OE4680 Arctic Engineering - Lecture 1 - Introduction and Arctic Region Overview
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Transcript of OE4680 Arctic Engineering - Lecture 1 - Introduction and Arctic Region Overview
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May 18, 2010 1Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Arctic foto ??Arctic Engineering
OE 4680
Prof.ir.C.A.WillemseIr. J.S.Hoving
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May 18, 2010 2Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Arktos- the origin of the word ‘arctic’
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May 18, 2010 3Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
The constellation circumventing the polar star
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May 18, 2010 4Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Arctic regions
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May 18, 2010 5Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Arctic: max 10 degr C in summer
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May 18, 2010 6Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Caspian Sea +30 C in summer, -30 C in winter !
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May 18, 2010 7Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
But other definitions are in common use as well:
Engineering Definition. The southern limit is defined by a zone of perennially frozen ground.Geophysical Definition. The Arctic boundary is defined by strong magnetic storms, aurora borealis, and radio blackouts.Oceanographic Definition. The southern limit is defined by the maximum extent of pack ice in winter.
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May 18, 2010 8Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Common ice features
Multi Year Ridge
Ice Rubble
Iceberg in Pack Ice
First Year (FY) Ice• ice floes• rafted ice• ice ridges• rubble pile• rubble fields
Glacial Ice• ice islands• icebergs
Multi Year (MY) Ice• ice floes• ice ridges• rubble fields
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May 18, 2010 9Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Ice floesAny relatively flat piece of sea ice 20 m or more across.
Floes are subdivided according to horizontal extent as follows:Giant: over 10 km across
Vast: 2-10 km across
Big: 500-2000 m across
Medium: 100-500 m
Small: 20-100 m
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May 18, 2010 10Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Rafted iceDeformed ice formed when one piece of ice overrides another.
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May 18, 2010 11Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Ice ridges
New ridge: Ridge with sharp peaks and slopes of sides usually about 40° to the horizontal.
Weathered ridge: Ridge with peaks slightly rounded and slope of sides usually 30-40°. Individual fragments not visible.
Very weathered ridge: Ridge with peaks very rounded, slope of sides usually 20-30°.
Aged ridge: Ridge which has undergone considerable weathering.
Consolidated ridge: A ridge in which the upper parts of the ridge has frozen together.
Ice formation consisting of ice blocks formed as a result of compression or shear of pack ice
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May 18, 2010 12Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
First-year ice ridges
Source: Blanchet (1998)
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May 18, 2010 13Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
First- and multi-year ridges
Beaufort SeaSource: NASA
First Year pressure ridges Multi Year ridge
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May 18, 2010 14Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Rubble pilesFloating or grounded accumulation of broken ice blocks of first-year ice, generally caused by natural or man-made obstruction
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May 18, 2010 15Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Rubble field
accumulation of floating or grounded rubble that forms in same way as an ice ridge
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May 18, 2010 16Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Icebergs
Iceberg classification:• Growlers (sail < 1.5 m)• Bergy bits (sail 1.5 to 5 m, mass <
5400 t)• Small bergs (sail 5 to 15 m, mass
5400 to 180,000 t)• Medium bergs (sail 15 to 45 m, mass
180,000 to 2,000,000 t)• Large bergs (mass > 2,000,000 t)
Floating remnants of glacial ice broken away from glaciers and ice shelves
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May 18, 2010 17Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Ice islands
Source: Canadian Geographic
Large tabular ice features also originating from glaciers
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May 18, 2010 18Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Ice conditions in various regions
Areas of prime interest for oil and gas:
• Sea of Okhotsk• Chukchi Sea• Beaufort Sea• Barents Sea
Also coming up:• Kara Sea• Baffin Bay• Labrador Sea
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May 18, 2010 19Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Labrador (Canada)
-First year ice 1.5 m-Multiyear ice 2.1 m-Ice ridges 3-5 m high, 3-15 m keel
-Icebergs > 10mil t-Hs 9-14.5 m
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May 18, 2010 20Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Beaufort Sea
-Mostly <100m deep-Canyon >1000m deep-Scouring by ridges-1st year floes upto 2.3m-Multi yr floes upto 20m-Ridges upto 35 m deep
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May 18, 2010 21Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Ice regimes, Canadian Arctic
Ice types depend very much on region, distance from shore, and water depthThis ice regime is typical for the Canadian (and US) Beaufort Sea
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May 18, 2010 22Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Arctic Potential – Canada and the USNorth Alaska, Beaufort Sea,
Mackenzie Delta and the High Arctic in Canada have been extensively explored, and remain very promising development opportunities as well..
Drilling and production of arctic oil and gas first started in the Beaufort Sea in the early 1970s and 80s
After about a 20-year lapse, interest in these areas has opened again
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May 18, 2010 23Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Chuckchi Sea
- Arctic sea and Pacific ocean- entirely covered by ice in winter- level ice 2-5 m in some areas-1st yr and multi-yr ice- 60-80 polar night in the North- 3-4 cyclones/month in winter- In winter -45 C
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May 18, 2010 24Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Okhotsk Sea
-Hs 9.5-14 m-1st yr floe 0.8 – 1.2 m-ridges sail upto 7 m,
keel upto 20 m-earthquakes, tsunamis-Sakhalin developments
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May 18, 2010 25Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Caspian Sea
-1200 km from N to S-Winter -30 degree C, -summer +30 degree C-Rubble 2-5 m high,-ice movement upto 1 m/s-Stamukhi > 20 m sail
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May 18, 2010 26Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Kara Sea
-Floe 1.6-1.8 m-Floe length 4-6 km-Ridges 5-6 m high-Ice blocks upto 60 m thick-Multi-yr ridges upto18 m deep
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May 18, 2010 27Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Barents Sea
-Max 55-60% ice cover-Hs upto 7m-1st yr level ice 0.9 m-Ridges sail 3-4 m
keel 15-18 m
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May 18, 2010 28Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Ice regime Barents Sea
Ice cover near Shtokman development, June 1998
Ice cover is highly variable, in type, thickness, movement, concentration, etc.
Some years no ice at all in areas of interest (such as the Shtokman field).
Source: Canadian Geographic
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May 18, 2010 29Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Ice Edge Climatology in the Barents Sea
Sour
ce: N
OA
A N
atio
nal D
ata
Cen
ters
(NN
DC
) Joi
nt P
roje
cts
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May 18, 2010 30Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Barents Sea / Kara Sea - Russia
Shtokman field has estimated reserves of 3.1 trillion m3 of gas
Two largest fields in the Kara Sea have combined reserves of up to 5 trillion m3
More than 22% of all known reserves of gas in the world are located in only one area in the north, in Russia’s Yamal peninsula
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May 18, 2010 31Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Barents Sea - Norway
The Barents Sea covers about 1.4 million km2, which is almost four times the area of mainland Norway.
The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate reckons that its Arctic waters may hold a third of the country's undiscovered reserves.
The Snohvit development was the first to proceed, soon to be followed by the Goliat development.
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May 18, 2010 32Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
General Arctic features
-Can be shallow and/or deep water-Great variation in ice thickness-1st year and multiyear ice-Ice floes, ice ridges, -Ice rubble fields-Icebergs-Bottom scouring-Large variation in Hs and current speed-Oil and/or gas fields-Usually remote areas
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May 18, 2010 33Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Other issues for arctic engineering…
-Sensitive environment-Indigenous people-Northern searoutes-Territorial disputes
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May 18, 2010 34Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Indigenous people
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May 18, 2010 35Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Arctic disputes: Russia planting a flag claiming the Northpole- July 2007
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May 18, 2010 36Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Undiscovered gas reserves…
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May 18, 2010 37Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
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May 18, 2010 38Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
OE 4680 schedule
Key contents of this course are…
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May 18, 2010 39Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Ice physics and mechanics
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May 18, 2010 40Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Ice actions on structures
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May 18, 2010 41Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Ice-induced vibrations
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May 18, 2010 42Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Arctic engineering at Shell and practical experience from Sakhalin
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May 18, 2010 43Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Codes and standards
- Design of offshore structures- ISO 19906- recommended practices
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May 18, 2010 44Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Constructions and Foundations in permafrost
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May 18, 2010 45Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Arctic Hydrology and oceanographyand the Northern routes
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May 18, 2010 46Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Safety, health and environmentin the arctic
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May 18, 2010 47Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Finally…a wrap-up and discussion on global warming…
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May 18, 2010 48Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
TU Delft Arctic EngineeringCentre of Excellence
Offshore Engineering
Aerospace Engineering Maritime Engineering
Mechanics Material Technology
Steel expertise
Concrete expertise
Geotechnics
ice thickness measurement
foundation in permafrost
extremely low temperatures
gravity based structures
jackets, towers
floating storage, icebreaker, LNG carriers
ice loads,ice dynamics
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May 18, 2010 49Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Cooperation with NTNU (Trondheim)
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May 18, 2010 50Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Cooperation with HSVA Hamburg
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May 18, 2010 51Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Special arctic programme for OE students
-Courses in Trondheim-Hands-on experience in Spitsbergen-Arctic project-Thesis on arctic topic-Major in fixed or floating structures, even dredging or subsea is possible
When interested contact: [email protected] cc to [email protected]
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May 18, 2010 52Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Experience Spitsbergen…
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May 18, 2010 53Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
UNIS research center
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May 18, 2010 54Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
On a field trip…
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May 18, 2010 55Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
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May 18, 2010 56Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
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May 18, 2010 57Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
It is lonely at the top…
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May 18, 2010 58Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
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May 18, 2010 59Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
In the distance…research stations for earth magnetic field
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May 18, 2010 60Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
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May 18, 2010 61Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Crossing a glacier…
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May 18, 2010 62Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Beware of hidden crevasses!
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May 18, 2010 63Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Back in town
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May 18, 2010 64Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
now take some rest……see you next time!