeenteredinfavourofthePlaintiff,andtheDefendantwillonlybepermittedtoentertheprincipalcaseonceheorshehassatisfiedtheamountofthejudgmentandtaxedcosts.Further,shouldtheDefendantfailtoentertheprincipalcasewithintwomonthsofthegrantingofprovisionalsentence,theprovisionaljudgmentbecomesfinal.ShouldthePlaintiff’sprovisionalsentenceapplicationberefused,thentheprincipalcasewillcontinuetorunaccordingtotheordinaryrulesrelatingtopleadingsinanopposedaction.

Thisprocedurewillbeofparticularrelevancetomortgageebanksinadmiraltymattersasitaffordsthemapowerfulweaponwithwhichtopursuetheirclaimagainstthemortgagors.Itshould,however,benotedthatmortgagedocumentsarenotalwaysliquiddocuments,andthatshouldthemortgagor’sliabilityneedtobedeterminedbyreferencetoanotherdocument,thenthesaidmortgagewillnotconstitutealiquiddocument.Eachindividualcaseanddocumentneedstobeanalysedtodeterminewhetheritcomplieswiththerequirementsofaliquiddocumentornot,forthepurposesofprovisionalsentence.

13


CONTENTS PAGE

15. TONNAGE LIMITATION IN

SOUTH AFRICA

WhileSouthAfricahasneverratifiedtheInternationalConventionrelatingtotheLimitationofLiabilityofOwnersofSeagoingShips(Brussels1957),theMerchantShippingactNo.57of1951clearlyincorporatesmostoftheimportantprovisionsthereof.ApartywishingtolimititsliabilityunderSouthAfricanlawmustprovethatthelossordamagewascaused“withoutitsactualfaultorprivity”.

Therighttolimitextendstotheownerofaship,whetherregisteredinSouthAfricaornot,thecharterer,anypersoninterestedinorinpossessionoftheship,andamanageroroperatoroftheship.Inthisregard,SouthAfricahasnotaccededtothe1976Conventionwhichcalculatesthelimitationfundaccordingtoasystemoftonnagelayersratherthanperton,andmoreimportantlydoesawaywith“faultandprivity”oftheshipownerbyshiftingtheonusofproofontotheclaimanttoprovewilfulintentbytheshipowner.Twoimportantquestionsariseinconnectionwiththe“faultorprivity”requirementasappliedinSouthAfrica,namely:• Whosefaultorprivitycanbeconsideredto

bethatoftheownerorcharterer;forexampledirectors,managersorsuperintendentsofamodernshipowningcorporatestructure?

• Whatisthedegreeofculpabilityattachingtotheowner,iehowmuchinvolvementdoestheownerneedtohaveonaday-to-daybasisintherunningofhisorhervessel,andhowmuchcanbedelegatedtootherstaff?

OurCourt’sattitudetothesequestionsissetoutinthe“StPardarn”,a1986decisionoftheCapeProvincialDivisioninwhichtheCourtheldthatthefaultorprivityneednotbethatofadirector,butcouldbethatofsomeonefurtherdownthemanagementlevelofashipowningcompany,andfurtherthatfaultorprivitywasareferencetonegligencewhichmusthavecausedorcontributedtotheloss.TheSouthAfricanCourtshaveheldthattheyexpectthesamedegreeofeffectivemanagement(supervisionandcontrol)ofaship’sdaytodayactivitiesashasbeenlaiddowninthe“LadyGwendolen”andsubsequentEnglishdecisions.Thereisthusanever-increasingonusinthedutyofcare/supervision

byashipownerbeforetheCourtsarepreparedtoacceptanabsenceoffaultorprivityonthesaidowner’sbehalf.

FollowingtheShippingGeneralAmendmentAct(No.23of1997),SouthAfricanowfixestheamountoftonnagelimitationwithreferencetoSpecialDrawingRights(SDRs).Ashipownerisentitledtolimithisorherliabilityinthefollowingamounts,dependentonwhethertherehasbeenalossoflifeorpersonalinjury,orwhethertherehasonlybeenlossofordamagetoproperty,orwhethertherehasbeenbothlossoflifeorpersonalinjuryandlossofordamagetoproperty:

• inthecaseofclaimsfordamagesinrespectoflossoflifeorpersonalinjuryonly,theshipowner’sliabilitywillbelimitedto206.67SDRsforeachtonoftheship’sgrossregisteredtonnage;

• inthecaseofclaimsfordamagesinrespectoflossofordamagetopropertyonly,theshipowner’sliabilitywillbelimitedto66.67SDRsforeachtonoftheship’sgrossregisteredtonnage;and

• inthecaseofclaimsfordamagesinrespectoflossoflifeorpersonalinjuryandalsoclaimsfordamagesinrespectoflossofordamagetoproperty,theshipowner’sliabilitywillbelimitedto206.67SDRsforeachtonoftheship’sgrossregisteredtonnage,with140SDRsofthe206.67toenjoypriorityinrespectoftheclaimforlossoflifeorpersonalinjury.

SDRsareconvertedintoSouthAfricancurrencyasdeterminedbytheInternationalMonetaryFundonthedateonwhichjudgmentisgivenandcanbeprovedbyacertificateissuedbytheSouthAfricanTreasury.

Thecurrentsystemproduceslimitationfigureswhich,whilenotinsignificant,arebothconsiderablylessthantheexcessivefiguresachievedunderthepreviousGoldFrancregimeapplicableinSouthAfrica,andalsothoselimitationamountsapplicableunderthe1976Convention.Despitethis,SouthAfricaremainsajurisdictionfavourabletoPlaintiffshavingclaimswhichmaybesubjecttotonnagelimitationinthat,duetotheretentionofthe“faultandprivity”system,itismoredifficultfortheshipownertolimithisorherliabilitytotheamountssetoutabove.

14

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE15


CONTENTS PAGE

[ASSENTEDTO8SEPTEMBER,1983][DATEOFCOMMENCEMENT:1NOVEMBER,1983](AfrikaanstextsignedbytheStatePresident)

asamendedby:

AdmiraltyJurisdictionRegulationAmendmentAct87of1992GeneralLawAmendmentAct139of1992WreckandSalvageAct94of1996SouthAfricanMaritimeSafetyAuthorityAct5of1998SeaTransportDocumentsAct65of2000JudicialMattersAmendmentAct66of2008

ACT

To provide for the vesting of the powers of the AdmiraltyCourts of the Republic in the provincial and local divisionsof the Supreme Court of South Africa, and for the extensionof those powers; for the law to be applied by, and the procedure applicable in, those divisions; for the repeal of the Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act, 1890, of the United Kingdom, in so far as it applies in relation to the Republic; and for incidental matters.

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

1. Definitions2. AdmiraltyjurisdictionofSupremeCourt3. Formofproceedings4. ProcedureandrulesofCourt5. PowersofCourt6. Lawtobeappliedandrulesofevidence7. Disputesastovenueorjurisdiction8. Arrests9. Saleofarrestedproperty10. Vestingofpropertyintrustee,liquidatoror

judicialmanagerexcludedincertaincases10A.PowerofCourtregardingclaims

againstfund11. Rankingofclaims12. Appeals

13. Amendmentofsection2ofAct57of195114. JurisdictionofMagistrates’Courts

notaffected15. ActtobindtheState16. Repealoflaws17. Shorttitleandcommencement

SCHEDULE

1. Definitions

(1)InthisAct,unlessthecontextindicatesotherwise—

“admiraltyaction”meansproceedingsintermsofthisActfortheenforcementofamaritimeclaimwhethersuchproceedingsarebywayofactionorbywayofanyothercompetentprocedure,andincludesanyancillaryorproceduralmeasure,whetherbywayofapplicationorotherwise,inconnectionwithanysuchproceedings;

“container”meansacontainerforthecarriageofgoodsbysea,includinganysuchcontainerwhichisemptyorotherwisetemporarilynotbeingusedforsuchcarriage;

“fund”meansafundmentionedinsection3(11);

“maritimeclaim”meansanyclaimfor,arisingoutoforrelatingto—

(a) theownershipofashiporashareinaship;

(b)thepossession,delivery,employmentorearningsofaship;

(c)anyagreementforthesaleofashiporashareinaship,oranyagreementwithregardtotheownership,possession,delivery,employmentorearningsofaship;

Admiralty Jurisdiction Regulation Act 105 of 1983

16

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

(d) anymortgage,hypothecation,rightofretention,pledgeorotherchargeonorofaship,andanybottomryorrespondentiabond;

(e)damagecausedbyortoaship,whetherby

collisionoorotherwise; (f) lossoflifeorpersonalinjurycausedbya

shiporanydefectinashiporoccurringinconnectionwiththeemploymentofaship;

(g)lossofordamagetogoods(includingthe

baggageandthepersonalbelongingsofthemaster,officersorseamenofaship)carriedorwhichoughttohavebeencarriedinaship,whethersuchclaimarisesoutofanyagreementorotherwise;

(h)thecarriageofgoodsinaship,orany

agreementfororrelatingtosuchcarriage;

(i)anycontainerandanyagreementrelatingtoanycontainer;

(j) anycharterpartyortheuse,hire,

employmentoroperationofaship,whethersuchclaimarisesoutofanyagreementorotherwise;

(k)salvage,includingsalvagerelatingtoanyaircraftandthesharingorapportionmentofsalvageandanyrightinrespectofpropertysalvedorwhichwould,butforthenegligenceordefaultofthesalvororapersonwhoattemptedtosalveit,havebeensalved,andanyclaimarisingoutoftheWreckandSalvageAct,1996;

(l) towageorpilotage;

(m) thesupplyingofgoodsortherenderingofservicesfortheemployment,maintenance,protectionorpreservationofaship;

(n)therendering,bymeansofanyaircraft,shiporothermeans,ofservicesinconnectionwiththecarryingofpersonsorgoodstoorfromaship,ortheprovisionofmedicalorotherservicestoorinrespectofthepersonsonbeingtakentoorfromaship;

(o)paymentsordisbursementsbyamaster,shipper,charterer,agentoranyotherpersonfororonbehalfoforonaccountofashiportheownerorchartererofaship;

(p)theremunerationof,orpaymentsordisbursementsmadeby,ortheactsoromissionsof,anypersonappointedtoactorwhoactedorfailedtoact—

(i)asanagent,whetherasaship’s,clearing,forwardingorotherkindofagent,inrespectofanyshiporanygoodscarriedortobecarriedorwhichwereoroughttohavebeencarriedinaship;or

(ii)asabrokerinrespectofanycharter,saleoranyotheragreementrelatingtoashiporinconnectionwiththecarriageofgoodsinashiporinconnectionwithanyinsuranceofashiporanyportionorpartthereoforofotherpropertyreferredtoinsection3(5);or

(iii)asattorneyoradviserinrespectofanymattermentionedinsubparagraphs(i)and(ii);

(q)thedesign,construction,repairorequipmentofanyship;

(r)dock,harbourorsimilardues,andanycharge,levyorpenaltyimposedundertheSouthAfricanMaritimeSafetyAuthorityAct,1998,ortheSouthAfricanMaritimeSafetyAuthorityLeviesAct,1998;

(s) theemploymentofanymaster,officer

orseamanofashipinconnectionwithorinrelationtoaship,includingtheremunerationofanysuchperson,andcontributionsinrespectofanysuchpersontoanypensionfund,providentfund,medicalaidfund,benefitfund,similarfund,associationorinstitutioninrelationtoorforthebenefitofanymaster,officerorseaman;

17


CONTENTS PAGE

(t) generalaverageoranyactclaimedtobeageneralaverageact;

(u)marineinsuranceoranypolicyofmarineinsurance,includingtheprotectionandindemnitybyanybodyofpersonsofitsmembersinrespectofmarinematters;

(v)theforfeitureofanyshiporanygoodscarried

thereinortherestorationofanyshiporanysuchgoodsforfeited;

(w)thelimitationofliabilityoftheownerofashiporofanyotherpersonentitledtoanysimilarlimitationofliability;

(x)thedistributionofafundoranyportionofa

fundheldortobeheldby,orinaccordancewiththedirectionsof,anyCourtintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdiction,oranyofficerofanyCourtexercisingsuchjurisdiction;

(y)anymaritimelien,whetherornotfalling

underanyoftheprecedingparagraphs; (z)pollutionoftheseaorthesea-shorebyoil

oranyothersubstanceonoremanatingfromaship;

(aa)anyjudgmentorarbitrationawardrelatingtoamaritimeclaim,whethergivenormadeintheRepublicorelsewhere;

(bb)wrongfulormaliciousproceedingsinrespectoforinvolvinganypropertyreferredtoinsection3(5),orthewrongfulormaliciousarrest,attachmentordetentionofanysuchproperty,whereveranysuchproceedings,arrest,attachmentordetentiontookplace,andwhetherintheRepublicorelsewhere,andanylossordamagecontemplatedinsection5(4);

(cc)piracy,sabotageorterrorismrelatingtopropertymentionedinsection3(5),ortopersonsonanyship;

(dd)anymatternotfallingunderanyofthepreviousparagraphsinrespectofwhichaCourtofAdmiraltyoftheRepublicreferredtointheColonialCourtsofAdmiraltyAct,1890(53and

54Victc.27),oftheUnitedKingdom,wasempoweredtoexerciseadmiraltyjurisdictionimmediatelybeforethecommencementofthisAct,oranymatterinrespectofwhichaCourtoftheRepublicisempoweredtoexerciseadmiraltyjurisdiction;

(ee)anyothermatterwhichbyvirtueofitsnatureorsubjectmatterisamarineormaritimematter,themeaningoftheexpressionmarineormaritimematternotbeinglimitedbyreasonofthematterssetforthintheprecedingparagraphs;and

(ff)anycontribution,indemnityordamageswithregardtoorarisingoutofanyclaiminrespectofanymattermentionedaboveoranymatterancillarythereto,includingtheattachmentofpropertytofoundorconfirmjurisdiction,thegivingorreleaseofanysecurity,andthepaymentofinterest;

“Minister”meanstheMinisterofJustice;

“rules”meanstherulesmadeundersection4orinforcethereunder;

“ship”meansanyvesselusedorcapableofbeingusedontheseaorinternalwaters,andincludesanyhovercraft,powerboat,yacht,fishingboat,submarinevessel,barge,cranebarge,floatingcrane,floatingdock,oilorotherfloatingrig,floatingmooringinstallationorsimilarfloatinginstallation,whetherself-propelledornot;

“thisAct”includestherules.

(2)(a)Anadmiraltyactionshallforanyrelevantpurposecommence—

(i)bytheserviceofanyprocessbywhichthatactionisinstituted;

(ii) bythemakingofanapplicationfortheattachmentofpropertytofoundjurisdiction;

(iii)bytheissueofanyprocessfortheinstitutionofanactioninrem;

(iv) bythegivingofsecurityoranundertakingascontemplatedinsection3(10)(a).

18

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

(b)Anactioncommencedascontemplatedinparagraph(a)shalllapseandbeofnoforceandeffectif—

(i)anapplicationcontemplatedinparagraph(a)(ii)isnotgrantedorisdischargedornotconfirmed;

(ii)noattachmentiseffectedwithintwelvemonthsofthegrantofanorderpursuanttosuchanapplicationorthefinaldecisionoftheapplication;

(iii) aprocesscontemplatedinparagraph(a)(iii)isnotservedwithintwelvemonthsoftheissuethereof;

(iv) thepropertyconcernedisdeemedintermsofsection3(10)(a)(ii)tohavebeenreleasedanddischarged.

(3) Forthepurposesofanactioninrem,achartererbydemiseshallbedeemedtobe,ortohavebeen,theowneroftheshipfortheperiodofthecharterbydemise.

2. Admiralty jurisdiction of Supreme Court

(1) SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisAct,eachprovincialandlocaldivision,includingacircuitlocaldivision,oftheSupremeCourtofSouthAfricashallhavejurisdiction(hereinafterreferredtoasadmiraltyjurisdiction)tohearanddetermineanymaritimeclaim(including,inthecaseofsalvage,claimsinrespectofships,cargoorgoodsfoundonland),irrespectiveoftheplacewhereitarose,oftheplaceofregistrationoftheshipconcernedoroftheresidence,domicileornationalityofitsowner.

(2)ForthepurposesofthisActtheareaofjurisdictionofaCourtreferredtoinsubsection(1)shallbedeemedtoincludethatportionoftheterritorialwatersoftheRepublicadjacenttothecoastlineofitsareaofjurisdiction.

3. Form of proceedings

(1) SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisAct,anymaritimeclaimmaybeenforcedbyanactionin personam.

(2)Anactionin personammayonlybeinstitutedagainstaperson—

(a) residentorcarryingonbusinessatanyplaceintheRepublic;

(b) whosepropertywithintheCourt’sarea

ofjurisdictionhasbeenattachedbytheplaintiffortheapplicant,tofoundortoconfirmjurisdiction;

(c) whohasconsentedorsubmittedtothejurisdictionoftheCourt;

(d) inrespectofwhomanyCourtinthe

RepublichasjurisdictionintermsofChapterIVoftheInsuranceAct,1943(ActNo.27of1943);

(e) inthecaseofacompany,ifthecompany

hasaregisteredofficeintheRepublic.

(3) Anactionin personammaynotbeinstitutedinaCourtofwhichtheareaofjurisdictionisnotadjacenttotheterritorialwatersoftheRepublicunless—

(a) inthecaseofaclaimcontemplatedinparagraph(a),(b),(j)or(u)ofthedefinitionof“maritimeclaim”,theclaimarisesoutofanagreementconcludedwithintheareaofjurisdictionofthatCourt;

(b) inthecaseofaclaimcontemplatedinparagraph(g)or(h)ofthatdefinition,thegoodsconcernedareorwereshippedunderabillofladingtoorfromaplacewithintheareaofjurisdictionofthatCourt;

(c) themaritimeclaimconcernedrelatestoa

fundwithin,orfreightpayablein,theareaofjurisdictionofthatCourt.

(4) Withoutprejudicetoanyotherremedythatmaybeavailabletoaclaimantortotherulesrelatingtothejoinderofcausesofactionamaritimeclaimmaybeenforcedbyanactionin rem—

(a) iftheclaimanthasamaritimelienoverthepropertytobearrested;or

(b) iftheownerofthepropertytobearrested

wouldbeliabletotheclaimantinanactionin personaminrespectofthecauseofactionconcerned.

19


CONTENTS PAGE

(5) AnactioninremshallbeinstitutedbythearrestwithintheareaofjurisdictionoftheCourtconcernedofpropertyof1ormoreofthefollowingcategoriesagainstorinrespectofwhichtheclaimlies:

(a) Theship,withorwithoutitsequipment,furniture,storesorbunkers;

(b) thewholeoranypartoftheequipment,furniture,storesorbunkers;

(c) thewholeoranypartofthecargo; (d) thefreight; (e) anycontainer,iftheclaimarisesoutofor

relatestotheuseofthatcontainerinoronashiporthecarriageofgoodsbyseaorbywaterotherwiseinthatcontainer;

(f) afund.

(6) Anactioninrem,otherthananactioninrespectofamaritimeclaimreferredtoinparagraph(d)ofthedefinitionof“maritimeclaim”,maybebroughtbythearrestofanassociatedshipinsteadoftheshipinrespectofwhichthemaritimeclaimarose.

(7) (a) Forthepurposeofsubsection(6)anassociatedshipmeansaship,otherthantheshipinrespectofwhichthemaritimeclaimarose—

(i) owned,atthetimewhentheactioniscommenced,bythepersonwhowastheowneroftheshipconcernedatthetimewhenthemaritimeclaimarose;or

(ii) owned,atthetimewhentheactioniscommenced,byapersonwhocontrolledthecompanywhichownedtheshipconcernedwhenthemaritimeclaimarose;or;

(iii) owned,atthetimewhentheactioniscommenced,byacompanywhichiscontrolledbyapersonwhoownedtheshipconcerned,orcontrolledthecompanywhichownedtheshipconcerned,whenthemaritimeclaimarose.

(b)Forthepurposesofparagraph(a)—

(i) shipsshallbedeemedtobeownedbythesamepersonsifthemajorityinnumberof,orofvotingrightsinrespectof,orthegreaterpart,invalue,of,thesharesintheshipsareownedbythesamepersons;

(ii) apersonshallbedeemedtocontrolacompanyifheorshehaspower,directlyorindirectly,tocontrolthecompany;

(iii) acompanyincludesanyotherjuristicpersonandanybodyofpersons,irrespectiveofwhetherornotanyinterestthereinconsistsofshares.

(c) Ifatanytimeashipwasthesubject

ofacharter-party,thechartererorsubcharterer,asthecasemaybe,shallforthepurposesofsubsection(6)andthissubsectionbedeemedtobetheowneroftheshipconcernedinrespectofanyrelevantmaritimeclaimforwhichthechartererorthesubcharterer,andnottheowner,isallegedtobeliable.

(8) Propertyshallnotbearrestedandsecuritythereforshallnotbegivenmorethanonceinrespectofthesamemaritimeclaimbythesameclaimant.

(9) ......

(10) (a) (i) Propertyshallbedeemedtohavebeenarrestedorattachedandtobeunderarrestorattachmentattheinstanceofapersonifatanytime,whetherbeforeorafterthearrestorattachment,securityoranundertakinghasbeengiventohimorhertopreventthearrestorattachmentofthepropertyortoobtainthereleasethereoffromarrestorattachment.

(ii) Anypropertydeemedintermsof subparagraph(i) tohavebeen arrestedorattached,shallbe deemedtobereleasedand dischargedtherefromifnofurther stepintheproceedings,withregard toaclaimbythepersonconcerned,

20

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

istakenwithin1yearofthegivingof anysuchsecurityorundertaking. (b) Thatsecurityshallforthepurposesof

sections9and10bedeemedtobethefreightortheproceedsofthesaleoftheproperty.

(11) (a) Thereshallinanyparticularcasebeafundconsistingof—

(i) anysecurityorundertakinggivenintermsofsubsection(10)(a),unlesssuchsecurityorundertakingisgiveninrespectofaparticularclaimbyaparticularperson;

(ii) theproceedsofthesaleofanypropertymentionedinsubsection(5)(a)to(e),eitherintermsofanyordermadeintermsofsection9,orinexecutionorotherwise.

(b) Afundshall,forallpurposes,bedeemed

tobethepropertysoldorthepropertyinrespectofwhichthesecurityoranundertakinghasbeengiven.

(c) Ifanactioninremisinstitutedagainstor

inrespectofafundintermsofsubsection(5),theplaintiffshallgivenoticeofthesaidactiontotheregistraroftheCourtorotherpersonholdingthefund,andtoallpersonsknownbytheplaintifftobeinterestedinthefund.

(d) Theinterestofanypersonin,oranyclaim

byanypersonagainst,afundshallbecapableofattachmenttofoundjurisdiction.

4. Procedure and rules of Court

(1)SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisAct,theprovisionsoftheSupremeCourtAct,1959(ActNo.59of1959),andtherulesmadeundersection43ofthatAct,shallmutatismutandisapplyinrelationtoproceedingsintermsofthisAct,exceptinsofarasthoserulesareinconsistentwiththerulesreferredtoinsubsection(2).

(2)TherulesoftheCourtsofAdmiraltyoftheRepublicinforceintermsoftheColonial

CourtsofAdmiraltyAct,1890,oftheUnitedKingdom,immediatelybeforethecommencementofthisAct,shallbedeemedtoberulesmadeundersection43(2)(a)oftheSupremeCourtAct,1959,andshallapplyinrespectofproceedingsintermsofthisAct.

(3)ThepoweroftheChiefJusticetomakerulesundersection43oftheSupremeCourtAct,1959,shallincludethepowertomakerulesprescribingthefollowing:

(a) Theappointmentofanypersonorbody

fortheassessmentoffeesandcostsandthemannerinwhichsuchfeesandcostsaretobeassessed;

(b) measuresaimedatavoidingcircuityor

multiplicityofactions; (c) thepracticeandprocedureforreferring

toarbitrationanymatterarisingoutofproceedingsrelatingtoamaritimeclaim,andtheappointment,remunerationandpowersofanarbitrator.

(4) (a) Notwithstandinganythingtothecontraryinanylawrelatingtoattachmenttofoundorconfirmjurisdiction,aCourtintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionmaymakeanorderfortheattachmentofthepropertyconcernedalthoughtheclaimantisnotanincolaeitheroftheareaofjurisdictionofthatCourtoroftheRepublic.

(b) ACourtmaymakeanorderforthe

attachmentofpropertynotwithintheareaofjurisdictionoftheCourtatthetimeoftheapplicationoroftheorder,andsuchanordermaybecarriedintoeffectwhenthatpropertycomeswithintheareaofjurisdictionoftheCourt.

(c) Subjecttotheprovisionsofsection3(3)—

(i) aCourtmaymakeanorderforthearrestorattachment,tofoundjurisdiction,ofpropertynotwithintheareaofjurisdictionoftheCourtif—

(aa) (aaa)thatpropertyisintheRepublicorislikelytocomeintotheRepublic

21


CONTENTS PAGE

afterthemakingoftheorder;and

(bbb)noCourtintheRepublicotherwisehasjurisdictioninconnectionwiththeclaimorcanotherwiseacquiresuchjurisdictionbyanarrestorattachmenttofoundjurisdiction;or

(bb)otherpropertywithintheareaofjurisdictionoftheCourthasbeenorisabouttobearrestedorattachedtofoundjurisdictioninconnectionwiththesameclaim;

(ii) anysuchordermaybeexecutedandanyarrestorattachmentpursuant theretoeffectedatanyplaceintheRepublicascontemplatedinsection 26(1)oftheSupremeCourtAct,1959(ActNo.59of1959);

(iii) thearrestorattachmentofany propertypursuanttoanysuchordershallbeanarrestorattachment whichshallfoundtherelevant jurisdictionoftheCourtorderingthearrestorattachment.

(d) ACourtmaymakeanorderforthearrestorattachment,tofoundjurisdiction,ofanyshipwhich,iftheactionconcernedhadbeenanactioninrem,wouldbeanassociatedshipwithregardtotheshipinrespectofwhichthemaritimeclaimconcernedarose.

5. Powers of Court

(1)ACourtmayintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionpermitthejoinderinproceedingsintermsofthisActofanypersonagainstwhomanypartytothoseproceedingshasaclaim,whetherjointlywith,orseparatelyfrom,anypartytothoseproceedings,orfromwhomanypartytothoseproceedingsisentitledtoclaimacontributionoranindemnification,orinrespectofwhomanyquestionorissueintheactionissubstantiallythesameasaquestionorissuewhichhasarisenorwillarisebetweenthepartyandthepersontobejoinedandwhichshouldbedeterminedinsuchamannerastobindthatperson,whetherornottheclaimagainstthelatterisamaritimeclaimandnotwithstandingthefactthatheorsheisnototherwiseamenabletothejurisdictionoftheCourt,whetherby

reasonoftheabsenceofattachmentofhisorherpropertyorotherwise.

(2) ACourtmayintheexerciseofits

admiraltyjurisdiction—

(a) consideranddecideanymatterarisinginconnectionwithanymaritimeclaim,notwithstandingthatanysuchmattermaynotbeonewhichwouldgiverisetoamaritimeclaim;

(b) orderanypersontogivesecurityforcostsorforanyclaim;

(c) orderthatanyarrestorattachment madeortobemadeorthatanything doneortobedoneintermsofthis ActoranyorderoftheCourtbe subjecttosuchconditionsastothe Courtappearsjust,whetherastothe furnishingofsecurityortheliability forcosts,expenses,lossordamage causedorlikelytobecaused,orotherwise;

(dA)notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsection3(8),orderthat,inadditiontopropertyalreadyarrestedorattached,furtherpropertybearrestedorattachedinordertoprovideadditionalsecurityforanyclaim,andorderthatanysecuritygivenbeincreased,reducedordischarged,subjecttosuchconditionsastotheCourtappearsjust;

(d) onapplicationmadebeforetheexpiryofanyperiodcontemplatedinsection1(2)(b)or3(10)(a)(ii),oranyextensionthereof,fromtimetotimegrantanextensionofanysuchperiod;

(e) orderthatanymatterpendingorarisinginproceedingsbeforeitbereferredtoanarbitratororrefereefordecisionorreportandprovidefortheappointment,remunerationandpowersofthearbitratororrefereeandforthegivingofeffecttohisorherdecisionorreport;

(f) makesuchorderastointerest,therateofinterestinrespectofanysumawardedbyitandthedatefromwhichinterestistoaccrue,whetherbeforeorafterthedateof

22

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

thecommencementoftheaction,astoitappearsjust;

(g) subjecttotheprovisionsofanylawrelatingtoexchangecontrol,orderpaymenttobemadeinsuchcurrencyotherthanthecurrencyoftheRepublicasinthecircumstancesofthecaseappearsappropriate,andmakesuchorderasseemsjustastothedateuponwhichthecalculationoftheconversionfromanycurrencytoanyothercurrencyshouldbebased.

(3) (a)ACourtmayintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionorderthearrestofanypropertyforthepurposeofprovidingsecurityforaclaimwhichisormaybethesubjectofanarbitrationoranyproceedingscontemplated,pendingorproceeding,eitherintheRepublicorelsewhere,andwhetherornotitissubjecttothelawoftheRepublic,ifthepersonseekingthearresthasaclaimenforceablebyanactionin personamagainsttheownerofthepropertyconcernedoranactioninremagainstsuchpropertyorwhichwouldbesoenforceablebutforanysucharbitrationorproceedings.

(aA)Anypropertysoarrestedoranysecurityfor,ortheproceedsof,anysuchpropertyshallbeheldassecurityforanysuchclaimorpendingtheoutcomeofanysucharbitrationorproceedings.

(b)UnlesstheCourtordersotherwiseanypropertysoarrestedshallbedeemedtobepropertyarrestedinanactionintermsofthisAct.

(4)AnypersonwhomakesanexcessiveclaimorrequiresexcessivesecurityorwithoutreasonableandprobablecauseobtainsthearrestofpropertyoranorderofCourt,shallbeliabletoanypersonsufferinglossordamageasaresultthereofforthatlossordamage.

(5) (a) ACourtmayintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionatanytimeontheapplicationofanyinterestedpersonorofitsownmotion—

(i) ifitappearstotheCourttobenecessaryordesirableforthepurposeofdetermininganymaritimeclaim,oranydefencetoanysuchclaim,whichhasbeenormaybebroughtbeforeaCourt,arbitratororrefereeintheRepublic,makeanorderfortheexamination,testingorinspectionbyanypersonofanyship,cargo,documentsoranyotherthingandforthetakingoftheevidenceofanyperson;

(ii) inmakinganorderintermsofsubparagraph(i),makeanorderthatanypersonwhoappliedforsuchfirst-mentionedordershallbeliableandgivesecurityforanycostsorexpenses,includingthosearisingfromanydelay,occasionedbytheapplicationandthecarryingintoeffectofanysuchorder;

(iii) grantleavetoanysuchpersontoapplyforanorderthatanysuchcostsorexpensesbeconsideredaspartofthecostsoftheproceedings;

(iv) inexceptionalcircumstances,makesuchanorderasiscontemplatedinsubparagraph(i)withregardtoamaritimeclaimwhichhasbeenormaybebroughtbeforeanyCourt,arbitrator,refereeortribunalelsewherethanintheRepublic,inwhichcasesubparagraphs(ii)and(iii)shallmutatismutandisapply.

(b) TheprovisionsofthisActshallnotaffectanyprivilegerelatingtoanydocumentinthepossessionof,oranycommunicationtoorthegivingofanyevidenceby,anyperson.

6. Law to be applied and rules of evidence

(1)NotwithstandinganythingtothecontraryinanylaworthecommonlawcontainedaCourtintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionshall—

(a) withregardtoanymatterinrespectofwhichaCourtofAdmiraltyoftheRepublicreferredtointheColonialCourtsofAdmiraltyAct,1890,oftheUnitedKingdom,hadjurisdictionimmediately

23


CONTENTS PAGE

beforethecommencementofthisAct,applythelawwhichtheHighCourtofJusticeoftheUnitedKingdomintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionwouldhaveappliedwithregardtosuchamatteratsuchcommencement,insofarasthatlawcanbeapplied;

(b) withregardtoanyothermatter,applytheRoman-DutchlawapplicableintheRepublic.

(2)Theprovisionsofsubsection(1)shallnotderogatefromtheprovisionsofanylawoftheRepublicapplicabletoanyofthematterscontemplatedinparagraph(a)or(b)ofthatsubsection.

(3)ACourtmayintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionreceiveasevidencestatementswhichwouldotherwisebeinadmissibleasbeinginthenatureofhearsayevidence,subjecttosuchdirectionsandconditionsastheCourtthinksfit.

(4)Theweighttobeattachedtoevidencecontemplatedinsubsection(3)shallbeinthediscretionoftheCourt.

(5)Theprovisionsofsubsection(1)shallnotsupersedeanyagreementrelatingtothesystemoflawtobeappliedintheeventofadispute.

7. Disputes as to venue or jurisdiction

(1) (a) ACourtmaydeclinetoexerciseitsadmiraltyjurisdictioninanyproceedingsinstitutedortobeinstituted,ifitisoftheopinionthatanyotherCourtintheRepublicoranyotherCourtoranyarbitrator,tribunalorbodyelsewherewillexercisejurisdictioninrespectofthesaidproceedingsandthatitismoreappropriatethattheproceedingsbeadjudicateduponbyanysuchotherCourtorbysucharbitrator,tribunalorbody.

(b)ACourtmaystayanyproceedingsintermsofthisActifitisagreedbythepartiesconcernedthatthematterindisputebereferredtoarbitrationintheRepublicorelsewhere,orifforanyothersufficient

reasontheCourtisoftheopinionthattheproceedingsshouldbestayed.

(2) Wheninanyproceedingsbeforeaprovincialorlocaldivision,includingacircuitlocaldivision,oftheSupremeCourtofSouthAfricathequestionarisesastowhetheramatterpendingorproceedingbeforethatCourtisonerelatingtoamaritimeclaim,theCourtshallforthwithdecidethatquestion,andiftheCourtdecidesthat—

(a)thematterisonerelatingtoamaritimeclaim,itshallbeproceededwithinaCourtcompetenttoexerciseitsadmiraltyjurisdiction,andanypropertyattachedtofoundjurisdictionshallbedeemedtohavebeenattachedintermsofthisAct;

(b)thematterisnotonerelatingtoamaritimeclaim,theactionshallproceedinthedivisionhavingjurisdictioninrespectofthematter:ProvidedthatifjurisdictionwasconferredbytheattachmentofpropertybyapersonotherthananincolaoftheCourt,theCourtmayordertheactiontoproceedasifthepropertyhadbeenattachedbyanincola,ormaymakesuchotherorder,includinganorderdismissingtheactionforwantofjurisdiction,astoitappearsjust.

(3)Theprovisionsofsubsection(2)shallnotaffectanyotherobjectiontothejurisdictionofanyCourt.

(4)Noappealshalllieagainstanydecisionor ordermadeundersubsection(2).

(5)TheMinistermay,ontherecommendationofthejudgepresidentofanyprovincialdivisionoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAfrica,submitthequestionastowhetherornotaparticularmattergivesrisetoamaritimeclaim,totheAppellateDivisionoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAfricaandmaycausethatquestiontobearguedbeforethatdivisionsothatitmaydecidethequestionforfutureguidance.

8. Arrests

(1)Wherepropertyhasbeenattachedtofoundortoconfirmjurisdictionatcommonlaw,thatpropertymayneverthelessbearrestedin

24

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

connectionwithamaritimeclaim,subjecttosuchdirectionsastheCourtthinksfit.

(2)Wherepropertyhasbeenattachedtofoundortoconfirmjurisdictionrelatingtoamaritimeclaim,sections9,10and11ofthisActshallapplyasifthepropertyhadbeenarrestedinanactioninrem,whetherornotthepropertyhasbeenarrestedintermsofthisAct.

9. Sale of arrested property

(1)ACourtmayintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionatanytimeorderthatanypropertywhichhasbeenarrestedintermsofthisActbesold.

(2)TheproceedsofanypropertysosoldshallconstituteafundtobeheldinCourtortobeotherwisedealtwith,asmaybeprovidedbytherulesorbyanyorderofCourt.

(3)AnysaleintermsofanyorderofCourtshallnotbesubjecttoanymortgage,lien,hypothecation,oranyotherchargeofanynaturewhatsoever.

10. Vesting of property in trustee, liquidator or

judicial manager excluded in certain cases

Anypropertyarrestedinrespectofamaritimeclaimoranysecuritygiveninrespectofanyproperty,ortheproceedsofanypropertysoldinexecutionorunderanorderofaCourtintheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdiction,shallnot,exceptasprovidedinsection11(13),vestinatrusteeininsolvencyandshallnotformpartoftheassetstobeadministeredbyaliquidatororjudicialmanageroftheownerofthepropertyorofanyotherpersonwhomightotherwisebeentitledtosuchproperty,securityorproceeds,andnoproceedingsinrespectofsuchproperty,securityorproceeds,ortheclaiminrespectofwhichthatpropertywasarrested,shallbestayedbyorbyreasonofanysequestration,winding-uporjudicialmanagementwithrespecttothatownerorperson.

10A. Power of Court regarding claims

against fund

(1)TheCourtmaymakeanorderwithregardtothedistributionofafundorpaymentoutofanyportionofafundorproofofclaimsagainstafund,includingthereferringofanyoforallsuchclaimstoarefereezintermsofsection5(2)(e).

(2) (a)IfanorderismadereferringallsuchclaimstoarefereeoriftheCourtsoorders,allproceedingsinrespectofclaimswhicharecapableofproofforparticipationinthedistributionofthefundshallbestayedandanysuchclaimshallbeprovedonlyinaccordancewithsuchorder.

(b)Thecostsofanyproceedingsalreadyinstitutedbutwhichhavebeenstayedintermsofparagraph(a)shallbeaddedtoanyrelevantclaimprovedinaccordancewithanysuchorder.

(3) (a)Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsection11(2)and(9),anyclaimantsubmittingasproofofaclaimadefaultjudgmentmayberequiredbytherefereeorotherpersontowhomtheclaimissubmittedorbyanypersonhavinganinterestinthefund,tofurnishevidencejustifyingthesaidjudgment.

(b)Ifaclaimantisintermsofparagraph(a)requiredtofurnishsuchevidence,thejudgmentaloneshallnotbesufficientproofoftheclaim.

(c)Anypersonotherthanarefereesorequiringaclaimanttofurnishsuchevidenceshallbeliableforanycostsincurredbysuchclaimantinsodoing,unlesstheclaimantfailstojustifythesaidjudgmentoraCourtotherwiseorders.

(4) (a) Aclaimwhichissubjecttoasuspensiveorresolutiveconditionorotherwisenotyetenforceableorisvoidablemaybeproved,whereappropriate,onthebasisofanestimateorvaluation,butnodistributionshallbemadeinrespectthereofuntilithasbecomeenforceableornolongervoidable.

25


CONTENTS PAGE

(b) TheCourtmaymakeanorderastothetimewhenaclaimcontemplatedinparagraph(a)whichhasnotbecomeenforceableorisvoidableshallnolongerbetakenintoaccountforthepurposesofthedistributioninquestionornolongerberegardedasvoidable.

11. Ranking of claims

(1) (a) Ifpropertymentionedinsection3(5)(a)to(e)issoldinexecutionorconstitutesafundcontemplatedinsection3(11),therelevantmaritimeclaimsmentionedinsubsection(2)shallbepaidintheorderprescribedbysubsections(5)and(11).

(b)Propertyotherthanpropertymentionedinparagraph(a)may,inrespectofamaritimeclaim,besoldinexecution,andtheproceedsthereofdistributed,intheordinarymanner.

(2) Theclaimscontemplatedinsubsection(1)(a)areclaimsmentionedinsubsection(4)andconfirmedbyajudgmentofaCourtintheRepublicorprovedintheordinarymanner.

(3) Anyreferenceinthissectiontoashipshall,whereappropriate,includeareferencetoanyotherpropertymentionedinsection3(5)(a)to(e).

(4) Theclaimsmentionedinsubsection(2)arethefollowing,namely—

(a) aclaiminrespectofcostsandexpensesincurredtopreservethepropertyinquestionortoprocureitssaleandinrespectofthedistributionoftheproceedsofthesale;

(b) aclaimtoapreferencebasedonpossessionofthepropertyinquestion,whetherbywayofarightofretentionorotherwise;

(c) aclaimwhicharosenotearlierthan1yearbeforethecommencementofproceedingstoenforceitorbeforethesubmissionofproofthereofandwhichisaclaim—

(i) contemplatedinparagraph(s)ofthedefinitionof“maritimeclaim”;

(ii) inrespectofport,canal,otherwaterwaysorpilotagedues,andanycharge,levyorpenaltyimposedundertheSouthAfricanMaritimeSafetyAuthorityAct,1998,ortheSouthAfricanMaritimeSafetyAuthorityLeviesAct,1998;

(iii) inrespectoflossoflifeorpersonalinjury,whetheroccurringonlandoronwater,directlyresultingfromemploymentoftheship;

(iv) inrespectoflossofordamagetoproperty,whetheroccurringonlandoronwaterresultingfromdelict,andnotgivingrisetoacauseofactionbasedoncontract,anddirectlyresultingfromtheoperationoftheship;

(v) inrespectoftherepairoftheship, orthesupplyofgoodsortherenderingofservicestoorin relationtoashipforthe employment,maintenance, protectionorpreservationthereof;

(vi) inrespectofthesalvageoftheship,removalofanywreckofaship,andanycontributioninrespectofageneralaverageactorsacrificeinconnectionwiththeship;

(vii) inrespectofpremiumsowingunderanypolicyofmarineinsurancewithregardtoashiportheliabilityofanypersonarisingfromtheoperationthereof;or

(viii) byanybodyofpersonsforcontributionswithregardtotheprotectionandindemnityofitsmembersagainstanyliabilitymentionedinsubparagraph(vii);

(d) aclaiminrespectofanymortgage,hypothecationorrightofretentionof,andanyotherchargeon,theship,effectedorvalidinaccordancewiththelawoftheflagofaship,andinrespectofanylientowhichanypersonmentionedinparagraph(o)ofthedefinitionof“maritimeclaim”isentitled;

(e) aclaiminrespectofanymaritimelienontheshipnotmentionedinanyoftheprecedingparagraphs;

26

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

(f) anyothermaritimeclaim.

(5) Theclaimsmentionedinparagraphs(b)to(f)ofsubsection(4)shallrankafteranyclaimreferredtoinparagraph(a)ofthatsubsection,andinaccordancewiththefollowingrules,namely—

(a) aclaimreferredtointhesaidparagraph(b)shall,subjecttoparagraph(b)ofthissubsection,rankbeforeanyclaimarisingafterit;

(b) aclaimofthenaturecontemplatedinparagraph(c)(vi)ofthatsubsection,whetherornotarisingwithintheperiodof1yearmentionedinthesaidparagraph,shallrankbeforeanyotherclaim;

(c) otherwiseanyclaimmentionedinanyofthesubparagraphsofthesaidparagraph(c)shallrankparipassuwithanyotherclaimmentionedinthesamesubparagraph,irrespectiveofwhensuchclaimsarose;

(d) claimsmentionedinparagraph(d)ofsubsection(4)shall,amongthemselves,rankaccordingtothelawoftheflagoftheship;

(e) claimsmentionedinparagraph(e)ofsubsection(4)shall,amongthemselves,rankintheirpriorityaccordingtolaw;

(f) claimsmentionedinparagraph(f)ofsubsection(4)shallrankintheirorderofpreferenceaccordingtothelawofinsolvency;

(g) saveasotherwiseprovidedinthissubsection,claimsshallrankintheorderinwhichtheyaresetforthinthesaidsubsection(4).

(6) Forthepurposesofsubsection(5),aclaiminconnectionwithsalvageortheremovalofwreckshallbedeemedtohavearisenwhenthesalvageoperationortheremovalofthewreck,asthecasemaybe,terminated,andaclaiminconnectionwithcontributioninrespectofgeneralaverage,whenthegeneralaverageactoccurred.

(7) ACourtmay,intheexerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdiction,ontheapplicationofanyinterestedperson,makeanorderdeclaringhowanyclaimagainstafundshallrank.

(8) Anypersonwhohas,atanytime,paidanyclaimoranypartthereofwhich,ifnotpaid,wouldhaverankedunderthissection,shallbeentitledtoalltherights,privilegesandpreferencestowhichthepersonpaidwouldhavebeenentitlediftheclaimhadnotbeenpaid.

(9) Ajudgmentoranarbitrationawardshallrankinaccordancewiththeclaiminrespectofwhichitwasgivenormade.

(10) Interestonanyclaimandthecostsofenforcingaclaimshall,forthepurposesofthissection,bedeemedtoformpartoftheclaim.

(11) Inthecaseofclaimsagainstafundwhichconsistsoftheproceedsofthesaleof,oranysecurityorundertakinggiveninrespectof,aship(hereinafterreferredtoastheshipgivingrisetothefund)whichisanassociatedshipinrelationtotheshipinrespectofwhichtheclaimsarose,thefollowingrulesshallapply,namely—

(a) allclaimswhichfallunderparagraphs(b)to(e)ofsubsection(4)andwhicharoseinrespectofashipinrelationtowhichtheshipgivingrisetothefundissuchanassociatedshipasiscontemplatedinsection3(7)(a)(i),shallrankimmediatelyafterclaimswhichfallunderthesaidparagraphsandwhicharosedirectlyinrespectoftheshipgivingrisetothefundconcernedandafteranyclaimswhichfallunderparagraph(f)ofsubsection(4)andwhicharosefrom,orarerelateddirectlyto,theoperationof(includingthecarriageofgoodsin)theshipgivingrisetothefundconcerned;

(b) allclaimswhichfallunderthesaidparagraphs(b)to(e)andwhicharoseinrespectofashipinrelationtowhichtheshipgivingrisetothefundissuchanassociatedshipasiscontemplatedinsection3(7)(a)(ii)or(iii)shallrank

27


CONTENTS PAGE

immediatelyafteranyclaimsmentionedinparagraph(a)ofthissubsectionor,iftherearenosuchclaims,immediatelyafterclaimswhichfallunderthesaidparagraphsandwhicharosedirectlyinrespectoftheshipgivingrisetothefundconcerned;and

(c) theprovisionsofsubsections(5)and(9)shallapplywithregardtoanyclaimmentionedinparagraph(a)or(b).

(12) Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofthissection,anyundertakingorsecuritygivenwithrespecttoaparticularclaimshallbeappliedinsatisfactionofthatclaimonly.

(13) Anybalanceremainingaftertheclaimsmentionedinparagraphs(a)to(e)ofsubsection(4)andtheclaimsmentionedinsubsection(11)havebeenpaid,shallbepaidovertoanytrustee,liquidatororjudicialmanagerwho,butfortheprovisionsofsection10,wouldhavebeenentitledtheretoorotherwisetoanyotherpersonentitledthereto.

12. Appeals

AjudgmentororderofaCourtinthe exerciseofitsadmiraltyjurisdictionshall besubjecttoappealasifsuchjudgment ororderwerethatofaprovincialorlocal divisionoftheSupremeCourtofSouth Africaincivilproceedings.

13. Amendment of section 2 of Act 57 of 1951,

as amended by section 3 of Act 30 of 1959,

section 31 of Act 69 of 1962, section 1 of Act 40 of

1963, section 1 of Act 13 of 1965, section 1 of Act

42 of 1969, section 1 of Act 24 of 1974, section 1

of Act 5 of 1976 and section 1 of Act 3 of 1981

Section2oftheMerchantShippingAct,1951(ActNo.57of1951),isherebyamendedbythesubstitutioninsubsection(2)forthedefinitionof“SuperiorCourt”ofthefollowingdefinition:

“‘SuperiorCourt’meansadivisionoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAfrica,saveinsections43,45,89,292,330and356(1)(xxxv),whereitmeansaCourtexercisingitsadmiraltyjurisdictionundertheAdmiraltyJurisdictionRegulationAct,1983;”.

14. Jurisdiction of Magistrates’ Courts

not affected

ThisActshallnotderogatefromthejurisdictionwhichaMagistrate’sCourthasundersections131,136and151oftheMerchantShippingAct,1951.

15. Act to bind the State

ThisActshallbindtheState.

16. Repeal of laws

(1)ThelawsmentionedintheScheduleareherebyrepealedtotheextentsetoutinthethirdcolumnoftheSchedule.

(2)ProceedingsinstitutedbeforethecommencementofthisActshallbeproceededwithasifthisActhadnotbeenenacted.

(3)Forthepurposesofsubsection(2)proceedingsshallbedeemedtohavecommenceduponserviceofthewritofsummons.

28

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

17. Short title and commencement

ThisActshallbecalledtheAdmiraltyJurisdictionRegulationAct,1983,andshallcomeintooperationonadatefixedbytheStatePresidentbyproclamationintheGazette.

RULESREGULATINGTHECONDUCTOFTHEADMIRALTYPROCEEDINGSOFTHESEVERALPROVINCIALANDLOCALDIVISIONSOFTHESUPREMECOURTOFSOUTHAFRICA

[GNR571inGG17926of18April1997]

asamendedby:

GNR655inGG17968of2May1997GNR1026inGG19136of7August1998

TheRulesBoardforCourtsofLawhas,undersection6oftheRulesBoardforCourtsofLawAct,1985(Act107of1985),withtheapprovaloftheMinisterofJustice,madetherulesintheSchedule.

ARRANGEMENT OF REGULATIONS

1. Definitions2. Summons3. Provisionalsentenceproceedings4. Arrestandrelease5. Attachmenttofoundorconfirmjurisdiction6. Serviceinrem7. Servicein personamandserviceofany

otherprocess8. Noticeofintentiontodefend9. Generalrulesastopleadings10. Claiminreconvention11. Thirdparties12. Closeofpleadings13. Requestforfurtherparticulars14. Preliminaryprocedures15. Discoveryofdocuments16. Pre-trialprocedure

17. Trial18. Applications19. Variationofperiodsoftimeandnon-compliance20.Vexatiousorirregularproceedings21. Propertyarrestedorattached,judicialsalesand theappointmentofreferees22.Filing,deliveryandpreparationofpapers23.Representativeactionsandlimitationsofliability24.Exclusionofcertainrulesoftheuniformrules25.DirectionsbytheCourt26.Repealofrules27. Commencement

FIRST SCHEDULE

1.Summons2.WarrantofArrest3.Summons:ProvisionalSentence

1. Definitions

(1)Intheserules,unlessthecontextotherwiseindicates—

“Act”meanstheAdmiraltyJurisdiction RegulationAct,1983(ActNo.105of1983);

“admiraltyproceedings”means proceedingsbeforetheCourt;

“Court”meansaCourtexercisingadmiralty jurisdictionundertheAct;

“summons”includesedictalcitation;

“UniformRules”meanstherulesmade undersection43oftheSupremeCourtAct,1959(ActNo.59of1959),regulating theconductoftheproceedingsofthe severalprovincialandlocaldivisionsofthe SupremeCourtofSouthAfrica;

“pleading”includesparticularsofclaim,plea,claiminreconvention,thirdparty

Admiralty Proceedings Rules

29


CONTENTS PAGE

noticeandpleadingsconsequentupontheaforegoing,butexcludesarequestfor particularsoranswerthereto;and

“warrant”meansawarrantofarrest.

(2) Inthecomputationofanyperiodoftime expressedindays,whetherprescribedbytheserules,fixedbyanyorderofCourtorotherwisedetermined,onlyCourtdaysshallbeincluded.

(3) Thedefinitionsinrule1oftheUniformRulesshallapplytoanywordorexpressionnotdefinedinthisrule.

2. Summons(1) (a)Asummonsshallbeinaform

correspondingtoForm1oftheFirstScheduleandshallcontainaclearandconcisestatementofthenatureoftheclaimandoftherelieforremedyrequiredandoftheamountclaimed,ifany.

(b)Thestatementreferredtoinparagraph(a)shallcontainsufficientparticularstoenablethedefendanttoidentifythefactsandcontentionsuponwhichtheclaimisbased.

(2) Subjecttotheprovisionsofsubrule(3),thesummonsshallsetforththemattersreferredtoinrule17(4)oftheUniformRules.

(3) Apartymaybedescribedastheownerorinsureroftheanamedshiporofthecargoinorformerlyinanamedshiporastheowner,masterandcrewofaship,orinanyothersimilarmanner,andinanysuchcasethepartyneedbefurthernamedordescribedinthepleadingsandmaysueorbesuedassuch.

(4) Inthecaseofanactioninremthepropertyinrespectofwhichtheclaimlies,assetforthinsection3(5)oftheAct,shallbedescribedasthedefendant.

(5) Whereproceedingsaretakeninrespectofamaritimeclaimreferredtoinparagraph(x)ofthedefinitionof“maritimeclaim”insection1(1)oftheActforthedistributionofanyfund,

orwherepropertyisdeemedtohavebeenarrestedorattachedintermsofsection3(10)oftheAct,thefundorthepropertyinrespectofwhichanundertakingisgivenmaybedescribedasthedefendant.

3. Provisional sentence proceedings

Rule8oftheUniformRulesshallapplyinrespectofprovisionalsentenceproceedingsinconjunctionwiththeruleswithregardtoinremproceedings,whichrulesshallapplymutatis mutandis.

4. Arrest and release

(1) Anarrestinanactioninremshallbeeffectedbytheserviceofawarrantinaccordancewiththeserulesorbythegivingofsecurityascontemplatedinsection3(10)oftheAct.

(2) (a)AwarrantshallbeissuedbytheregistrarandshallbeinaformcorrespondingtoForm2oftheFirstSchedule.

(b)Theregistrarmayrefertoajudgethequestionwhetherawarrantshouldbeissued.

(c)Anysuchquestionshallbesoreferredifitappearsfromacertificatecontemplatedinrule4(3)oriftheregistrarotherwisehasknowledgethatsecurityoranundertakinghasbeengivenintermsofsection3(10)(a)oftheActtopreventarrestorattachmentofthepropertyinquestion.

(d)Ifaquestionhasbeensoreferredtoajudge,thejudgemayauthorisetheregistrartoissueawarrant,ormaygivesuchdirectionsasheorshedeemsfittocausethequestionofwhetherawarrantshouldbeissuedtobeargued.

(e)Ifaquestionhasbeensoreferredtoajudge,nowarrantshallbeissuedunlessthejudgehasauthorisedtheregistrartoissueawarrant.

(3) SavewheretheCourthasorderedthearrestofproperty,theregistrarshallissueawarrantonlyifsummonsintheactionhasbeenissued

30

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

andacertificatesignedbythepartycausingthewarranttobeissuedissubmittedtohimorherstating—

(a)thattheclaimisamaritimeclaimandthattheclaimisoneinrespectofwhichtheCourthasjurisdictionoroneinrespectofwhichtheCourtwillhavejurisdictionontheeffectingofthearrest;

(b)thatpropertysoughttobearrestedisthepropertyinrespectofwhichtheclaimliesor,wherethearrestissoughtintermsofsection3(6)oftheAct,thattheshipisanassociatedshipwhichmaybearrestedintermsofthesaidsection;

(c)whetheranysecurityorundertakinghasbeengiveninrespectoftheclaimofthepartyconcernedtoprocurethereleaseorpreventthearrestorattachmentofthepropertysoughttobearrestedand,ifso,whatsecurityorundertakinghasbeengivenandthegroundsforseekingarrestnotwithstandingthefactthatanysuchsecurityorundertakinghasbeengiven;and

(d)thatthecontentsofthecertificatearetrueandcorrecttothebestoftheknowledge,informationandbeliefofthesignatoryandthesourceofanysuchknowledgeandinformation.

(4) (a)Anypersonwhointendstoinstituteanactioninremagainstanypropertywhichhasbeenarrestedorattachedmayfilewiththeregistrarandserve,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofrules6(2)and(3),anoticeofsuchintention.

(b)Acopyofthenoticeshallalsobeservedon—

(i)thepersonwhocausedthearrestofthepropertytobeeffectedorhisorherattorneys;

(ii) allpartiesofrecord;and (iii)theportcaptain.

(c)Whensuchanoticehasbeenfiledandserved,thepropertyshallnotbereleasedfromarrestorattachmentunlessthepersondesiringtoobtainthereleaseof

thepropertyhasgivennoticetothepersonwhohasfiledthenoticethatheorshedesirestoobtainthesaidrelease.

(d)Wherenoticeunderparagraph(a)hasbeengivenandthepersonwhogavesuchnoticehasnotconsentedtothereleaseofthepropertyor,inanyothercase,ifthepersonwhocausedthearrestofthepropertytobeeffectedhasnotconsentedtothereleaseoftheproperty,thepropertyshallnotbereleasedunlesstheCourtsoorders.

(5) (a)Propertyunderarrestshallbereleasedonlyintermsofareleasewarrantdirectedtothesheriffandissuedbytheregistrar.

(b)Serviceofsuchwarrantshallbeeffectedonthepropertyarrestedandonallpersonsreferredtoinsubrule(4)(b).

(6)Anypersongivingsecurityoranundertakingintermsofsection3(10)oftheActtopreventthearrestorattachmentofpropertyshallappointanaddresscontemplatedinrule19(3)oftheUniformRulesatwhichanysummonsorwarrantinanactioninremagainstthepropertymaybeserved.

(7) (a)Incaseswherenonoticehasbeengivenundersubrule(4),areleasewarrantshallbeissuedonly—

(i) withtheconsentofthepersonwho

causedthearresttobeeffected;or (ii)onthegivingofsecurityinasum

representingthevalueofthepropertyortheamountoftheclaimsofthepersonwhohascausedthearresttobeeffected.

(b)Incaseswherenoticehasbeengivenundersubrule(4)(a),areleasewarrantshallbeissuedonly—

(i)withtheconsentofthepersonwhocausedthearrestofthepropertytobeeffectedandtheconsentofallpersonswhohavegivenanysuchnotice;or

31


CONTENTS PAGE

(ii)onthegivingofsecurityinthesumrepresentingthevalueofthepropertyortheamountoftheclaimsofthepersonwhocausedthearrestofthepropertytobeeffectedandofallthepersonswhohavegivennoticeintermsofsubrule(4)(a)andhavenotconsentedtotherelease.

(c)Notwithstandingparagraphs(a)and(b),theCourtmayordertheissueofareleasewarrant.

(8)Areleasewarrantshallapplyonlywithregardtotheparticulararrestreferredtointhewarrant.

(9) (a) Subjecttoparagraph(b)anysecurityshallbeinaformacceptabletotheregistrar.

(b)Anydisputewithregardtoanyrelease,includinganydisputerelatingtotheformoramountofanysecurityorthevalueofanyproperty,shallbereferredtotheCourt,whichmayitselfresolvethedisputeormaygivesuchdirectionsasitdeemsappropriatefortheresolutionofthedispute.

5. Attachment to found or confirm jurisdiction

(1)Anapplicationfortheattachmentofproperty tofoundorconfirmjurisdictionmaybemade exparte,unlesstheCourtotherwiseorders.

(2)Theapplicantshall,inadditiontoanyotherrequirementforanapplicationintermsofsubrule(1),satisfytheCourtmutatismutandiswithregardtothefactsandmattersreferredtoinparagraph(a)and(c)ofrule4(3).

(3)TheorderofaCourtonanapplicationcontemplatedinsubrule(1),whichshallbeservedinthemannersetforthintheorder,shallordertheattachmentofthepropertyinquestionandshallfurthercalluponallinterestedpersonstoshowcauseonthedatestatedintheorderwhytheorderforattachmentshouldnotbeconfirmed.

(4) (a) Apersondesiringtoobtainthereleaseofpropertywhichhasbeenattachedtofoundorconfirmjurisdictionmay,subject

torule4(7)andanyordermadeintermsofsection5(2)oftheAct,obtainsuchreleaseongivingsecurityfortheclaimtothepersonwhocausedthesaidpropertytobeattachedormayapplytotheCourtforthereleaseofthepropertyongoodcauseshown.

(b)Rule21shallmutatismutandisapplyinrespectofsecuritygivenintermsofparagraph(a).

6. Service in rem

(1) (a)Nosummonsorwarrantshallbeservedifmorethan1yearhasexpiredsincethedatewhenitwasissuedunlesstheCourthas,beforetheexpiryoftheperiodof1year,onapplication,grantedleaveforthesummonsorwarranttobeservedwithinsuchfurtherperiodastheCourtmaydeemfit.

(b)Inanapplicationintermsofparagraph(a)itshallnotbenecessarytogivenoticeofapplicationtoanypersonwhoisnotonrecordwiththeregistrarasapartytothematterconcerned:ProvidedthatanypartytowhomnoticeoftheapplicationhasnotbeengivenandwhomaybeaffectedbytheordergrantedpursuanttheretomayapplytotheCourt,onnoticetothepartytowhomtheorderinquestionhasbeengranted,fortherevocationoramendmentoftheordergrantedintheabsenceofthatparty.

(2) Asummonsinanactioninremshallbeservedonthepropertyinrespectofwhichtheactionisbroughtinthesamemannerasthatinwhichawarrantisservedinaccordancewiththisrule.

(3) Awarrantinanactioninremshallbeserved—

(a)inthecaseofashiporitsequipment,furniture,storesorbunkers,byaffixingacopyofthewarranttoanymast,ortoanysuitablepartoftheship,equipment,furniture,storesorbunkersandbyhandingafurthercopytothemasterorotherpersoninchargeoftheship;

32

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

(b)inthecaseofcargo,byhandingacopyofthewarranttothepersoninchargeofthecargoand,unlessthesaidpersonwillnotpermitaccesstothecargoorthecargohasnotbeenlandedoritisnotpracticalsotodo,byaffixingafurthercopytothecargo;

(c)inthecaseoffreight,byhandingacopyofthewarranttothepersonbywhomthefreightispayable;

(d)inthecaseofacontainer,byhandingacopyofthewarranttothepersoninchargeofthecontainerand,unlessthesaidpersonwillnotpermitaccesstothecontainer,orthecontainerhasnotbeenlandedoritisnotpracticalsotodo,byaffixingafurthercopytothecontainer.

(e) inthecaseofafund,byhandingacopyofthewarranttotheregistrarand,shouldarefereehavebeenappointedbytheCourtinrespectofthefundinquestion,byhandingacopyofthewarranttothereferee;

(f) inthecaseofpropertydeemedtohavebeenarrestedintermsofsection3(10)(a)oftheAct,byservingthewarrantupontheaddressforserviceappointedintermsofrule4(6);

(g)inanyothermannerorderedbytheCourt.

(4) Ifpropertyhasbeensold,serviceshallbeeffectedonthepersonhavingcustodyoftheproceeds.

7. Service in personam and service of any

other process

(1) Subjecttotheprovisionsofthisruleandrule6,serviceofasummonsin personamandotherprocessdirectedtothesheriffshallbeeffectedbythesheriffinthemannersetoutinrule4oftheUniformRules.

(2) Itshallbepermissibletoserveawarrantofarrestandasummonsinrematanytimeandonanydayoftheweekshouldcircumstancesrenderitnecessarytodoso.

8. Notice of intention to defend

(1) Theprovisionsofrule19oftheUniformRules,otherthantheprovisotorule19(1)oftheUniformRules,shall,subjecttorule22,mutatismutandisapplytoanoticeofintentiontodefendanactioninadmiraltyproceedings.

(2) Wheresummonshasbeenissuedinanactioninrem,anypersonhavinganinterestinthepropertyconcernedmay,atanytimebeforetheexpiryof10daysfromtheserviceofthesummons,givenoticeofintentiontodefendandmaydefendtheactionasaparty.

(3) Apersongivingnoticeofintentiontodefendanactioninremshallnotmerelybyreasonthereofincuranyliabilityandshall,inparticular,notbecomeliablein personam,saveastocosts,merelybyreasonofhavinggivensuchnoticeandhavingdefendedtheactioninrem.

(4) Noticeofintentiontodefendmaybegivenwhenasummonshasbeenissued,notwithstandingthatthesummonshasnotbeenserveduponthepersongivingnoticeofintentiontodefend,oranyotherperson.

9. General rules as to pleadings

(1) Nopleadingshallberequiredinanactionunlessnoticeofintentiontodefendisdeliveredtherein.

(2) (a)Ineveryactioninwhichnoticeofintentiontodefendhasbeendelivered,theplaintiffshallwithin10daysthereafterdeliverhisorherparticularsofclaim.

(b)Thedefendantshall,within10daysafterdeliveryoftheparticularsofclaim,deliveraplea.

(c)Anypartymay,consequentuponapleadingdeliveredbyanotherpartytotheaction,deliveranyfurtherpleadingwithin10daysafterthedeliveryoftheprecedingpleading:Providedthatnoreplicationorsubsequentpleadingwhichwouldbeamerejoinderofissueorbaredenialofallegationsinthepreviouspleadingshallbenecessary.

33


CONTENTS PAGE

(d)Ifanypartyfailstodeliveranypleadingwithinthetimelimitlaiddowninthisruleorwithinanyextendedtimeallowedintermshereof,anyotherpartymaybynoticeserveduponhimorherrequirehimorhertodeliverthatpleadingwithinfivedaysafterthedayuponwhichthenoticeisdelivered.

(e)Anypartyfailingtodeliverthepleadingwithinthetimestatedinthenoticereferredtoinparagraph(d)orwithinsuchfurtherperiodasmaybeagreedbetweenthepartiesorasmaybeorderedbytheCourtshallbeindefaultoffilingsuchpleadingandipsofactobarred.

(3) (a) Everypleadingshallcontainaclearandconcisestatementofthematerialfactsuponwhichthepartyreliesforhisorherclaim,defenceoranswerasthereinsetforth,withsufficientparticularitytoenabletheoppositepartytoreplythereto.

(b)Everypleaandsubsequentpleadingshalladmit,denyorconfessandavoidallthematerialfactsallegedinthepleadingprecedingit,orstatewhichfactsarenotadmittedandtowhatextent.

(c) Itshallnotbeanobjectiontoanyfurtherpleadingafterapleaortoareplyingaffidavitorfurtheraffidavitafterareplyingaffidavitthatitraisesnewmattersor,inthecaseofanyfurtherpleadingafteraplea,thatitconstitutesadeparturefromapreviousallegationmadebythesamepartyandanysuchdepartureshallbedeemedtobeinthealternativetoanysuchpreviousallegation.

(4) Wheredamagesareclaimed,itshallnotbenecessarytostateparticularsofdamage:Providedthattheamountandnatureofthedamagesclaimedshallbestated.

(5) (a) Nofurtherparticularsmayberequestedforthepurposesofpleadingandnoexceptionmaybetakentoanypleadingonthegroundthatitisvagueandembarrassing.

(b)(i)Whereanypleadinglacksavermentswhicharenecessarytosustainan

actionordefence,theopposingpartymaywithin10daysafterreceiptofthepleadingdeliveranexceptiontheretoandmaycauseittobesetdownforhearing.

(ii) Thenoticeofexceptionshallclearlyandconciselyspecifythegrounduponwhichtheexceptionisfounded.

(6) Apartywho,despitedueenquiryandendeavour,isunabletofurnisharequisiteparticularinapleadingshallbeentitledtostatethatfactinthepleading:Providethat—

(a) thepartyshallinthepleadingspecifyinwhichrespectheorsheisunabletofurnishsuchparticular;

(b) thepartyshallbywayofanaddendumtothepleadingfurnishsuchparticularassoonasitcomestohisorherknowledge,butinanycasenotlaterthansixweeksbeforethedateofthetrial;and

(c) apartywhoimproperlyclaimsinapleadingthatheorsheisunabletofurnishsuchparticularshallbeliableforcoststotheextentwhichtheCourtmayorder.

(7) TheprovisionsofthisruleshallnotaffectthepowersoftheCourtintermsofrule20.

(8) ACourtmayinitsdiscretionorder,orthepartiesconcernedmayagree,thatanyactionbetriedwithoutpleadings:Providedthattheissuesshallbedefinedinanysuchorderoragreement.

10. Claim in reconvention

Adefendantandanypersongivingnoticeofintentiontodefendinanactioninremmayclaiminreconventionagainsttheplaintiff,eitheraloneorwithanyotherperson.

11. Third parties

(1) Ifapartyallegesthatheorsheisentitledtoclaimacontributionfromorindemnificationagainstanyotherperson(hereinaftercalleda“thirdparty”)orthatanyissueorquestionintheproceedingstowhichheorsheisaparty

34

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

hasarisenorwillarisebetweenhimorherandthethirdpartyandshouldbedeterminedintheproceedings,heorshemaycauseathirdpartynoticetobeissuedandserveduponthethirdpartyinaccordancewithForm7oftheFirstScheduletotheUniformRules.

(2) Inanythirdpartynoticethesaidquestionorissueand,ifanyreliefisclaimedagainstthethirdparty,thegroundsuponwhichsuchreliefisclaimedshallbestatedinthesamemannerassuchgroundswouldbestatedintheparticularsofclaim.

(3) AthirdpartynoticemayafterthecloseofpleadingsbeissuedonlywiththeleaveoftheCourt.

(4) Athirdpartynoticeshallbeaccompaniedbycopiesofallthepleadingsissuedtodate,butthepleadingsshallnotbeannexedtothethirdpartynotice.

(5) (a)Athirdpartyshallbedeemedtobeadefendanttoanyclaiminthethirdpartynoticeandmaydeliveranypleadingsaccordingly.

(b)Athirdpartymayinanysuchpleadingsraiseanypleawithregardtotheclaimoftheplaintiffintheaction.

(c)Unlessathirdpartyinhisorherpleadingsexpresslystatesthecontrary,heorsheshallbedeemedtohaveagreedtobeboundbyanyadmission,agreementorcompromisemadebythedefendantwithregardtotheclaimoftheplaintiffagainstthedefendant.

(6) Athirdpartyoradefendantinreconventionmayinlikemannerbringinfurtherpartiestobeappropriatelydescribedas,forinstance,afourthpartyorthirdpartyinreconvention,andforthepurposesoftheproceedingsanysuchfurtherpartyshallbedeemedtobeathirdparty.

12. Close of pleadings

Pleadingsshallbeclosedwhenthetimehasexpiredforthedeliveryofanyfurtherpleadingandnosuch

pleadinghasbeendelivered,orwhenapleadinghasbeenfiledjoiningissue,withouttheadditionofanyfurtherpleading.

13. Request for further particulars

(1) Atanytimeafterthecloseofpleadingsapartymaydeliverarequestforfurtherparticularswithregardtothepleadingofanyotherpartytotheactionforthepurposeofenablingthepartydeliveringtherequesttopreparefortrial.

(2) (a)Particularsmayberequestedofadenialorwithregardtoanymatterdeemedtohavebeenputinissue.

(b)Itshallnotbeanobjectiontoanysuchrequestthatthepurposeoftherequestistoobtainanadmissionofamatterplacedinissue.

(3) Anyanswertoarequestforfurtherparticularsshallbindthepartygivingtheanswerinrelationtoallpartiestotheactionandnotinrelationtothepartyrequestingtheparticulars.

14. Preliminary procedures

(1) ACourtmayatanytime,whetherbeforeoraftertheissueofsummons,makeanorderundersection5(5)oftheAct,includingthemakingofanorderforthetakingofevidenceofanypersonnamedorotherwiseidentified(whetherbydescriptionorotherwise)intheorder,withregardtoanymatterwhichmayberelevantinanyactionpendingorcontemplatedintheRepublicandmayintheorderdefinetheissuesonwhichsuchevidencemaybegivenandprescribetheprocedureforthetakingofsuchevidence,whichmayinclude—

(a)theappointmentofacommissionertotaketheevidenceconcerned;

(b)thedutiesandpowersofthecommissioner;

(c)directionswithregardtothevenueofthecommissionhearingandtherecordingandpreservationoftheevidencetaken;and

(d)suchothermattersastheCourtmaydeemfit.

35


CONTENTS PAGE

(2) Inrespectofanyordermadeintermsofsubrule(1)thefollowingshallapply,unlesstheCourtotherwiseorders:

(a)Theattorneyofrecordforthepartyapplyingfortheordershallassistandcarryoutthedirectionsofthecommissionerwithregardtothearrangingofavenueforthetakingoftheevidenceintermsoftheorder,fortherecordingandpreservationofthatevidenceandforsecuringtheattendanceofthewitnessesreferredtointheorderforthepurposeoftakingtheevidence.

(b)Subjecttoanydirectioncontainedintheorderforthetakingofevidence—

(i)anypersongivingevidencemaybeexamined,cross-examinedorre-examined;and

(ii) theexamination,cross-examinationandre-examinationofpersonsgivingevidenceshallbeconductedinlikemannerasatthetrialofanactionormatter.

(c)Anypersonwhoappliesforanordercontemplatedinthisruleshallgivesecurityforanycostsorexpenses,includingthosearisingfromanydelay,occasionedbytheapplicationandthecarryingintoeffectofanysuchorder.

(d)ThecostofobtainingandcarryingintoeffecttheorderofCourtshallformpartofthecostsoftheactioninrespectofwhichtherelevantorderofCourthasbeenissued.

(3) (a)(i) Aplaintifforadefendant,whetherinconventionorreconvention,oranythirdpartymay,afterbeingservedwithasummonsorgivingorreceivingnoticeofintentiontodefendorreceivingaclaiminreconventionorathirdpartynotice,requestthepartyissuingordeliveringsuchdocumentandanyotheroppositepartytoattendaconferenceintermsofthisrule.

(ii)Forthepurposesofthisrule,anyplaintiff,anydefendantwhohasgivennoticeofintentiontodefendoranythirdpartywhohasdeliveredany

pleadingshallbedeemedtobeanoppositeparty.

(b)Thepartyrequestingaconferenceintermsofparagraph(a)shallinhisorherrequest

specifythe—

(i) documentswhichanyoppositepartyisrequiredtomakeavailableattheconference;

(ii) particularswhichanyoppositepartyisrequiredtomakeavailableortogiveattheconferencewithregardtotheclaimordefenceuponwhichtheoppositepartyrelies.

(c)Anyoppositepartymaysimilarlyrequirethepartyconveningtheconferencetomakeavailableandgivedocumentsandinformationinthemannerprovidedinparagraph(b).

(d)Anypartymayrequireanyotherpartytodiscloseandmakeavailableany documentsandgiveanyavailable informationwhichmightberelevanttoasubmissionofthematterindisputetoarbitration.

(4) Ifanypartyfailstoattendaconferencepursuanttoarequestmadeintermsofsubrule(3),anyotherpartymayapplytotheCourtforanorderthatthesaidpartyattendsuchconference.

(5) Atthesaidconference,thepartyrequiredtodososhalldiscloseandmakeavailableallthesaiddocumentsandgivethesaidinformationattheconferenceorstateanoathinanaffidavittobefiledofrecord—

(a)whyheorsheisunabletomakeavailableandgivethedocumentsorparticularsrequested;

(b)alternatively,whyheorsheobjectstomakingavailableandgivingdocumentsorparticularsrequested.

(6) Intheeventofanexamination,testingorinspectionbeingheldpursuanttotheprovisionsofsection5(5)oftheAct,anypersonentitledtoattendsuchexamination,testingorinspectionshallbeentitledto

36

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

requestaconferenceforthepurposeofclarifyinganymatterarisingfromtheexamination,testingorinspectionofanyship,cargoorthecontentsofanydocumentsoranyotherthing.

15. Discovery of documents

Discoveryofdocumentsshallbeinaccordancewithrule35oftheUniformRules:Providedthatsubrule(5)ofrule35oftheUniformRulesshallnotapply.

16. Pre-trial procedure

(1) ACourtmay,atanytime,ontheapplicationofanyparty,makeanorderandgivedirectionsforthemoreeffectiveputtingintoeffectofitsorderwithregardto1ormoreofthefollowingmatters:

(a)RequiringanypersontoansweranyquestiononoatheitherbeforeapersontobenominatedintheorderoronaffidavitorotherwiseastheCourtmayorderarisingfromfailuretoanswer,theinadequacyofanyanswertoanyrequestforfurtherparticulars,failuretomakeanyadmissionrequestedinsucharequestorforthepurposeofamplifyinganysuchanswer.

(b)Theadmissionofevidenceintermsofsection6(3)oftheAct,inparticularbyorderingthatevidencespecifiedintheorderbetakenbywayofwrittenstatement,whetheronoathornot.

(c)Thereferralofanymattertoarbitrationortoarefereeintermsofsection5(2)(e)oftheAct.

(d)Theholdingofanyconferenceinaccordancewithrule37oftheUniformRulesinconnectionwithanymatterssetoutinthesaidruleorintheorderortheagreementoftheparties,subjecttoanymodificationssetoutintheorderoragreement.

(e)Therestatingorclarificationoftheissues.

(f)ThepaperstobeplacedbeforetheCourtforthepurposeofthehearing.

(2) Thepartiesmaywithoutanyorderagreeonanymatterreferredtoinsubrule(1).

(3) Anorderwithregardtoanymatterreferredtoinparagraphs(a),(d)or(f)ofsubrule(1)shallbemadeonlyafterthecloseofpleadings,unlesstheCourtisoftheopinionthatanordershouldbemadebeforethecloseofpleadings.

(4) Anyagreementintermsofthisruleandtheproceedingsofanyconferenceheldintermsofrule14shallberecordedinwritingandsignedbytheparties.

17. Trial

TheprocedureinrespectofthesettingdownandhearingofanytrialshallbeinaccordancewiththeprocedureregulatedintheUniformRulesandanyrulesregulatingtheconductofproceedingsinthedivisioninrespectofwhichtheCourtisconstituted,orasorderedbytheCourt,savethattheregistrar,withtheauthorityofajudgeinchambers,mayassignfixeddatesforanytrial.

18. Applications

(1) Subjecttothisrule,rule6oftheUniformRulesshallapplytoapplications.

(2) Everyapplicationbroughtonnoticeofmotionshallstate—

(a) thetimewithinwhichtherespondentshall deliveranyaffidavits;and

(b)thedateforthehearingoftheapplication.

(3) Unlessotherwisestatedinanyrulenisi,theaffidavitofanyrespondentorpersoncalledontoshowcauseshallbefiledatleast10daysbeforethereturndateofanyaffidavitoftheapplicantshallbefiledatleastfivedaysbeforethereturndate.

19. Variation of periods of time and

non-compliance

(1) OntheapplicationofanypersontheCourtmayabridgeorextendanyperiodoftimeandmayadvanceorpostponeanydateinrespectofanymatterforwhichatimeordateislaid

37


CONTENTS PAGE

downintheserules,theUniformRulesasapplicabletoadmiraltyproceedings,anynoticeoranyorderofCourtorinanyotherway.

(2) Anyapplicationintermsofsubrule(1)maybemadeonnoticetoallinterestedparties.

(3) IfanypersonhasnotcompliedwithanoticegivenintermsoftheserulesortheUniformRules,anyinterestedpartymayapplyinthemannerprovidedforinsubrule(2)foranorderthattherebecompliancewiththenotice.

(4) (a) IfanypartyhasnotcompliedwithanorderofCourt,anyinterestedpartymayapplyforanorderthattheclaimordefenceorparticipationintheactionofanypersonnotsocomplyingbesetasideandstruckoutandthatthesaidpersonbedealtwithasbeingindefault.

(b)OnanysuchapplicationtheCourtmaysoorder,ormakesuchotherorderastheCourtdeemsfit.

20. Vexatious or irregular proceedings

(1) TheCourtmaystrikeoutanyproceedingswhicharevexatiousoranabuseoftheprocessoftheCourt.

(2) IfitappearstotheCourtonapplicationthattherehavebeenanyirregularproceedingsbyanypartyornon-compliancewiththerulesoranyorderofCourt,theCourtmaymakesuchorderasappearstoittobejustwithregardtothesaidproceedingsornon-compliance,includinganorderthatanysuchpartybedeemedtobeindefault,orthatjudgmentbegivenagainstanysuchparty.

21. Property arrested or attached, judicial sales

and the appointment of referees

(1) Anypropertyarrestedorattachedshallbekeptinthecustodyofthesheriff,whomaytakeallsuchstepsastheCourtmayorderorasappeartothesherifftobeappropriateforthecustodyandpreservationoftheproperty,includingtheremovalandstorageofanycargoandtheremoval,disposalandstorageofperishablegoodswhichhavebeenarrested

orattached,orwhichareonboardanyshipwhichhasbeenarrestedorattached.

(2) Inactingundersubrule(1),thesheriffshallconsultanypersonorpersonswhohavecausedthearrestorattachmentofthepropertytobeeffectedandshallactinaccordancewithanyrelevantorderofCourt.

(3) (a) Thesheriffshallbeentitledtoreasonableremunerationforeffectinganyarrestorattachmenttofoundorconfirmjurisdictionandforanyactdonebyhimorherintermsofthisrule.

(b)AnysuchremunerationmaybelessorgreaterthanthecorrespondingremunerationinanytariffprescribedintheUniformRulesorelsewhere.

(4) Intermsofsection9oftheActtheCourtmay,attheinstanceofanyinterestedparty,orderthatarrestedorattachedpropertybesoldonsuchtermsandinsuchmannerastheCourtmaydeemfitandmayinparticularorder—

(a)thatthepropertybesoldbypublicauction,privatetenderortreatyorinsuchothermannerastheCourtmaydeemappropriateunderthecircumstances;

(b)thatthepropertybesoldwithoutreservetothehighestbidderorthatitbesoldsubjecttoareservepriceintheamountoftheappraisalofthevalueofthepropertydeterminedbyanappraiserappointedbytheCourtinsuchorder;

(c)thatintheeventofanyreservepricenotbeingachieved,thesalebesubjecttoconfirmationbytheCourt;

(d)thatanappraiseridentifiedintheorderbeappointedforthepurposeofappraisingthevalueofthepropertyinquestion;

(e) thattheauctioneeridentifiedintheorderbeappointedtoconductthesale,whetheritbebypublicauction,privatetenderortreatyorinsuchothermannerastheCourtmayorder;

38

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

(f) whatthedateorperiodforthesaleofthepropertyshallbe;

(g)thattheauctioneeradvertise,arrangeandconductthesaleinsuchmannerastheCourtmaydirect;

(h)thatthesherifftakesuchstepsastheCourtmaydirectforthepreservationofthepropertypendingthesale;

(i) thattheauctioneershallbeentitledtosuchcommissionandsuchotherremunerationandreimbursementasmaybestatedintheorder;

(j) thattheorderbeservedandpublishedinthemannerstatedintheorder;

(k)thattheproceedsofthesaleshallbedealtwithasprovidedintheorder;

(l) thatarefereeidentifiedintheorderbeappointediftheCourtdeemssuchanappointmentappropriateunderthecircumstances;

(m)thatthereferee,ifappointed,shallcarryoutsuchduties,havesuchpowersandreporttotheCourtasmaybedirectedintheorder;

(n)thatthesalebeonsuchconditionsastheCourtmayorder;

(o)thatthecostsoftheapplicantandanyotherpartyinterestedin,affectedby,orreferredtointheorderbedealtwithinsuchamannerastheCourtmaydirect.

(5) (a)WhentheCourthasgrantedanorderforthesaleofanyproperty,nopersonmayapplytotheCourtforthestayorpostponementofthesalelaterthan10dayspriortothedateofthesale,unlessspecialorexceptionalcircumstancesexistthatjustifysuchastayorpostponementandnoticeoftheapplicationhasbeengiventotheauctioneerandthesheriff.

(b)TheCourtmay,whengrantingastayorpostponementofthesalepursuanttoanapplicationintermsofparagraph(a),orderthepersonapplyingforthestayor

postponementtoprovidetheregistrarwithsuchsecurityinrespectofthecostsreasonablyincurredbyanypartyinconnectionwiththesaleastheCourtmaydeemappropriate.

(6) TheproceedsofanysaleandanyamountpaidassecurityorotherwiseintoCourtshallbeinvestedinsuchamannerasthepartiesmayagreeorastheCourtmayorder,andsuchanordermaybemadenotwithstandingthefactthatthepartieshaveagreedotherwise.

(7) (a)Theproceedsandamountsreferredtoinsubrule(6)shallconstituteafundinCourtandshallbedealtwithasfollows:

(i)ThefundshallbeheldbyoronbehalfoftheregistraronsuchtermsastheCourtmaydirect.

(ii) Inanyactionagainstthefund,allprocess,noticesorotherdocumentswithregardtosuchactionshallbeservedontheregistraror,ifalreadyappointed,thereferee.

(iii)Anypartyhavinganinterestinthefundmaybejoinedinormayjoininanyproceedingsagainstthefund.

(b)AnypartyhavinganinterestinthefundmayatanytimeapplytotheCourtforanorderappointingarefereetoreceiveclaimsagainstthefundandtomakerecommendationstotheCourtwithregardtosuchclaims.

(8) (a)Claimsagainstthefundshallcontainfulldetailsoftheclaim,whenitaroseandhowitismadeup,andshallbesignedbyoronbehalfofthepartysubmittingtheclaimandshallhaveannexedtheretocopiesofallrelevantdocumentsrelatingtotheclaim.

(b)Aclaimshallcontainfulldetailsofanyinterestclaimedinrespectthereofstipulatingtherateofinterestclaimed,theperiodforwhichitisclaimed,thebasisonwhichitisclaimedandwhetheritiscompound,simpleoranyotherformofinterest.

39


CONTENTS PAGE

(c)TheCourtshallmakesuchorderasitdeemsfitwithregardtoparties,procedureandthepaymentofanyfund,proceedsoramount:Providedthatanysuchpaymentshallbemadeinaccordancewithsection11oftheAct.

(9) Subjecttosection11oftheAct,anypartyshallbeentitledtoproceedintermsofrules45and46oftheUniformRulesfortheexecutionofanyjudgmentobtainedbyhimorherin personamorforanyamountforwhichnosecurityisheld.

22. Filing, delivery and preparation of papers

(1) Theregistrarshallcausethefollowingrecordstobekeptinaconvenientformseparatelyfromanyrecordsrelatingtoanyotherproceedingsinthedivisionofwhichheorsheisregistrar:

(a)Summonsesandwarrantsissuedinandapplicationswhichare,oraremadewithregardto,admiraltyproceedings.

(b)Ordersmadeinadmiraltyproceedings.

(c)Anysecurityorundertakinggivenintermsofsection3(10)oftheAct.

(d)Anynoticeintermsofrule4(4).

(e)Generally,therecordsofproceedingspendingorproceedingsbeforetheCourt.

(2) (a)Theattorneyforapartyobtainingtheissueofasummons,warrantofarrestorthirdpartynotice,orgivingnoticeofintentiontodefendshallfileapowerofattorneyonlyifnoticeisgivenbyanypartyrequiringthatsuchapowerofattorneybefiled.

(b)Thefilingofanywrittenortelexauthorityfiledwithin15daysshallbesufficientcompliancewithsuchnotice,butaformalpowerofattorneyshallbefiledwithin30daysofthefilingofanysuchauthority.

(3) Everysummons,thirdpartynoticeandwarrant—

(a)shallbesignedbytheattorneyforthepartycausingittobeissuedor,ifthepartyisnotrepresentedbyanattorneyandisanaturalperson,bythatpartyandshallthereafterbesignedandissuedbytheregistrar;

(b)shallcontainanaddressoftheattorneyorpartyreferredtoinrule17(3)oftheUniformRules.

(4) (a)Ifthepartiesaredescribedassetforthinrule2(3)orifnoticeofintentiontodefendisgiveninanactioninrem,thepowerofattorneymaydescribethepartiesastheyaredescribedintheaction,butinthateventthereshallbefiledwiththepowerofattorneyanundertakingbytheattorneytopayanycostsawardedagainstthepartyrepresentedbyhimorherandanydamagesawardedagainstthepartyundersection5(4)oftheAct,whichundertakingshallbeenforceablebytheotherpartiestotheaction.

(b)(i)Ifanypartyisdescribedassetforthinrule2(3),anyotherpartymay,bynotice,requiretheplaintifforanydefendantorthirdpartywhohasgivennoticeofintentiontodefendtogiveparticularsoftheidentityofthepartyorpartiessodescribed.

(ii) Thepartyreceivingthesaidnoticeshallwithin15daysofthereceiptthereofgiveparticularsofthepartiessodescribedbyhimorher,orofhisorheridentityifheorsheisthepartysodescribedbut,subjecttoanyorderoftheCourt,theactionshallproceednotwithstandingthefactthatthenoticehasnotbeencompliedwith.

(c)TheCourtmayatanytimeorderthatsecuritybegiveninrespectofanyundertakingunderthissubrule.

(5) Thetitleoftheproceedingsshallconsistofaheadingindicatingthenatureofthedocument,thenameofthedivisionoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAfricaconcerned,thenumberassignedtheretobytheregistrar,thenameoftheshipandthenamesofthepartiesand,iftheproceedingsareorarein

40

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

connectionwithanyaction,statingwhethertheactionisanactioninremorin personamorinremandin personam.

(6) Alldocumentsfiledshallbearthetitleoftheproceedingsandshallbefiledwithafilingsheetstatingthenatureofthedocumentfiled.

(7) Anypleadingandanyrequestforfurtherparticularsandanyreplytheretoshallbesignedbytheparty(ifanaturalperson)oranattorneyandshall,ifsignedbyanattorney,alsobesignedbyanadvocateor,inthecaseofanattorneywhohasundersection4(2)oftheRightofAppearanceinCourtAct,1995(ActNo.62of1995),therightofappearanceintheSupremeCourt,onlybysuchattorney.

(8) (a)Whenanydocumentisfiledaspartofthe

pleadingsorasarequestforparticularsorareplytheretoinanactionoraspartoftheaffidavitsandpapersinanapplication,ifshallbeaccompaniedbyanindexandthepapersdeliveredshallbenumberedinaccordancewiththeindex.

(b)Whenapreviousindexhasbeenfiledintheproceedings,thepersonresponsibleforthedeliveryofthedocumentsshallcontinuetheindexasarunningindexofthedocumentsdeliveredbyhimorher,sothatallpapersfiledanddeliveredshall,atalltimes,constituteapagedandindexedseriesofdocuments.

(9) WhenanyamendmentisdeemedtohavebeenagreedtoorhasbeenorderedtobemadebytheCourtintermsofrule28oftheUniformRules,thepleadingsshallforthwithbedeemedtohavebeensoamendednotwithstandingthefactthattheamendedpagehastobeendeliveredintermsofrule28(7)oftheUniformRules.

(10) (a)Subjecttotheprovisionsofthisrule,pleadings,affidavitsandaresponsetoanynoticeshallbedeliveredormadewithin10daysafterdeliveryofthepleading,affidavitornoticetowhichtheyareananswerorresponseor,inthecaseofaplea,afterthegivingofnoticeofintentiontodefend.

(b)ThesaidtimemaybeextendedorabridgedbyanagreementorbyanorderoftheCourt.

(c)Anypartyunreasonablyrefusingtoagreetoanextensionoftimeshallbeliabletopaythecostsoccasionedbyanapplicationarisingoutofanysuchrefusal.

(d)ApleadingoraffidavitdeliveredoutoftimeshallnotmerelyonthataccountberefusedbytheregistraroranyotherpartyunlessthepartyseekingtodeliverthepleadinghasbeenbarredortheCourtordersittobestruckout.

(e)AnydocumentexecutedinanyplaceoutsidetheRepublicshallbedeemedtobesufficientlyauthenticatedforthepurposeofuseintheRepublicinadmiraltyproceedingsifithasbeendulyauthenticatedatsuchforeignplacebythesignatureandsealofoffice—

(i) ofanypersonreferredtoinrule63(2)(a),

(b)or(c)oftheUniformRules;or (ii)ofanypractisingnotaryinsuch

foreignplace. (f) Faxedcopiesofpleadings,affidavitsor

documentsmaybeusedwhentheoriginalthereofisnotavailableforuse:ProvidedthattheCourtmaymeromotuorattherequestofanyinterestedpartyrequiretheoriginalthereoftobeproducedwithinsuchtimeastheCourtmaydeemfitandmaymakeanyreliefconditionalupontheproductionofthesaidoriginal.

23. Representative actions and limitations

of liability

(1) Inordertoavoidamultiplicityofactions,theCourtmaymakeanorderthatanyactionpendingbeforeitberegardedasatestactionandthatanyotheractiontowhich1ormoreofthepartiestotheactionsopendingarepartiesandinwhichthesamequestionswouldariseabidetheresultofthetestactionandmaymakeanyorderastotheprocedureandrepresentationinthesaidactionastheCourtdeemsfit.

41


CONTENTS PAGE

(2) Whereanypersonclaimstobeentitledtoalimitationofliabilityreferredtoinparagraph(w)ofthedefinitionof“maritimeclaim”insection1(1)oftheAct,theCourtmaygivesuchdirectionsasitdeemsfitwithregardtotheprocedureinanysuchclaim,thestayingofanyotherproceedingsandtheconditionsfortheconsiderationofanysuchclaim,whichmayincludeaconditionthatsuchamountastheCourtmayordertobepaidtoabidetheresultoftheconsiderationofthesaidclaim,orthattheclaimantberequiredtoadmitliabilityforalloranyclaimsmadeagainsthimorher,oranyotherconditionwhichtheCourtdeemsfit.

24. Exclusion of certain rules of the uniform rules

Rules9,13,17,18,20–23,25,26,29,30,32,43–46and50–57oftheUniformRulesshall,subjecttotheprovisionsoftheserules,notapplytoadmiraltyproceedings.

25. Directions by the Court

(1) TheCourtmay,inanyadmiraltyproceedings

meromotuorontheapplicationofanypartyorotherpersonhavingasufficientinterest,giveanydirectionswhichitconsidersproperforthedisposalofanymatterbeforeit.

(2) Anysuchdirectionmaydeviatefromorsupplementanyprovisionoftheserules,oroftheUniformRules,orofanyotherrulesrelatingtothedivisioninquestion.

26. Repeal of rules

TheserulesandtheUniformRules(exceptasexcludedinrule24oftheserules)shallapplytoadmiraltyproceedingstotheexclusion,subjecttotheprovisionsoftheserules,ofanyotherruleofCourt,andtotheconductafterthecommencementoftheserulesofproceedingsstartedbeforesuchcommencement.

27. Commencement

Theserulesshallcomeintooperationon19May1997.

(a)Summonsesandwarrantsissuedinandapplicationswhichare,oraremadewithregardto,admiraltyproceedings.

(b)Ordersmadeinadmiraltyproceedings.

(c)Anysecurityorundertakinggivenintermsofsection3(10)oftheAct.

(d)Anynoticeintermsofrule4(4).

(e)Generally,therecordsofproceedingspendingorproceedingsbeforetheCourt.

(2) (a)Theattorneyforapartyobtainingtheissueofasummons,warrantofarrestorthirdpartynotice,orgivingnoticeofintentiontodefendshallfileapowerofattorneyonlyifnoticeisgivenbyanypartyrequiringthatsuchapowerofattorneybefiled.

(b)Thefilingofanywrittenortelexauthorityfiledwithin15daysshallbesufficientcompliancewithsuchnotice,butaformalpowerofattorneyshallbefiledwithin30daysofthefilingofanysuchauthority.

(3) Everysummons,thirdpartynoticeandwarrant—

(a)shallbesignedbytheattorneyforthepartycausingittobeissuedor,ifthepartyisnotrepresentedbyanattorneyandisanaturalperson,bythatpartyandshallthereafterbesignedandissuedbytheregistrar;

(b)shallcontainanaddressoftheattorneyorpartyreferredtoinrule17(3)oftheUniformRules.

(4) (a)Ifthepartiesaredescribedassetforthinrule2(3)orifnoticeofintentiontodefendisgiveninanactioninrem,thepowerofattorneymaydescribethepartiesastheyaredescribedintheaction,butinthateventthereshallbefiledwiththepowerofattorneyanundertakingbytheattorneytopayanycostsawardedagainstthepartyrepresentedbyhimorherandanydamagesawardedagainstthepartyundersection5(4)oftheAct,whichundertakingshallbeenforceablebytheotherpartiestotheaction.

42

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE43


CONTENTS PAGE44

BOWMANS

Our Firm

Bowmans is a leading Pan-African law firm. Our track record of providing specialist legal services, both domestic and cross-border, in the fields of corporate law, banking and finance law and dispute resolution, spans over a century.

WithsixofficesinfourAfricancountriesandover400specialisedlawyers,

wearedifferentiatedbyourgeographicalreach,independenceandthequalityoflegalservicesweprovide.

WedrawonouruniqueknowledgeoftheAfricanbusinessenvironmentandin-depthunderstandingofthesocio-politicalclimatetoadviseclientsonawiderangeoflegalissues.Ouraimistoassistourclientsinachievingtheirobjectivesassmoothlyandefficientlyaspossiblewhileminimisingthelegalandregulatoryrisks.

Ourclientsincludecorporates,multinationalsandstate-ownedenterprisesacrossarangeofindustrysectorsaswellasfinancialinstitutionsandgovernments.

Ourexpertiseisfrequentlyrecognisedbyindependentresearchorganisations.WehavebeennamedAfricanLegalAdviserbyDealMakersforthelastthreeconsecutiveyearsandSouthAfricanLawFirmoftheYearfor2016bytheWho’s Who Legal.Mostrecently,wewontheTechnology,MediaandTelecommunicationsTeamoftheYearAwardattheprestigiousAfricanLegalAwardshostedbyLegal WeekandtheCorporateCounselAssociationofSouthAfricain2017.Thefirmwasalso‘highlycommended’intheAfricanLawFirmoftheYear–LargePracticeandLitigationandDisputeResolutionTeamoftheYearcategories.

CONTENTS PAGE45


Bowmans offices

Relationship firm

Significant transaction or advisory experience

Bowmans offices

Relationship firm


SOUTH AFRICA MOZAMBIQUE

NIGERIA

KENYA

TANZANIA

UGANDA

Bowmans offices

Relationship firm



NIGERIA

KENYA

TANZANIA

UGANDA

Our Footprint in Africa

Bowmans offices

Relationship firm



NIGERIA

KENYA

TANZANIA

UGANDA

Bowmans offices

Relationship firm



NIGERIA

KENYA

TANZANIA

UGANDA

Bowmans offices

Relationship firm



NIGERIA

KENYA

TANZANIA

UGANDA

WeprovideintegratedlegalservicesthroughoutAfricafromsixoffices(Cape

Town,DaresSalaam,Durban,Johannesburg,KampalaandNairobi)infourcountries(Kenya,SouthAfrica,TanzaniaandUganda).

WeworkcloselywithleadingNigerianfirmUdoUdoma&Belo-Osagie,andMozambique-basedboutiquefirm,TacianaPeãoLopes&AdvogadosAssociados.WealsohavestrongrelationshipswithotherleadinglawfirmsacrosstherestofAfrica.

WearerepresentativesofLexMundi,aglobalassociation,withmorethan160independentlawfirmsinallthemajorcentresacrosstheglobe.Thisassociationgivesusaccesstothebestfirmsineachjurisdictionrepresented.

CONTENTS PAGE

ThefollowingBowmanscontactpeopleareavailable24hoursadayforadviceandservice:

Key Contacts

CRAIG CUNNINGHAM

HeadofShippingandLogisticsCapeTown,SouthAfrica

T:+27214807801E:[email protected]

ANDREW PIKE

HeadofPorts,TerminalsandLogisticsCorridorsDurban,SouthAfricaT: +27312650651E:[email protected]

JEREMY PRAIN

PartnerCapeTown,SouthAfrica


MARK VAN VELDEN

PartnerDurban,SouthAfrica


46

BOWMANS

CONTENTS PAGE

Bowmans offers 24 hour availability in

case of an emergency +27 21 480 7920

JOËLLE DOWNES

SeniorAssociateCapeTown,SouthAfrica


ANISA GOVENDER

SeniorAssociateDurban,SouthAfrica


47


CONTENTS PAGE

Cape Town

T: +27214807800E:[email protected]

Dar es Salaam

T: +255768988640E: [email protected]

Durban


Johannesburg


Kampala


Nairobi


Follow us on Twitter:

@Bowmans_Law

www.bowmanslaw.com

· PDF fileof jurisdiction be attached “to found or confirm” ... that the contents...

Documents

Transcript of · PDF fileof jurisdiction be attached “to found or confirm” ... that the contents...