October 1492 Returned to Spain in March gold, turkey, pineapple, tobacco but no spice
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October 1492Returned to Spain in Marchgold, turkey, pineapple, tobaccobut no spice
Most important event
Cortez 1519-1521, Pizzaro Incas 1534 95% death rate smallpox, typhus, diphtheria, measles, influenza6Domesticated animalsmuscovy duckturkeyguinea pigllamasalpacasNo large herd domesticated animalscornkidney beanspeanutslima beanspotatoestobaccotomatoessquashesavocadosquinoapineapplecotton
PeppersCacaoVanillaNutmeg8PeppersColumbus 1495Within 50 years spread worldPortuguese to piri-piri to Africafrom Brazil, around horn of Africato Indiathrived, now thought native All species in Africa todayWhy so popular?
Grow easilyMany varietiesMaintain heat when dried
3,000 varieties worldwidePeppers in nightshade family
related to tomatoes, potatoeseggplant, tobaccodatura, henbaneChile, chilli, chiliCapsaicinindestructiblecold, heat, waterVitamin A9x more green pepperVitamin C 2x more than orangesPotassiumMagnesiumAntioxidantsChili peppersCapsaicinoidsreduce blood clotsdissolves fibrinrelieve arthritis (topical)lower cholesterolincrease blood flow in vesselsrelease endorphins
Increase immune systemdecrease inflammationDecrease blood pressureDecrease stomach acidhelp ulcersAntimicrobialkills salmonella, H. pyloriAntiviralstops transcription Pain killerrelease neurotransmitter(substance P)Arthritis3months, 81% reliefNerve pain50% improvementShinglesDiabetic neuropathyHeadaches (nostril)Wilbur Scoville 1912
Now use liquid chromatographyPure capsaicin 16 million SHU
Pepper spray 5 million SHU
Variessoilmore sunlight = hotter
Trinidad moruga scorpion2 million SHUs
Carolina reaper2.2 million SHUs
Ghost pepper or naga1 million SHUs
Uses:flavorsmeared on fenceshand grenadespepper spray
Red Savina250,000 Scoville
Habanero100,000-350,000 SHU
Cayenne30,000-50,000 SHU
Serrano10,000-25,000 SHU
Jalapeno2,500-5,000 SHUsTabasco, paprika2,500-8,000 SHU
Poblano1,000-2,000 SHUrellenos
Anaheim500-2,500 SHUsPimento, bananaPepperoncini100-500 SHU
Pimiento (cherry pepper)Indigenous to JamaicaMajor pepper produced in Jamaica
Today export $5 million, 1000 metric tonsUsed in cheeseSandwich meatStuffed olivesmixed with gelatin, large sheetsmachine stuffed 1962
Sweet bell peppers0Put out the fire!NO WATERFat milkyogurtice creamPeanut butterAlcoholbeerChili powderActually a mixture of spicesAztecs used similarDeveloped in Texas 1835Vanilla250 active ingredientsFoods, perfumes, toothpasteIce creamFlorida, Australia, New Zealand
5.5 million ton of vanilla consumed/yr
Most popular flavor in the worldOnly edible orchidMontezuma gifted to SpanishAztecs gave to Quetzalcoatl at TenochtitlanGave Cortez chocolatlground cacaoannatto seedschile peppervanillaWhy expensive???Orchid pollinated by indigenousbees, hummingbirdsSeed pods take 6-9 months to matureHand pollinated if not native soilDried, wrapped to prevent fermentationCured in airtight metal boxes
Vanilla planifoliaEpiphyte
Commercially grown on bamboo200 phytonutrientsMainly vanillincancerinfluences 64 genes with a role in cancerSickle cell anemiaCacaoNative to American tropicsSmall tree, rich soil, lots of water4 years, harvest until 80Flower forms on main trunkred pod full of beansfermented, driedContains caffeine and theobromine
Gift from the gods
Originally bitter drink used for ceremonies oradded to other dishes
Nahuatl word xocoltl
Aphrodisiacs
1900 BC
OlmecVera CruzMayanAztectraded100 beans worth a canoe100 beans worth a turkeyPueblo traded with MesoamericaColumbus found on 4th tripdid not understand its importanceCortes first to drink15191500s added sugar from West IndiesSpread throughout Europe
Dutchman Casparus van Houtenlearned to add milkfound how to remove fat by hydraulicPress 1828 and make a cake of the chocolate
Dutched chocolatetreated with alkalinelighter, sweeterneutral pHcan not be used in recipescalling for baking sodaOnly baking powderCadburyboxed chocolates1868Nestlemilk chocolate1875Lindtconching (machine)1879Hersheychoc. Covered carmels 18931831 Cadbury planned chocolate factory
1894 Milton Hershey, Penn.1907 Hersheys kisses
2008 3,000 products from chocolate
Alkaloids:salsolinolphenylethylamineantidepressantcaffeinestimulanttheobromine
Pimento treeDiscovered by Columbus 1494but did not get recognizeduntil 17th century
Only spice native to W. hemisphere
Leading industry in JamaicaFlavors:Jamaican jerkGerman sauerbratenScandinavian Pickled herringCincinnati chileMore chili house than anywhere else in U.S.55MedicineEugenolpain desensitizer(i.e. cloves)AntiviralAntibacterialAnalgesicAnestheticAntifungalAthletes footAntioxidant25 active phenolsDecrease BP by increase blood flowRussian soldier, 1812, Napolean