Ocular Melanoma Basics
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Transcript of Ocular Melanoma Basics
Ocular Melanoma BasicsMelanoma Research Foundation
5th Annual Eyes on a Cure:Patient and Caregiver Symposium
Chris Bergstrom, MDMarch 4-6, 2016
Financial Disclosures I have no financial disclosures
Outline Ocular Melanoma Basics Diagnosis of Ocular Melanoma Treatment of Ocular Melanoma Management of Ocular Melanoma Post Treatment Prognosis in Ocular Melanoma Metastatic Surveillance for Ocular Melanoma
Ocular Melanoma Basics Ocular Melanoma
› Uveal Melanoma-arise from melanocytes in the uveal tract Anterior Uveal Melanoma (5%)
Iris melanoma Posterior Uveal Melanoma
(95%) Ciliary body melanoma (5%) Choroidal melanoma (90%)
Epidemiology of Uveal Melanoma Most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults Uveal melanoma accounts for 5-10% of all melanoma Incidence of 6-8 cases per 1 million population per year The incidence rate is one eighth that of cutaneous
melanoma Most patients have no known family history Hematogenous metastasis; liver 93%, lung 24%, bone
16% Survival of approximately 50% at 10-15 years
Epidemiology of Uveal Melanoma Host Factors
Age and sex› Incidence increases with age and peaks around
sixty years› No sex preponderance
Race and ancestral origin› Rare in nonwhite races
Genetics› Most cases sporadic with no known family history
Risk Factors› Fair skin, blue or grey iris color› Congenital ocular melanocytosis and
neurofibromatosis
Ocular Melanocytosis
Epidemiology of Uveal Melanoma Environmental Factors
Sunlight exposure› The association of uveal melanoma and sun exposure is unclear
Diet and smoking› No data implicating diet or smoking on the incidence of uveal
melanoma Geography
› No latitudinal gradient association as seen in cutaneous melanoma
Occupational and chemical exposures› No specific occupation or causative agent identified in uveal
melanoma
Clinical Features of Uveal Melanoma Blurred or distorted vision Visual field loss or flashing
lights Astigmatism or cataract Pain, inflammation or
glaucoma Visible nodule
Clinical Features 30-40% are asymptomatic and discovered at time of
routine examination.
Differential Diagnosis of Uveal Melanoma
› Choroidal nevus› Metastasis› Hemangioma› Choroidal hemorrhage› Pseudotumor
Choroidal Nevus Common benign pigmented
lesions of the uveal tract Present in approximately
10% of the population
Asymptomatic Less than 2 mm thickness No orange pigment No subretinal fluid Drusen and pigment changes on
surface Medium or high internal
reflectivity Choroidal neovascular membrane Dormant lesion Halo of atrophy around the lesion
Choroidal Nevus
Diagnosis of Uveal Melanoma Clinical diagnosis (>95% accuracy)
› Funduscopic examination Thickness, Fluid, Symptoms, Orange Pigment, Margin of Disc To Find Small Ocular Melanoma
› Ultrasonography Shape, Acoustic Hollowness, Vascularity
› Fluorescein angiography Vascularity
Thickness>2 mm
Subretinal Fluid
Symptoms
Orange Pigment
Margin of Disc
Ultrasound Features of Uveal Melanoma
Ultrasound Features of Uveal Melanoma
Indeterminate Melanocytic Lesions
Indeterminate Melanocytic Lesions
Management of Posterior Uveal Melanoma
Observation Enucleation Brachytherapy Charged particle irradiation (Proton Beam) Surgical resection Thermal Laser treatment
Management of Posterior Uveal Melanoma Enucleation
Indicated for advanced melanomas
Melanomas that have produced severe secondary glaucoma
Melanomas invading the optic nerve
Management of Posterior Uveal Melanoma Brachytherapy
Most common method of treating choroidal melanoma
Iodine 125, Palladium 103, Ruthenium 106
Local tumor control rates >90%
Dose dependent radiation complications inhibit vision in 50% of patients
Goals of Treatment Save the life Save the eye Save the vision
Management of Uveal Melanoma Post Treatment
Fundus photography and Ultrasound Metastatic surveillance Management of post radiation complications
› Exudative or hemorrhagic retinal detachment› Cataract› Diplopia› Radiation retinopathy/neuropathy› Vitreous hemorrhage› Neovascular glaucoma
Risk Factors for Metastasis Tumor size Tumor location Cell type (spindle vs epithelioid) Vascular patterns within the tumor Patient age Tumor genetics
Prognostic Testing Genetic analysis of tumor
biopsies can identify patients at high risk for developing metastatic disease (Monosomy 3/Class2)
Patients with Uveal Melanoma Desire Prognostic Information
Study Number of Patients % Desiring Prognostic Info
Benefits of Info
Cook, S.A. Eye, 2009 298 97% 1.Info provided sense of control2.Results provided hope that surveillance would increase survival
Beran, T.M. J. Genet. Counsel., 2009
99 97% 1.Test provided hope/relief2.Test allowed for preparation for possible shortened future
Systemic Evaluation and Management of Patients with Choroidal Melanoma
All patients require metastatic evaluation prior to definitive treatment of ocular melanoma
CT scan or MRI of chest, abdomen, and liver Rule out other medical conditions Rule out metastatic melanoma
Systemic Evaluation and Management of Patients with Choroidal Melanoma
Metastatic disease present less than 2% at time of initial diagnosis
Hypothesized that micro-metastatic disease is present in many patients
Liver is the predominant organ involved
Yes No Sometimes0.00%
10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%90.00%
100.00%
Survey of Ocular OncologistsDo you recommend metastatic screening after treatment?
Indications for Metastatic Screening Reassurance to patients without detectable
metastases Early detection may allow treatment of metastatic
disease when targeted systemic therapies or surgery may be more effective
Identify patients for enrollment in clinical trials to assess the efficacy of adjuvant therapies
Patients desire information for life planning
LFT's/C
XR
Abdo
minal U
ltrasou
nd
CT/PET
Scan MRI
Other
0.00%5.00%
10.00%15.00%20.00%25.00%30.00%
Survey of Ocular OncologistsWhat tests do you recommend for screening?
Annual Biannual More than twice a yr
Depends on the tumor
0.00%5.00%
10.00%15.00%20.00%25.00%30.00%35.00%40.00%45.00%50.00%
Survey of Ocular OncologistsAt what frequency do you recommend screening?
5 years 10 years For Life Depends on size or genetics of
tumor
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
Survey of Ocular OncologistsHow long do you recommend screening after treatment of the primary tumor?
0%15%30%45%
Survey of Ocular OncologistsDo you adjust your screening based on biopsy results?
Tumor biopsy and genetic testing allows us to identify high risk patients with high sensitivity and specificity
Screening protocols can and should be individualized for each patient› Tumor genetics› Patient age› Overall health of the patient› Patient desires/motivation