Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

download Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

of 28

Transcript of Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    1/28

    POLICYrecommendations

    Uncsd4-6 JUne, 2012

    rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    HOw RIO+20 Can and must tuRn tHe tIdeOCean eaRtH:

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    2/28

    I 2

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns

    ForeWord

    th orl h chg ic h ir erh si i y h col o hv b igi i1992. wih icrig globl poplio, pl rl rorc logi h v o chology, i ill coi o o o.

    wih rpc o h oc, h c pk or hlv. eighy iv prc o ih ock r llyxploi, ovrxploi, pl or rcovrig ro plio, h high vr rcor.uibl ihig prcic, illgl, rpor rgl (Iuu) ihig, rciv ihigprcic, iq ihri g virl lck o govrc ccobiliy,priclrly o h high , hv corib o h yic rcio o h ri viro.

    s hv lry gr h h Rio+20 corc i J 2012 cr r poliiclcoi or ibl vlop, ig h progr o riig gp i hiplio o h oco o h jor i o ibl vlop rigrgig chllg. th oc i criicl o ibl vlop, b oro hRio+20 corc.

    I o ro h y r ircio or oc govrc g bior by o oly h b cic, b lo prvio icio ciio, ll ho o hr rpoibiliy li or coihip o oc rorc. alhogh yprvio lilrl rg coi hv b i, h rg gol r illrlv coi o chivig h hol o vr.

    eciv y o o y xi o govr h high r ibiliy hlhycoy or h r. thi b rcii. th P eviro Grop rogly rggovr Rio+20 o i oio h goiio o gr r unCLOs or hprocio corvio o high bioivriy. w lo rg yo o r o olygovrc, b lo h rivr roo c o oc rcio h plio o criicl

    livig ri rorc.

    Rorig h hlh cooic vibiliy o oc coy b ckolg criiclprioriy or ibl vlop. thi i pcilly iig ic 2012, h yr h Rio+20 illk plc, lo rk h 30h ivrry o h un Covio o h L o h s.

    Govr biio i novbr 2011 y b cll zro r b r o rig rozro. w hv h iorio, olio cic o rolv h crr oc crii; i orqir h o, rgy poliicl ill o k hi rliy.

    th P eviro Grop hop yo ill i hi oc l, i iorig boh yor ozro r biio h goiio lig p o rig Rio+20. Yor ciiz, i h popl o h orl, r coig o h globl coiy o k rog, iglcio or h oc v ivriy o li ihi i Rio i 2012.

    dr. s Librdircor, Iriol PolicyP eviro Grop

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    3/28

    I 3

    POLICYReCOmmend

    execUtive sUmmary

    t r

    th h poplio ill rch 7 billio by Ocobr o 2011 i pric o rch 9 billio by

    2050. a h globl poplio coi o ri, hiy pc o hlhy procivoc coy ill icr. dpi hi pc, govr coi o horiz civiih hr h hlh prociviy o h oc. Ovrxploiio o ih ock, rcio ori coy y r i bioivriy lo hr h oo criy, cooicbiliy livlihoo o o illio. I pi o o ihri g or, globl ihock coi o xpric rio cli ih ock o h high priclrly rik.Vrio r o proo h procio o bioivriy o h high hv b gr o h iriol lvl; hovr, h iriol coiy h lrgly il o ipl hr. a unCsd i 2012 (Rio+20), h iriol coiy k rg cio o roroc govrc o r h ibiliy o globl ih ock o r lgl irr i plc o cili h procio log r ibl o ri bioivriy.

    th prvio o erh si, h ui nio Corc o eviro dvlop(unCed) i 1992 h worl si o sibl dvlop (wssd) i 2002 oghr ihh Covio o Biologicl divriy (CBd) aichi Bioivriy trg h millidvlop Gol (mdG) provi rork or chivig ibl vlop. Hovr,iplio h b icopl y gp ri, priclrly or h oc. thiriol coiy Rio+20 k rg cio o ipl h xiig coi k iiol p o r h hlh ibiliy o h ri viro.

    Fp,

    Ovr h l 50 yr, l pr cpi ih copio h ily icr. Globlly, ih provilo 5 billio popl ih pproxily 15-20% o hir vrg pr cpi ik o il

    proi. alrigly, coi o gro, h bc o ih ock coi o cli.th un Foo agriclr Orgizio (FaO) h i 85% o ih ock o b lly xploi,ovrxploi, pl or rcovrig ro plioh high prcg vr rcor.

    th c o pl ihri ill b l o by h vlopig orl. accorig o y, i2000, i ihig civii i h xcliv cooic zo (eeZ) o vlopig cori h bg ibly, pproxily 20 illio popl i h vlopig orl col hv irclybi ro h vilbiliy o or oo.

    F r

    srog igl cio o r globl ihri i rgly . P rcoh iriol coiy Rio+20 lly ipl prvio coi, i priclr:

    th JPOI rg o ii or ror ock o ibl (msY) lvl by 2015;

    th JPOI rg o r ovrcpciy by 2005;

    th JPOI rg o r Iuu ihig by 2004;

    th JPOI CBd rg o lii hrl bii h corib o ovrcpciy ovrihig by 2020.

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    4/28

    I 4

    aiiolly, P rco h h iriol coiy Rio+20 k rog cio o:

    Ipl civ oiorig, corol, rvillc, coplic orc r

    o r h corvio g r r ipl orc;

    Rcogiz h illgl ihig i criil civiy o lik o orgiz cri; r h ppropri rorc r ploy o cob hi or o cri;

    Cob Iuu ihig hrogh h o lg s, por s, iol rkr, priclrly by corgig s o bco pri o h FaO agro Por s mr o Prv, dr elii Illgl, urpor urgl Fihig, by prooig ily iplio o hi agr;

    mk rog coi o hrk corvio, iclig by prohibiig h k ohr or gr pci o hrk, ccorig o h Iriol uio or hCorvio o nr (IuCn) or iol lgilio;

    e rciv ihig prcic hich g vlrbl ri coy rcogiz h boo ihig i violio o prvio unGa rolio i Iuu ihig hol c iily;

    Rcogiz h p boo rlig i h igl o rciv ihig ho oh high ph o hi prcic by 2015;

    Prohibi ihig i giv r or o giv ock i h ihry i o lly i ccorcih rlv iriol coi rolio i prciory, cic-b g r r o i plc. th r hol icl qbycch iigio r;

    er rprcy ccobiliy o RFmO hrogh unGa ovrigh.

    BmPa

    H-ic prr o bioivriy r oig. mri bioivriy lo i icrigly hrigh oc biliy o provi vil rvic o hiy, b c b cob by ilizig prcioryg ool, iclig prior virol ipc (eIa), rgic virol (sea), ri proc r (mPa) ri rrv. mPa, i priclr rirrv, c hlp rbil pl ih poplio proc vlrbl r. scii hvo h rrv ihri clor hv yil icr i pci rich bio.

    th un Covio o h L o h s (unCLOs) h CBd hv blih proviio hrqir iiicio prior o poil hr ro high civii bor hyk plc, b h r o civly ipl. CBd h lo blih chi oriiyig cologiclly biologiclly igiic r i o procio, b i h o horiyo ig or g mPa or rrv. to r h gp i oc govrc P roglyrg h goiio o iplig gr r unCLOs or h procio corvio o high bioivriy.

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    5/28

    I 5

    B r

    to r bioivriy cocr Rio+20, P rco h iriol coiylly ipl prvio coi, i priclr:

    Pricipl 3 o h Rio clrio o r h h righ o vlop b lill oqibly vlopl virol o pr r grio;

    Pricipl 15 o h Rio clrio o r h prc iory g i iliz ovoi igiic g o h viro bor i k plc;

    Pricipl 17 o h Rio clrio o rk eIa ;

    th JPOI mdG rg o rc globl bioivriy lo;

    th JPOI CBd rg o blih mPa ri rrv.

    Crr gp hich col b pciiclly r hrogh iplig gricl:

    Coprhiv prior eIa sea, oghr ih ogoig oiorig o h riviro;

    Iiicio, igio g o globl ork o high mPa,iclig i priclr o-k rrv;

    Iplio o h prciory pricipl coy b pproch i ciiokig ihri g;

    th ror o RFmO o icorpor bror coy corvio oc.

    POLICYReCOmmend

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    6/28

    I 6

    taBle oF conte nts

    sigiicc o Rio 7

    Oc Rio: Pig h Oc Bck io h erh si 8

    achivig Gr ecooy:

    Coirio o h Oc i h Cox o sibl dvlop 9

    Pr I: Fihri 9

    Globl pcy o ihri 9

    dcli o globl ih ock 9

    ecooic Rv ro globl ihri 10

    Phy o Gr ecooyFihri coi o h prvio erh si 12

    th Rio dclrio 12JPOI Proi 13

    Covio o Biologicl divriy 16

    Rcoio or ibl ihri 17

    Pr II: Bioivriy 18

    Bioivriy ibl vlop 18

    mPa, bioivriy hlhy ihri 18

    Phy o Gr ecooy: Bioivriy coi o h prvio erh si 19

    Rio dclrio 19

    JPOI mdG Bioivriy trg 21

    JPOI Proi CBd trg 22

    Rcoio or corvig bioivriy 23

    Crr gp hich col b pciiclly r hrogh iplig gr 25

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    7/28

    I 7

    signiFicance oF rio

    th ui nio Corc o sibl dvlop (unCsd) ill k plc i Rio Jiro, Brzil o 46 J 2012, rkig h 20h ivrry o h 1992 ui nio Corco eviro dvlop (unCed) h 10 h ivrry o h 2002 worl si o

    sibl dvlop (wssd). unCed wssd, lbl h 1 2 erh sirpcivly, yil vrl igiic oco iclig ag 21 o h Rio dclrio hJohbrg Pl o Iplio (JPOI). th oco coi vrio rg coi hich or h l progr o cio or chivig iblvlop oy. Hovr, pi h xic o hi ll-iio rork, hiriol coiy h ckolg h i h ll hor o chivig virolibiliy h r poliicl coi i rgly o lly ipl hrg coi o h prvio erh si. aiiolly, xiig iriolvirol govrc h prov o b iq o ckl crr chllg h ihibiibl vlop.

    unCsd ill likly b rbr h 3r erh si provi h iriol coiy

    ih h opporiy o rcoi poliicl ill k rgly p or iblr. s hv gr h h corc ill rl i oc poliicl oc hich ill bhp i h i lig p o unCsd hrogh proc h r ih h crio o zro r.

    unCsd 2012 i big orgiz i prc o Grl ably Rolio 64/2361 ih hobjciv o crig r poliicl coi or ibl vlop, ig hprogr o h riig gp i h iplio o h oco o h jori o ibl vlop rig rgig chllg.

    th unCsd prprory proc ill ic ri o iic h, 1) gr cooy ih cox o ibl vlop povry ricio 2) h iiiol rorkor ibl vlop.

    POLICYReCOmmend

    Shoal of Mackerel Fish, Rich Carey/Shutterstock

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    8/28

    I 8

    oceans at rio: PUtting the ocean Back into the earthsUmmit

    I orr o chiv ibl vlop, h iriol coiy r h r oh oc viro. thr c b o gr cooy iho bl cooyiho

    ibl hlhy ri coy. uibl ihig prcic, illgl, rpor rgl (Iuu) ihig, rciv ihig prcic, iq ihri g virl lck o govrc ccobiliy hv corib o h yic rcio o hri viro h pci h ri ihi i.

    alhogh hr r o ipor oc oco coi h erh si i1992 2002, iici io pi o h oc i rol i ibl vlop.wih 70% o h erh rc covr by h oc, giv h iporc o h oc hli ppor y o Pl erh, i i i or unCsd o oc o h o boh h ocil, o h hr o illio o popl ho p o hlhy oc coy or hirvry rvivl. I i pcilly iig 2012, h yr unCsd ill k plc, rk h 30h ivrryo h un Covio o h L o h s (unCLOs, mogo By, dcbr, 1982).

    t Pw e gup w Uncsd

    2012: b. eu ub b p b u b

    u ub p . i u Pw bu

    b , w pu j

    - w ub

    ub uu .

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns

    Sergey Popov V/Shutterstock

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    9/28

    achieving a green economy: consideration oF theocean in the context oF sUstainaBle develoPment

    Part i: Fisher ies

    gb p

    a h ui nio Grl ably (unGa), s hv xpr cocr ovr rvirol prr ipc xcrb by icrig poplio, hich i xpc ori o l 9 billio by 2050.2 s hv lo highligh h icrig prr o h pllii rorc h ccopi ch rpi poplio groh.3 aog h o xploi oerh rorc, h oc c igiic ppor y o h globl poplio, o herh il. drig h 2011 ui nio Iorl Coliv Proc o Oc L o hs (ICP) hrogho h unCsd prprory proc s ckolg h iporc ori rorc orc o oo cooic propriy.4 aog h o opok shighlighig hi iporc r ll il vlopig s, y o ho p o hoc priry orc o oo criy cooic rv.5 acro h glob, hlhy

    ihri ppor cori coii hrogh irc ploy, procig cillryrvic hrogh bic-b civii. I c, pproxily 144 cori ro horl r gg i ri ihri.6 mri ihri r crcil orc o oo criy or hglobl poplio. Globlly, ih provi or h 1.5 billio popl ih pproxily 20 prco hir vrg pr cpi ik o il proi 3 billio popl ih bo 15% o hirvrg pr cpi ik.7 Ovr h l 50 yr, l pr cpi ih copio h ilyicr, ih e ai, soh ai norh aric yilig h o bil icr.8 I2007, ih cco or 6.1% o ll proi co globlly9 i 2009, ri cpr ihriprovi h orl ih lo 80 illio o o ih.10

    dpi h orl pc o ihri, ovrihig o globl ock hr occoy oo criy. Ovrihig i lrgly il o oly by , b lo by

    vr-icrig o biiz iril ihig l pig h glob. ecooi hvo h ovrihig h rl i igiic lo i rv prociviy o ihri. ay xiig h lo i h cox o rorih lvl h yil o obrigi. accorig o h y, i 2000, i ihig civii i h xcliv cooic zo (eeZ)o vlopig cori h b g ibly, h iiol ih cch col hv hlp20 illio popl vr lriio.11

    d b

    Ovr h l 40 yr, ihri hv rvl icrig r i h globl prcg oovrxploi, pl rcovrig ih ock crig r i h prcg orxploi orly xploi ock.12 th r giv c or rio cocr ovr

    h r o globl ihri, clrly highligh h hr o oly o ihri ribioivriy, b o ibl vlop o col s. I 2008, h un Foo agriclrOrgizio (FaO) i h 53% o ih ock r lly xploi, ig hir crrcch r or clo o xi ibl yil ih o roo or xpio. I h yr,h FaO i 32% o ih ock r ovrxploi, pl or rcovrig ro plio,ig h ock r yilig l h hir xi poil procio r rgly i o rbilig pl. th o prcg oghr rvl 85% o ih ock o b lly xploi,ovrxploi, pl or rcovrig ro plio. thi prcg i h high vr rcor.13

    I 9

    POLICYReCOmmend

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    10/28

    I 10

    alrigly, h FaO rpor h o o h ock o h op corcilly xploi ri ihr lly xploi.14 aog h op r o pci o , kipjck ylloi.15 up o 60%o h 23 globl ock r lly xploi p o 35% r ovrxploi or pl. FaO2010, The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture rpor h oly ll prcg o ock r rxploi.17 Hovr, h prcg o rxploi ock y b v

    lor h FaO i. a h rc Ir-aric tropicl t Coiio (IattC) ciiicviory coi ig, cii iic h poplio o kipjck , coir o bo o h or rxploi ock, y b pprochig mxi sibl Yil(msY).17 d o h igiic corcil or h ovrcpciy o ihig l, h o ock ill likly coi o rior i g i o igiicly iprov, civ g ci globl cooprio.18

    dcli i poplio iz o ohr xploi ri pci hv rch lrig lvl ll.Poplio cli o ch 70-80 prc hv b rpor globlly, or vrio hrk pci.Poplio o porbgl hrk i h orhr alic19 hv b rc by 90 prc or or.si i h p o 73 illio hrk r kill lly o pply h globl hrk i r.20

    Fao F t df

    urxploiuvlop or hry. Bliv o hv igic poil or xpio iol procio;

    morly xploiexploi ih lo lvl o hig or. Bliv o hv o lii poil orxpio i ol procio;

    Flly xploith hry i oprig or clo o opil yil lvl, ih o xpc roo orrhr xpio;

    Ovrxploith hry i big xploi bov lvl hich i bliv o b ibl i hlog r, ih o poil roo or rhr xpio highr rik o ockplio/collp;

    dpl Cch r ll blo hioricl lvl, irrpciv o h o o hig or xr;

    Rcovrig Cch r gi icrig r hvig b pl

    Source: FAO.org

    e ru b

    Globlly, ihri provi ico ppor h livlihoo o hr o illio o popl. I2008, FaO i iic pproxily 45 illio popl r orkig pr i or ll i icpr ihri or qclr. nobly, hi br h icr by 167% ic 1980. For chiivil gg ircly i cpr ihri or qclr, hr r pproxily 3 job h rcr i cory civii, xpig h br o ploy opporii i h ihigiry o 180 illio job. th job ppor h livlihoo o pproxily 540 illio poplhich q o bo 8% o h globl poplio.21 a h crr r o ovr-xploiio,priclrly by iril ihri, y o ho livlihoo ill b lo i h o-oo-i r.

    th iriol coiy i kly r o h coy rvic provi by h oc ipriclr, h ri ihri cor. Iriol lr hv r h iporc o ricoy rorc oio or ibl vlop or y cori.22 Ygloblly, o ogh h b o o r h log r igriy o h ri viro.

    dvlopig s hv pok p i h l p o Rio+20 bo h iporc o iblihri.23 th vlopig orl cco or h joriy o ihr qclri.24 I 2008,vlopig s r rpoibl or 80% o orl ihry procio. expor ro vlopigs cco or lo us$51 billio, hich rl o 50% o h vl o orl xpor oih ihry proc. aiiolly, h qiy o orl ih xpor ro h vlopig orli or h copio h b o h ri ic 1998.25

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    11/28

    I 11

    Rv ro ori opporii provi by h prc o hrk pci i priclrlyigiic i br o cori hrogho h glob. For xpl, hrk ivig coi 8prc o Pl GdP, pproxily us$18 illio lly.26 I 2007, h poil vl o hlhrk coori i h sychll i us$2.02 illio pr yr.27 I 1993, gry rhrk i h mliv r i o b orh l 100 i or liv iv i h

    o ihig bo.28 Pl, Hor, Bh, mliv h mrhll Il hv clrhir ir eeZ hrk cri, hr o corcil hrk ihig i llo, o proc hvlrbl y vlbl pci. si coc o h cooic vl o hrk i Pl riic h igl r hrk corib pproxily us$179,000 o h cory cooyvry yr, copr o o-i vl o $108 i cgh ol o h rk.29

    J y cori blih lrg iol prk o l i h 20h cry, br ocori r o ovig or h crio o lrg o-k ri rrv i h . th ocic prk c rv o hlp rbil pl poplio o ri pci o hlhylvl provi rg or pci lhr pl by ovrihig. I h r, lrg o-kri rrv c bi locl coii ir i coori, cii ho rrc i h r lrgly irb. I iio, rlivly hlhy coy ihi lrg

    ri rrv r or rili o h ipc o cli chg h rroig coy ihich ihig ohr xrciv civii r kig plc. ai ro liiig h icr icrbo ioxi io h ophr, h blih o lrg o-k ri rrv ig ovrihig y b h oly irc cio h govr c k o ry o iiizh poil g ro oc ciiicio ohr ipc o cli chg o ri li.

    dpi h ipriv vl o ih ihry proc, h worl Bk h FaO, i h rporSunken Billions, crib globl cpr ihry rorc o-prorig ih r orr, or yil, o xcig zro coig h orl cooy i us$50 billio pr yri orgo rorc r.30 I 2008, h 63r io o h unGa o h coclio o hirpor iclig h ibl ihri ror o h globl ihri cor col griiol cooic groh lriv livlihoo, h ror ol o icl rcio i ihig or ihig cpciy.31 ecooi pric h grig globl ihricol icr rorc r ro giv us$26 billio o poiiv us$45 billio yr. thbi o oig o ol o-vl h cry co by cor o 3 o 5.32 ur grcooy rork, orl ihri lig col icr by p o 19 illio o pr yr iovrih ock r rbil, lloig or msY. I ccoplih, hi o col yil licr i h vl o lig by us$36 billio.33 th o copl cooic groh virol grio h b coo h hrogho h unCsd prproryproc.34 Coi ovr-xploiio rcio o ri coy rorchr log r ibl vlop. Hovr, rog igl cio by unCsd oglobl ihri col l o rvrl i h lrig r.

    POLICYReCOmmend

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    12/28

    I 12

    PathWay to a gre en ec onomyFisheries commitmentsoF the PrevioUs earth sUmmits

    ackolgig h orl groig pcy o ihri or oo criy cooic rv,h iriol coiy h gr o vrl coi, pricipl rg o r

    h cliig r o globl ih ock. th coi r gr i h oco oci ch o h prvio erh si ll h Covio o Biologicl divriy (CBd). thyicl h Rio dclrio, h Johbrg POI h CBd aichi Bioivriy trg.

    alhogh y o h rg coi hv b i ohr ill likly o bchiv, h rg gol r ill xrly rlv h rolv o chiv h holo vr. th r clr h h ri viro i i o pril, h orlpc o hi vlbl rorc ill oly icr. tkig ri pci h crr r iibl. th plio o globl ih ock hr ri bioivriy, oo criy,cooic biliy h livlihoo o illio. th r ill coi l icig r r p i plc r civly ipl orc. dpi hxic o rgiol, corl iol pproch o ihri g, globl ih ock

    r i rio cli. sock occrrig i h r o vlopig cori o h high r priclrly rik. achivig h rg coi o h prvio erh si xpig o h gp i iplio i il or chrig ibl r.

    r e su

    t r d:

    Principle 2: States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and

    the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources

    pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility

    to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the

    environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns

    School of Fusilier Fish, Rich Carey/Shutterstock

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    13/28

    I 13

    Pricipl 2 provi h s hv h rpoibiliy o r h civii ihi hir corol oo c g o h viro i r byo iol jriicio. Hovr, shrc o hi pricipl i o ior hr r ro civii hich k plc o hhigh hich c igiic vr ipc o h ri viro. drciv ihigprcic r o ch xpl. sciiic rvy hv iii h xic o lh o

    vlrbl ri coy (Vme) occrrig i h p , i r byo iol jriicio.Hovr, rciv ihig prcic o h high , i priclr p boo rlig hvb oc o c igiic g o ri pci coy. Frhror,p pci po li hiory chrcriic h k h priclrly vlrbl o ihigprr. thi vlrbiliy copl ih h rciv ho o p ihri l hunGa o goi ri o rolio, iclig 61/105 64/72, o proo h corvio ibl o bioivriy i r byo iol jriicio. th rolio cll os o prv igiic vr ipc o Vme i h p . Hovr, o coricoi o horiz hir vl o ih v hogh hy hv il o civly ipl hr oci ih h rolio. th coi b ipl. a i clr i rolio 64/72, s hol o horiz boo ihig civii il hy hvop ipl r h coply ih h unGa rolio.

    FaO rpor h ic 1974, h proporio o ovr-xploi, pl rcovrig ih ockcoi o icr xpric i high prcg, o 32%, i 2008.36 Giv h crrrjcory, i i highly likly h h JPOI gol bov ill b by 2015. Prhp v orirbig h h ilr o chiv msY i h groig co og ihri cii hh xploiio r h chiv msY hol b irpr ppr lii rhr h g rg. Ovrll rcio i xploiio r r cry o chiv v hiil ibiliy rqir o msY, o o io o chiv ppropri g hill r log r ibiliy o ock.37

    th objciv o h IPOa-Cpciy i o chiv ici, qibl rpr g oihig cpciy, globlly, by 2005. ncry cio o chiv hi objciv i criiclly ovr.mor chology h bl llr globl ihig l o cpr msY, y ihig cpciyhrogho h glob coi o icr.39 so i hv clcl crr ihigcpciy o b 2.5 i or h h i rqir o l msY.40

    JPoi P:

    Maintain or restore stocks to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield

    with the aim of achieving these goals for depleted stocks on an urgent basis and

    where possible not later than 201535

    Urgently develop and implement national and, where appropriate, regional plans of

    action, to put into effect the international plans of action of the FAO, in particular the

    International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity by 200538

    POLICYReCOmmend

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    14/28

    I 14

    th Orgizio or ecooic Cooprio dvlop (OeCd) tk Forc ig i 2004i h orli vl o Iuu cch b us $4 billio $9 billio pr yr.42 sich, h br h obl: illgl rpor ihig i rpoibl or $10 o $23 billioollr pr yr i lo rv ro 11 o 26 illio o o ih43 o ol orl ri

    cpr o 80 illio o.44

    accorig o h FaO, rgiol ihri boi (RFB)45 hv iii Iuu ihig, civiplio o oiorig, corol rvillc (mCs) ihig l ovrcpciy oo h jor chllg riig hir prorc. aiiolly, o RFB hv ckolgxr iicli i corollig Iuu ihig hich i r h hpr civ ihrig.46 Hovr, pi h obvio vlbl coribio o iol /or rgiolpl o cio o cob Iuu ihig, h prprio o h pl h ll r hvlop o oly bo 40 ch pl.47 thi ir ppli o ll s ii, h hvlop o oly 40 i coirbly iici.

    aohr igiic ir, h FaO agr o Por s mr o Prv, dr

    elii Illgl, urpor urgl Fihig (Psma) i corgig vlop ipor s corol o vl. Hovr, i h y o r io orc i oly o pic o h irqir o civly cob Iuu ihig. thi icl h corol o lg vl iol,oiorig, corol rvillc orc, cch r ocio ch. Iiio, or o b rk by s o riy h Psma ipl i proviiooiclly by RFmO o op por s r h h r o h Psma.exiig orc ivigiv y hv lrgly prov iq o r hgi o h Iuu probl. a h cor o hi orc ici i lck o rprcy iorio hrig. Crrly, s RFmO hv iici rqir o ghr hriorio o vl ihig civii.48 s RFB hol rqir ll ihig vl ovr24 r /or ovr 100 Gt ll vl ivolv i i r ihig civii o rgirih h IHs-Firply hip brig y obi Iriol mrii Orgizio

    (ImO) br.

    49

    th ImO brig y hol b p i ll rcor rgrigh vl, iclig licig rrg, cch criic, lig iorio por log.Fihig vl i hi cgory hol, lik ll corcil rii vl, b rqir o hv aoic Iiicio sy (aIs).

    Illgl ihig i i virol cri by h un Oic o drg Cri (unOdC),50 r i cri i h slvor dclrio o h tlh ui nio Cogr oCri Prvio Criil Jic i 2010.51 th poibl cocio b iriolorgiz cri illgl ihig hv b o by h unGa,52 crib i 2011 rporby h unOdC.53 eciv orc gi illgl ihig ill rqir ll h ool hiriol coiy h i ipol. Rio +20 hol rcogiz h illgl ihig i criilciviy. thi ill l o h rhllig o orc ool o cob hi pril probl.

    Urgently develop and implement national and, where appropriate, regional plans of

    action, to put into effect the international plans of action of the FAO, in particular

    the International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported

    and Unregulated Fishing by 2004. Establish effective monitoring, reporting and

    enforcement, and control of fishing vessels, including by flag States, to further the

    International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU fishing41

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    15/28

    I 15

    Globl ihri r ily rgr ovrcpiliz, rliy h corib igiicly o hplio o ihri.55 so i i ihri bii o ol us$ 25-30 billio lly.56ecooi hv i h ociy lrg crrly rciv giv us$26 billio yr roihig.57 us$152 illio i p vry yr o ppor p ihri lo. 58 wihogovr ppor, h oprio ol opr lo o us$50 illio yr.59 a rligxpl o h giv c o hrl bii cocr p ihri. Globl p cch i i y cli h high vlrbiliy o p- ih poplio ivr ricoy i ll oc.60 I h norh alic, ciiic horii hv ri

    h 100% o ll rg p- pci r oi biologicl lii.61 dpi hikolg, rciv p ihig oprio coi o b ppor by govrbii i h i o globl icil crii. a coicio ro h erop Coiioirib ICP i 2011 phiz h iporc o cklig hrl bii highlighh G20 coi o rioliz ph o iici oil l bii h corgl copio.62 nro s hv r h rig hrl ihri biii bolly criicl o chr ph or ibl vlop.63

    Eliminate subsidies that contribute to IUU fishing and to overcapacity, while completing

    the efforts undertaken at the World Trade Organization to clarify and improve its

    disciplines on fisheries subsidies, taking into account the importance of this sector to

    developing countries;54

    POLICYReCOmmend

    Biodiversity of Rangiroa atoll, Pommeyrol Vincent/Shutterstock

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    16/28

    I 16

    c B d:

    P lco h CBd progr o ork o ri col biologicl ivriy i ihrirl oco, op CBd CoP10 i ngoy, Jp. trg 3, 6 12 r priclrlyrlv o oc Rio+20.

    Target 3: By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity

    are eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts,

    and positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are

    developed and applied, consistent and in harmony with the Convention and other relevant

    international obligations, taking into account national socioeconomic conditions.

    Target 6: By 2020, all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and

    harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches, so thatoverfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted

    species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and

    vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems

    are within safe ecological limits.

    Target 12: By 2020, the extinction of known threatened species has been preventedand their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved

    and sustained.

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    17/28

    I 17

    recommendations For sUstainaBle Fisheries

    th iriol coiy hol ollo hrogh o h xiig coi, yo ho li hv co go. spciiclly, P rco h iriol

    coiy unCsd lly ipl prvio coi, i priclr:

    th JPOI rg o ii or ror ock o ibl lvl (msY) by 2015;

    th JPOI rg o r ovrcpciy by 2005;

    th JPOI rg o r Iuu ihig by 2004;

    th JPOI CBd rg o lii hrl bii h corib o ovrcpciy ovrihig by 2020.

    aiiolly, h P eviro Grop corg s o gr o hor ilior chivig coi. throgho h unCsd prprory proc, shv xplicily k or ili rg o r or io cio o corv proc oc li r ibl vlop.64 I rpo o h rq h rg o ill crcil gp i ihri g, P rco h hiriol coiy unCsd k rog cio o:

    Ipl civ oiorig, corol, rvillc, coplic orc ro r h corvio g r r ipl orc;

    Rcogiz h illgl ihig i criil civiy o lik o orgiz cri; r h ppropri rorc r ploy o cob hi or o cri;

    Cob Iuu ihig hrogh h o lg s, por s, iol rkr, priclrly by corgig s o bco pri o h FaO agro Por s mr o Prv, dr elii Illgl, urpor urgl Fihig, by prooig ily iplio o hi agr;

    mk rog coi o hrk corvio, iclig by prohibiig h k ohr or gr pci o hrk, li by Iriol uio or hCorvio o nr (IuCn) or iol lgilio;

    e rciv ihig prcic hich g vlrbl ri coy

    rcogiz h boo ihig i violio o prvio unGa rolio i Iuu ihig hol c iily;

    Rcogiz h p boo rlig i h igl o rciv ihig ho oh high ph o hi prcic by 2015;

    Prohibi ihig i giv r or o giv ock i h ihry i o lly i ccorcih rlv iriol coi rolio i prciory, cic-b g r r o i plc. th r hol icl qbycch iigio r;

    er rprcy ccobiliy o RFmO hrogh unGa ovrigh.

    POLICYReCOmmend

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    18/28

    I 18

    Part ii: Biodiversity

    B ub p

    Bioivriy i crcil or iiig h hlh o ri coy. sibl vlop

    co b chiv iho hlhy ri coy hich provi i vriy o goo rvic. dgr coy, ho h hv lo bioivriy, r xpc o b l rili oicr prr, iclig cli chg.65 ecoy rvic provi by h riviro r o crcil iporc or oo criy povry ricio. thror, ihohlhy oc hr c b o Gr ecooy. Rorig h hlh cooic vibiliy ooc y hol b rcogiz criicl prioriy or ibl vlop. exploiio,pollio hbi rcio hv b or o c irc chg o ribioivriy.66 sciiic rvl h ri bioivriy lo i icrigly hrig hoc biliy o provi oo, ii r qliy rcovr ro h vr ipc or.67 scii hv oc h h r o bioivriy lo i o loig. I cbioivriy h coi o cli ovr h p or c. Y pi hi cli, iiic h h-ic prr o bioivriy r icrig.68 eor o op bioivriy

    lo hv o b q.69

    th coqc o bioivriy lo r ccig poillycrophic; hi gro r b rgly r.

    mPa, b

    Fihri cii gr hv rcogiz h ibl ihri r oly poibl ihlhy coy. Rcig h ror cig o r c hlp ii coy igriy,poplio vibiliy h hlh o orgi, ll or rcovry ro vr ipc.Rovig ror hrogh h blih o ri proc r (mPa), iclig ipriclr o-k ri rrv (mR), i ipor p i bilig h rilic ocoy poplio.70 I iio, cii hv o h rrv ihri clorhv yil icr i pci ivriy, vrgig 23% icr i pci rich.71 th

    cop o ihri g h i ro oly coirig h iz o h ihry rorc ocoirig bror pc ch h ihry ipc o h coy. a h i, mPa mR r icrigly rcogiz hvig ipor rol o ply ihi ihri g priclrly i coy pproch o ihri. Lig cooi o h mPa holproi riol prcicl y o gig oc rorc o chiv ihry coyobjciv.72 mri rrv i cobiio ih ohr ihri g ool c hlp chivboh ihri bioivriy objciv.73 Rrv cro h glob hv rl i icr ibc, iz, bio rprociv op o xploi pci.74 si hvor h mPa mR c b bicil i corvig rorc, icrig bio coqly bi rroig r hrogh pci igrio rcri.75

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    19/28

    I 19

    PathWay to a gre en eco nomy: Biodiv ersitycommitments oF the PrevioUs earth sUmmits

    wih h i o corv bioivriy proo h corvio o h ri viro,priclrly i r byo iol jriicio, h iriol coiy gr o br o

    coi i h prvio erh si h CBd o ckl h i chr oribl r or h oc. a ih h orio ihri coi, vrl oh bioivriy coi hv b i or ill likly o b chiv. miiig ribioivriy i crcil or orig ibl vlop. Crr iriol oc govrch prov o b iq o hl bioivriy lo proc ri coy byo ioljriicio. th olloig i li o h rlv bioivriy coi log ih hor .

    th ecooic o ecoy Bioivriy (teeB) i rl cpil phor or hlii ock o phyicl biologicl rorc o o rh, o h lii cpciy ocoy o provi coy rvic.76 my poor hohol hrogho h glob rly orl cpil or igiic prcg o hir ico. th hohol r bl o ilyj o lo o coy rvic.77 Corvig ri bioivriy hol b criicl lo r h ibl g o rl cpil. teeB bioivriy i ll iiio o b prrv o oly or ocil, hicl or rligio ro b lo or hcooic bi i provi o pr r grio.78 a prvioly io, hr o bioivriy lo i o loig. I hi r coi, r grio ill b priv o

    il vlopl h r lill by coy rvic. th iriol coiyrgly o rvr h r ipl r o corv bioivriy.

    r d:

    Principle 3: The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental

    and environmental needs of present and future generations.

    POLICYReCOmmend

    Industrial fishing nets, Shutterstock

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    20/28

    I 20

    alhogh pricipl 15 h prciory pricipl joy ipr ppor, h i co oprocio o h ri viro, i iplio h b k. Govrc o hcivii i ri r byo iol jriicio h coily il o icorpor coycoirio. Crr ihri g h lrgly igor bror ipc o hviro ro corcil ihig civii ch boo rlig. a coqc, yri coy r ilig o provi h coy rvic h hy r bl o orbor ibl xploiio occrr.79 scii hv cll o h iriol coiyo r propr ivrl iplio o h prciory pricipl.80 Iplig h

    prciory pricipl i ihri g rqir h cio i k o prv irrvriblhr bor i r o k plc. I r, hr hr i lck o ciiic criy, ihig holo k plc il prciory corvio g r r gr ipl. I r oo y c, ilr o rch gr o r llo rcivihig prcic o coi iho rri. I i vil h h prciory pricipl coypproch r icorpor io ciio kig proc rgrig h ri viro.

    For xpl, i i ll oc h y vlrbl ri coy xi i r byoiol jriicio; hovr, lil h b o o proc h r. th o coyb g ool ch high ri rrv o proc h Vme col lill hproviio r pricipl 15. Hovr, o , vry high rrv hv b blih.th iriol coiy k i prioriy o ipl h prciory pricipl

    ipl h coy pproch, iclig hrogh coy b g ool ch high rrv o corv h ri viro.

    Principle 15: In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall

    be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats

    of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a

    reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.

    Principle 17: Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be

    undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact

    on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority.

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    21/28

    I 21

    a ICP i 2011, y cori r h iporc o coy b pproch o hg o h civii cig h ri viro o r hibl o ri goo rvic.81 throgho h Rio+20 proc ro s hvphiz h iporc o ovig orr o mPa virol ipc (eIa) o proo prciory g o h ri viro.82 Prior eIa, oghr ih

    rgic virol (sea) hol b iliz o hhr iivil civiiill hv vr ipc o ri bioivriy, priclrly i r byo iol jriicio(aBnJ). I i i ri ho civii ill hv vr ipc, hy hol b g oprv ch ipc or hy hol o b llo o proc.

    thi rg i o boh ihi h JPOI84 h milli dvlop Gol (mdG).85Bioivriy i villy ipor or h ll-big, bc i rpi h coy rvico hich li p. no oly o billio o popl rly o yri o pci or hir livlihoo rvivl, b h lo o bioivriy ill hir h livry o h mdG rg rl opovry, hgr hlh, ic i ill icr h vlrbiliy o h poor rc opio orvlop.86 th 2010 mdG Rpor87 o h h orl h i h 2010 rg orbioivriy corvio, ih poilly grv coqc.88 I priclr, h pciic iicorgr or h mdG gol -- h proporio o ih ock ihi biologicl lii, h proporioo rrril ri r proc h proporio o pci hr ih xicio89 ho by ho r hi gol h b i.

    JPoi mdg B t:

    Achieve by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the

    global, regional and national level as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the

    benefit of all life on earth83

    POLICYReCOmmend

    Trawler surrounded by seagulls under covered sky, Sirko Hartmann/Shutterstock

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    22/28

    I 22

    JPoi P cBd t:

    th olloig o rg, gr i Johbrg ngoy rpcivly, r lik rhror l ih o i h cripio.

    mPa, iclig i priclr o-k ri rrv, r ily ckolg ky ool oproc bioivriy hlp bil rilic o coy. dpi hi, h proi i hJPOI o rcly by h Pri o h CBd o blih mPa iclig rprivork, i o o rjcory o b lill. Oly bo 1% o h globl ri viro iproc91 hr i virlly o procio o ri coy bioivriy occrrig oh high . th high r ho o lh o vlrbl ri r hbi icligo, hich c b r o high ivriy /or prociviy, r rqly h hbi oro ic pci. thr h b o or o proc vlrbl ri coy oh high pr o unGa rolio 61/105 64/72 RFmO; , rgiol boiiclig h Covio or h Procio o h mri eviro o h norh-e alic(OsPaR) h Pri o h nr agr (Pna) hv c o clo o vlrbl ro ihig prr. Hovr, hrc o h r i o ior. mPa, iclig o-kri rrv, c hlp bil ri coy rilic lxibiliy i h c o xiig rgig hr.

    Develop and facilitate the use of diverse approaches and tools, including the ecosystem

    approach, the elimination of destructive fishing practices, the establishment of marine

    protected areas consistent with international law and based on scientific information,

    including representative networks by 2012 and time/area closures for the protection of

    nursery grounds and periods, proper coastal land use and watershed planning and the

    integration of marine and coastal areas management into key sectors;90

    Target 11: By 2020, at least 17 percent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 percent of

    coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and

    ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed,

    ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other

    effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape

    and seascapes.

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    23/28

    I 23

    recommendations For conserving Biodiversity

    I orr o qly proc corv ri bioivriy i r byo iol jriicio,r globl ccobiliy iprov iriol ri govrc, h P eviroGrop rogly rg h goiio o gr r unCLOs or h procio

    corvio o high bioivriy o ipl i aricl o h corvio procioo ri bioivriy i r byo iol jriicio.92 J h ciio o blih hui nio agr or h Iplio o h Proviio o h ui nio Covioo h L o h s o 10 dcbr 1982 rlig o h Corvio mg o srligFih sock Highly migrory Fih sock (un Fih sock agr, or unFsa) olloig hrcoio ro h ir Rio corc i 1992 ill criicl gp i h g orlig ock highly igrory pci, hi gr col ill xiig gp i high govrc proo prciory, coy b g r o r hlog r ibiliy o ri pci coy i r byo iol jriicio.

    th globl coiy h gr o prrv h bioivriy o ipor vlrbl rir boh ihi byo iol jriicio, hhr wssd, h unGa, or lhr.

    Hovr, hr i o lgl rgi i plc o blih g mPa o-k rirrv i r byo iol jriicio. alhogh h CBd i vlopig chi oriiyig cologiclly or biologiclly igiic r, i h o or hir igio g mPa (iclig rrv). th, rio gp xi b mPa iiicio mPa rrv igio. I orr o chiv h JPOI, CBd rg, o r ibl r or h oc, hi iplio gp rgly o b ill. aiplig gr r unCLOs or y orr. I col icl proviio hr hi iplio gp o r h y i p i plc hrby mPa rrv c b ig, oior, civly orc o h high . th i hco or h cori o h orl o k hi p.

    aog o o h lrg gp i high govrc i h lck o lglly biig gr o

    prior virol ipc (eIa). th eIa proviio r CBd ho runCLOs r qi grl op o irprio. Ohr h h CBd unCLOsrqir, hr r iriol ir h rqir iiicio prior o poil hr ro high civii bor hy k plc. th mri proocol, op i1991 o rgl civii i arcic, i o ch ol coir by y o b lrk chiv i globl virol procio. th Proocol bjc ll civii o prior o hir virol ipc.93 a h a Hoc Op- Iorl workig Grop oy i rlig o h corvio ibl o ri biologicl ivriy byor o iol jriicio (BBnJ) i 2011 o cory xpr h o r, o hgr gr poibl, h poil ipc o h civii o h ri viro iorr o vl ho h civii hol b rgl.94 applicio o prior eIa seahrogh iplig gr col lill xp o h CBd unCLOs rqir.

    unCLOs hich op or igr i 1982 r io orc i 1994 h b pplby h 1994 dp sb miig agr h 1995 unFsa. unFsa bor o o horigil erh si, unCed. ag 21, prgrph 17.49 rq s o cov corco rlig highly igrory ih ock o ppl h o unCLOs i prio high- ihri g. th unGa or hi ciio i 47h io unFsa cr i ri o pciliz io ro 1993-1995. I 1995 unFsa op; ir io orc i 2001. unFsa o pciic pricipl o gi h vlop ocorvio g r or rlig highly igrory ih ock, ih vio rig h probl iii i Chpr 17 o ag 21.95 th agr objciv i or h log-r corvio ibl o rlig ih ock highly igrory

    POLICYReCOmmend

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    24/28

    I 24

    ih ock hrogh civ iplio o h rlv proviio o h Covio.96 I oRFmO/a i i xic i giv r, s r o coopr o blih ibl orgizio orrrg o r h corvio g o h priclr ock or ock oir. th prc o h unFsa, hich c o o unCed Rio i 1992, hol gi hx p i oc corvio, priclrly rl o unCLOs h procio o ri

    bioivriy i r byo iol jriicio.

    drig o h cc prc o h gr o unFsa, h P eviro Groprogly rg h goiio o iplig gr r unCLOs or h procio corvio o high bioivriy. th 2011 BBnJ ig iii crcil progr orhi . s gr o rco h proc b iii by h unGa o r h hlgl rork or h corvio ibl o ri bioivriy i r byoiol jriicio iii gp y orr, iclig hrogh h iplio oxiig ir h poibl vlop o lilrl gr r unCLOs.my s rir hir coi o hi proc h 2011 ICP ig.97 P pplhi ipor p rg h iriol coiy o r h unCsd cov irgovrl corc r ui nio pic o blih unCLOs iplig

    gr o r high govrc gp.

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    25/28

    I 25

    cu p w u b p u p

    u:

    Coprhiv prior virol ipc (eIa) rgic virol (sea), oghr ih ogoig oiorig o h ri viro;

    Iiicio, igio g o globl ork o high riproc r, iclig i priclr o-k rrv;

    Iplio o h prciory pricipl coy pproch i ciiokig ihri g;

    th ror o RFmO o icorpor bror coy corvio oc.

    I gr, ch oco ol rly rpr prig hi or rog iriolcoi Rio i 2012 o chr or ibl r or h oc.

    Rio+20 rk h 3r erh si, h hir i lr ro h high lvl o govrhv co oghr o h iriol g o ic h r o ibl vlop h r o h viro. th iriol coiy iz hi criicl opporiy ok igl cio o r h log r corvio ibl o h oc i rorc.

    POLICYReCOmmend

    School of barracudas underwater, Celebes Sea, Khoroshunova Olga/Shutterstock

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    26/28

    I 26

    endnotes

    1 a/Res/64/236 hp://.c2012.org/l/Od/aRes64236e.p

    2 eu, ICP 2011

    3 Ioi, unCsd PrpCo2

    4 eu, usa ICP 2011; Icl, unCsd PrpCo2; arli, ICP 2011; moco, unCsd PrpCo2

    5 PsIds livr by nr, PrpCo2; G77 Chi, ICP 20116 uneP, 2011, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, p.93;

    .p.org/grcooy

    7 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.3.

    8 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.64

    9 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.64.

    10 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.3.

    11 sriiv, u.t., w.L. Chg, R. wo u.R. sil. 2010. Foo criy iplicio o globl ri cch lo oovrhig. Journal o Bioeconomics. dOI: 10.1007/10818-010-9090-9

    12 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.8.

    13 Ibi

    14 Ibi

    15 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p. 15.

    16 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.8.

    17 hp://.ic.org/mig2011/my-saC-shrk/PdFl/saC-02-08-sKJ--2010.p18 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.8.

    19 Cp, s., w. Joyc, L. mrk, P. Hrly, L.J. o, ne. Kohlr, C.F. J, J.J. mllo, H.L. Pr, s. myklovoll s. Hrly.2008. th ri ll (gi) o h porbgl hrk poplio i h orh alic. I: m.d. Chi, e.K. Pikich, e.a.Bbcock (e.), Sharks o the Open Ocean: Biology, Fisheries and Conservation, pp. 445-461. Blckll Pblihig, Oxor.

    20 Clrk, s.C., m.K. mcallir, e.J. mir-Gll, G.P. Kirkoo, C.G.J. michil, d.J. ag, e.K. Pikich, H. nko m.s.shivji. 2006. Globl i o hrk cch ig r rcor ro corcil rk. Ecology Letters 9:1115-1126.

    21 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.6.

    22 arli, eu ICP 2011

    23 G77 Chi, ICP 2011

    24 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.7.

    25 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.48.

    26 Vi, G.m.s., mk, m.G., Pll, d., mrh, s. mig, J.J., arli Ii o mri scic, uivriy o wrarli. w or liv: th rliv vl o r hrk hry coori i Pl, my 2011. .pviro.org/-roo/rpor/illio-ollr-r-hrk-85899359220.

    27 Ro, R., y eglhr, u. 2007. sychll: a c y o coiy ivolv i h vlop o hl hrk coori i ocio-cooic ipc. Fisheries Research 84: 109113. hp://.pcy.c/sibl%20L%20mg%20Projc/triig%20Cor%20o%20evirol%20ecooic%20%20nov%202008/triig%20mril/ro_glhgr_2007.p

    28 aro, R.C. y ah, H. 1993. th shrk Fihri o h mliv, miirio Pc y agriclr, Rpblic mliv yOrgizci l ncio ui pr l agriclr y l alici. p://p.o.org/ocrp/o/007/500/50000.p.

    29 Vi, G.m.s., mk, m.G., Pll, d., mrh, s. mig, J.J., arli Ii o mri scic, uivriy o wrarli. w or liv: th rliv vl o r hrk hry coori i Pl, my 2011. .pviro.org/-roo/rpor/illio-ollr-r-hrk-85899359220.

    30 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.120.

    31 a/Res/63/112. p.3 hp://cc--y..org/oc/undOC/Gen/n08/477/51/PdF/n0847751.p?Opel

    32 uneP, 2011, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, p.84.p.org/grcooy

    33 sriiv, u.t., Chg, w.w.L., wo, R., & sil, u.R. (2010). Foo scriy iplicio o globl ri cch lo oovrhig. Journal o Bioeconomics, 12(3), 183-200.

    34 Chil, unCsd 1 Iriol

    35 JPOI pr. 31()36 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.38.

    37 wor B., . l, Rebuilding Global Fisheries, scic 325 578 (2009).

    38 JPOI pr. 31()

    39 uneP, 2011, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, p.97.p.org/grcooy

    40 Ply, d., Chri, V., G, s., Pichr, t., sil, u.R., wlr, C.J., wo, R., l. (2002). tor ibiliy i orlhri. Nature, 418, 685-695.

    41 JPOI pr. 31()

    42 $1.25 billio ro h high h rir ro eeZ. exciv sry, ciig mRaG, Rvi o Ipc o Illgl,urpor urgl Fihig o dvlopig Cori, hp://.illgl-hig.io/plo/illgl-hig-rg-rpor.p.

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    27/28

    I 27

    43 ag dJ, Prc J, Pro G, P t, wo R, l., eiig h worli ex o Illgl Fihig. (2009) PLos One4(2): 4570 (2009). abrc hp://.ploo.org/ricl/io%3aoi%2F10.1371%2Fjorl.po.0004570. s lo s. Floh l, Cloig Loophol: Gig Illgl Fihig ur Corol, scic 328, 1235-1236 (2010). abrc hp://.cicg.org/co/328/5983/1235.hor.

    44 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.3.

    45 th r RFB co ro h FaO iio, grop o s or orgizio h r pri o iriol hryrrg. hp://.o.org/hry/rb/ thi r h bro cripio hich cop rgiol hri

    g orgizio, rgiol rrg ohr iriol boi hich hv b blih o ghri.

    46 FaO. The State o World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Ro, FaO. 2010. p.11.

    47 Ibi

    48 Floh, s., vo Kioki, K., dol, e., L, e., mr, F., alb, G., (2010). Cloig loophol: gig illgl hig rcorol. Science 328, 12351236.

    spporig oli ril .cicg.org/cgi/co/ll/cic.1190245/dC1

    49 thi rqir i coi ih h coclio rcoio o h tchicl Colio o Iiy srcr srgy or h dvlop Iplio o h Globl Rcor o Fihig Vl, Rrigr trpor Vl spply Vl (Ro, Ily, 8 - 12 novbr 2010), FaO Fihri aqclr Rpor no. 956, p. 6-7.

    50 unOdC. th Globlizio o Cri: a triol Orgiz Cri thr a (2010). p. 149, vilbl vilbl hp://.oc.org/oc/--lyi/oc/tOCta_Rpor_2010_lo_r.p.

    51 unOdC acivii o h ui nio Oc o drg Cri o ar ergig For o Cri CtOC/COP/2010/34 ag 2010 pr 162 290, vilbl hp://.oc.org/oc/ri/orgiz_cri/COP5/CtOC_COP_2010_3/CtOC_COP_2010_3_e.p

    52 unGa R 65/38 (2011), pr. 56.

    53 unOdC, triol Orgiz Cri i h Fihig Iry, Vi (2011).

    54 JPOI pr. 31()

    55 Hchr, a., & Robio, K. (e). (1999). Overcapacity, overcapitalization and subsidies in European fsheries. Procig o h rorkhop hl i Poroh, uK, 28-30 Ocobr, 1998.

    mro, G., & sil, u. (2002). th ipc o bii po hri g ibiliy: h c o h norh alic.Fish and Fisheries, 3, 233-250.

    56 sil, u.R., Kh, a.s., dyck, a.J., wo, R., mro, G., tyr, P., & Ply, d. (2010). a boo-p r-iio o globlhri bii. Journal o Bioeconomics, 12(3), 201-225.

    57 uneP, 2011, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, p.84.p.org/grcooy

    58 sil uR, l. sbii o high boo rl f h ibiliy o p- rl h ock. mri Policy(2009), oi:10.1016/j.rpol.2009.10.004

    59 worl Bk FaO, (2009), The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justifcation or Fisheries Reorm, agriclr Rrldvlop dpr, th worl Bk, whigo dC. p.41.

    60 m.P. sii P.m. mc. 2006. C pr hri b g ibly? I FaO. Rpor docio o h

    expr Colio o dp- Fihri i h High s. FaO Fihri Rpor no. 838. Bgkok, thil. 21-23 novbr2006.

    61 ICes. 2010. s o h ock g by h Coiy i h norh alic. Book 11. hp://.ic.k/coi/co/coork/rpor/2010/spcil%20Rq/eC%20s%20o%20h%20ock.p.

    62 eu, ICP 2011

    63 n Zl, ICP 2011

    Pl, BBnJ 2011

    Brzil, unCsd PrpCo1

    Ily, unCsd PrpCo2

    64 microi o bhl o PsIds, ICP 2011

    G77 Chi, unCsd PrpCo2

    65 Hgh, tP, dR Blloo, C Folk, Rs sck J wilo. 2005. n prig or pporig h rilic o ricoy. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20: 380-86.

    66 wor, B. l. (2006) Ipc o Bioivriy Lo o Oc ecoy srvic. Science 314, 787 dOI: 10.1126/cic.1132294

    67 wor, B. l. (2006) Ipc o Bioivriy Lo o Oc ecoy srvic. Science 314, 787 dOI: 10.1126/cic.1132294

    68 Bchr, sr H.m. l. (2010) Globl Bioivriy: Iicor o Rc dcli. Science 328, 1164 dOI: 10.1126/cic.1187512.

    69 Bchr, sr H.m. l. (2010) Globl Bioivriy: Iicor o Rc dcli. Science 328, 1164 dOI: 10.1126/cic.1187512.

    70 si, sa, Je sih, ee drii y ohr. 2008. Bli grio o corl r i h norhr Li Il.PLoS ONE 3(2): 1548.oi:10.1371/jorl.po.0001548

    71 wor, B. l. (2006) Ipc o Bioivriy Lo o Oc ecoy srvic. Science 314, 787 dOI: 10.1126/cic.1132294

    72 sibry, K. & sil, uR. (2003) Icorporig coy objciv io g o ibl ri hri, icligb prcic rrc poi o ri proc r. I: m. siclir & G. Vliro () Responsible fsheries inthe marine ecosystem. FaO: Ro (Ily), 343-361.

    73 Hillbor, R., sok, K., mgir, J-J., sih, t., Boor, Lw., mgl, m., Orz, J., Pr, a., Ric, J., Bll, J., Cochr, KL.,Grci, s., Hll, sJ., Kirkoo, GP., sibry, K., so, G. & wlr, C. (2004) wh c ri rrv iprov hrig? Ocean & Coastal Management47, 197-205.

    74 Gll, FR. & Robr, Cm. (2003) th hry c o ri rrv hry clor. wwF, whigo dC, usa, 90 pp.

    POLICYReCOmmend

  • 8/3/2019 Ocean Earth: How Rio+20 Can and Must Turn the Tide

    28/28

    75 Ho, R. (1998). mri rrv: h ol hy ccoplih? Marine Resource Economics, 13(3), 159-170.

    schirico, J.n., & wil, J.e. (1999). Biocooic o pil xploiio i pchy viro. Journal o Environmental Economics andManagement, 37, 129-150.

    sil, u.R. (1998) Proc ri rrv hri g ool: a biocooic lyi. Fisheries Research, 37, 287-296.

    76 teeB (2010) th ecooic o ecoy Bioivriy: mirig h ecooic o nr: a yhi o h pproch, coclio rcoio o teeB. p.33

    77 teeB (2010) th ecooic o ecoy Bioivriy: mirig h ecooic o nr: a yhi o h pproch, coclio rcoio o teeB. p.26

    78 teeB (2010) th ecooic o ecoy Bioivriy: mirig h ecooic o nr: a yhi o h pproch, coclio rcoio o teeB. p.29

    79 Iriol Progr o h s o h Oc, Iplig h Globl s o h Oc Rpor. hp://.ohoc.org/p/ipo_rpor_051208b.p

    80 Rogr, a.d. & Loly, d.a. 2011. Iriol erh y xpr orkhop o oc r ipc. sry rpor. IPsO Oxor, 18pp.

    81 eu, ICP 2011

    82 arli, C, eu, mxico, usa BBnJ 2011

    83 JPOI pr. 44

    84 Ibi

    85 th bioivriy rg op i 2005 o icl rg i 2007. th Bioivriy trg or by 110 lr hwssd i 2002, h h si i 2005, hr h unGa op o il rg rl o Gol 7 o virol govrchich i igicly rcig h r o lo o bioivriy by h yr 2010. s h worl si Oco doc, un Ga rolio60/01 (24 Ocobr 2005), hp://..org/i2005/oc.hl. th un scrry-Grl i hi 2006 rpor o h 2010 grrg, i scrry-Grl, Rpor o h scrry-Grl o h ork o h Orgizio, a/61/1, prgrph 24, hp://g..org//

    g/Rorc/sic/Proc/sGRpor/61_1/_61_1_.p. s op hi rcoio pciclly rolv h all s illlll coi igicly rc h r o lo o bioivriy by 2010 coi ogoig or or lborig goiig iriol rgi o cc o gic rorc b hrig. Prgrph 56(c). th crr rg r op i 2007 olloig rcoio by h rco by h Ir-agcy expr Grop o mdG Iicor (IaeG). s hp://..org//g/Ho.px?Co=Iicor/abo.h.

    th 2007 rvi mdG oiorig rork pr i 2007 o h un Grl ably o oior mdG Gol 7. s h crr ocil lio iicor hp://g..org//g/Ho.px?Co=Iicor/OcilLi.h.

    86 s ui nio milli dvlop Gol Rpor (2010), pg 55. a hp://..org/illigol/p/mdG%20Rpor%202010%20e%20r15%20-lo%20r%2020100615%20-.p.

    87 milli dvlop Gol Rpor (2010), hp://..org/illigol/p/mdG%20Rpor%202010%20e%20r15%20-lo%20r%2020100615%20-.p.

    88 Rc bioivriy lo, chivig, by 2010, igic rcio i h r o lo. Pg 55.

    89 s ui nio milli dvlop Gol Rpor (2010), pg 57. a hp://..org/illigol/p/mdG%20Rpor%202010%20e%20r15%20-lo%20r%2020100615%20-.p.

    90 JPOI pr. 32(c)

    91 th crr gr i bo 1.17 prc, b h mPa gz ro h Chgo archiplgo h pprov mPa ro h sl y Gz

    il ill k h covrg o mPa o 1.42 prc o h globl oc 3.49 prc o eeZ r. C. toropov, I. mli, d. Loly,e. mh m. splig, Globl Oc Procio: Pr s Fr Poibilii (2010), p.29 hp://.ic.org/b-p/oc/2010-053.p

    92 unCLOs aricl 117, 118, 119, 192, 197

    93 Proocol o evirol Procio o h arcic try (1991) aricl 3. hp://.rcic.c.k/bo_rcic/gopoliicl/ry/p_1991.php

    94 C, BBnJ 2011

    95 th unGa 2010 sibl Fihri Rolio a/65/38 cll po s o x unFsa r o icl h log-r corvio,g ibl o icr high ock i ccorc ih unCLOs coi ih h Co grl pricipl orh i unFsa. hp://cc--y..org/oc/undOC/Gen/n10/514/82/PdF/n1051482.p?Opel p.9

    96 hp://cc--y..org/oc/undOC/Gen/n95/274/67/PdF/n9527467.p?Opel aricl 2.

    97 arli, eu, soh aric, trii tobgo, Co Ric ICP 2011

    Pl, Ii, argi, mxico BBnJ 2011

    ContaCt:P eviro Grop | [email protected]

    For iiol rorc, vii www.Pwe./p.

    Phillphi, P. 19103 whigo, d.C. 20004 1050 Brl, Blgi

    tl. +1 215-575-2000 tl. +1 202-552-2000 tl. +32 (0) 2 274 1620

    POLICYCOmmendatIOns