OEFFA Workshop Microbial Inoculants and …...Biopesticides 1 • Microbial biopesticides –...
Transcript of OEFFA Workshop Microbial Inoculants and …...Biopesticides 1 • Microbial biopesticides –...
MicrobialInoculantsandBiochemicalFungicidesforPlantDiseaseControl
BrianMcSpaddenGardener
Feb14,2010
OEFFAWorkshop
FoodProduction…
Consumerview
…UnderAttack
Farmerview
PlantPathogensandDiseases
• Occureveryyearineveryfield– Incidenceandseverityvarieswidely– Multiplepathogensendemictoeverylocation
• Individuallossesvaryfrom<5%to100%– Mostlossesarehighlydependentonweatherconditions– Properfarmmanagementisinsuranceagainstlargelosses
• Aggregatelossesaverage15%– Developedworld<developingworld– Pricesincreasefollowingepidemics– Foodqualityandsafetyarealwaysanissue
• Applychemicalpesticides
– Convenient
– Generallyeffective
However…
– Regulatedandrestricteduses
– Mostaretoxicand/orcarcinogenictomammals
– Growingconcernsofurbanpopulation
Scale:
– >50,000metrictonsa.i.appliedannuallyinUSA
– Over$5billionsoldworldwideeveryyear
Whatcanfarmersdo?UseSyntheticToxins
• Discouragepestsandpathogens– Rotateanddiversifycrops
– Plantresistantcultivars– Managefertilityandorganicmatterwithcomposts
– Judicioususeoftillage
– Applyapprovedchemicals(i.e.somecopperproducts)
• Supplementbeneficialorganisms– Createadiversifiedhabitat/refuges
– Inoculaterhizobiaandmycorrhizae– Applybiologicalcontrolsandbiopesticides
Whatcanorganicfarmersdo?UseBiologically‐BasedPractices
Plantsare(Micro)Ecosystems
DiversityofPlant‐AssociatedMicrobes
• Diversemicrobescolonizeplanttissues
• Mostarecommensalsaprophytes
• Somearemutualiststhatimproveplantnutrition
• Afewarevirulentplantpathogens• Afewpreventinfectionsorreducetheseverityofplant
diseases
EcologicalModelDormantmicrobialpopulationsareactivatedbymoistureand
nutrientsStartingconditionsandenvironmentalparametersleadtonatural
succession.Onplants,themicrobialcommunitiesaredominatedbyeither
pathogenicorbeneficialpopulations.
LabGoal:Identify,characterize,andutilizebeneficialmicrobes.
Beneficialmicroorganisms
• Mycorrhizae– Fungusroots– Beneficialassociationbetweenmycorrhizalfungiandplantroot
– Endo‐&Ectomycorrhizae
– Improveplantnutritionandsoilstructure
EctomycorrhizaeAlberton&Kuyer,2009
Beneficialmicroorganisms• Somemycorrhizalinoculants(OMRIlisted)
TradeName ProductCategory Manufacturer
Mycorise®ASP Endomycorrhizae PremierTechBiotechnologies
MycoApply®EctoLiquidBlend
Ectomycorrhizae MycorrhizalApplications,Inc.
MycoSeed™Treat
Seedtreatment,Beneficialbacteriaandfungi
AgriEnergyResources®
Myke®ProPS3 Seedtreatment,mycorrhizae
PremierTechBiotechnologies
Beneficialmicroorganisms
• Rhizobia– Symbioticnitrogenfixerswithlegumes
– Noduleformation
– Rhizobium,Azorhizobium,BradyrhizobiumandSinorhizobium
– 50‐400kgN/ha/yronlegumes
Photocredit:JenniferDean,PennStateUniversity
Photocredit:J.Doughton
Beneficialmicroorganisms
• Associativenitrogenfixers– Colonizenearplantroots,butnonoduleformation
– Azospirillum,AzotobacterandAcetobacter
– 10‐200kgN/ha/yr
Azospirillumbacterialcellsontherootsurface
http://www.microbiologyprocedure.com
Beneficialmicroorganisms• Somerhizobialinoculants(OMRIlisted)
TradeName ProductCategory ManufacturerVault®NPLiquidLegumeInoculantforSoybeans
Rhizobia BeckerUnderwood®,Inc.
PRE‐VAIL Rhizobia INTXMicrobials,LLC
Nodulator®LiquidInoculantforPeaandLentil
Rhizobia BeckerUnderwood®,Inc.
Biopesticides1
• Microbialbiopesticides– Containlivebeneficialbacteria,fungi,oomycetes,ornematodes
– Inhibitpathogengrowththroughmultiplemechanisms• Antibiosis• Competition• Hyperparasitism• Inductionofhostresistance
UntreatedCaClUntreatedCaCl22FungicideBiocontrolFungicideBiocontrol
Biopesticides1• Somemicrobialproducts(OMRIlisted)
TradeName ProductCategory ManufacturerBiobit®HP Insecticides,
BacillusthuringiensisValentBioSciences®Corp.
MycotrolO® Insecticides,Beauveriaspp.
LaverlamInternationalCorp.
Serenade®MAX™ Fungicide,Bacillussubtilis
Agraquest,Inc.
BlightBan®A506 Bactericides,Pseudomonasfluorescens
NuFarmAmericas,Inc.
BioNem™C Biologicalcontrols,Beneficialnematodes
BeckerUnderwood®,Inc.
Biopesticides2
• Biochemicalpesticides– Containsplantextracts,microbialfermentationproducts,pheromones,and/orplanthormones
– Oftenmixedwithmineralnutrients
– Typicallyactbyantibiosis(“softorgreenchemistry”)
– Somecaninducehostresistanceorotherwiseinterferewithinfection
UntreatedCaClUntreatedCaCl22FungicideBiocontrolFungicideBiocontrol
Biopesticides2• Biochemicalpesticidesproducts(OMRIlisted)
TradeName ProductCategory ManufacturerTriact®70EC Neemoil CertisUSA
ActinoIron® Iron NaturalIndustries,Inc.
HeadsUp®PlantProtectant
Plantextracts HeadsUpPlantProtectants
Saf‐T‐Side® PetroleumOil BrandtConsolidated
TakeHomeMessages• Thereareorganic‐friendlyinputsthatcanbeusedtoenhancecrophealthanddiseasecontrol
• Manymicrobialinoculantsonthemarket,butmostlikelybenefitswillbeattributabletorhizobia,mycorrhizae,andregisteredbiopesticides
• Biochemicalextractsincludeavarietyofproductsincludingbiofertilizers,plant/seaweedextracts,andregisteredbiopesticides
• Payattentiontothelabelwhenapplyingallinputs
• Alsopayattentiontostorageinstructionsandmarkedexpirationdatesasmostproductshavealimitedshelflife
AdditionalResources• HandoutsprovidefulllistingofOMRI‐andOEFFA‐approvedbiopesticideproductsforvegetableproduction
• OhioEcologicalFoodandFarmAssociation(OEFFA)http://www.oeffa.org/– ThelistofOEFFAapprovedorganicproductcanbeobtainedbywritingtomaterialsreview@oeffa.org
• OrganicMaterialReviewInstitute(OMRI)www.omri.org
• Newfactsheetscomingin2010toOhiolinehttp://ohioline.osu.edu/search.php