「マラーティー語の名詞修飾構文 Based on English …...2016/07/09 · Note: The...

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「マラーティー語の名詞修飾構文「マラーティー語の名詞修飾構文ははEnglish EuropeanEnglish European ‐‐typetypeか，か，Japanese AsianJapanese Asian typetypeか？」か？」Japanese AsianJapanese Asian ‐‐typetypeか？」か？」

プラシャント・パルデシ

（Prashant Pardeshi）（）

国立国語研究所NationalInstituteofJapaneseLanguageandLinguistics

[email protected]

BasedonBasedon“Noun“Noun‐‐modifyingmodifying

i i M hi”i i M hi”constructionsinMarathi”constructionsinMarathi”

PeterEdwinHook UniversitiesofVirginiaandMichigan &Prashant Pardeshi NationalInstituteofJapaneseLanguageand

LinguisticsToappear InMatsumotoYoshiko,BernardComrie andPeterSellseds. Noun‐ModifyingClauseConstructionsinLanguagesofEurasia:Rethinkingtheoreticalandgeographicalboundaries. Amsterdam:

JohnBenjamins.Noun‐modifyingconstructions prenominal pastparticiples

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発表の構成

1. 背景：日本語の名詞修飾構文2 N dif i t ti NMC i M thi 2. Noun‐modifyingconstructions NMCs inMarathi

マラーティー語の名詞修飾構文2.1 Relativizing NMCs:Nounphrase

accessibilityhierarchy NPAH 内の関係

2.2 BeyondAccessibility短絡の内の関係、外の関係の関係

2.3 Noun‐complementNMCs 外の関係

2.4 OtherfunctionsofNMCs その他の機能

3. まとめと今後の展望3

発表の構成








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寺村（1969,1975-78, 1992）: 「内の関係」と「外の関係」

背景：日本語の名詞修飾構文

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Teramura 1969 :‘Internalrelation’


1 ϕi hitori‐de sanma‐o yaku otokoione.person‐by mackerel‐ACC broil man

‘ aman whois broilingamackerelalone ’

1’ otoko‐ga hitori‐de sanma‐o yakuman‐NOM one.person‐by mackerel‐ACC broilman NOM one.person by mackerel ACC broil‘Amanisbroilingamackerelalone.’

themodifiednounotoko ‘man’canbefittedintotheprecedingmodifyingphrasesbyanappropriatecaseparticleorpostpoistion tomakewell‐formedsentences 6

Teramura 1969 :‘Externalrelation’


2 sanma‐o yaite iru nioisaury‐ACC broiling is smell‘ thesmell of someone broilingsaury ’

3 otoko‐ga hitori‐de sanma‐o yaku siNOM b ACC b ilman‐NOM one‐person.by saury‐ACC broil poem

‘ apoem aboutamanbroilingmackerelalone ’

Intheseexamples,themodifiednounsnioi ‘smell’,shi ‘poem’,etc.,cannotbefittedintotheprecedingmodifyingphrasestomakewell‐formedsentences.Thisistruenomatterwhatjoshi caseparticle ,orpostpositionsareused Teramura 1969:65 .

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寺村（1975-78, 1992）：「内の関係」 ➔ [[さんまを焼く]男]対「外の関係 [[さんまを焼く]匂い]


対「外の関係」 ➔ [[さんまを焼く]匂い]

☞ 「ほとんどの連体修飾構造は上の２つの方のいずれかであると言えると思われるが、中に、実はいずれとも判定できないようなものがあることも事実である・・・それは主として、底の名詞に助詞「で」を付ければ修飾部と結び付けられるようなものの中に見出される」（寺村１９９２１９８）２：１９８）。

短絡の内の関係☞内の関係と外の関係の中間的なもの: 頭がよくなる本 ➔ この本で頭がよくなる 8

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寺村（1975-78）: 名詞修飾の連続体


内の関係、関係節➔[[さんまを焼く]男]

短絡の内の関係：内の関係と外の関係の中間的なもの☞ [[頭がよくなる]本] ➔ 「この本を読めば頭がよくなる

外の関係、名詞補文節➔[[さんまを焼く]匂い]、[[水が落ちる]音]、[[幽霊が出る]（という）噂]

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日本語学の「連体修飾節」研究から「帰属日本語学の「連体修飾節」研究から「帰属節」の言語類型論的研究へ

Matsumoto 1988:172 :…inEnglish,theunderstandingofrelativeclausesisguidedbythesyntaxoftheconstruction,whereasinJapanese the absence of explicit markerJapanese,theabsenceofexplicitmarkerspecifyingtherelationsbetweentheheadnounandtheclauseseemstoindicateahigherrelianceonthesemanticsandpragmatics.

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Haig 1996 :Subjacency violationinJapanese:


ei ej tabeta hitoi‐ga minna sinde simatta dokumanzyuuj ‐noateperson‐NOMalldiedended:up poison.rice.cake‐GEN

hanbai ruuto‐okeisatu‐wa tadaima soosa‐o isoidesalesroute‐ACCpolice‐TOPnowinvestigation‐ACC hurryingiruare“Thepolicearecurrentlypressingtheirinvestigationofthedistributionrouteforthepoisonedrice‐cakesj thatthepeoplei whoei ateej alldied.”

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Haig 1996 :Subjacency violationinJapanese


ei ej kawaigatte ita hitoi‐ga nakunatta sono inuj ‐gataking.care.of wasperson‐NOMdiedthatdog‐NOM

maiban eki‐madekainusi‐omukae‐ni ittaevery.night station‐tomaster‐ACCgreet‐tocame“Thatdogj thatthepersoni whoei waskeepingej diedcametothestationj j

everyeveningtogreethismaster.”

Cf:JohnWhitmanandothershaveputforwardasolutiontothissupposed'violation',asolutionthatpreservesthesubjacencyrestriction.

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☞言語類型論の「帰属節」

Comrie (1996, 1998): Attributive clauses(building on Matsumoto 1988 and Haig 1996)

☞“Asian (Japanese)-type” languages: Languages with “general”, noun-modifying clause constructions y g(GNMCCs): Korean, Chinese, Ainu, Khmer, Tamil, and Karachay-Balkar (a Turkic language of the North Caucasus)

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☞言語類型論の「帰属節」

Comrie (1996, 1998): Attributive clauses☞“European (English)-type” languages: Languages that do NOT have a “general” noun-modifying clausegeneral , noun-modifying clause constructions (GNMCCs): English, Turkish etc.

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Matsumoto (1997: 1): “The examination of naturally i NMC i J d t t th t th i


occurring NMCs in Japanese demonstrates that their construal and generation are controlled by a fundamentally different principle from that proposed for adnominal clausal modifiers: a principle that is more reminiscent of that governing noun-noun (N+N ) compounds.”

日本語の名詞修飾表現はその機能的な範囲 ☞日本語の名詞修飾表現はその機能的な範囲が広く、統語的な制約よりはむしろ、意味・語用論的な制約によって規定されるという特徴がある。

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日本語連体修飾節

英語

関係節

英語

補文節

日本語の「連体修飾節」と英語の「関係節」「補文節」の機能領域

出典：堀江（印刷中）

関係節補文節

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☞日本語学の「連体修飾節」

[[友達から聞いた]うわさ] the rumor {which/that/ϕ} [I heard from a friend of mine]

[[この家に幽霊が出る]うわさ] the rumor {that/*which/*ϕ} [this house is haunted]

[[夜トイレに一人で行けなくなる]うわさ] the rumor {?that/* by which/*ϕ} [one can’t go to a

restroom alone at night] （例文は堀江（印刷中）から）Note: The post-nominal 'X-that-S' construction in English covers both the NPAH and some noun-complement clauses. 17


☞日本語学の「連体修飾節」

[[夜トイレに一人で行けなくなる]うわさ] the rumor {?that/* by which/*ϕ} [one can’t go to a

restroom alone at night]

the (scary) rumor which [prevents one from going to a restroom alone at night]g

the rumor which [is so scary that one can’t go to a restroom alone at night]

（例文は堀江（印刷中）から）

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☞ Matsumoto, Comrie, Sells (forthcoming) GNMCCs = head noun + a dependentGNMCCs = head noun + a dependent (modifying) clause with a same general structure

[本を買った]学生（Subject/Buyer） [学生が買った]本（Direct Object/Goods）

[学生が本を買った]店（Oblique/Place）

[本を買った]知らせ＜noun complement equivalent＞

[本を買った]おつり＜other＞Examples from Matsumoto, Comrie, Sells (forthcoming) Introduction. In Matsumoto Yoshiko, Bernard Comrie and Peter Sells (eds.) Noun Modifying Clause Constructions in Languages of Eurasia: Rethinking theoretical and geographical boundaries. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

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Matsumoto, Comrie, Sells (forthcoming) Introduction ☞GNMCCs = head noun + aIntroduction ☞GNMCCs = head noun + a dependent (modifying) clause with a same general structure

We emphasize, however, that the existence of GNMCCs in alanguage does not mean that “anything goes”. While the strictdefinition of GNMCC excludes syntactic constraints on therelation between the head noun and the modifying clause, it ise a o be ee e ead ou a d e od y g c ause, sstill the case that the hearer has to be able to infer a plausiblesemantic relation between the two and that the speaker istherefore restricted to sentences where such a relation canplausibly be reconstructed, and in the normal small amount oftime allowed by human conversation.

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It follows from the absence of any explicit statement of therelation between the head noun and the modifying clause in aGNMCC that the modifying clause must have the basicmorphosyntactic structure of a main clause in the language ino p osy ac c s uc u e o a a c ause e a guagequestion, because the existence of differences would providethe hearer with clues as to the semantic relation between headnoun and modifying clause. But it is important to interpret thisrequirement correctly. It does not mean that the modifyingclause must be identical to a main clause.

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…in Japanese, a modifying clause of any GNMCC can in fact function as a main clause, although in spoken Japanese such a main clause would normally have a sentence-final particle, something which is not possible in a modifying clause. In other so e g c s o poss b e a od y g c ause o elanguages like Korean, GNMCCs differ from main clauses in that the verbs of the former have explicit subordinate morphology while those of the latter have explicit main clause morphology. However, it remains the case that these differences in verb morphology provide no information on the interpretation of the relation between the head noun and the modifying clause.22

発表の構成








Keenan‐Comrie’s Nounphraseaccessibilityhierarchy NPAH

SU DO IO OBL GEN OCOMPwhere“ ” 'moreaccessiblethan'

SU subject;DO directobject;IO indirectobject;OBL objectofpreposition;GEN genitive;OCOMP objectofcomparisona themanwhometthegirl relativizing onSUb themanwhomthegirlmet relativizing onDO c themanwhomthegirlgaveabookto relativizing onIOd thedeskthatthegirlputabookon relativizing onOBL e themanwhosebookthegirltook relativizing onGENf themanwhothegirlistallerthan relativizing onOCOMP

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A Non‐reductiontypeWi h hi h k if h kill d h hi k R

RC‐formingstrategies Comrie 2002

Withwhich knife themankilledthechicken ,Ramsawthatknife.

B Pronoun‐retentiontypeIsawthewoman thatHasan gavethepotatoto her .

C Relative‐pronountypeThefoxsawtherabbit withwhom thechickend ddanced .

D GaptypeThemansawthe chicken thefoxhadkilled Ø .

InthispresentationmainlytheGaptypearediscussed.25

マラーティー語の名詞修飾構文

先取りしての結論マラーティー語では、日本語と違って、基本的にいわ

ゆる内の関係（関係節）と外の関係（名詞補文節）のゆる内の関係（関係節）と外の関係（名詞補文節）の名詞修飾構文は形式上区別される☞ European-type

しかし、マラーティー語では、日本語と同様、内の関係を表す分詞型関係節が短絡の内の関係や一部の外の関係を表現することもある☞Asian-type

マラーティー語にはEuropean-typeとAsian-typeが

混在する。この事実は日本語との対照研究で見えてきたものであり、既存の文法書等で記述されてない。

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☞マラーティー語

2.マラーティー語の名詞修飾構文

インド・ヨーロッパ語族、インド・アーリア語派、インド西部のマハーラーシュートラ州の公用語

言語使用者：約9,000万人（年国勢調査人（2011年の国勢調査の速報値）

母語話者人口で世界トップ２０に含まれる Map source: web.joumon.jp.net27

三種類の名詞修飾構文：分詞型２つ（gaptype）と定形型１つnon‐reduction type, gapless

2.マラーティー語の名詞修飾構文2.1Relativizing NMCs 内の関係

non reductiontype,gaplessMatrixclause4 a. basčālak‐ā‐ne dāru pyāy.l‐i

busdriver‐Obl‐Erg liquor F drank‐Fsg‘Thebusdriverdrankliquor.’

Twogap‐typeNMCs past andnon‐past participlesb Ø dāru pyāy lel ā bas čālakb. Ø dāru pyāy‐lel‐ā basčālak

liquordrink‐PstPart‐Msg busdriver.MSg‘thebusdriverwhodrank liquor…’

c. Ø dāru pi‐ṇār‐ā basčālakliquordrink‐PresPart‐Msg busdriver.MSg

‘thebusdriverwhodrinks liquor…’ 28

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三種類の名詞修飾表現分詞型２つ（gaptype）と定形型１つnon‐reduction type , gapless


non reductiontype,gaplessMatrixclause4 a. basčālak‐ā‐ne dāru pyāy.l‐i

busdriver‐Obl‐Erg liquor F drank‐Fsg‘Thebusdriverdrankliquor.’

Onenon‐reductiontype relative‐correlativeconstructiond jyā bas čālak ā ne dāru pyāy l i to bas čālakd. jyā bas.čālak‐ā ‐ne dāru pyāy.l‐i to basčālak

Rel.Obl busdriver‐Obl ‐Ergliquordrank‐Fsg Corelbusdriver.MSg‘thebusdriverwhodrankliquor…’

e. tobasčālak jyā *basčālak‐ā ‐ne dāru pyāy.l‐iCorelbusdriverRel busdriver‐Obl ‐Ergliquordrank‐Fsg‘thebusdriverwhodrankliquor…’ 29

Gaptype分詞型

Non‐reductiontype 定形型


分詞型 type 定形型

主名詞の位置

[[修飾句]主名詞]*[主名詞[修飾句]]

[[修飾句]主名詞][主名詞[修飾句]]

修飾句内主名詞の

形跡

空所名詞、代名詞

形跡

修飾句内の述語の

形式

不定形（過去分詞 -lel-、非過去分詞-ṇār-）

主名詞が述語と一致（性・数・格）

定形

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☞ NPAH:SU DO IO OBL GEN OCOMP様々な種類の主語 A bj


☞様々な種類の主語: Agentsubject

5 a NMC, a’ hypotheticalcorrespondingmatrixclausea mahāgaḍi vāhane ʦor‐ṇār‐i ṭoḷi jerband ʣhāli

expensivevehiclessteal‐PresPart.Fsg gang.Fsg arrestedbecame‘ Thegang stealingexpensivevehicles was arrested.’

a’ ṭoḷi mahāgaḍi vāhane ʦor‐tegang.Fsg expensivevehiclessteal‐Pres.Fsg‘Thegangstealsexpensivevehicles.’

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☞ NPAH:SU DO IO OBL GEN OCOMP様々な種類の主語 Abili i E i


☞様々な種類の主語: Abilitative orExperiencersubject

6 a NMC, a’ hypotheticalcorrespondingmatrixclausea to ingraji na ye‐ṇār.ā iṭāliyan nighālāheEnglishnotcome‐PresPart.Msg Italiancame.out.MSgLit.‘Heturnedouttobe anItalian towhom Englishdoesnotcome .

a’ tyā iṭāliyan‐lā ingraji ye‐tnāhithat.Obl Italian‐Dat Englishcome‐PresNeg‘ThatItaliandoesn’tknowEnglish.’

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☞ NPAH:SU DO IO OBL GEN OCOMP様々な種類の主語 I li bl bj


☞様々な種類の主語: Inalienablepossessorsubject

7 a NMC, a’ hypotheticalcorrespondingmatrixclausea hāt nas‐lel‐e lok pāyā‐nelihi‐ṇy.ā‐ʦā

handsnot.be‐PstPart‐Mpl people.Mpl foot‐withwrite‐Inf‐Genprayatn kar‐tātattemptdo‐Pres.Mpl‘ People whose hands are gone try to write with their feet ’People whose handsaregone trytowritewiththeirfeet.

a’ kāhi lok‐ān‐nā hāt nāhi‐tsomepeople‐Obl.pl‐Dat handsnot.be‐3pl‘Somepeopledonothavehands.’

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☞ NPAH:SU DO IO OBL GEN OCOMP直接目的語 Di bj


☞直接目的語: Directobject

8 a NMC, a’ hypotheticalcorrespondingmatrixclausea tum.čyā kāryālayā‐tāṇ‐lel.e paise lāʦ‐aʦ hoti

youroffice‐Locbring‐PstPart moneybribe‐Emph be.Pst‘ Themoney which someone broughtintoyouroffice wasabribe.’

a’ X‐ne tum.čyā kāryālayā‐tpaise āṇ.leX‐Ergyouroffice‐Loc.Dat moneybrought‘ X broughtmoneyintoyouroffice.’

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☞ NPAH:SU DO IO OBL GEN OCOMP間接目的語 I di bj


☞間接目的語: Indirectobject

9 a NMC, a’ hypotheticalcorrespondingmatrixclausea tyān‐ni madat di‐lel‐yā sansthān ‐či yādi

he‐Erghelpgive‐PstPart‐Obl organizations‐Genlisttarmoṭhi āhe‐ʦToplargeis‐Emph‘The list of organizations to which he gave help is a long oneThelistof organizations towhich hegavehelp isalongoneindeed.’

a’ tyān‐ni sansthān‐nā madat di‐lihe‐Ergorganizations‐Dat helpgive‐Pst‘Hegavehelpto many organizations.’

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☞ NPAH:SU DO IO OBL GEN OCOMP斜格名詞句 Obli NP


☞斜格名詞句: ObliquecaseNPs

a Locative, b ablative, c instrument, d alienableandinalienablepossession, e genitiveofpatient,and f Possessorofintransitivesubjectofembedded clause expressing a part‐whole relationembeddedclauseexpressingapart wholerelation.

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☞ NPAH:SU DO IO OBL GEN OCOMP斜格名詞句 Obli NP Abl i


☞斜格名詞句: ObliquecaseNPs:Ablative

10 a NMC, a’ hypotheticalcorrespondingmatrixclausea tyā‐nantar mast vāph nigh‐ṇār‐ā čahā !

that‐afterdelightfulsteamcome.out‐PresPart‐Msg tea Msg ‘Afterthataperfect cupof steaming tea !’

a’ čahā‐tun vāph nigh‐tetea‐Abl steamcome.out‐Pres‘Theteaissteaming.’Lit:‘Steamcomesofffromthetea.’

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☞ NPAH:SU DO IO OBL GEN OCOMP比較の対象 Obj f i N


☞比較の対象: Objects ofcomparison:Non‐reductiontypeonly11 jyā‐čyā‐pekšā miuttam ingraji bol‐ušat‐o to

Rel‐Gen‐thanI.Nom betterEnglishspeak‐Partcan.MSg thatmājhā mitr ingraji mādhyam‐āt.un šik‐l‐āāheI.Gen friendEnglishmedium‐throughlearn‐Pst‐MSg be.Prs‘Myfriend,thanwhomIspeakbetterEnglish,hasstudiedinEnglishmediumschool.

☞ NPAHの左端の方 Subject DirectObject etc. は空所型で表現できるが、比較の対象辺りからは空所型で表現できず、non‐reductiontypeで表現しなければならない。

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☞ NPAH:SU DO IO OBL GEN OCOMP共同動作主 C N d i l


☞共同動作主: Co‐agent:Non‐reductiontypeonly

12 a NMC, a’ hypotheticalcorrespondingmatrixclauseʣuni maitriṇ ji‐cyā.barobar āpaṇ bhel‐puri khāy‐ʦ‐o ti oldgirl.friend whom‐withselfbhel‐puri eat.Inf‐Hab‐1plshekadhi.tari …dis.tesometimesappears‘ An old girlfriend with whom I used to eat bhel puri she sometimesAnoldgirlfriend withwhomIusedtoeatbhel puri ,shesometimesappears…’

a’ āpaṇ ʣunyā maitriṇ‐i‐barobar bhel‐puri khāy‐ʦ‐oselfoldgirl.friend‐Obl‐withbhel‐puri eat.Inf‐Hab‐1pl‘Selfusedtoeatbhel puri witholdgirlfriend.’

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☞主名詞は後置詞を付けて修飾句に戻せる CAUSE and EFFECT

2.マラーティー語の名詞修飾構文2.2BeyondAccessibility 短絡の内の関係

CAUSEandEFFECT13 a NMC, a’ hypotheticalcorrespondingmatrixclausea toṇḍā‐lā pāṇi suṭ‐ṇār‐e padārth !

mouth‐towaterbe.released‐PresPart‐Mpl item Mpl‘Items by seeing which yourmouthwillwater .’

a’ ʦav.dār padārth pāh‐un toṇḍā‐lā pāṇi suṭ‐tetastyitemssee‐Germouth‐towaterbe.released‐PresHab

‘ On seeing tasty items one’s mouth waters.’Onseeingtastyitems one smouthwaters. a” ʦav.dār padārth‐ā‐ne toṇḍā‐lā pāṇi suṭ‐te

tastyitems‐Obly‐bymouth‐towaterbe.released‐PresHab‘ Bytastyitems one’smouthwaters.’

☞修飾部内の述語は自動詞と他動詞の両方が可能。しかし、自動詞のほうが強く好まれる。 40

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☞主名詞は後置詞を付けて修飾句に戻せる CAUSE and EFFECT


CAUSEandEFFECT14 修飾部内の述語は自動詞と他動詞の両方可能a rakt‐dāb kami ho.ṇāri auṣadhe kāḷji.purvak‐aʦ

blood‐pressurelessbecome‐PresPart medicinescarefully‐Emphvāpar‐āviuse‐Sbjnctv‘ Medicines by taking which bloodpressuredrops shouldbeused with care.’usedwithcare.

a’ učč rakt‐dāb kami kar‐ṇāri auṣadha bāʣārā‐thighblood‐pressurelessmake‐PresPart medicinesmarket‐invikri‐lā ālisale‐Dat came

‘ Medicines which makehighbloodpressuredrop cameintothemarketforsale.’ 41

☞修飾句の述語の自他交替

修飾句内の述語が自動詞短絡の内の関係


修飾句内の述語が自動詞➔短絡の内の関係

対応する他動詞の構文も可能➔ 内の関係

上記のような修飾句の述語の自他交替が可能なものの中ではイディオム的なものが多い

日本語でも同様な現象が観察される➔

[[よだれが出そうな]メニュー] ＞ [[よだれを出しそうな]メニュー]

両言語で自動詞のほうが好まれる➔「なる」言語の性質と関わり？ 42

☞自他交替：主節対分詞型関係節


自動詞他動詞主節 32 11

分詞型関係節 1 17

M i Cl k d b k i h 32 11 k d b k i k

ネットを使って上記のような非対称性を発見することは可能となる。 Google counts made on 22 July 2013, 詳細はHook and Pardeshi (forthcoming) を参照。

Main Clause: rakt-dāb kami hoto 32 11 rakt-dāb kami kar -to, -te, -ta, -tātNMCs: rakt-dāb kami hoṇār@ 1 17 rakt-dāb kami karṇār@

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☞Sensorialheadnouns通常名詞補文節の形式で表現されるが 100対１

2.マラーティー語の名詞修飾構文2.2 BeyondAccessibility 外の関係

通常、名詞補文節の形式で表現されるが、 100対１の確率で分詞型関係節としても表現可15 a 名詞補文節 (外の関係)kičan‐madhye bhāṇḍi paḍ‐lyā ‐ʦ‐ā āvāʣ āl‐ākitchen‐invessels.Npl fall‐Pst.Inf‐Gen‐Msg sound Msg came‐Msg

‘ Thesound ofpotshavingfalling came washeard .’

分詞型関係節 (外関係)15 a’ 分詞型関係節 (外の関係)kuṭhla.tari bhāṇḍa paḍ‐lel‐ā āvāʣ misome vessel.Nsg fall‐PstPart‐Msg sound Msg I.Ergaik‐l‐āhear‐Pst‐Msg‘Iheard thesound that someorotherpotfell .’ 44

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☞Sensorialheadnouns通常名詞補文節の形式で表現されるが 100対１


通常、名詞補文節の形式で表現されるが、 100対１の確率で分詞型関係節としても表現可16 a 名詞補文節（外の関係）pāus paḍ‐tānnā ‐ʦ‐ā āvāʣ …rain.Nom fall‐AdvrbPart‐Gen‐Msg sound.Msg‘ rain while falling ’ssound .’

分詞型関係節（外関係）16 a’ 分詞型関係節（外の関係）čhaprā‐varti pāvasā‐čyā sarin ‐ʦ‐ā paḍ‐ṇār‐ā āvāʣroof‐onrain‐Genshowers‐Gen‐Msg fall‐PresPart‐Msg sound.Msg‘… thefallingsoundof rainshowers ontheroof .’

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☞Non‐sensorialheadnouns通常名詞補文節の形式で表現されるが 100対１


通常、名詞補文節の形式で表現されるが、 100対１の確率で分詞型関係節としても表現可17 a 名詞補文節（外の関係）divasā‐tun pannās phon‐hisahaʣ šaky as‐ṇār‐iday‐duringfiftyphones‐eveneasilypossiblebe‐PresPart‐Fsgsthiti …situation

‘‘ Thesituation that evenfiftyphonecallsperdayareeasilypossible ...’17 b 分詞型関係節（外の関係）mhātār.paṇ hipaṇ ek na ṭāḷ.tā ye‐ṇār‐i avasthā …agednessthistoooneNeg avoidingcome‐PresPart‐Fsg condition‘Age,toois acondition that cannotbeavoided ...’

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☞Non‐sensorialheadnouns:Cause,Purpose,Time18 jibhe‐lā pāṇi suṭ‐lel‐ā hā masālā Cause


18 jibhe‐lā pāṇi suṭ‐lel‐ā hā masālā Causetongue‐towaterescape‐PstPrt‐Msg thisspice'Thisspicethat caused yourmouthtowater…'shreekantmasale.com notverycommon

19 kām ke‐lel‐e paise dyā Purpose?workdo‐PstPrt‐Mpl moneygive www.lokmat.com'Paythemoney owedtoX fordoingthejob.’y y g j

20 hatyā dzā‐lel‐yā veḷ‐i … Time,raremurder occur‐PstPrt‐Obl time‐Loc'Atthetimethatthemurderoccurred…’www.majhapaper.com

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☞名詞補文節: nominalizationendinginthei i f f h

2.マラーティー語の名詞修飾構文2.3 Noun‐complementNMCs外の関係

genitiveformofthepresentorpasttenseinfinitivemodifyingtheheadnoun V‐ṇyā‐č@ N or V‐lyā‐č@ N21 a ačānak rugṇālayā‐t āg lāg.lyā ‐č‐i bātmigṇ y g g ysuddenlyhospital‐infirecatch‐Pst.Inf‐Gen‐Fsg news Fsgpasar‐l‐ispread‐Pst‐Fsg‘ Thenewsof firehavingbrokenout suddenlyspreadinthehospital.’

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☞名詞補文節と競合する構造: 分詞型関係節

č l l


V‐ṇyā‐č@ N vs. V‐lel‐@ N22 a ačānak rugṇālayā‐t āg lāg.lyā ‐č‐i bātmisuddenlyhospital‐infirecatch‐Pst.Inf‐Gen‐Fsg news Fsgpasar‐l‐ispread‐Pst‐Fsg‘ Thenewsof firehavingbrokenout suddenlyspreadinthehospital.’22 b22 b gharā‐lā āg lāg‐lel‐i bātmi sarvatrhouse‐LocDat firecatch‐PstPart‐Fsg news Fsg all.overpasar‐l‐ispread‐Pst‐Fsg‘ Theword thatfirehadbrokenoutinthehouse spreadeverywhere.’49


V ā č@ N V l l @ N 同の文で


V‐ṇyā‐č@ N vs. V‐lel‐@ N ：同一の文で23 sureš kalmāḍi tihār‐madhun suṭ‐lel.i bātmi kĩvāSureshKalmadi Tihar.jail‐frombe.released‐PstPart newsore.ke.rājā‐nā ʣāminmiḷā‐lyā ‐či bātmi sarv‐aʦ mādhyamān‐niA.K.Raja‐Dat paroleget‐Pst.Inf‐Gennewsall‐Emph media‐Erg

breking nyuz mhaṇ un prasiddha kelibreking nyuz mhaṇ‐unprasiddha kelibreakingnewssay‐Gerpublisheddid‘Allthemediapublished thenews that SureshKalmadi wasreleasedfromTihar Jail or thenewsof A.K.Rajagettingparole as"breakingnews".

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V ā č@ N V l l @ N


V‐ṇyā‐č@ N vs. V‐lel‐@ N24 a jagā‐t‐il sarvāt.moṭhi lok.šāhi bhraṣṭāčārā‐nekāḷavaṇḍ‐un

world‐in‐Adj largestdemocracycorruption‐Insblacken‐Gerge‐lya‐ʦe čitrgo‐PstInf‐Genpicture‘ apictureof theworld’slargestdemocracyblackenedbycorruption ’corruption .

b parisarā‐t‐il ḍongar kāḷavaṇḍ‐unge‐lel‐e čitrvicinity‐in‐Adj mtn.Nom blacken‐Gergo‐PstPart‐Nsg picture Nsg pāhāy‐lā miḷ‐tesee.Inf‐Dat get‐3sg‘ One getstoseeablackenedsceneoflocalmountains.’

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V ā č@ N V ā @ N


V‐ṇyā‐č@ N vs. V‐ṇār‐@ N25 a punhā gæs sileṇḍar‐čyā darā‐tvāḍh vhāy ‐č‐i

againgascylinder‐Genrate‐Locincreaseoccur.ShortInf‐Gen‐Fsgšakyatā …possibility Fsg‘ thepossibility ofanotherriseoccurringincylindergasrates ’

b lāg vaḍi t āṇkhin vāḍh ho ṇār i šakyatāb lāg.vaḍi‐tāṇkhin vāḍh ho‐ṇār‐i šakyatā planting‐inadditionalincreaseoccur‐PresPart‐Fsg possibility Fsg āheis‘Thereis thepossibility thatfurtherincreaseincultivationmayoccur .’

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ExoticexternalrelationsinJapanesewhicharenot yet? possibleinMarathi

26 futoru okashigain.weight candyg g y‘thecandybyeatingwhichonegainsweight’

27 yaseru onsenlose.weight hot.spring‘thehotspringbysoakinginwhichonelosesweight’

28 genki‐ga deru honenergy NOM come out bookenergy‐NOMcome.out book‘‘thebookbyreadingwhichonefeelsenergized’

29 toire‐ni ik.e‐nai komaasharutoilet‐togo‐be.able.to‐NEGTVad

‘theTVad by/for watchingwhichonecannotgotothetoilet’53

☞分詞型関係節: V‐ṇār‐@ N & V‐lel‐@ NA l i

2.マラーティー語の名詞修飾構文2.4 OtherfunctionsofNMCs

Asacomplementizer30 paryaṭakān‐čyā sankhye‐tvāḍh ʣā‐lel‐i

tourists‐Gennumber‐inincrease Fsg become‐PstPart‐Fsgdis‐tebe.visible‐PresF3sg‘Thereseemstohavebeenanincreaseinthenumberoftourists.’ms‐my.facebook.com

31 kāhi abhinete ekmek‐ān‐ši ʣuḷ‐ṇār‐e vāṭ‐tātsomeactorseach.other‐Obl‐withmatch‐PresPart‐Mpl feel‐3pl‘Someactorsseemtogotogether.’shabdavel.blogspot.com/2013/02/blog‐post_6.html

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☞分詞型関係節: V‐ṇār‐@ N & V‐lel‐@ NA i b di “fi i ” b E 2007

2.マラーティー語の名詞修飾構文2.4 OtherfunctionsofNMCs

Asinsubordinate“finite”verbs Evans200732 mikadhi‐ʦā ti‐ʦā ʣhā‐lel‐o

Isometime‐Genher‐Genbecame‐PstPart‐M1sgpaṇ ti mājhi kadhi‐ʦʣhāli nāhibutshemineever‐Emph becamenot‘Ibecameherslongagobutsheneverbecamemine.

☞ a subordinate construction featuring the relative participle☞ asubordinateconstructionfeaturingtherelativeparticipleʣhā‐lel‐o hasemergedinmainclausesasareplacementforthefiniteverb ʣhā‐l‐o

☞ insubordinatepredicatehasbeguntodevelopformsthatshowpersonaswellasgenderandnumber:the–o suffixoftheinsubordinateformʣhālelo showsmasculinesingularfirst‐personagreement

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発表の構成








2016/7/13

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マラーティー語では、日本語と違って、基本的にいわゆる内の関係（関係節）と外の関係（名詞補文節）の

3. まとめと今後の展望

ゆる内の関係（関係節）と外の関係（名詞補文節）の名詞修飾構文は形式上区別される☞ European-type

しかし、マラーティー語では、日本語と同様、内の関係を表す分詞型関係節が短絡の内の関係や一部の外の関係を表現することもある☞Asian-type

マラーティー語にはEuropean-typeとAsian-typeが

混在する。この事実は日本語との対照研究で見えてきたものであり、既存の文法書等で記述されてない。

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References Comrie,Bernard,andEdwardL.Keenan.1979.NounPhraseAccessibilityRevisited.

Language55:649‐664. Comrie,Bernard.1998a.AttributiveclausesinAsianlanguages:Towardsanareal

typology.InBoeder,Schroeder,Wagner,andWildgen eds .SpracheinRaumundZeit,InmemoriamJohannesBechert,Band2.Tübingen:GünterNarr.51‐60.

Comrie,Bernard.1998b.Rethinkingthetypologyofrelativeclauses.LanguageDesign 1: 59 86Design1:59–86.

Comrie,Bernard.2002.Typologyandlanguageacquisition:thecaseofrelativeclauses.InAnnaGiacalone Ramat ed .TypologyandSecondLanguageAcquisition.Berlin:Mouton.19–37.

堀江薫、印刷中尾上圭介編『文法III』ひつじ書房

Ebert,Karen,andLukasNeukom.2000.TowardanarealtypologyofrelativeclausesinSouthAsianlanguages.ASASWP No.9.

Evans,Nicholas.2007.Insubordinationanditsuses.InI.Nikolaeva ed .Finiteness:TheoreticalandEmpiricalFoundations.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.Pp.366‐431.

Haig,John.1996.Subjacency andJapanesegrammar:Afunctionalaccount.StudiesinLanguage 20 1 :53–92.

Hook,PeterE.andOmkar Koul.MS.Thenounphraseaccessibilityhierarchyandparticipialnoun‐modifyingconstructionsinHindi‐UrduandKashmiri.PresentedatICOSAL‐11,BHU Varanasi ,25Jan2014.

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References

Hook,PeterE.andPrashant Pardeshi.Toappear.Noun‐modifyingconstructionsinMarathi. InavolumeonPPPsinAsianlanguagesco‐editedbyY.Matsumoto,B.Comrie,andP.Sells.

Hook,PeterE.andPrashant Pardeshi.2013.Prenominal participialphrasesinMarathi,thenounphraseaccessibilityhierarchy,andpicturenouns.InLinguaPosnaniensis. 55 2 : 77‐89.Posnaniensis.55 2 :77 89.

Keenan,E.,andB.Comrie.1977.NounPhraseAccessibilityandUniversalGrammar.LinguisticInquiry. 8:63‐99.

Matsumoto,Yoshiko.1988.Semanticsandpragmaticsofnoun‐modifyingconstructionsinIapanese.BerkeleyLinguisticsSociety14:166—175.

Shibatani,Masayoshi.2009.Elementsofcomplexstructures,whererecursionisn’t:Thecaseofrelativization.InT.Givón andMasayoshiShibatani eds .SyntacticComplexity:Diachrony,acquisition,neuro‐cognition,evolution.Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins.163‐198.T Hid 1969 Th t f difi ti i J Th J l Teramura,Hideo.1969.ThesyntaxofnounmodificationinJapanese.TheJournal‐NewsletteroftheAssociationofTeachersofJapanese,6:64‐74.

Teramura,Hideo.1975‐78.Rentai syuusyoku nosintakusu toimi:Sono 1‐4 Syntaxandsemanticsofnounmodification,#1 Nihongo Nihonbunka JapaneseLanguageandCulture.

Whitman,John.2013.Theprehead relativeclauseproblem.InUmut Özge ed. Proceedingsofthe8thWorkshoponAltaicFormalLinguistics,361‐180.Cambridge:MITWorkingPapersinLinguistics.Pp.361‐380.

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ありがとうございますありがとうございます！！ Thank you very muchThank you very much！！감사합니다감사합니다 謝謝謝謝 ध यवाद ध यवाद !! شکريہشکريہ СпасибоСпасибо

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