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![Page 1: OCEAN FOOD WEBS. OUTLINE Final Overview Foundations of Ecology Bottom Up/Top down control Representative Ocean Food Webs Marine Pollution.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070323/56649dc55503460f94ab919b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
OCEAN FOOD WEBS
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OUTLINE
• Final Overview
• Foundations of Ecology
• Bottom Up/Top down control
• Representative Ocean Food Webs
• Marine Pollution
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FINAL – Friday 4PM (300 pts)
Bring GREEEN SCANTRON
30 X 7pts Mutli-choice Qs.
2 X 10pts Math Qs from H-work
5 X 14pts Short Answers
ALL ASSIGNMENTS MUST TURNED In today or FRIDAY
Grades turned in/posted following Week
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OUTLINE
• Final Overview
• Foundations of Ecology
• Bottom Up/Top down control
• Representative Ocean Food Webs
• Marine Pollution
![Page 5: OCEAN FOOD WEBS. OUTLINE Final Overview Foundations of Ecology Bottom Up/Top down control Representative Ocean Food Webs Marine Pollution.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070323/56649dc55503460f94ab919b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• What is Ocean Ecology?– Interactions b/w oceanic organisms and their
environment
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Described using FOOD Chains & FOOD Webs
- contain various Trophic levels (mode of Nutrition)
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Trophoic FOOD Pyramids may be based on numbers of BioMass and Energy
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• Challenge Question– What is Trophic Efficiency?
• Ratio of E in one trophic level / E vs next lowest trophic level
Et/Et-1
– Trophic efficiency represents efficiency of transfer of E b/w trophic levels
– Provide theoretical basis for calculating productivity given food web will support
» E.g. fisheries management
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• IF Trophic Effeciency was say 10%– How many calories of Copepods (zooplank) could be sustained from
• 10,000,000 calories of Phytoplakton ?
• How many calories of anchovies could then survive from– 1,000,000 calories of copepods?
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• Lindeman (1941) Defines an Ecosystem– Challenge Question - What is it?
• “a system of Physical, Chemical and Biological processes active within a space-time unit of any magnitude”
• Or Community of organisms and the abiotic factors
with which they interact
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OUTLINE
• Final Overview
• Foundations of Ecology
• Bottom Up/Top down control
• Representative Ocean Food Webs
• Marine Pollution
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Bottom Up/Top down control– Challenge Questions?
• What is the difference b/w – Bottom Up,
– Top Down and
– Wasp waste control of Food Webs in Ocean Ecology
Bottom Up
Top Down
Wasp/Waste
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• Seasonal (water temp) changes along Monterrey CA coast– Influence fisheries distribution– Wasp-Waste Control (middle trophic level control)
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• Classical Food Web, Alistair Hardy (1924)
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• The Microbial Food web– Marine bacteria– A new perspective
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OUTLINE
• Final Overview
• Foundations of Ecology
• Bottom Up/Top down control
• Representative Ocean Food Webs
• Marine Pollution
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•Representative Ocean Food Webs• Upwelling Event – Food Web Dynamics
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• Representative Ocean Food Webs– Upwelling Ecosystems
• Most productive in Worlds Oceans
• Good example of Transitional Food webs– Upwelled Nutrients phyto blooms zoo grazing anchovies large fish seals Sharks
– 10% Ocean Primary Productivity
– 20% worlds Fisheries Catch
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•Representative Ocean Food Webs• Marginal Ice Zone Ecosystem – Food Web Dynamics
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Fig. 14.12
•Representative Ocean Food Webs•Ice edge Ecosystem –spring/summer- Food Web Dynamics
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•Representative Ocean Food Webs• Mid water food web Ecosystem – The Biological Pump
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•Representative Ocean Food Webs•Hydrothermal Vent – Food Web Dynamics•Chemosynthesis!
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• Representative Ocean Food Webs
• Confirming your knowledge– Where are the 5 areas Major Oceanic Fisheries Industry?
• West Coast N. America
• Peru Coast
• N.W. Africa
• S.W. Africa
• Ethiopia
– What physical/chemical and biological factors cause them to be so productive?
• Prevailing winds upwelling of Nutrients phyto blooms
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• Marine Pollution
– National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 1970– 40 years of environmental protection is showing some benefits
– Terrestrial Acid rain levels in U.S. declining • (SO2, NO – from Coal burning / autos) Catalytic converters
• ACID Rain– Weakens trees defense against severe weather/ pests etc.
– Most destructive to aquatic life. . . Corals etc. . .
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• Marine Pollution– BP Oil Spill – Major News
• Chronology Of A Catastrophe• http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/88/8824cover4.html
– BP dispersants? Are they Necessary for Clean up
– http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/18/bp-must-stop-using-toxic_n_617334.html
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• BP Oil Spill– Oil dispersal as of June 4 2010
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• Marine Pollution – BP Oil Spill – Clean up– Alternate methods exists as well
• Bioremediation (biodegradation)
• Alcanivorax borkumensis bacteria
• form biofilms - chew up oil’s alkanes.
• Long Term outcome ???Not clear. . .
• To be determined
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• Marine Pollution – We can Make a Difference– A short story of Lead (Pb) –– Effective Anti-knocking agent added to Gasoline (1930s)
• 1970s - Pb shown to be toxic – retards growth and develop.– Causes lesions in CNS (blood brain barrier) (toxins easily enter brain)
• Legislation - US Govt. phase out leaded gas. . .(aka Unleaded)
Figure A9.1: Lead concentration in Perth's atmosphere over time [Data source: Department of Environment [ver. 2005].]
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• Marine Pollution (Global Scale) _ Hole in the Ozone – Challenge Question?
• Where is the Ozone layer hole and Why is it located there?– Located in S. Hemisphere above Antarctica
– Why - B/c of the weather there. . .
– Specific stratospheric clouds required (surface chemistry occurs)
» CFC w/ O3 (ozone) w/ Sun Ozone Depletion
» ONLY during Winter –Cold enough to form these clouds. .
» Artic Winter ~avg. 10˚ warmer then Antarctic –
» little to no Ozone depletion
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• Marine Pollution (Global Scale) _ Hole in the Ozone – What steps have we taken to mitigate Ozone Depletion?
• Ban of Chlorinated Fluorocarbons (CFCs) early 1990s
• See reduction in Atmospheric levels • Next decades will tell whether Ozone Layer truly replete
– i.e. hole actually shrinking
Cl(2)-C-(F2)
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FINAL Thoughts – The World Ocean and U
U R almost DONE ~ got your IN, your Q, Your Units . . .– R u Happy ? Did u learn something?
• Marine Environment- Think Globally - Act Locally • (set a GOOD example)
• others will follow• We Can Make a Difference!!!• Starts with U
– What can you do?– Don’t by CFCs products– Use unleaded Gasoline– Reduce Carbon Footprint– RECYCLE– Anything else?
– GET INFORMED (Chance Favors the Prepared Mind!)» Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
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Respect & Enjoy the Ocean
Have A Good Summer!
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Fig. 14.2
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Fig. 14.3
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Fig. 14.4
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Fig. 14.5
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Fig. 14.6
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Fig. 14.7
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Fig. 14.8
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Fig. 14.9
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Fig. 14.10
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Fig. 14.11
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Fig. 14.12
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Fig. 14.13
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Fig. 14.15
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Fig. 14.16
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Fig. 14.17
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Fig. 14.18
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Fig. 14.20
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PHOTOS
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Opener
So Sfor confirmation purposes - please send her a former landlord reference asap ok - this will help to stabilize thingsT
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Page 289
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Figure 14a
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Fig. 14.14
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Fig. 14.19
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Fig. 14.19.a
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Fig. 14.19.b
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Figure 14b
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TABLES
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