OCTANE NUMBERBy Muhammad Gamal

FACULTY OF PETROLEUM AND MINING ENGINEERING | SUEZ UNIVERSITYREFINARY DEPARTMENT

OCTANE NUMBER

BY GROUB 12

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION.

OCTANE RATING METHOD.

IMPROVING OCTANE NUMBER.

THE LATEST UPDATES.

SPEAKERS

Mohamed Ismail.

Ahmed Samir.

Ahmed Selmy.

Mohamed Gamal.

INTRODUCTION

DefinitionWHY

History

INTRODUCTION

Octane Numbero It’s a standard measure of the performance of

an engine. The higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand before detonating (igniting).

o This number can be counted by representing with a mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (iso-octane)which has high resistance from early ignition and n-heptane which have fast detonation.

o For example 90 octane means that the fuel has the same knocking characteristics as a mixture of 90% iso-octane and 10% n-heptane.

o The fist scientist who made that definition and put the standards was Marker Russell.

INTRODUCTION

WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT OCTANE ?o octane ratings measure a fuel's ability

to resist the spontaneous ignition.o So the higher octane rating means

that your car will burn slower.o In addition that every single engine

has a specific octane number and when it use a lower number the engine can be damaged for a short term.

OCTANE RATING METHOD

RON Method

MON Method

OCTANE ENGINE SYSTEM

OCTANE RATING METHOD

o Research Octane Number (RON) is most commonly used octane number and it is determined by burning the fuel in a test engine under controlled conditions and variable compression ratios. Then the results are compared with mixtures of iso-octane and heptane.

o Motor Octane Number (MON) testing uses a similar test engine to that used in RON testing, but with a preheated fuel mixture, higher engine speed (900 RPM instead of 600 RPM used for RON, Depending on the composition of the fuel, the MON of a modern gasoline will be about 8 to 10 points lower than the RON.

o Sometimes an average of RON and MON known as Anti Knock Index (AKI) is specified in some locations. This is also known as Road Octane Number (RdON) or Pump Octane Number (PON).

MON & RON RATING

AKI or (R+M)/2

MON RON component

45.2 46.4 44 Methyl hexane

81.5 71 92 n-butanol92 90.1 94 n-butane100 100 100 Iso octane98 89.8 108 Ethanol

116.5 115 118 xylene114 107 121 toluene

 

Methyl h

exane

n-buta

nol

n-buta

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Iso oc

tane

Ethan

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xylen

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20

40

60

80

100

120

140

RON MON AKI

OCTANE RATING METHOD

OctaneThe octane quality of a gasoline is its ability to resist detonation, a form of abnormal combustion. Detonation occurs when the air-fuel mixture reaches a temperature and/or pressure at which it can no longer keep from self igniting. Two types of abnormal combustion are common: the first is detonation as previously mentioned and the other is  preignition.

OCTANE RATING METHOD

Octane number and suitable engineo When fuel is exposed to high

temperature or pressure, automatic ignition may occur.

o the higher the octane number of the fuel, the higher the temperature and pressure at which automatic ignition occurs.

o rising the octane number increases the efficiency of engine against pressing fuel.

IMPROVING OCTANE NUMBER

How to improve it decreasing

factors

IMPROVING OCTANE NUMBER

Decreasing Factors

o Octane number decreases when increasing carbon chain length.

o Normal Paraffin have low Octane number as the molecular weight increases.

o Some impurities such as lead and sulfur can decrease the Octane rate.

IMPROVING OCTANE NUMBER

How to improve it.o There is an improving and reforming unit

in every refinery processing company and its mission is to improve the quality of the product (specially fuel products).

1. By putting some additives into the fuel which discourage auto ignition such as : Aromatics, organometals and oxygenates.

2. By some treating and reforming processes that changes the properties of the fuel like: catalytic reforming, cracking, isomiration and alkylation.

LATEST UPDATES

LATEST UPDATES

RON & MON TESTING ENGINE

o Using ASTM method for testing octane rating a machine that is called “knocking engine” was made by CFR company to give a specific values of RON and MON for any fuel .

o The CFR engine measures octane by combusting the fuel and physically measuring the knock that occurs.

LATEST UPDATES

Portable Octane METER

o These devices enables you to check the octane number in every where and very simple for users.

o Octane Meter is developed in Petroleum Chemisorption Institute of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science.

o The fuel quality analyzer Octane Meter is intended for evaluation of the type of gasoline, and determination its octane number. The Octane Meter also determines the cetane number of diesel fuel.

LATEST UPDATES

Octane boosterso Octane booster can be added to the

fuel in the car and it has the ability to improve the fuel and increase its Octane number.

o These octane boosters use anti-knock additives which, when added to the fuel, prevent the onset of knock (detonation or pre-ignition).

o By preventing the knock, the effective octane of the fuel is raised.

LATEST UPDATES

SHELL V-POWERo Shell's Friction Modification Technology,

or lube, helps the engine turn more freely. Less friction means less wasted energy and more power from the fuel can be transmitted to the wheels. Also, whereas ordinary unleaded fuels have a research octane number of 95 RON, V-Power Nitro+ is rated at 99 RON.

o Shell says it'll work in anything, old or new. It can help maintain the performance levels of a new car and help restore lost performance to older motors.

REFERENCES

http://www.richardwheeler.net/ http://www.automotive.com/ ‘Octane determination in Piston Engines ‘ vintagebonanza.com. "Octane Explanation". runyard.org. http://www.fuelexpert.co.za/ https://recombu.com http://www.shell.us/motorist/shell-fuels.html

QUIZ ??

THANK YOUMuhammed Gamal