OCLC Online Computer Library Center Retrieval That Works: FRBR (Functional Requirements for...

OCLC Online Computer Library Center

Retrieval That Works: FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) and OCLC

Eric Childress

OCLC Research

SEALL 2006

Raleigh, NC

8 April 2006


Outline

Background

FRBR explained

FRBR applied


FRBR Explained


FRBR basics

FRBR = Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records

Developed by cataloging experts working under the auspices of IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions)

FRBR is from a document issued by IFLA:

Functional Requirements For Bibliographic Records: Final Report (1998)

FRBR is a conceptual model (not a standard!)

FRBR systematically models the bibliographic universe


The FRBR Project

Stockholm Seminar on Bibliographic Records (1990)

Issued a resolution calling for the commissioning of a study to define the functional requirements of bibliographic records

IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records

Study (1992-1995): Against the changing environment within which cataloging principles &

standards operate…

Conceptualize a cataloging code- and implementation-agnostic, generalized view of the bibliographic universe

Deliver (1996-1998): A reference (i.e. conceptual) model

A report: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: Final Report Münich : K.G. Saur, 1998. [viii, 136 pages. ISBN 3-598-11382-X]

http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/finalreport.htm


About the FRBR study…

Primary objectives of the FRBR study:

Provide a clearly defined, structured framework for relating bibliographic data to user needs

Recommend a basic level of functionality for records created by national bibliographic agencies

Modeling the bibliographic universe:

Utilizes an entity-relationship framework:

Entities = a class of things

Relationships = associations among entities

Attributes = characteristics of the entities


Value of FRBR

FRBR study process and report:

Fresh look at what functions bibliographic records perform

FRBR systematically models the bibliographic universe

Helps us answer important questions:

What information is of the most value to users of the catalog?

How can that most valuable information be used more effectively?

Promises to inspire next generation catalogs, etc.

Illuminates user tasks

Clarifies how catalogs should function


“The FRBR model is revolutionary. The (computer) catalogue is not seen as a sequence of bibliographic records and a replica of the traditional card catalogue, but rather as a network of connected data, enabling the user to perform seamlessly all the necessary functions.”

-Dr. Maja Žumer. National and University Library, Ljubljana, Slovenia


FRBR Explained

http://www.biblioteksforeningen.org/komm/katalog/frbr/summary.html

(in Swedish…)

http://www.biblioteksforeningen.org/komm/katalog/frbr/summary.html


Four User Tasks:

Find entities that match the search criteria

Identify entities (confirm that the user has found

what they were looking for)

Select an entity that matches the user’s criteria

Obtain access to the entity through purchase, loan, or

through electronic remote access

And, maybe a fifth:And, maybe a fifth:

Navigate


FRBR defines 3 groups of entities

Group 1: products of intellectual or artistic endeavor that are named of described in bibliographic records

work, expression, manifestation, item

Group 2: entities responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of such products

person, corporate body

Group 3: entities that serve as the subjects of intellectual or artistic endeavor

concept, object, event, place

From William Denton (http://www.frbr.org/)

intellectual/bibliographic units

agents

“aboutness”


http://www.frbr.org/




Work

Expression

Is realized through

Is exemplified by

Item

ManifestationIs embodied in

A distinct intellectual or artistic creation

The intellectual or artistic realization of a work

The physical embodiment of an expression

A single exemplar of a manifestation

Group 1 Entities

Group 1


Attributes

A set of characteristics that serve as the basis for formulating queries and interpreting responses

Can be either inherent or externally applied

E.g., inherent: the physical medium and dimension of an object

E.g., externally sourced: assigned identifiers (e. g., thematic catalog numbers for musical compositions)


Attributes of Group 1 Entities

Work

Work title, form or genre, date, performance medium, intended audience

Expression

Expression title, form of the expression, language of the expression, type of score, scale of a map

Manifestation

Manifestation title, publisher, date of publication, form of carrier, dimensions, manifestation identifier (e.g. ISBN), terms of availability

Item

Location or call number, barcode, provenance, condition, access restrictions on an item


EQUIVALENT

Cataloging Rulescut-off point

Same work New work

DERIVATIVE DESCRIPTIVE

Parody

Revision

Translation

Criticism

Variations or versions

Editions SummaryAbstractDigest

Annotated edition

Expurgatededition

DramatizationNovelization

Freetranslation

Imitations

Evaluation

Review

Casebook

Commentary

Abridgededition

Arrangement

ScreenplayLibrettoIllustrated

edition

Slightmodifications Adaptations

Change of genre

Original

Same style or thematic content

Microformreproduction

Copy

Exactreproduction

Facsimile

Reprint

Simultaneous“publication”

Same Expression

New Expression

Family of Works

New Work B. TillettDec. 2001

From: http://www.nla.gov.au/lis/stndrds/grps/acoc/tillett2004.ppt

from:%20http://www.nla.gov.au/lis/stndrds/grps/acoc/tillett2004.ppt


OCLC FRBR work set algorithm used to cluster related WorldCat records

Original English Translation

Illustratededition

Abridgededition

Adaptation

Expressions

Work¹ Work²

e¹ e² e³ e¹


An example of a law title

Original

Microformedition

5th edition

Expressions

Work

e¹-e3

m1

e4

Handbook of

the

Law of Torts

William Prosser

(1941)

2nd-4th editions

[Braille]5th edition,

Student edition

e5


Worldcat

Manifestations

Works

Items

(est: holdings*1.5)

59,879,322

47,423,810

1,531,400,969

35,372,459

28,542,021

1,194,751,352

Total Print books

Works with 1 manifestation:87%

Works withbetween 2 and 5 manifestations:

12%Works with > 5 manifestations:

1%

Works with 1 manifestation:43% of total holdings

Works withbetween 2 and 5 manifestations:

40% of total holdings

Works with > 5 manifestations:17% of total holdings

Manifestations

By Holdings

Works in

WorldCat


Top 10 works in WC by holdings

10

http://www.tezuka-gu.ac.jp/public/seiken/sub4/frbr_tab5-1.jpg

Complex relationships can exist among works, expressions, manifestations, items

Closely-related resources may form a “super work”

Barbara Tillet (LC) has done analysis on resource-to-resource relationships

http://www.tezuka-gu.ac.jp/public/seiken/sub4/frbr_tab5-1.jpg


Group 2 – Responsible Entities

Entities responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of such products

Group 2 entities:

Person

Corporate Body

And perhaps a third …

Family



Attributes of Group 2 entities:

Person

Names, dates, titles or other designations

Corporate body

Name, number, place, date, other designation


Group 3 - Subject Entities

Entities that serve as the subjects of intellectual or artistic endeavor

Group 3 entities:

Concept: topical subject heading

Object: name for an object

Event: name for an event

Place: name for a place

Plus the Group 1 and 2 Entities:

Works about Works/Expressions/Manifestations/Items

Works about Persons and/or Corporate Entities



Attributes of Group 3 entities:

Concept

term

Object

term

Event

term

Place

term


Since the initial FRBR report…

Statement of International Cataloguing Principles Approved by the IFLA Meeting of Experts on an International Cataloguging Code (Frankfurt, 2003)

Adapts and expands the Paris Principles (1961)

Expands scope from:

Textual works to all types of materials

Choice and form of entry to all aspects of bibliographic & authority records

First principle remains: Serve the convenience of the users of the catalogue

http://www.loc.gov/loc/ifla/imeicc/source/statement-draft_jan05.pdf


http://www.ddb.de/standardisierung/pdf/paris_principles_1961.pdf


Working the FRBR/FRANAR framework…

All work now under the FRBR Review Group:

Group 1 entities [bibliographic]:

The IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, 1992-1998

Various follow-on work underway (Clarifying “expression” ; Clarifying FRBR for continuing resources, more…)

Group 2 entities [authorities]:

Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records (FRANAR) Working Group

Group 3 entities [subject access]:

Working Group on Subject Relationships

http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/wgfrbr.htm


FRBR Applied


Applying FRBR in services

Incorporating the concepts of the FRBR model in systems:

Superior presentation of search results

Esp. in large files – more intuitive clustering

May help streamline library cataloging

Reduces repeated keying of work-related info

Bibliographic & management intelligence

New insights into works (e.g., OCLC’s 1000 list)

Libraries can operate at workset level (e.g., ILL)

http://www.oclc.org/research/top1000/


FictionFinder

An OCLC experimental prototype

Supports searching & browsing of fiction materials cataloged in WorldCat

Fiction records — 2.8 million

Unique works — 1.4 million

Total holdings — 130 million

Employs FRBR to:

Build a “work” view & cluster related records

Support the creation of special indexes

OCLC Research team:

Diane Vizine-Goetz (lead)

Roger Thompson

Carol Hickey

Lance Osborne

J.D. Shipengrover

New version:

Available later in 2006

Improved navigation & work-based displays

Alphabetical browse display in redesigned interface


Nearly 20,000 works retrievedThe record for Don Quixoterepresents 2,300+ editions


Don Quixote work viewaggregates information from 2,367 editions in 40,212 libraries


Don Quixote work view limited to Spanish language editions ordered by latest publication date


Link to OCLC WorldCat Find in a Library Service

Edition (manifestation)record display


Live Search

OCLC Research prototype

Features:

Quick searches target with each additional keystroke of search term/phrase

Retrieves ordered, FRBR-inspired results (combined with holdings-based ranking)

Narrow-by Dewey attributes (expressed as captions)

OCLC Research Team:

Thom Hickey (lead)

Jenny Toves

Ralph LeVan

Files being prototyped:

Phoenix Public+DDC

LCSH

Search results automatically regenerate as searches are entered

Search categories automatically update as search results update

Narrow by natural facets (“categories”) of any given result set

item data drawn from Phoenix Public’s OPAC


Questions?

Eric Childress

Consulting Project Manger

OCLC Research

http://www.oclc.org/research/staff/childress.htm


Resources on FRBR


IFLA-related FRBR resources

IFLA FRBR Review Group

http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/wgfrbr.htm

Functional requirements for bibliographic records : final report / IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records ; Approved by the Standing Committee of the IFLA Section on Cataloguing. Münich : K.G. Saur, 1998.

viii, 136 pages. ISBN 3-598-11382-X

also online: http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm

• FRBR Bibliography:

http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/bibliography.htm

• FRBR in 21st century catalogues (Workshop held at OCLC)

http://www.oclc.org/research/events/frbr-workshop

• Statement of International Cataloguing Principles



Selected additional resources

Boston, Tony, Bemal Rajapatirana and Roxanne Missingham “Libraries Australia: Simplifying the Search Experience” (2005)

http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/2005/boston1.html

Denton, William. “FRBR and Fundamental Cataloguing Rules.” (2003)

http://www.miskatonic.org/library/frbr.html

Tillett, Barbara, What is FRBR?: A Conceptual Model for the Bibliographic Universe (2004)

http://www.loc.gov/cds/FRBR.html


OCLC FRBR-related activities

OCLC Resarch FRBR page: http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/frbr/

OCLC Research projects:

Audience Level http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/audience

Curiouser http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/curiouser

OCLC FRBR Algorithm http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/frbr/algorithm.htm

Fiction Finder http://fictionfinder.oclc.org/

xISBN http://www.oclc.org/research/researchworks/xisbn/

Top 1000 titles http://www.oclc.org/research/top1000

OCLC production services:

Open WorldCat http://www.oclc.org/worldcat/open

FRBR-inspired FirstSearch WorldCat (coming in 2006)


OCLC Research Presentations on FRBR

Diane Vizine-GoetzFictionFinder: Don Quixote to Graphic Novels (PPT:1.4MB/24slides)WebWise 2006, 17 February 2006, Los Angeles,California (USA)

Eric ChildressWhat's FRBR? (PowerPoint:1.1MB/43 slides)Central Ohio Chapter, American Society of Information Science & Technology, 21 July 2005, Columbus, Ohio (USA)

Brian Lavoie and Roger C. Schonfeld (Ithaka)A Systemwide View of Library Collections (PowerPoint:300K/35slides)CNI Spring 2005 Task Force Meeting, 4-5 April 2005, Washington, DC (USA)

Thom Hickey FRBR: Algorithms and Applications (PowerPoint:1.17MB/40slides)California Library Association pre-conference Institute, 12 November 2004, San Jose, California (USA)

Edward T. O'NeillFunctional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: OCLC's Experience Identifying and Using Works (PowerPoint:26MB/35 slides)FRBR Workshop, 8–9 July 2004, Frankfurt (Germany)


Other FRBR tools, activities, etc.

AusLit http://www.austlit.edu.au/about/metadata

FRBR Blog http://www.frbr.org/

LC FRBR Display Tool

http://www.loc.gov/marc/marc-functional-analysis/tool.html

RLG’s RedLightGreen http://www.redlightgreen.org/

VisualCat (Denmark) http://www.portia.dk/pubs/VisualCat/Present/VisualCatOverview20050607.pdf

VTLS http://www.vtls.com/Corporate/FRBR.shtml

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