oeoe.ber 115, la38

All '~-' roa b&Ye doM ill

regard ~ poeelbUUle• ot wb"• .. ul••'

ln. Atrloa aDd tbe ... r1oea baa been .oet

helpfUl and I - dUlf grdet\11.

I fHl 'hat ft are DOW wbOllJ'

1arpl-bd 1n d1e01l••lllg ~ ge~~oenl

refugH probl• w1 ~ oOer aatlou.

I bope ' o han tale plN.a'CIH

Of eH1118 J'OU ~OD.

1ft 'b all good wl.U. ot .,..

Obrh ... 8ea.aOD1

l4i _,...__.. ............. --~~-

THE oJOHNS HO~KINS UNIVERSITY

LTI lo!ORII: . loiAI'rfLAND y. .. J '.

It id wi th .:rout .,lo .. bur• that 1 rec eive your rartner in~uiries abo)ut settloment poauibilities 1n ro?rt .oru Soutb Amorica . 1 s hall 'ce;;J.n luedi~ot.ly the prepur"'ti~n o: ti

few '·"'.ole UtJOn which criticc.l cot tlo"unt Ill'~<.& will be roprc­s.n t~J.. Th10 mliP'J ~ill bo ecc om,»llivd ~>'J summary OX9l"Nit1orul .

If thoro 13 e l"'>SCl.bi.i Hy t1111t froo: fiftr t o •me hUI>..rod tnm111arul ;>copl" JUly join 11• such c settle:~~ent, t he ~itu.o.ti<:n is c01.d:loro.bly .Uter.J . It ''"" ::w:b 1ur~u;;roup s~ttle11cnt thnt c;as Ctl~ of th~ e\c~~ent• in t;ivlnt; the Cor:o:>n u.ic,-rants t '~air sW.bi.lity in 3~a~ht.u;. -::uru Sra:il. I hlld SUj.),JO~W

t l\llt you v.or .. thinkinG of " ~ll!>ll atr.a ci' tU.;r~tioo f:l tb r.llv sottl"r:ount Gr<:>Uj)S brigadeu >Hn th" ?J.d .

It• tile nor:..U couroe ot events t he a~:.l1tl.oMl !llll­

terJ.al ·•.ill be reudy in "bout two •u:ulw. If ttd• 1" &u titl­i'"etory , you need no~ go to tho troublt oi' :..ekmwleci:;ltli, t.h.la :tttter.

Sinc~r"ly yom·s,

Pre&iJant Franklin u. Roosevelt The bhite Hou..u r.asnU,.ton , D. C.

\ ~~ \.,. 1(8.-..~o---.

THE ..JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERS ITY

BALTIMORE . MARY LAND

December 10, l 9S8

l(y dear llr. Prasidant1

I am sending ~ special messenger, and t hrough the kindness of Secretary Norgenthau, the African material which you requested

• ell recent ly a,nd which deale wit h the possibilities of white settlement in that cont inent .

The aaterial consi,sts of :

1 . A coapreilensh'e meoorandua of t wenty-six pages which &WI:IIIlrizes practlcall,y t he whole literat ure on the question.

2 . A small map showing the distribution of whites in Africa at t he present time .

5, A large mop of Afr ica , s imilar to the one for Northern South America sent you a few weeks ago, which shows the areas of cooler uplands where white settlement ia feasible and SWIL"lAI'i~ea in typed panels t he nUIDber of white settlers •hich can be accom.'codatcd .

AU of the above lil&terial can be sllali&%'izcd in the following terms:

1. About a lwlf million white sottl6l'a could be accollll!lodat ed i n Central Africa, not counting the Union of South Africa or Ethiopia. This is maximuw "bite population .

2 . Each f&mily would r equire capi 1A<l to the extent of &5 , 000 as en absolute mi nimum.

5 . The goveM'UIIents concerned would have to eJIIbark u~on a parallel spending on railroads to open up the available areaa .

4 . Concentrated aettle.ent in 1.f1Y one colOIIJ on a large scale i a undesirable politically and econom.l.cally . The white settl6rs already in areas in question bave great difficulties in puttin& th~ir export products u.-on tbe world market. Tobacco , tea, coffee , minerals, etc. are t he oxvort goods . There is an International Tea Restriction agreement, 8Jld no expansion of the tea w:o11 in a new pluce 11ould be possible without a change in tb& ugreement aft er protest f r om settlers elreruly established . There are aillilar difficulties Yi1 tb other products .

President Roosevelt! 2 December 10, 1958

The net conclusion froa the above facta (which could be

multiplieS. into books-full of words) 1a that the ret\J,gee proble112

must be solved by settlement planning on " world scale with absorpt ion

of settlers in lilllited numbers here , t here , a nd elaeflhere, and everywhere ,

so as to produce no shock to the economic structure of the receiving

country. Put in anot her way , the absorpt ion aua t be on such a l.iJlited

scale in any one a1·ea that the people already established in the area will

welcome the new set tlers . That wel come will be greater in proportion aa

the new settJ.ers are econO&icelly wall l ounded , backed up by capital,

and able to supply new skills that are desired in the area. All of this

means s pecia l study of many areas , wiao selection of groups to f i t

particular areas, and economic beckina t hat wiJ.l make each sett~ement

~roject a sound business undertaking.

I believe that money of the order of ~500,000 ,000 , expended on

sound advice ~ based on the best detailed information, will put the

r et\J,gees into new homes with more than " fair chance of successful absorption.

Naturall1, I would not ~ant to publish this figure until more work has been

dono. Africa ia not t he whole answer t o t he question, nor is South America.

Southeastern Asia has some possibilities, i ncluding SIIJIIatra for example .

There Mf aleo prospects 1n Australi a t hat are promising 1f the scale of

the enter,.riae is kept emsll. All evo.ileble areas are reouired, to do t he

job with the l east fricti on and the l enat disturbance of economic conditions

such as would inevi tubly arouse local hostility.

Sincere!¥ yours,

\ ?--a.. .. ()

President Franklin D. Roosevelt Tile White House Washington, D. c.

-TH E ..JOHN S HOPKINS U NIVERS ITY

July 7, 1943

Dear Mr. President:

A few weeks ago we discussed the cost of modern settlement projects . I promised you a memorandum on the subject. The accompanying document is in fulfillment of that promise .

The author of it, Mr . Charl es J. Liebman, is well and favorab]¥ known to me . Ho is a.s l evel- headed and painstaking a person as one can find . He and I have discussed settlement matt ers thorough:cy ·and often. In IllY j udgment you can re]¥ upon the accuracy of his f i gures and conclusions .

Please comand me if further data are desired .

The President The l'lhi te House l"lashington, D. C.

Sincer ely yours ,

'

Ootober 16, 18M.

Dear Bo..aa-

I ban bMD na41Dg wUb gna~

illwreat your •L1a1w ot LaD4 s.tu-t•.

I wiah I oould gat 80111 1Dfon~&UOD &boat

aetU•ot area• la Yueaual.a - the plateua

laDCl IIOl'tb 01' I<Mitb of the ~tnooo. Do )'0'&

IUppOII TOU can glTI .. & lilll Oil IOUOM

of 1Dfol'Datloa tor that terrl~or.rt

Pl'aa1dant IaaS•h 8o •••~ <lobu Bopkiu ..Unnl~, .BalU110re0

•ar.rl&Dd.

I

lob' dN.r Mr. Prw<doot:

[t.. io kil'd O( 70-u to MntiOn fq boOk_, "Lia:1t.f O! Land l S.t.tltment.• t aa takinp cte~ ~latal7 to ,atb•r to,ctt~r aocae Nt.trlal on the Orinoco count.r7 and witbin a wee!,....U. rill t:e in JOW" ~ - mostly cl1ppinR lroii""ia.g•:dnes and books, to eave yo\U" tiJr:e . Ir you woul1 lilct to havt~ me ~o over it wit.h you pleaot say the •:ord .

ln Vont:utla, at tbe ore~~nt tiao, to an Americtn, Ia. fiU11u [ , Pu;Sol~! Ke 1.e a yo\U\11' tnrincer of m'Ueh erpcr-

~ iihce and a •holly re iable &rd hont-r ft 1ndl:ddu..l . DuriJ'IP lhv prut. lt-n 1"1'· M hu ~ ~torklnr chle"l.J ln South Uifrtc• tOT ANdean al..r.J.ll.l: and irrlJ'11..Uon coa'&r.hu. & it ir.tt•t_.l.J aequelnt.td l;1t.h aou o!" th8 p-oU- or land ••t'loert.

I wol.ll.d Uke to pan •loct a • or"d about. your interer.. t s"l'} in thle qu.. t ion to the Coun<:U o!' th• American Ceorr&nhlc.c~.L__ t.,. I Soctatzt ,YOur old astocia.te:s 1n tMt or1·anint1on. !J..ke ,c.f ll)"ftelf ' tha:r •ould be dellt(ht.ed to learn or your interest o.nc:l it. it poaaibl~ that thty could ~ind a wny or securin~ the modest :)\lm thAt Rudoloh would r equi.ro to u.ko a .tptocW study ot tbe Orinoco &rt!4. Mr. Rudol~h 1a atudyin«J rood projc.ct.c ror t.bt Vennwkn vo.,~rnunt. .. a hi,.hu.y troa Ca.racns to LWu~ ~ecalt.o aero:~ the nort.hern outpo:::.tr. or the llndt::-: . In eon ... necUon w.it..b Udl -orlt, or follo.t.nr u , h• could .Uc. • speel&l rceonrAhrnee &t. !::all cod. ani report. ~a speeU'le q-uer:tloM or "•tt-leMJ:t. A t lt bon. a.tJM'• "roe ont! or 70ur ucreta.rto .• 1• All thlt.t. U rACeua.rr t.o &tArt. Uti£ bell rol.un,.

Sincer ly y oW" ,

Pro: 1c!tnt l'ratll.l.n n. Roo$e..-~t. The ll>Ho !lou!o .._.Mnctoa, J). c.

.r. I

-

I

!love~btr , • uea •

..i&Qj' lbaau ror ~··~ tao t ..., hl.e In •end ~• t..'wt 1lltoreut.1t~<t lot.t.er about \be U.ano1 ol ven .. uel.a -•• ., Woll,ih 10<JZ <Meer1p t.lon 1• not ..,ou 1Nii"': to tile -olbillt;( of oolon1ut1oo.

}razW./, •-;at 1 a.a r.<.Ou looit1n.: f~r 11 l.llo ~aaib111~ of ••UL~bit.oJ or •parae!¥ l~l~bl~ ~ood ~grlculturol l aNI• to ..tllah J .. toh coloo1•• ~1;-;lt bt l iltt.

Qle!l eobn1eo ,....., not be l&rt • but , i n ..U ,)f\lbaf!'U!t7, ~).d,.; be l&r .. ·• t»'.Jtp tor auw..J. COOJIO-ret.i,.,

a aaoiat.oneo - aay fir~,;· 1.0 0 '18 h llJ>"'r..C U.o l&&llO - >le 1l a ·i.,.eza area .

l w l e U tro:> Y"'"' lottor t.J&L l.~e terri ­t.or iea ln Venoaue.l• that rou oeecr1t;e. nro ""'':.•t.'l or Ori!'l-oco Rtv~r. I e t.':.ere &rrl i"fomat..ion about tn• COJnt..ty .ou\b or t~1e Jri .. o~o Wt or. a ._-oo ~~ 1 .J I C ea- lt!Yel - u.y tu•· e t3 tJ • e ~o~~o r e~?

Alro , do you think L~e1·e 1• ••IY ,..,, •!.I>IUey in 's;-ot.ern Ver:erleli.r1 country on the LLI.ll'lrr • .tlo J<l o; t.bt A·Hea?

Or do y.:u t.."tin~c ti'"~ tore r" 'Co.id~i...!tlfl' t O'\ Colo"tbtc 1tvltf

All or t.~l·< in mrrol,f tor ~y o• n < for,aUon Uec•uae tht!re oro no epecific )L..bt tm r:K)t - b.U, 1 •~ rrctetul to :~au tor tho l nteroat ~"" ~a•o t.A<en.

-·

, ,.,. ,, .. ,, • 1

President Iaa.iL'l Bow:a.."l, {(' Johna Ho*in• Un1'-~ra1tv' , I)Uti'IOre, kl:,·\.4·:.'!!. ; h- •J

c:.rt.,r .(.J~t' r •• • •• .l~ ,,,.,_ c u•r. L '

1..) t L 'L NlJbll :.t

l"' _i ( ,...,.. • J.Jv (.i.;;.:: , Jll ~ ir-.. ( co

l

I I '

. . . . , .. ' . . . . ·-" ... _

__ ,_)4 ' ~

·.~a. ·/.-'i ' "' q; I ,

, ·.•

'.

.· .. ;_ .• .

My dear Dr. Bowman :

Qrde Pari<, In Yorlr, BOYe.ber 180 19)9.

I am very glad to have your letter ot November 2~ 1939 w1th the enolosed oopy ot your letter to Lionel Ou;:t1s , as I was par­ticularly interested in your~~ervat1on_ oonoerning the ultimate aims ot Germany and the d.1tf.1oult1es inherent in obtaining a •ra1r• peace.

Thank you tor your t houghtfulness 1n sending me this letter.

Very s1~cerely yours,

~ Isaiah Bowman, Ph.D., LL.D.,

President, The Johns Hopkins Un1vere1ty,

Baltimore, Maryland.

. ,• •

. \

My dear Mr. President :

DE PARTMEN T O F' STATE

WASHI NG T O N

November 17, 1939

In response t o your request of November 14, I am

t ransmitting herewith a draft or a reply to t he letter

of November 2 from Dr. I sai ah Bowman. Dr. Bowman ' s

letter with

Enolosures :

1. Froa Dr. Bowman, November 2, 1939.

2. Draft or reply.

The President,

The White House.

i s returned herewi t h .

THE WHITE HOUSE

WASH INGTON

.Nonmber 14, 19.39.

For preparation ot reply.

F. D. H.

Letter f rom Dr. I sai ah BowmanJ President, The Johns Hopkins Unive r<;it.y , Bal ti.more , Maryland, 11/2/ 39 to the President , l"ith enclosed copy of letter he has written t o Lionel Curti3 of England, in ":hich Dr. Bowman made some observations which may be of interest to the President in connection with the present 11ar in Europe .

,

Or"C:C 0,. TH~ PR!:SIOCHT

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

BALTIMORE!:, MARYLAND

November 2 , 1939

l.ty dear lir. President 1

In correspondence With Lionel Curtis of Engla.od, I have made some observations which uy be of interest to you in connection with the present war in Europe .

A copy of my letter to Curtis is enclosed bare­with for such consideration as you may care to give it.

With best wishes,

Sincere1y yours,

President Franklin D. Roosevelt The White House Washington, D. c. . .

• I

. . . . • . .

Copy for President Roosevelt .

t<ovem~r 2, 19)9 '

Cy c!ea.r Curtill

In r u ponaa to your letter ol Octo~r 17th, 1 aa il&O to oalld you turtner · -•ota OD t.ba rol&t1oo ot H1tlar to l. H- uahofor or lo:uoicho 1 ho~ tho oboonatiooa u.y bo of intoran to llaroon Fiaber , They a ro be­

in& aont tbrOU&h Lore! Lothian'• o!f ica a1th a ~raonal letter t o him , Tho !acto are drawn 1111nly from a~urcao w1tb1o Oarm&n1 (ouaaor ot 1938) aDd otbara are f ro. Garman ocholaro recant~ har•J t hey are not oolorod by t ba

.. ot1o0&1 ra aponoao or rolua•••·

1

Ha uobolor h.u written a o,.~ ot boolto ot which tho rollo•lnt are tbo cbiot, H 11 to u. .. tbot tho Collo•111i r ...a.rlta ap,>ly ,

Qrao•oo , 1927 !lauotaina •ur Oaopol1 til<, 1928 P1• Orooaalcbta vor upd n&ch dea Wtltkr1!fa , 19)0 Janaa1ta dor Orooae• ch\ a, 19)2

Hauobotar ia ...rriad to e ither a rull Jowaao or h&l! J aaou, ye t be bu contillu.d to bold hia i'rotaaoorab.1p or PoU tio&l O.:ccrapby a t lllunicb.

!Ia . ia alto Pr .. J.dant o! t ba Go""""' Aoe.dac;r. Tba lat ter o~aoiaation corra oponoa wltb tho 8ritlab Council in dovot~ itaalt to cultural

oxcb&Qgea . lt io not like tbo Royal .t.cadeay, or tho "lational Ao•do11y or So1onoaa1 1ll tbia country. Hauoboter' • cootinuaooo in tho•• poa1t1ona i a a atriklnt o&captioo to t ho aonoral rule in Goraany a nd 1a duo to hia

a~cial re.:.&tiooo to Bitler &1>:1 111tler' • atr&t"CY • HoweYer , be 1o not a au~r ol tba National Socialiat Party. Except tor t.hia , ba 1o a aubor or tho lJui faa!~, a o to a peal<, ...., bao tda aoat u traoroin&ry i ntluanca upon HHlor1 1 broad etr at"Cical conca pta,

llauabotor 1a 1nt iaatoly rolat.:o aitb N.tdoraayor and !pp who

have oonoidora blo inCluonoo, but ! t i a Hauaho!or'• lona-at&DQ1n& And deep friandobip with bot h Hall &DU IIi tlar wb.1ch b tho important point. ~hilo

Hitler ••• 1n priaoa, Hauabofor vioitad ba u oh ••• k, adviaina hill a nd au,.~lyina him • i t b IIIClOrand& Olld rotoraDCI ~~~atar1al) ond Hitler ' • "lloia x .. pr• ~r· tho clear iapriot of Hauabofor ' . linea or tbo .. ht a.a c!ovolopad 1ll t.bo booka quoteel abo••· Bauabotor' a wou bao o!toa ~on put 1ll contrut \ o ~ book "The 1\ow World• , tinea botb oa&l ~itb probl..,a 1o tho f 111n of

poliUcal a oo,;rapb)', 1A¥ OWD DO ~oubt colored by II)' poa i t ioa in tho Wu torn • orld anJ in a country which • • • ona or tho ! lliod and ! aaoci o.tad Poa oro o!

tho Worl~ War , while Hauahofar 1 o book loolto out tram within a 4ofoo.tod country and r ov1o11 •orld evoata r roa tho atandpoillt of o)'llioiaD and ~tration.

.. ttr . Curtba 2 !lOVell ber 2 1 19)9

Hauahofor'a philoaoplu' alao inclu:iea a principle that ho derivoa troa Sir Jl&Uord Macltindar'a •o .. ocratic ldeala a.nd Real1t7• (1918) which bLa recoivad alaoat no attention oithor in tbia countr7 or abroad . llack.indor' a to.ra •Hoortl&Dd" ia very •uch in Hauahofor ' - tboiJiht. In etr11<1DC tom a , llecltiDder puts in oppoai tion the · lano yow or a nd t be aoa po .. r of Europa . Ricb in b1ator1Cil illuatration and in auc,:u t inneeo, bia account roYiewa tho lon& otrugilo and t ho poaeibil1t7 of OD ultimata claah obion aiiht turn tna aca.las •&•ina t aoa power. Cleu-4, 1/ E1.1rope ia overrun by u conaol1dated Xlght and looaer countriea wiped out , tho porta and i.n!!uat ri"l Of COlltiflontal !urope will bo &vailabl.o for abip bu1ld-10i on a ocala which coulo aurpaoa· Lho real o f t bo world ana wbi ch would yield a po .. r til&t. ai&bt brio,; tha entire world into subjection. 0114 a b&le.Dco cetwoan Ruoaia &Da Gar~ ano their aeparatio~ by & chain of looaor statu would put tho reat of Zuropa into a secure poa1t1on, e&id lllackindor.

Both direct and i ndirect avidenco anowa th&t tbis philoaopby, &de.pted t o Garm&ll,11 a proaont poeiti on, baa been &d.optea b7 llitlor and t h&t &11 of hie protentiona o! limited territorial object ives aro plalnly doceittul. Ho h&a ~ object aDCl that is to puah hia bouadariea farther and tarthor until bo obtains a aut1'1cient n111bor of aalt-water beaea t o make M o fine.l tbruat at England. Once ID&laod io aubdued tho roat of tho world i e Bi tler ' • oyoter , rllllll tba argU&ent.

Tho !4 in tbio oin\aant, f roa Hitler ' s s tandpoint, 11 Rueda. Thia 1:s &.1 80 the •tMJo:l••• or Ka.ck.i.adar'• a.rauaent. "'h•neYer .. •1ocl• power growa to 11enacin& abo, nn foci of power aro eot&bl.iabod and grow rapidly upon now power beaoo and parallel or borrowed teohniquaa. rroa H1tlor'a own sta.ndpoint, bia recognition of and cooperation with Ruoaia are fatal. fbio atr&D&thono tba StaliB reai.De and doublea or treblu tho pr.ati&o of Ruoaia. lD ay Yiow, the atrongthon.lni of Ruaaia aaa7 produce auon diaaat.ro-na offoct.a upon Hitlu ' a plana th&t it i a 118itber 1Cliotic nor fancifliL to eay that wit b.in ten yoara Fr&nce and ED&land •1 be t'i&btiDC oido by aida with Gei'Ully in or<! or to bold Russia in check .

ll

Lot 110 a nd a t'o• acdi tional obeorntiona on thin8• in &•~Ml'll• lt is •idal7 bolieYod in tbio country t.ha t tbuo io :i•DC•r tl>at II:DClilill' ae:l French propag&DCla u,y bring ua into the war. lly own opinioa t. bbat .boricana aro now -<uih aopb1oticatea aith reepoct t o propaganda . Shrill croupa oro and will continu. to bo board but tho aaaa o! tho people are not goin& to go into uothor •orld war in an o11otional a t ora. Tho eurunt faabio" of opiniOD is a\llllllod up 1n •Lot' • a1.llCl our own buainou•. 1 t ia therefore lorical t o se.y t hot •• wili f ight ouly it an outsider interferes oUb our buainooa, but logic will not determine tho outco01o of our rol&tiono .. ith Oor~~&~~T-et-war. lie noa think i t 1.o our buainoaa to a t.ay out of t ho !igbtiDC aonoo but t ho tilllo &aJ coao when wo wi ll roc&rd it aa our buainoaa to know bow Oora&DY troata conquered people forced to live under bar rule. In my opinion , .boric& will DOt fight to u.intoin tho inte11r1ty of tba Britiab •.Piro. Sho will not bo at.l.rrod by Groat Britain' a lou or foraor Oe.._n colonioo. On tho other ll&Dd,

T

l:r . Curt lot ) lloveabn 2, 19)9

I all• 'IIOu.l.o ho otLt'Tod proCoW141.1 abolll;j Geru.n.r invade the llotherl.aoao or

Switaorl.a.Dd. Tn .. o too coUDtrJea O..n a apirH,.l bol.:> on .U.orlea o lrt or

! all pro;>orUon t.o their pooer, po;u.l.&Ucn, """ ••••lt.!l. Tllo.r e t&n<l Cor f'roo

1nat1tuticllll in a 'I.UHo opecia.l ...... . Slloul.d Oom&07 t ouch either ODO o r

tn~, and oapec1•ll1 tho Hethor~• where tho offoot upon tho naYal and

• aarial bal-Dco •ou.l.d ba 1Aaell1atol.r ooon , Aaorlca oou.l.d at once roa.lizo that

onl¥ 8rH1sll naval n a .. u ot.a.n.i batoeon tho Gor~ tbnlat &Del tho A&orlc&D

ahcro . Tbore are no oUhtl otioo iJl t.hla ar{I UDent .,_, oo cooplo.Uties or le&ic. BrHloo leaoera wi ll then IIM.va too e 1Dplo taol< of po1nt1e& out thot

tho dea tructioo oC their f1&htlno ohJpo '"""'"" OonMn control or tho aoa n4

the oJ ,>ln& out or t bat t on per c&llt of our t otal cCUiorco which 1a i'oroi411>

aDd •~>lc:b gin a oU&uluo """' UD.lorpi~ to ou:- internal oco110017•

f.ban Ono baa puobod t.oa &r&uaont tbuo tar it 11 ne c .. oaey to CO ..

bac~ to •a• b&aoliJle o.m! t race other po .. Jb!o couraoa or •ctJon and de oUQ1.

llhet will Ruula bo dolll& iJl tho :aoantinf 1 boline ta&t Ruula 1a ""itin&

t or tbe ubauetion or Gon:an.r, :hat Ruooia 1a unable t o pr..,.ont that ubauation

b.r epariQ& s upplies , and thAt li=ltod obJ ect!••• conatituto Stalin ' s oreeont

prct~ru. \'lban t be root of iuroi'O 11 exhauoted econoe!cally on4 apirituall:r,

~hOD oUl it t. aeod- tl.:o Cor Stalin a Dd !or C01111uni&t :ioctriJll. To ua 1n thia

coUDt.J'T it ao .. o .. 1t both Goz=IIJ' oud latl.a.Dd-Frauco auet han thia 1D 111Dcl

1n c&r:r71Q& oD ob&t oooll& at tbJa " 1atoru:o to bo • li&ited en.

1 ban no iJlei<lo k.ooolo~o of tha COYO!'Din6 Jdaaa 1n the IIUJdl or

· t4o n11111er co:st.Dila of thou couotr1oa but I && guo .. ie& ti>&t each 1a o&Jtina

\ to see o b& t 1otornal atraino aro . loc:loa-.:1 b.r war or t ho pr e .. nt lillht 1atons1t.y

\

and tbat a judcaent on tho •~oQoaa ot •&illli • 11ore Jntonain war will coao oban

t be internal atroiJlt aro aoro cloarl.r ;>orco1nd . It Goraan.r beeiru~ to crac:l<.

&nil&Dd could tban .Cford to bo &Onerous &Del u.ko on rturos of poo.ce . Sbe

could do thU witb oidor &pproYol 1t Ruaeia .. ro _,.;,...u,. q 0 roaa1n on

I Oor.&~~J ' • aaotorn border blrt, 1n C¥ JW&IIont , ouc:b auro .. ion • ill not bo

diapla..rod l oot 1t huo proeJeol.y tho etract or br1Q&1nl Gan.:aey and tnal.a.Dd

te&othor.

Tho ref ill•• probl ... bu otirrod a ooctlon or ~be Aaer l ean I)OOp.le but

I de no t tb1n:.c ta&t it n..o otirroa til.• O&•••• oo .1111'11 tnat it o1U .C!oct

the war ioaua . The seal• ot' tho rof~ee probloll i s cloarl.r boyon, ~rlY.,to

resourc eo , a •ttor for &onrn&onta t o baodlo . It t.oolr. a large part o r tr.o

world' • obi;>-~iJlK to t.nwaport nvan<l lll.l..li one o r •oldhra t'roa .U.orlca duriJ>&

the l orlo liar anct provide • " " " ••• ot sup;>ly . No ouc:h rttal nood 11 Colt 1n

connection wi th the plAceaont of r e f ugeot eo far ~• t ho man on ! ho atroot ia

CODOOJ'Dedo l t 11 &anorally f elt baro t ha t ~Do rofUjjiO probloa will b.&YO to ba

.. t.Uod in !uro;>o, obatu•or •111P"t.b.r """ • hal-o•or nolp .-ll-acale sottlau11t J n

llaJtod &r&&S a&1 coot.ri out.o tooarda tho bolotorJnc: or hopu.

To ro~urn to • tno coii.<IUld or t he ..... • 1a not. tho toet of 1 tt Yaluo

aolll& t o bo det.ou'lluuod on t.oclln!cal v ounut in tho fl rot. 1notancot llo we not

han t o oalt. tor t.oe firot. atg,. or l&poir .... e\reJ>ith in Gora&A,Y boe&UII or a

falliJIC tup;>lT of critical alr.oral.a &Del •aacl\lnort•, ueill& t.ho word 1n i ta s oo t

aeooral liD till llroa4.r lr.e.red t o t.be ot raiJl or 1ntone1 .. •• r . t.bo cJyJlJ&Jl

po~ul&tion can b&rdly bo other than doJ octad . Ia ll!tlor' • dda :r in tho l oot

.... , . ••-.LT IMO ,_II: M~VL.ANO

Sonaber 2, 19)9

due ~o d111 t aot !.hat. t.. •illh .. \~liD_~ t.. ill r~ tar a ll&bb>.i.ai nr or .ill it a uto to tbtl !aet that btl ~l[.lt d•I ... t •in<:• be ill o.lrtllldy de! ... ted 011 \be iDterll&l Ir011U 1 lJlcliJ>ll t.o \be l&thr rtow. 1 beli ... e thn he !oel.o \bat btl ca c Mke but o,.. throw. It bo aioo .. t he t.llr1e t the !!rat tao, ho i a t1111abtl<l. fnat. raiaea t.be intereoUD& queat1oD whe ther or oot he 1o t illiabll<l o.lready.

Tbia briD&a •• beck t o HaWihot.r •D<I He81. Both ot thea are ClYiD& l o tano1Ye tho\lilht. to the 1Jlter...U. ecoaoay. Both or th• beliliYe the~ wit.b col olli .. Oer&&UJ coul4 atart. a now econoa1c er~. It 1e tool1•h to point t o t he prelliD\ r •aourcea ot thole colonie• 'and a ooert the 1dlelloll or their drt~&Ae. We do oot. kllllw wb&t Ceraaa t.ecbllolocy could 110w do ol t h t oraer colonie• 111 tho •&7 or lur­paaoillj! t nair preae11t pr e>:1.10t1oo . Oerii&Jl,)' require• cololliea tor ;>roatic• and raw -t.•rlala but. 1t require• 1D a far .aJ.cbtor doer .. tho rea..,.;>tion ot world trade . A year a,co whllll 1 ..., 1D Gerii&Jl¥, eYerT ballk.lD& &lid bualJlliSto oontoult&llt nto HT­illc that Oen&DT aaat axyort. or .li ll and onl7 r•co'!tlT Kltlar ro.,...tll<l tho phnAill.

It 11 auertll<l that tho a • ocra•lc J.llioa are flgbt.toc tor a aoral pr 1llo1;>l• , t b&t. pell<:e DU.Ot bo built 11;1011 aoralo becauoo the7 are t he unoerp1DD1D& ot c0111'1danc•. fh• inhreot or t11t1 Auric&~~ people 1a not arouo.: by thio arc~ ae11t. Cy.aJ.ca &lid ouper-realiato are "Til>i \bat aoat or conU.oeGt.&l lurope 1o iaaoral and \bat the Motory ot tbe BrUilh fapire 1o tull of epioodeo ot the aort t b&t ll:ll&l.olld oow com...... 1D &T opillio11 , &lid opealdnc brO&dly, I thilllt tb&t; Ulrica •ould appron tb& return or t he O•rcan cololliea. It. would not apprO'fll o! aucb a retum t.o Hitler in the taee ot hi.a brolt&ll proaioeo. It Hitler' 1 daf"t. were coupled with tho return o! colonie& and other acta or 1ene roa1t7 on t he part ot GrMt Br1t&1n, it would otir Aaarica ~rotolllldly, It ia in o011e auch t erma tb&t Aaerioa 1a tb1Jlklnc 111 ita preoent ef!ort to 1Dterpret Lord Halitu' a r•terecoa •~• tiaa aao to the need at the cloaa or the war of a •macoaniaoua peace•.

'lb&t we baTa bare a.re t wo 1ncom•ua\D'abla qua.nt1t1eaa a aora.!. pr1ao1pla . or contidence oppoaed to ecolloaic a= t erri torial t.&JIIi blaa. Tbe moral priDcipla e•okea widll lD\llreat 1D Aaerica but ita ••""'Ill &lid et.raoath are beiDC diluted b)' d.a1ly r•• nctara t b&t cootidance itu U auat r .. t upon !air d ealiD& and tb&t 110 Ollll 1a wi ae &nOQ&h at the preiODt llOOtent t.o HT ob&t 1o t&ir . lfa llrll uoprllpared t or ~c•• .iu&l&nd, franc• , Oerii&Jl,)' a na oun•lna. l! rtctory tor !ncland C&lle \ollorrow oo one ill wi.le eoo-.b to aay wh&t t.ha t rtctory ali&D& or ahould D.aA, Ltlt uo aaauaa \bat •• aze dth you " ua !.hat " b&'ftl wo11 the war t od&yo -t 1o

I it t hat we liOOII;;l b&Ye woa! It .. li&T 0 c0111'14llllca0 • the tllno b ..,PtT or -~~· .. untll • bodied i o apec1!1c acto or thtoc• - terr11.4r1aa, trade , dia,........ot, et.o. Tbe aOIIeot. Wll t ouch Olle or tbeae · t b1oco •e touch • IIN"fll caD\llr. •e t ouch -t h1Jic t hat M'f be Yital to a future c010h1DaUon to rllllilt force ot un.k:IIOwn ""'eoath, t ar .,. .. pla Ru.oa1a . The t ra,cecly ot the world ia that it dooa not lmo•

, bow t o aake peace. Tho oat1onallnic achioery 1• ruoniD& wild without a etabi lhll<l I &OYernor in •l.ibt. At l eaat t WliD1.7 croup• i D thie COWitry are tryin& to t hilllt

out tbe teraa ot an acceptable paaca . 1 do 110t • • • in &Q¥ or tbo diacuaaion

. • I

I I

1\ t nuo f ar eno t b& abado• ot a bopa t b&t a r oraul.o can be f ound . I dread to tb.illk t b&t t b&t toraul.o 11uat be touo.i on t.be field ot bettle. I

After thia long letter I u pect you t o be co.,ple t e.ly axb&WI : ll<l a nd tb&t you .rill probebly not Ul'fi h a fur t her t or r ent ot cooo:aellt tor the dura tion of t h• • arl

J.o al'O&TI,

Li011el c wua, &a:~uire llalliol Coll.el• Olltor<i, Zoal&nd

(SJ.gned) Isaia h Bowman

'I