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STRUCTURE OF REPORT

PreliminarySection

Title Page

Letter of Transmittal*

Abstract

Acknowledgement

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations

List of Symbols

List of Tables

List of Figures

List of Appendixes

Main Section

Introduction

Literature Review

Methodology

Findings and Discussion

Conclusions

Recommendations

SupplementarySection

References

Appendices

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Preliminary

Section

Title Page

Letter of Transmittal*

Abstract

Acknowledgement

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations

List of Symbols

List of Tables

List of Figures

List of Appendixes

Main Section

1. Introduction

2. Literature Review

3. Methodology

4. Findings and

Discussion

5. Conclusions

6. Recommendations

Supplementary

Section

References

Appendices

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ELEMENTS IN METHODOLOGY

IntroductionData

Collection

Methods

Respondentsof the Study

ResearchProcedureData AnalysisConclusion

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purpose/objectives of the research issue/problem investigatedIntroduction

methods used i.e. qualitative, quantitative, or both; the instruments used i.e. questionnaire, observation,

interview, and/or experimentation.

Data CollectionMethods

population and sample/respondents i.e.

sample size, gender, location

Respondents of

the Study

step-by-step how data were collectedResearch

Procedure

how results were obtained from thecollected dataData Analysis

summary of the chapterConclusion

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TYPES OF DATA

Primary

Secondary

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Primary Data

data collected by the

researcher

through observations,measurements,

surveys,questionnaires,experiments, fieldobservations etc.

Secondary Data

data gathered by other

investigators

published in any formthat can be used.

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Questionnaire

Observation

Experimentation

Interview DATACOLLECTIONMETHODS

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MailElectronic

questionnaire

Hand deliveredquestionnaire Telephone survey

Distribution of Questionnaire

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Types of Questions

Open-ended

Closed-ended

Yes-NoScale

Listing

Ranking

Category

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INTERVIEW

Face-to-face interview

Telephone interview

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Types of Interview

Structured Semi-

structuredUnstructured

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follow rigidly to a list of

prepared questionsStructured

ask both prepared andunprepared questionsSemi-structured

no prepared questionsUnstructured

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OBSERVATION

Describes the observed phenomenon as they

occur in the setting

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Observation (cont)

May take many forms:

As participation observation

As an observer

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use a structured form for recording the

information observed

Observation (cont)

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Observation Questions

How toobserve

What toobserve

When toobserve

How to observeHow much

inference required

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Feasibility

Validity

Reliability

EVALUATION OF INSTRUMENTS

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Appropriateness of a particular instrument to a

particular data collection need

Feasibility

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The ability of the instrument to fulfill the function

for which it is being used

Validity

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Degree to which a particular instrument provides

consistent measures of whatever it does measure.

Reliability

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The instrument must be appropriate to the

research method being adopted

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To provide accurate estimates of unknown

parameters from sample statistics that can be

easily calculated

SAMPLING

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Non-probability (Biased)

Sampling/ Purposive

sampling ___________________

Purposive

Convenience

Judgmental

Quota

Probability (Unbiased)Sampling

______________ Simple random

Systematic

Stratified

Cluster/area

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Equal probability of each element of the population

to be selected

Simple Random Sampling

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Selecting every n th unit from the population

Systematic Sampling

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Dividing a population into strata and samples drawn

randomly from each stratum

Stratified Sampling

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Sampling clusters first and then selecting elements

within the cluster

Cluster Sampling

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Non-probability (Biased)

Sampling/ Purposive

sampling ___________________

Purposive

Convenience

Judgmental

Quota

Probability (Unbiased)Sampling

______________ Simple random

Systematic

Stratified

Cluster/area

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Selecting a sample by an arbitrary method (criteria)

considered important to the study

Purposive Sampling

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Involves selecting people who are most

conveniently available to the interviewers

Convenience Sampling

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The researcher exercises own judgement/

experience to select sample elements

Judgemental Sampling

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Information collected from the quota of the

assigned number of individuals

Quota Sampling

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Reference

1. Norazman Abdul Majid et.al. (2007) Academic Report Writing: From Research to Presentation. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia:Prentice Hall.