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I) Preliminaries

1. Cover 2. Title Page 3. 4. Approval page 5. Copyright page 6. 7. 8. () 9. Abstract 10. Acknowledgement / Preface () 11. Table of Contents 12. List of Tables () 13. List of Illustrations() 14. List of Symbols()

II) Text

15. Text

III) Reference

16. Reference/Bibliography 17. Appendix 18. Glossary of Terms () 19. Index () 20. Curriculum Vitae () 21. Back

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a) CBE():

CBE Council of Biology Editors Council of Science EditorsCSE 2000 1 CSE

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(5) Jelinek, F. Probabilistic information theory. McGraw-Hill, New York; 1968.

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Jelinek, F. 1968. Probabilistic information theory. McGraw-Hill, New York.

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APAAmerican Psychological Association

APAwww.apa.org

Chomsky, Noam. (1999). Derivation by phase. MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics 18. Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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MLAModern Language Association Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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CMSThe Chicago Manual of Style

Jacobsen, Wesley M. TheTransitivityStructure of Events in Japanese. Tokyo: Kuroshio Publishers, 1995.

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Title of Thesis

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Name

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A Doctoral Dissertation Presented to

Department of Physics at

National Tsing-Hua University

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In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of

Doctoral of Philosophy

Date

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Dissections under Dynamic Geometry

Jen-Chung Chuan Tse-Hsuan Yang 903254

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Dissections under Dynamic Geometry

by

Tse-Hsuan Yang

Advisor

Prof. Jen-Chung Chuan

A thesis submitted to

the Department of Mathematics at

National Tsing Hua University Hsin-Chu, Taiwan 300, R. O. C

in partial fulfillment for

the requirements of the Master of Science Degree Program,

May 2003

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ABSTRACT

Light Verb Syntax and the Theory of Phrase Structure

Tzong-Hong Lin, Advisor: Professor C.-T. James Huang

Doctor of Philosophy in Social Science,

National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan

This work aims to an explanatory theory on the construction of phrase structure and

the licensing of arguments in natural language. The data that is focused on in this work

is the array of phenomena in Mandarin Chinese called the unselectiveness of subject and

object. It is shown that an action verb in Mandarin Chinese can freely take an agent, a

locative or a causer as surface subject, and an instrument, a location, a time, or a reason as

surface object. Scrutiny on the relevant facts reveal that the phrase structure in the

Mandarin Chinese sentence is composed of eventuality predicates, syntactically as light

verbs, which license arguments and introduce them in to the structure. In this sense,

Mandarin Chinese can be said to be a "Davidsonian" language, since the composing

elements in the syntactic structure correspond to eventuality predicates in the semantic

representation.

Key words: construction of phrase structure; licensing of arguments;

unselectiveness of subject and object; Mandarin Chinese; Davidsonian" language

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Acknowledgement

The author wishes to express his deepest appreciation to his thesis advisor, ProfessorM. Byram, for his inspiration and guidance through- out the course of this work. The author also would like to express his gratitude to Dr. Y. S.Lin, Prof. Robert Coe, Prof. Thomas Cooper for their valuable suggestions.

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Table of Contents

ABSTRACTvi

LIST OF TABLES...vii

LIST OF FIGURES .viii

Chapter 1 (TITLE).1

1.1 First-Level Subheading5

1.1.1 Second-Level Heading.6

1.1.2 Second-Level Heading..8

1.2 First-Level Subheading10

Chapter 2 (TITLE).....16

BIBLIOGRAPHY......198

APPENDIX A. ( TITLE) ...203

A.1 First-Level Subheading..203

A.2 First-Level Subheading..205

APPENDIX B. ( TITLE) 208

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()Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS viii

ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2 THE ORIGIN OF LIGHT VERBS 17

1. Introduction 17

2. Light verbs in the current generative framework 21

2.1 The Chomskyan light verb 22

2.2 HK's configurational approach to event structures 25

2.2.1 The proposal 25

2.2.2 Analyses 27

3. Evaluating the HK-Chomsky theory on event structures 32

3.1 Event structures and syntactic structures 32

3.2 A cross-linguistic perspective: Chinese and Japanese 36

3.2.1 Unergatives in Mandarin Chinese 36

3.2.2 Denominals in Mandarin Chinese 39

3.2.3 Deadjectivals in Mandarin Chines 80

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List of Tables

Page

Table 1 ................................................. 22

Table 2 ........................................................................... 29

Table 3 .............................................................. 41

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CHAPTER 5

THE LIGHT VERB SYNTAX IN CHINESE

1. Introduction

In this chapter we look at the light verb syntax from several different perspectives. In

section 2, we look at other some other light verbs in Mandarin Chinese sentences, in

particular those with higher functional contents. In section 3 we summarize all the light

verbs we have seen in Mandarin Chinese, and demonstrate the "Davidsonian" character of

Mandarin Chinese. In section 4, we extend our perspective to cover other Chinese

dialects. It is shown that, though some Chinese dialects do not exhibit the full range of

unselectiveness of subject and object as Mandarin Chinese, some regularities can be

discerned. Our focus will be specially placed on Taiwanese, which makes extensive

uses of lexical realization, rather than head movement, as the means to support the light

verbs in the phrase structure. In section 5, we turn to the historical perspective and

examine the case of Archaic Chinese. It is shown that Archaic Chinese, surprisingly,

was more like the present-day English in allowing productive deadjectivals and

denominals. We provide an explication for the relevant phenomena, and propose an

account for the historical changes of the light verb syntax in Chinese. At the end of this

chapter is a concluding remark.

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2. Other light verbs in Mandarin Chinese

In Chapter 3 and 4, we examined the phenomena of unselectiveness of subject and object

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in Mandarin Chinese. We proposed that all arguments in Mandarin Chinese sentences

are licensed by light verbs. All of the light verbs that we saw introduce an argument into

the sentence and help to shape the eventuality by contributing a specific aspect to it. But

there can be light verbs that simply contribute to the shaping of the eventuality without

introducing arguments. In the following, we will look at two kinds of elements that fall

into this class, the aspectual markers -le (perfective), -zhe (durative), and -guo

(experiential), and the extension marker -de. Besides, there are higher functional

categories in a Mandarin Chinese sentence that take the whole light verb structure as

scope. We will look at two of them in this section, the raising modals and the tense

category T.

2.1 The aspectual markers

In Chapter 2 and 3 we encountered some questions related to the aspectual markers in

Mandarin Chinese. Here we will look at more details. Some researchers in Chinese

linguistics notice that the post-verbal aspectual markers in Mandarin Chinese, the

perfective -le, the durative -zhe, and the experiential -guo, play a substantial role in

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In all examples in (2-3), suru is compounded with a noun, yielding a verbal expression.

But suru in these examples has no effect on the transitivity property of the verbal

expression. In (2a), the noun is hooi 'surround'; the verbal expression hooi-suru 'to

surround' must assume transitive use and take an object. Intransitive use of the verb

hooi-suru will result in ungrammaticality. The reverse is true for (2b), where the noun is

seityoo 'growth'. The verbal expression seityoo-suru 'to grow' must assume intransitive

use. But there are also cases where either transitive or intransitive use is permitted, such

as idoo 'move' and its verbal counterpart idoo-suru in (3a-b). These examples show that

the crucial factor that determines the transitivity of the verbal expression in the suru

construction is the inherent property of the noun which suru is compounded with; suru

doesn't play any concrete role. In this sense, suru is said to be a "light verb", as it is

semantically light and only plays a functional role in the structure.1

2.1 The Chomskyan light verb

The term Chomskyan light verb is meant to refer to the notion of the light verb employed

by Chomsky (1995, 1998, 1999), its antecedents in Larson (1988) and Hale and Keyser

(henceforth HK) (1991, 1993), and many of its descendants. On this notion, the light verb

basically functions as an empty place holder in the syntactic structure, with elementary

semantics only (HK 1993). In Chomsky's works (in particular 1998 and 1999), the light

1 For further discussion on the suru construction, see Grimshaw and Mester (1988), Hoshi and Saito (1993),

among many others. In these works, the focus is on "argument transfer" from the noun to suru. Also see

Huang (1997) for discussion on the suru construction from a different perspective (cf. section 2.2, Chapter

6). The traditional view on the function of suru when it is compounded with a noun is that it provides a

locus for grammatical inflection. See Shibatani (1990) for an introduction.

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References Abney, Steven. 1987. The English noun phrase in its sentential aspect. Doctoral

dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Aoun, Joseph and Y.-H. Audrey Li. 1993. Syntax of scope. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Bach, Emmon. 1981. On time, tense, and aspect: an essay in English metaphysics. In

Radical pragmatics, ed. Peter Cole, 63-81. New York: Academic Press. Baker, Mark. 1988a. Incorporation: a theory of grammatical function changing. Chicago;

University of Chicago Press. Baker, Mark. 1988b. Theta theory and the syntax of applicatives in Chichew*a. Natural

language and linguistic theory 6: 353-389. Baker, Mark, Kyle Johnson, and Ian Roberts. 1989. Passive arguments raised. Linguistic

Inquiry 20: 219-251. Bittner, Maria and Kenneth Hale. 1996. The structural determination of case and

agreement. Linguistic Inquiry 27: 1-68. Boskovic, Zeljko and Daiko Takahashi. 1998. Scrambling and last resort. Linguistic

Inquiry 29: 347-366. Bowers, John. 1993. The syntax of predication. Linguistic Inquiry 24: 591-656. Bresnan, Joan, and Jonni M. Kanerva. 1989. Locative inversion in Chichew*a: a case

study of factorization in grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 20: 1-50. Carlson, Gregory N. 1989. The semantic composition of English generic sentences. In

Properties, types, and meaning, vol. 2: semantic issues, eds. Gennaro Chierchia, Barbara Partee, and Ray Turner, 167-191. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

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Curriculum Vitae

LIN , Tzong-Hong

2001 Ph.D. in Social Science, University of California, Irvine. 2001 Teaching Associate, School of Social Sciences, University

of California, Irvine. 2000-2001 Visiting scholar at Nanzan University, Nagoya, Japan. 1996-2000 Teaching assistant, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine. 1995-1996 Lecturer, Department of Chinese Literature and Linguistics,

National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan.

1993-1995 Military services. 1991-1993 Lecturer, Department of Chinese Literature and Linguistics,

National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan. 1991 M.A. in Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan. 1988 B.A. in Chinese Literature and Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan.

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1. http//192.83.176.196/theses/html/authorize.html http//www.stic.gov.tw

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Title of Thesis(Double spaced)ByA Doctoral DissertationPresented toNational Tsing-Hua UniversityDoctoral of PhilosophyDissections under Dynamic GeometrybyMay 2003All Right ReservedDate of signatureDepartmentABSTRACTLight Verb Syntax and the Theory of Phrase StructureAcknowledgementTable of ContentsList of TablesReferencesLIN , Tzong-Hong