A Digital Program Facelift: Hot to Reinvent Your Program Without Reinventing the Wheel
OerLet’s not reinvent the wheel; what can Open Educational Resources (OERs) offer us?
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Transcript of OerLet’s not reinvent the wheel; what can Open Educational Resources (OERs) offer us?
Let’s not reinvent the wheel; what can Open
Educational Resources (OERs) offer us?
Niall Barr
Craig Brown
Vicki Dale
Sarah Honeychurch
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
• Creative Commons and other licensing
frameworks
• Examples of OER repositories
• Discussion: how might you incorporate
OERs into teaching practice
• Discussion: relative merits and drawbacks
of OERs in particular disciplines
Copyright and LicensingIntroduction
Copyright covers “recorded work” - not concepts such as ideas or inventions.
Copyright is automatic (unless first publication is in the U.S.A)
Where something is protected by copyright, your rights to reproduce it without permission are very limited.
After copyright expires work is in “Public Domain”
Licences provide a means of giving permission to reuse before copyright expiration.
Copyright and LicensingCopyright
Berne Convention (1886)
Copyright is intended to protect the rights of individual creators of “Literary and Artistic Works”
In the UK software is explicitly defined as “literary work”
Minimum copyright periods from publication
Default: Life of (longest surviving) author + 50 years
Film: 50 years from publication
Anonymous: 50 years from publication
Photographs and art: 25 years from creation
Sound recordings and photographs have separate copyright from music or play or artwork being recorded or photographed
Copyright lasts the time defined in the country of first publication, or the minimum in the case of multiple simultaneous (<30 days) publication.
Other treaties: UCC, TRIPS, WCT.
Copyright and LicensingFair dealing (1/3)
Copyright material may be used without explicit permission, in a limited manner for:
Research and private study
The copy is made for the purposes of research or private study.
The copy is made for non-commercial purposes.
The source of the material is acknowledged.
The person making the copy does not make copies of the material available for a number of people.
Copyright and LicensingFair dealing (2/3)
Copyright material may be used without explicit permission, in a limited manner for:
Instruction or examination
The copying is done by the student or the person giving instruction.
The copying is not done via a reprographic process.
The source of the material is acknowledged.
The instruction is for a non-commercial purpose.
Copyright and LicensingFair dealing (3/3)
Copyright material may be used without explicit permission, in a limited manner for:
Criticism or review
Must be real
News reporting
Not photographs
Incidental inclusion
e.g. Background music accidentally recorded, or artwork in a room that is being used for filming.
Accessibility for someone with a visual impairment
Copyright and LicensingLicensing
Pre-internet, effectively was just individual agreements.
Source-code sharing & reuse changed this:
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) License (1978)
Originally a pragmatic agreement due to inadvertent copyright infringement by postgraduate students.
Donated to / placed in Public Domain
Debatable legitimacy in many countries. (OK in U.K.)
GPL
Introduced concept of “free software”
Copyright and LicensingCreative Commons
Creative Commons provides a set of licences for sharing copyright works (other than software)
Allow reuse provided the the original creator is credited.
Various optional restrictions
Also provide a CC0 licence, which is similar to donating to public domain, and a logo which can be used to indicate work that is known to be in the public domain.
Widely used by OER repositories
Copyright and LicensingCC Licenses
Attribution (CC BY)
Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA )
Attribution-NoDerivs (CC BY-ND)
Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA)
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND)
Copyright and LicensingCC License details
Creative Commons logo + options
Reuse with attribution
No reuse of parts, the work must remain intact.
Reuse of parts or as part of another work only if that is released under the same licence.
No commercial use of the work or derivatives.
{
Copyright and LicensingA couple of CC examples
Jorum sometimes uses:
Attribution - Non-Commercial - Share-Alike 2.0 England and Wales
Exactly the same as CC BY-NC-SA, except explicitly covered by English law.
OpenLearn also uses CC BY-NC-SA, but...
Acknowledgements sections identify work that does not belong to the OU, and is not CC
Copyright and LicensingOther licences
YouTube Standard licence (a fairly typical example)
No commercial use
“to YouTube, a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free, transferable licence (with right to sub-licence) to use, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display, and perform that Content in connection with the provision of the Service and otherwise in connection with the provision of the Service and YouTube's business, including without limitation for promoting and redistributing part or all of the Service (and derivative works thereof) in any media formats and through any media channels;”
“to each user of the Service, a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free licence to access your Content through the Service, and to use, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display and perform such Content to the extent permitted by the functionality of the Service and under these Terms”
Licence expires when content is deleted.
Wikimedia Commons
Lots of CC-BY, but also many other free content licences.
Open Publication License
Against DRM license
GNU Free Documentation License
Open Game License (a license designed for role-playing games by Wizards of the Coast)
Free Art License
Copyright and LicensingWatch out for...
Accidental infringement
Clipart may limit what licence can be used and the content's author may not have realised this
Photographs etc. of public domain content may be copyrighted.
Public Domain in the USA ≠ Public Domain
Many works on Project Gutenberg etc. are still copyrighted outside the U.S.A.
Copyright and LicensingUseful links
Creative Commons licence choicehttp://creativecommons.org/choose/
UK Copyright servicehttps://www.copyrightservice.co.uk/
JISC OER infoKithttps://openeducationalresources.pbworks.com/w/page/24836480/Home
Range of content in online learning
• Interactive content
– Quizzes
– Wikis
– Discussion boards
• Visuals including photos, diagrams, 3D models,
infographics
• Animations
• Audio, video, Camtasia mini lectureshttp://www.jorum.ac.uk/
Practical demonstration
• Go to Jorum
• Find OER that we want to use
• Download OER
• Prepare OER and add to Moodle
How might you incorporate OERs into your teaching practice?
Discussion prompts and case studies from a workshop on Open Educational Resources facilitated by Sarah
Honeychurch, Craig Brown, Niall Barr and Vicki Dale, Learning Technology Unit, University of Glasgow
31st April 2015
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Discuss …
• Case studies – review & discuss– What are the motivations and enablers for using OERs?– What are the challenges and barriers?– What support is needed to overcome these?
(20 minutes)
• How might you incorporate OERs into your own teaching practice (either producing and/or consuming)?
(15 minutes)
• What should a Glasgow approach to OERs look like? Do we need a strategy?
(15 minutes)
OU OpenLearn
www.open.edu/openlearn/
• Free access to over 800 open courses
• Originated from institution-wide, action research
• Teaching & business models based on economies of scale
• Congruent with OU’s open media policy
• OER activity embedded in university’s strategic plan
• Used to support outreach & other public engagement activities
• Conceptualised as “a reciprocal contract of sharing within a “gift economy””
• However, still an fraction of annual expenditure (£10M over 5 years despite £450M annual expenditure)
Lane, A. (2012). "Case Studies on Institutional Open Approaches: The Open University." Retrieved 28 April, 2015, from http://oro.open.ac.uk/33245/.
• Also seen to be competing financially with core business of distance learning (McAndrew 2006, cited in Gomez et al 2012)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MIT OpenCourseWare: http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm
“The idea is simple: to publish all of our course materials online and make them widely available to everyone.” (Dick K.P. Yue, Professor, MIT School of Engineering)
• After early adopters, gained universal staff buy-in from outset into “altruistic and philanthropic ethos of openness” (Gomez et al 2012)
• Sought to cascade concept of openness to other HEIs
• Aspiration to be a ‘trailblazer’ in online learning
• Benefited from central, dedicated OER team (handled IP issues, supported faculty & published OERs for them) led by executive-level manager
• Statistics:
– Materials from 2150 courses
– 125 million visitors to the site
Gomez, S., L. Callaghan, S. A. Eick, D. Carchidi, S. Carson and H. Andersson (2012). "An institutional approach to supporting open education: A case study of OpenCourseWare at Massachusetts Institute of Technology." Proceedings of Cambridge 2012: Innovation and Impact-Openly Collaborating to Enhance Education: 29-37.
Athabasca University, Canada
http://cldd.athabascau.ca/open-educational-resources/index.php
• Association with the Commonwealth of Learning & charter member of the OER University
• Has a UNESCO/Commonwealth of Learning Chair in Open Educational Resources
• Recognises itself as an open university:– No entrance requirements, year-round entry
– Open source software (Moodle, Mahara, Elgg, Alfresco)
– Open scholarship & open access research policy
– Exploration of open pedagogies (MOOCs)
• Working to bypass substantially increased licensing costs for copyrighted materials
• OERs a priority in revised course development policy; focus on active learning activities
• Pilot study included local adaptation of MIT OERs
• Students contribute links to open resources
• Staff workshops for learning & capacity building
Ives, C. and M. M. Pringle (2013). "Moving to open educational resources at Athabasca University: A case study." The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 14(2). www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1534
Broward College, Florida
https://bconline.broward.edu/shared/Tutorials/Instructors/Publishers/oer.html• Committed to affordability of college education in a move against
>80% textbook price increase• State of Florida senators created ‘Affordable College Textbook Act’• Contracted with Flat World Knowledge to embed OER and develop
custom e-books, and with Lumen Learning for OER staff workshops• Overall saving for students of $250,000/term• OERs currently comprise 30% of online programme content• Some subjects lend themselves better to OERs; more difficult for
maths, anatomy & physiology, and computer science• Almost all courses being designed with OER in mind• Increased student engagement, retention & completion
Shulman, D. (no date). "Broward College Online Case Study: Diving into Open Educational Resources." Retrieved 29 April, 2015, from http://www.oeconsortium.org/projects/showcases/oer-at-broward-college-online/.
University of Edinburgh
http://www.ed.ac.uk/studying/online-learning/special/specialOER Task Force established in 2013-14, produced an OER strategy with a view to publishing OERs ‘at scale’:
1. ‘For the common good’• Support for UoE staff to publish & share learning materials as OERs• Support to help staff find and use high quality OERs
2. ‘Edinburgh at its best’• To identify high quality learning materials in every school department and
research institution, to be published online for flexible use• To facilitate discovery of such materials, to enhance institutional
reputation
3. ‘Edinburgh’s treasures’• To identify major collections, archives, treasures & museum resources to
be digitised, curated & shared for the greater good• To develop policy & infrastructure to ensure these collections are
sustainable & useable longer term
Highton, M. (2015). "A vision for Open Educational Resources at University of Edinburgh." Retrieved 30 April, 2015, from http://thinking.is.ed.ac.uk/melissa/2015/04/13/a-vision-for-open-educational-resources-at-university-of-edinburgh/.
Case study references
Gomez, S., L. Callaghan, S. A. Eick, D. Carchidi, S. Carson and H. Andersson (2012). "An institutional approach to supporting open education: A case study of OpenCourseWare at Massachusetts Institute of Technology." Proceedings of Cambridge 2012: Innovation and Impact-Openly Collaborating to Enhance Education: 29-37.
Highton, M. (2015). "A vision for Open Educational Resources at University of Edinburgh." Retrieved 30 April, 2015, from http://thinking.is.ed.ac.uk/melissa/2015/04/13/a-vision-for-open-educational-resources-at-university-of-edinburgh/.
Ives, C. and M. M. Pringle (2013). "Moving to open educational resources at Athabasca University: A case study." The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 14(2). www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1534
Lane, A. (2012). "Case Studies on Institutional Open Approaches: The Open University." Retrieved 28 April, 2015, from http://oro.open.ac.uk/33245/.
Shulman, D. (no date). "Broward College Online Case Study: Diving into Open Educational Resources." Retrieved 29 April, 2015, from http://www.oeconsortium.org/projects/showcases/oer-at-broward-college-online/.
OER Resources
Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/ (see next slide)
Humbox: http://humbox.ac.uk/
iTunes University: http://www.apple.com/ca/apps/itunes-u/
Jorum: http://www.jorum.ac.uk/
Khan Academy: https://www.khanacademy.org/
MIT OpenCourseWare: http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm
OpenLearn: http://www.open.edu/openlearn/
Pubmed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
Ted Talks: http://www.ted.com/talks/browse
Flickr Attribution Tool
A handy tool for finding the code for this to put into
your web pages:
http://cogdog.github.io/flickr-cc-helper/
YouTube explanation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBY1ZGAKvqk
Google Images
A short video showing how to select images from Google
by usage rights:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHpIpXljoUo