Oconnor Ch03 Lecture

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    American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12eO'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

    Copyright 2016, 2014, 2011Pearson Eduation, !n"

    #$$ %ights %eser&ed

    American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12eO'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

    Copyright 2016, 2014, 2011Pearson Eduation, !n"

    #$$ %ights %eser&ed

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    3

    The Federal System

    Lewis W Hine/Getty Images

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    rae the roots o( the (edera$ syste)and the Constitution's a$$oation o(

    po*ers bet*een the nationa$ andstate go&ern)ents"

    +eter)ine the i)pat o( thearsha$$ Court on (edera$is)"

    3.1

    3.2

    3LearningObjectives

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    +esribe the e)ergene and de$ineo( dua$ (edera$is)"

    E-p$ain ho* ooperati&e (edera$is)$ed to the gro*th o( the nationa$go&ern)ent at the e-pense o( thestates"

    3.3

    3.4

    3LearningObjectives

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    +esribe ho* the (edera$ budget isused to (urther in($uene state and

    $oa$ go&ern)ent's po$iies"

    E-p$ore the ro$e o( the .udiiary asarbiter o( (edera$/state on($its"

    3.5

    3.6

    3LearningObjectives

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    #ssess the ha$$enges in ba$aningnationa$ and state po*ers and the

    onseuenes (or po$iy )aing"

    3.7

    3LearningObjectives

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    Roots of the Federal Sste!

    ationa$ Po*ers 3nder the Constitution

    State Po*ers 3nder the Constitution

    Conurrent Po*ers 3nder the Constitution

    Po*ers +enied 3nder the Constitution

    !nterstate %e$ations 3nder the Constitution oa$ 5o&ern)ents 3nder the Constitution

    3.1

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    "ational #o$ers %nder the

    &onstit'tion Enumerated powers

    Coin money

    Conduct foreign relations Provide for army and navy

    Declare war

    Collect duties and taxes

    3.1

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    "ational #o$ers %nder the

    &onstit'tion Necessary and proper clause (elastic)

    Enact laws for exercising enumerated powers

    Implied powers

    Supremacy clause

    national laws are supreme when they

    conflict with state laws

    3.1

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    F()%R* 3.1+ ,here doesgovern!ental a'thorit co!e fro!-

    3.1

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    ,hen do national and stategovern!ents $or together-

    3.1

    Charles Dharapak/AP Images

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    State #o$ers %nder the

    &onstit'tion State powers not enumerated

    enth !mendment "eserved powers

    3.1

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    &onc'rrent #o$ers %nder

    the &onstit'tion #verlapping powers

    Power to tax

    $orrow money Esta%lish courts

    Charter %an&s

    Spend money for general welfare

    3.1

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    F()%R* 3.2 /o$ is govern!ental 0o$erdistrib'ted in the federal sste!-

    3.1

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    #o$ers enied %nder the&onstit'tion No state favouritism

    No titles of no%ility

    $ills of attainder

    Ex post facto laws

    3.1

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    (nterstate Relations %nderthe &onstit'tion

    Supreme Court settles disputes

    'ull faith and credit clause

    Privileges and immunities clause

    Extradition clause

    Interstate compacts

    3.1

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    Local )overn!ents %nderthe &onstit'tion

    No power under Constitution

    #perate under state charter (Dillons "ule

    *+,+) local governments need a state charter

    to operate

    Counties

    -unicipalities

    owns

    Special districts -ost numerous form of government

    3.1

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    F()%R* 3.3 /o$ !an govern!entseist inthe %nited States-

    3.1

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    a" he states

    b" he peop$e

    " he president

    d" he (edera$ $egis$ature Congress7

    3.13.1,hat is the so'rce ofgovern!ental a'thorit in the %.S.federal sste!-

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    3.13.1,hat is the so'rce ofgovern!ental a'thorit in the %.S.federal sste!-a" he states

    b. The people

    " he president

    d" he (edera$ $egis$ature Congress7

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    Federalis! and the arshall

    &o'rt +e(ining ationa$ Po*er McCulloch v Mar!land18197

    #((ir)ing ationa$ Po*er

    Gi""ons v #$den18247

    3.2

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    Federalis! and the arshall

    &o'rt i)iting the :i$$ o( %ights %arron v %altimore18;;7

    :arron operated doing businessCity o( :a$ti)ore deposited dirt in a *har(

    during onstrution

    ot ab$e to operate

    Sued (or &io$ation o(

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    ening "ational #o$er+

    McCulloch v. Maryland118 Seond :an o( the 3"S"

    State o( ary$and tried to ta-

    'irst Court decision to define national and state

    government relationship

    Could Congress charter a %an&.

    Could states tax it.

    3.2

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    9:r!ing "ational #o$er+

    Gibbons v. Ogden 1248 Congresss authority under commerce clause

    disputed

    e* Yor State egis$ature ga&e e-$usi&e ontrat to(erryboat operator %obert =u$ton on the >udson %i&er

    Congress $iensed ship to sai$ on sa)e *aters

    Power to regulate /ust products or commercial activity too.

    "uling0 Congress can regulate commercial activity

    New 1or& had no authority to grant monopoly

    3.2

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    Li!iting the ;ill of Rights+Barron v. Baltimore 1338

    Eminent 2uaranteed Domain Clause

    %y 'ifth !mendment

    :arron operated doing business

    City o( :a$ti)ore deposited dirt in a *har(

    during onstrution

    ot ab$e to operate

    Sued (or &io$ation o(

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    3.23.2,hich S'0re!e &o'rt casesrestricted the 0o$ers of the nationalgovern!ent-a %arron v %altimore 18;;7

    " McCulloch v Mar!land 18197

    c Gi""ons v #$den 18247

    d" one o( the abo&e

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    3.23.2,hich S'0re!e &o'rt casesrestricted the 0o$ers of the nationalgovern!ent-a %arron v %altimore 18;;7

    " McCulloch v Mar!land 18197

    c Gi""ons v #$den 18247

    d. None of the above

    l F d li St t

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    'al Federalis!+ Stateshe Dred Scott ecision

    Dre !cott "# !anfor (*+

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    Reconstr'ction and the>ransfor!ation of 'al

    Federalis! Nullification dual federalism destroyed %y Civil >ar

    "econstruction New state constitutions

    Supreme Court limits state power!llowed 85S5 Congress to regulate economic relationships

    -onopolies outlawed

    Interstate Commerce !ct

    Sherman !nti;trust !ct

    $ut said manufacturing was not commerce!lso said that personal income tax was unconstitutional

    3.3

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    /o$ did the relationshi0 bet$een stateand national govern!ents change afterthe &ivil ,ar-

    3.3

    !o$thern Pacific %ews &$rea$/AP Images

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    9!ending the "ational?State Relationshi0

    Sixteenth !mendment #verrode Court Decision 'ederal personal income ax IS

    constitutional

    -oney is power

    Seventeenth !mendment (*7*?) Direct election of senators

    oo& power away from State @egislatures

    3.3

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    3.33.3>he theor that states can ref'seto abide b federal la$s violates $hat

    cla'se of the &onstit'tion-

    a" Supre)ay $ause

    b" eessary and Proper $ause

    " =irst #)end)ent

    d" =u$$ =aith and Credit $ause

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    3.33.3>he theor that states can ref'seto abide b federal la$s violates $hat

    cla'se of the &onstit'tion-

    a. Supremacy clause

    b" eessary and Proper $ause

    " =irst #)end)ent

    d" =u$$ =aith and Credit $ause

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    Need for National Actions Arise:

    The New Deal $an& 'ailures Common in *7:A4s

    *7:* Slump in agriculture prices

    *7:, Construction industry went into decline

    *7:7 Inventories of consumer goods and automo%iles were

    at all time high (

    few people could afford to %uy or didn4t feel comforta%le

    spending money #cto%er :7 *7:7 stoc& prices crashed

    Nations economy went with it5

    3.3

    i d li

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    &oo0erative Federalis!+)ro$th of "ational

    )overn!ent Cooperati&e =edera$is)

    arb$e ae &ersus $ayer ae

    eed (or ationa$ #tions #rise? he e*+ea$

    3.4

    " d f " ti l 9 ti

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    "eed for "ational 9ction9rises+ >he "e$ eal 2reat Depression

    New Deal programs increased federal authority

    New and unprecedented levels of federal government

    intervention

    !lpha%etocracy

    'B! 'ederal Bousing !dministration

    CCC Civilian Conservation Corps

    !!! ; !gricultural !d/ustment !dministration National "ecovery !dministration

    States could not solve these pro%lems on their own5

    3.4

    " d f " ti l 9 ti

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    "eed for "ational 9ction9rises+ >he "e$ eal

    @ocal government involvement

    'ederal 2overnment would often wor& directly with cities

    City officials turned out voters to support programs

    Constitutional challenges

    -any !cts declared unconstitutional

    "oosevelt threatened to re3uest appointment of -ore

    /ustices ($etween and ,) court pac&ingF would ma/ority of /ustices that would support the

    acts5

    Court responded %y stopping declaring future acts unconstitutional

    3.4

    " d f " ti l 9 ti

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    "eed for "ational 9ction9rises+ >he "e$ eal

    !lso "oosevelt had the opportunity to nominate his first

    Supreme Court /ustice

    $y *7: all %ut two of the /ustices were his appointees

    3.4

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    /o$ did FR

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    3.43.4,hat do $e call the t0e offederalis! that develo0ed in the 13@s-

    a" e* +ea$ (edera$is)

    b" Progressi&e (edera$is)

    " ayer ae (edera$is)

    d" Cooperati&e (edera$is)

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    3.43.4,hat do $e call the t0e offederalis! that develo0ed in the 13@s-

    a" e* +ea$ (edera$is)

    b" Progressi&e (edera$is)

    " ayer ae (edera$is)

    d. Cooperative federalism

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    Federal )rants to State andLocal )overn!ents

    Categoria$ 5rants

    :$o 5rants

    3n(unded andates

    Progra))ati %euests

    3.5

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    &ategorical )rants

    85S5 Congress appropriates funds for a specificpurpose

    Su%/ect to detailed conditions imposed %y the national

    government 'ederal 2overnment may provide up to 7AG pf funding

    for programs

    2rants serve ? purposesProvide funds

    !ddress national pro%lems

    "edistri%ute funds %etween rich and poor states

    3.5

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    &ategorical )rants

    2reat Society

    @yndon $aines Hohnson

    >ar #n PovertyF

    >anted to com%at poverty through ur%an

    renewal education reform and unemployment

    relief

    2rants used as coercion to cooperate

    -oney given to states local government and

    citi=en action groups if necessary

    3.5

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    ;loc )rants

    $loc& grants less restrictive 2ive states more discretion in spending funds

    2eneral spending guidelines

    Hohnson !dministration started

    -ore common during the Nixon !dministration (*76A4s) New 'ederalism

    "eturn to power of states ; devolution

    !lso very common in "eagan !dministration and

    Clinton !dministration Devolution revolution

    3.5

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    %nf'nded andates

    8nfunded mandates

    'ederal laws that states must implement without additional

    federal funding5

    8nfunded -andates "eform !ct of *77< Congress cannot pass a law without de%ating how to fund it5

    Difficult to enforce

    No Child @eft $ehind (:AA*) 'ederal "e3uirements on standards for class si=e testing a teacher

    competency

    Did not consider or a lot money for meeting the re3uirements

    3.5

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    ,ho s'00orted scaling bac the federalgovern!ent and increasing the 'se ofbloc grants-

    3.5

    7ohn D$ricka/AP Images

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    #rogra!!atic ReA'ests

    'unds earmar&ed for specific pro/ects within

    states

    Secured %y lo%%yists or mem%ers of Congress

    for their districts

    3.5

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    3.53.5/o$ do bloc grants diBer fro!categorical grants-

    a" hey pro&ide $ess )oney to states"

    b" hey pro&ide )ore )oney to states"

    " hey ha&e (e*er restritions on ho* they

    are spent

    d" hey ha&e )ore restritions on ho* theyare spent

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    3.53.5/o$ do bloc grants diBer fro!categorical grants-

    a" hey pro&ide $ess )oney to states"

    b" hey pro&ide )ore )oney to states"

    c. They have fewer restrictions on how

    they are spent

    d" hey ha&e )ore restritions on ho* theyare spent

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    C'dicial Federalis!

    he "ehn3uist Court

    he "o%erts Court

    3.6

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    >he RehnA'ist &o'rt

    #ppointed by %eagan

    Co))itted to states' rights

    %o$$ed ba (edera$ authority U' v (ope)199

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    >he Roberts &o'rt

    Aith (edera$ go&ern)ent, has )ade

    deisions about?

    !))igration >ea$th are re(or)

    3.6

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    3.63.6Fro! the "e$ eal 'ntil the1@s= the attit'de of the &o'rt to$ard

    federal a'thorit $as+a" o e-pand it

    b" o $i)it it

    " o e-pand it in one or t*o areas on$y

    d" o eep the ba$ane as the =ra)ers

    intended in the 1B80s

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    3.63.6Fro! the "e$ eal 'ntil the1@s= the attit'de of the &o'rt to$ard

    federal a'thorit $as+a. To expand it

    b" o $i)it it

    " o e-pand it in one or t*o areas on$y

    d" o eep the ba$ane as the =ra)ers

    intended in the 1B80s

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    #rogressive Federalis!

    Pragmatic approach Coercion and cooperation

    federal government tries to reach consensus and esta%lish a

    national standard

    %ut if that fails national policy ma&ers may em%race states efforts

    to address that policy issue5

    9'ree;for;all9 federalism

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    /o$ do vie$s on the role ofgovern!ent change-

    3.7

    Da"i !ipress / 3he %ew 8orker Collection / www#cartoon(ank#com

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    3.73.7,hat is the !ain arg'!entagainst 0rogressive federalis!-

    a" States $egis$atures unab$e agree on state

    standards

    b" ationa$ standards too hard (or poor statesto )eet

    " Cost$y to o)p$y *ith di((ering state

    standardsd" +i((iu$t to reah onsensus on nationa$

    standards

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    3.73.7,hat is the !ain arg'!entagainst coo0erative federalis!-

    a" States $egis$atures unab$e agree on state

    standards

    b" ationa$ standards too hard (or poor statesto )eet

    c. Costly to comply with differing state

    standardsd" +i((iu$t to reah onsensus on nationa$

    standards

    3

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    isc'ssion D'estions

    Did the 'ramers intend for federal or state

    governments to %e supreme in the federal system.

    Bow has the %alance of power %etween state and

    federal governments shifted. >hy have these

    changes occurred.

    3