MAIN INDIVIDUALS

OF AP PSYCHPart 1

History and Approaches

1) Greek Philosophers

- First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

2) Rene Descartes

- The mind is not observable and not subject to natural laws-The mind of controls the body, while the body provides the mind with sensory input

3) John Locke

-Began the school of thought known as empiricism (acquisition of truth through observations)- Used the Term Tabula Rasa (blank slate) which means all knowledge is gained through experience

4) Thomas Hobbes

-Only things that exist are matter and energy-Theories influenced the school of thought known as behaviorism

5) Wilhelm Wundt

-Founder of the Science of Psychology-Opened first laboratory to study consciousness

6) Edward Titchener

- First U.S. Psychologist- Theory known as Structuralism, understanding the smallest parts of the mind will give greater understanding of the greater structure of the mind

7. Mary Whiton Calkins

- 1st women to become President of the American Psychological Association

8. Dorothea Dix

-American activist that lobbied for the rightsof the mentally ill and led to the establishmentof state-run mental institutions

9. Stanley G. Hall

-First President of the American Psychological Association

10. Francis Sumner

-First African American to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology

11. Beverly Inez Prossner

-First African American female to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology

Biological Basis of Behavior

12) Charles Darwin

-Theory of Natural Selection-Evolutionary theory sets the stage by establishing behavior as observable and therefore subject to scientific scrutiny

13) Paul Broca

-Researched areas in the brain associated with the ability to speak (frontal area of the left hemisphere of the brain) - Section of the brain renamed Broca’s area

14) Carl Wernicke

-Researched the area of the brain associated with the ability to comprehend speech (rear area of the left temporal lobe)- Section of the brain named Wernicke’s Brain

15) Roger Sperry

-Researched that the two hemispheres of the brain can operate independently of each other-Split-Brain Research

16) Michael Gazzaniga

- Leading researcher in cognitive neuroscience

Sensation and Perception

17) Young-Helmholtz Theory

- Researched humans ability to see color-Theory that cones in the retina are activated by light waves associated with blue, red and green (all other colors are a blend of the three)

18) Ernst Weber

- Weber’s Law, which states the greater the magnitude of the stimulus the larger the difference must be to be noticed- Ex: For a 20 pound bowling ball, it needs tobe a huge weight change rather than a smallweight change to be noticed

19) Gustav Fechner

-Founder of Psychophysics (relationship between stimulus and sensation)

20) David Hubel/Torsten Weisel

-Discoveries in the field of information processing in the visual system

States of Consciousness

22) Sigmund Freud

-Psychoanalytic Approach-Conscious Mind vs. Unconscious Mind-Resolution of unconscious conflicts through uncovering repressed memories

23) William Dement

- Theory known as REM rebound, REM sleep increases the more humans are deprived of sleep

24) William James

-School of Thought known as Functionalism, Understand how the mind fulfills its purpose

25) Aserinsky/Kleitman

-Researchers that studied REM sleep, discoveredeyes move more vigorously during REM sleep

26) Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

-Identified the stages that people tend to come to terms with dying (Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance)

27) Stephen La Berge

- Leading researcher in the scientific study of

lucid dreaming

28) Ernest Hilgard

-Researcher in the field of hypnosis

Learning

29) Ivan Pavlov

-Behavoralist Approach-Landmark experiment (Pavlov’s Dog Experiment), identified the aspects of Classical Conditioning

30) John Watson

- Behavoralist Approach-Applied Classical Conditioning theories to humans (Little Albert Experiment)

31) John Garcia-Studied form of classical conditioning known as conditioned taste aversion-Animals are biologically conditioned to associate illness with foul smelling/looking food

32) B.F. Skinner

- Behavoralist Approach- Developed the theories of Operant Conditioning (Skinner Box)

33) Albert Bandura

-Theory of Social Learning, or observational learning (Bobo Doll Experiment)

34) Donald Hebb

-Human Learning takes place by neurons forming new connections with one another or by strengthening ones that already exist

35) Eric Kandel

-Neuroscientist that researched long-term potentiation(LTP), which is that learning takes place at the neural level

36) Edward Tolman-Experiments that researched the concept of Latent Learning, or learning that is not outwardly expressed until the situation arises-Cognitive component of learning

37) Robert Rescorla

- Elementary learning processing

38) Edward Thorndike

-Theory of connectionism (neural networks) and helped lay the scientific foundation for Modern Educational Psychology

Cognition

39) George Sperling

-Experiments with short-term visual memory, orIconic memory

40) Noam Chomsky

- Concept of an innate language acquisition device , which helps in the development of language in children

41) Benjamin Lee Whorf & Edward Lee Sapir

-Theory of Linguistic Relativity, in which speakers of different languages develop different cognitive systems as a result of their differences in language and culture

42) Wolfgang Kohler

-Experiments addressing the concept of insight, sudden understanding of a problem or problem solving ability -Thinking “outside the box”

105) Max Wertheimer

- One of the Founding Fathers of Gestalt Psychology

43) Hermann Ebbinghaus

-Experimental study of memory and developed the learning curve (learned knowledge graph)

44) Elizabeth Loftus

-Researcher in the field of human memory (misinformation effect and eyewitness memory

45) George A. Miller

-Pioneer in the field of Cognitive Psychology (average number of 7 in short-term memory)

46) Amos Tversky

-Focused on the psychology of prediction and probability judgment (ambiguity aversion)

Motivation and Emotion

47) Olds and Milner

-Researched the reward centers of the brain (located in the hypothalamus) -Biological reasoning for motivation

48) Yerkes-Dodson Law

-Tasks of moderate difficulty bring about the highest level of performance-Tasks too easy or too hard elicit the lowest levels of performance

49) Henry Murray

-Motivation is based on individual differences and varying environments

50) James-Lange Theory

-Environmental stimuli cause physiological changes and responses

Stimulus Physiological Response

Experience Of

Emotion

51) Cannon-Bard Theory

-Physiological response and the experience of emotion occur simultaneously to the stimulus

Stimulus

PhysiologicalArousal

Experience of Emotion

52) Schachter and Singer Theory

- Two Factor Theory, the emotion that we experience is a result of the cognitive label that

- individual’s apply to it

Stimulus

Physiological

Arousal

Cognitive Appraisal

Experience of

Emotion

53) Hans Selye

- Fight or Flight Response, in relation to coping

with stress

54) Richard Lazarus

-Cognitive Theory of how we respond to stress (evaluates whether the event appears to be stressful and if one can handle it)

55) Paul Ekman

-Pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions (atlas of emotions)

56) Richard Soloman

- Work in the field of Comparative Psychology (Opponent-process theory of emotion)

57) Robert Zajonc

- Developer of the Mere Exposure effect