یناعت ًّسب - شرکت ارتباطات زیرساخت lecture 9_0.pdf · PCM Systems and...
Transcript of یناعت ًّسب - شرکت ارتباطات زیرساخت lecture 9_0.pdf · PCM Systems and...
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بس تعانی
:ذرش
ضيذ عيی عييب
اضتبديبر داػکذ عيی کبرثردی پطت خبثرات
جيط
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تبذيم سيگيال آانگ ب ديجيتال
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From analog signal to PCM digital code
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Supplementary Chapter 3
Communication Channel Technology
TDM
• Time division multiplexing
– Multiple signals share channel
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PCM Systems and Digital Time Division
Multiplexing (TDM) In digital multiplexing several messages are transmitted via same
physical channel. For multiplexing 64 kbit/s channels in digital
exchanges following three methods are available:
– PDH (plesiochronous digital hierarchy) (the dominant method
today, E1 & T1) (‘50-’60, G.702)
– SONET (synchronous optical network) (‘85)
– SDH (synchronous digital hierarchy) (CCITT ‘88)
European PCM frame
32 time slots x 8 bits x 8000 Hz = 32 x 64 kbit/s = 2048 kbit/s
frame synchronization slot
signaling or traffic
traffic
125 s
PDH E-1 frame
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PCM Hierarchy in PDH
139.26 Mbit/s
34.368 Mbit/s
8.448 Mbit/s
2.048 Mbit/s
64 kbit/s
European hierarchy
x4
...
x4
x4
x32
139.26 Mbit/s
44.736 Mbit/s
6.312 Mbit/s
1.544 Mbit/s
64 kbit/s
USA hierarchy
x3
...
x7
x4
x24
If one wishes to disassemble a tributary from the main
flow the main flow must be demultiplexed step by step to
the desired main flow level in PDH.
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E1 and T1 First Order Frames Compared*
*John G. van Bosse: Signaling in Telecommunication Networks
synchronization
signaling info
1/125 8 kHzs
E1
T1
USA &
Japan
=8000 frames/sec
Number of channels
NOTE: In T1 one bit in each time slot in every sixth frame
is replaced by signaling information yielding net flow of
56 kb/s per channel
T1 is byte-interleaved:
blocks of eight bits from
the same channel
are inserted to the
multiplexed flow
Europe
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T1 and E1 Summarized
In PSTN two PCM systems dominate:
– T1, developed by Bell Laboratories, used in USA & Japan
– E1, developed by CEPT* used in most of the other countries
In both data streams divided in frames of 8000 frames/sec
In T1
– 24 time-slots and a framing (F) bit serves 24 channels
– Frame length: 1+ 8x24=193 bits
– Rate 193x8000 bits/second=1544 kb/s
In E1
– frame has 32 time-slots, TS 0 holds a synchronization pattern and
TS 16 holds signaling information
– An E1 frame has 32x8=256 bits and its rate us 8000x256=2048
kb/s
*European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administration
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SONET / SDHبي ثيت رخ
(Mbps)SONETSDHOptical
STS-1STM-0OC-1
STS-3STM-1OC-3
STS-12STM-4OC-12
STS-48STM-16OC-48
STS-192STM-64OC-192
STS-768STM-256OC-768
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رظ بي دضترضي حيق
loop accessing methods
• (DSL ) Digital subscriber line
• (LMDS) local multipoint distribution service
• Wireless access
• Wireless optical access
• Fibre optic
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DSL
يي تا زر بيت اي باال را اس DSLبا تكنژي •
kbps144 تا ،Mbps 544/1 در بزخي يارد تا
Mbps 7 كابم اي يسي يجد عبر دادطزيق اس.
در بيطتز اتقاالت ديجيتاني با سزعت باال يا xDSLاس •
.يی ضدايتزت استفاد
در ز د ست كاربز ارائ دذ سزيس ب تجيشات •
.دارداتايي ياس
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xDSL
يعي زر بيت خيهي باال VDSL ،Vدر •
يعي زر بيت باال HDSL ،Hدر •
يعي زر بيت ايتقار ، يعي زر بيت ADSL ،Aدر •
در جزيا فزس خيهي بيطتز اس زر بيت در جزيا
. فزاس است
.ب يعي زر بيت يتقار است SDSL ،Sدر •
. ب يعاي تطبيق زر بيت است RADSL ،RAدر •
يعي يتقار چذ زخي MSDSL ،MSدر •
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xDSL رخ ثيت طه کبثو•HDSL س ز د زر بيت در : د سجیMb/s 048/2 13000، ياكشيى طل دهق
. فت
•HDSL زر بيت در جزيا کيه بيت در ثاي 768زر بيت در جزيا فزس : تك سجی ،
فت 12000، ياكشيى طل دهق 768فزاس
•ADSL DMT زر بيت در جزيا فزس : تك سجیMb/s 5/1 زر بيت در فزاس ،
فت 12000، ياكشيى طل دهق 176
•ADSL CAP زر بيت در فزس : تك سجیMb/s 6 کيه بيت 640، زر بيت در فزاس
فت 12000، ياكشيى طل دهق بز ثاي
• ADSL CAP زر بيت در فزس : تك سجیMb/s 5/1 کيه 64، زر بيت در فزاس
فت 18000، ياكشيى طل دهق بيت
•ISDN زر بيت در فزس : د سجیkb/s 144 ياكشيى 144، زر بيت در فزاس ،
.كاال D+B2بزابز است با kb/s 144: فت 18000طل دهق
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تنيل بي ذالضي
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تنىژي بي دضترضي ضريع ضرعت ثبال
Bluetooth
• Bluetooth تكنژي بيسيى يبتي بز پزتكهی است ك در. جد داردسيه ، 7فاصه د يتزي تا فزستذ، ايكا اتصال تا
.يي كذ کار MHz 2402- 5/2483 اي تكنژي در باذ •
kbps720زر بيت با MHz 1كاال با فاصه 79در اي باذ •.بزاي ز كاال جد دارد
ش خدكار ارسال يجذد ر FEC: اصالح خطا ایراكار•ARQبست
) dBm 20 )mw 100سطخ تا عم يي كذ، رد يك با تا • ) dBm 4) +mW 5/2رد د . عم اتقال را اجاو يي دذ
است ) dBm 0 )mW 1رد س
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تنىژي بي دضترضي ضريع ضرعت ثبال
IEEE 802.11
است ك بزاي ) LAN )WLANعي استاذارد اتزت •
Mb/s 54يا اسط ياد قزيش تا RFيذصالتي با
.يتز طزادي ضذ است 30فاصه تقزيبا
GHz 4/2)2400-2483.5اي تكنژي در باذ •
MHz ( 5 در باذGHz عم يي كذ.
الي كتزل دستزسي يذيط IEEE 802.11 در•
)MAC(، WLAN الي فيشيكي، زر بيت ارسال
Mb/s 11 يتز تعزيف ضذ اذ 100در فاصه.
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) FSO(سيستى اي ارتباطی ري فضاي آساد
بزاي كاربزداي گيگابيتي يايم آخز
با نيشرايي در FSOكاربزداي •، يا nm 860 ،nm1310طيف
. Cدتي در باذ
OC ، OC-12 -3زر بيت اي •
يطخصات پزتای با ببدانبت •تقاضا ا، افشايص نيشری فضای
-48يک است زر بيت ای تا OC زدديش ايکاپذيز گ.
چي پزت نيشر فضاي آساد • ضايم بيص اس يك طل يج ضذ
WDM FSOب اي تزتيب ضبك .ضکم گيزد
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(DSLAM)ضيطت بىتي پينص دضترضي خط ػترك ديجيتبىي
را ث گ ای ارائ ي دذ ISDN ( د )، داد تيفی رايج خذبت
.اجب گيرد( يب ايطتگب پبيبي)در ضيي اتبيي يگ ک عو مذ
، PCMتاذ عال ثر صت يک غجن تب ديجيتبه ي
.(داد ديجيتبىي خب، يذئ مذ غذ، صت مذ غذ ظبير آ)داد را اتقبه دذ
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( ث تجيسات خبثراتی ثب فبصي )ضيطت بي دضترضي تقيت زج
کيهيتز 2با طل ADSLدر يقابم
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تنىژي فيجر تب خب
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رجبتنىژي فيجر تب سايبی
•FTTx پاي باذی بانغ بزGb/s ب خا ا يي رساذ .
•FTTx را يي تا با تجيشات ري غيز فعال پياد ساسي كزد .
. فيبز يي تاذ ياطق در را ب دفاتز يزكشي اتصال دذ•
. بز بگيزد DWDMفيبز يي تاذ اس تكنژي •
. باتزي پطتيبا يذهي بد، در تيج يصزف تا پايي يي آيذ•
. فيبز يذيطی اي قابم اطيا است•
اگز السو باضذ سيستى جذيذي جايگشي ع قذيي ضد، اي كار بز •
ري فيبز ب سنت ايكا پذيز است
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DS0ضيطت ضئيچيگ ضطح
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ضيطي راتت ضئيچيگ را در، رامس
ضئيچيگ، رد ب ترال ب
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اتصبه دي ترال ثي غرب ثر اضبش ضيطي
راتت ضئيچيگ آرينبيي
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DS1اتصال يتقاطع در سطخ
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زر بيت ا در ارتباطات بی درگ
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زر بيت ا در ارتباطات ديتا
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يقايس اتقال ديتا با طل بست ثابت
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ظزفيت خط زر بيت
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عهيات قطع بذی کپسنی کزد
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OSIيذل
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تپنژی دهق ای ، درختی ضبک ای
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اترت CSMA/CDقبىت قبة
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(FDDI)غجن حيي حيق اي ثب فيجر دگب
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تنبو از غجن بي حيق اي د گب ث غجن
تري –حيق اي
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ع -قبثييت طيريبثی يک حيق
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Frame Relayقبىت قبة
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ATM ثبيتی 53قبىت ضيه
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UNI NNIتعريف –ATMضرثبر ضيه
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ATMذه رجع ضيه
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SDHدر AU -3ضبختبر قبة
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SDHدر TUQ TUضبختبربي
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SONETضيطي راتت
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SONET STS-1 ثبSPE غبر
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SONETطئىيت ر ثخع، خط طير در
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STS-1ضرثبر ثخع، خط طير در
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OSIپرتنو ايترت الي بي
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ATM ریSONET گبغت ضيه درSONET
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ATMگبغت پرتنو ايترت در