118

119

120

misunderstanding)

Pragmatics

121

Politeness

Browon & Levinson, 1987

cultural competence

122

Brown

Kramsh

123

Gence &

Bada

124

Kramsh

Tomalin

125

Kramsh

Stern

126

Byram

intercultural approach

multicultural approach

trans-cultural approach

127

foreign-cultural approach

Risager

128

Stern

cultural competence

intercultural competence

129

De Carlo, 1998 :)

(40, in Zhang : 63

130

(Porcher, 1988 : 92, in Zhang : 71)

(savoir-faire)

ibid

(savoir-être) (savoir-faire)

ibid

131

( H. H. Stern, 1983 : 17)

Farnia

132

Pragmatics

Politeness Speech Acts Deixis

Conversational Analysis Presupposition

Conversational

Implicature

Stephen C. Levinson

Yule, G. Pragmatics

133

134

Pu

savoir-) (savoir-vivre)

(parler

135

Grossi

136

“ “

“ ”

–

directives

137

Browon & Levinson

Kerbrat-Orecchioni)

Speech Acts

Leech)

138

ibid

expressives

139

Pu

140

additional greeting)

141

142

convivial acts

Leech

143

144

145

146

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