Occurrence of Radium-224, Radium-226, and Radium-228 in Aquifers Used Primarily for Drinking Water...
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Transcript of Occurrence of Radium-224, Radium-226, and Radium-228 in Aquifers Used Primarily for Drinking Water...
![Page 1: Occurrence of Radium-224, Radium-226, and Radium-228 in Aquifers Used Primarily for Drinking Water in the United States: Retrospective Survey of Results.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b1b7f8b9ab0599936fa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Occurrence of Radium-224, Radium-226, and Radium-228 in
Aquifers Used Primarily for Drinking Water in the United
States: Retrospective Survey of Results from 1987 to 2004
Zoltan Szabo, Eric Jacobsen, Jeffrey M Fischer, Thomas F Kraemer,
and Vincent T dePaul
U.S. Geological Survey
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OBJECTIVES
• Where does Ra occur? • Are there geochemical or
geological features on National and local scales that help evaluate occurrence of Ra?
• Is measurement of gross alpha helpful?
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Radionuclide Health Effects
U ran iumBone cancer (50% )
K id ney toxicity (50% )
R ad iu mBone C ancer (228>226>224)
S inus C ancer (226)Bone f racturing (224, 226)
R ad onL ung cancer (>80% )
S to m ach cancer (<20% )
M C L s: A b out 1 in 20,000 riskC arcinogens (M C L G = 0)
C lass "A " = H um ansL inear d ose, N o thresho ld
Ionizing Radiation Damage = Long-term cancer riskTissue Retention Controls Dose (Time = Dose, Linear)
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Gross alpha = many individual isotope contributions!
Radium Decay Series Uranium 238 Thorium 232
Radium-226
Radium-224
Radon-222
Radium-228Radon-220
alph
a de
cay
beta
decay
Gross beta = many individual isotope contributions!
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Drinking Water MCLs
• Ra-226 + Ra-228 5 pCi/L• Gross alpha 15 pCi/L• Gross beta 4 millirems/yr• Uranium 30 ug/L
EPA recommends samples becollected and analyzed within 48 hours
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Where does Ra occur?
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Gundersen and Szabo,1995
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0
10
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Num
ber o
f Sam
ples
Exc
eedi
ng th
e M
DC
Ra-226
Ra-224Ra-228
Percent Detection
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Distribution of NAWQA Radium Sampling
114 sites sampled in 2004
>200 sites sampled in 1998-9
Other sites sampled in 1996 -2001
Over 800 total sites, about 450 domestic wells
Picocuries/liter
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Western U.S., draft NAWQA data
Pacific Northwest Cal-Nev Rockies Southwest
National 90th percentile for sum of Ra-226 & 228
National – 90th percentile Ra-226
90th percentile for sum of Ra-226 & 228 90th percentile Ra-226
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Central U.S., draft NAWQA data
High Texas Upper Midwest Gulf Plains Coast
90th percentile for sum of Ra-226 & 228 90th percentile Ra-226
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Eastern U.S., draft NAWQA data
New North South SoutheastEngland Mid-Atlantic Mid-Atlantic
90th percentile for sum of Ra-226 & 228 90th percentile Ra-226
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Radium 228 & 226 co-occurrence
Draft NAWQA data
MCL, Ra-228 + Ra 226 = 5 pci/L
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72 Hour Gross Alpha
15 p
Ci/L
MC
L
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30 Day Gross alpha from Uranium Decay
15 p
Ci/L
MC
L
5 pci/L MCL
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Are there geochemical or geological features on National (NAWQA) and local scales that help evaluate occurrence of Ra?
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Distribution of NAWQA Ra-228 Data
198 sites, mostly Coastal Plain
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Draft NAWQA data
North Carolina NJ-Penn New England Tenn-Ala
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Hypothetical Chemical Reactions by which Hydrogen Ions in Water Increase
Radium Mobility
Ion-exchange, desorption reactions:
2H+ + Rax Ra+2 + 2Hx
• Ra is preferentially removed from solid.
• Hydrogen ion is a master variable that exerts significant control over these
reactions.
• Hydrogen ions with high concentrations of other cations preferentially
remove Ra from solid.
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Draft NAWQA data
Desorption in the presence of Nitrate
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Hypothetical Chemical Reaction That Produces Hydrogen Ions in Water and
Increases Radium Mobility
Redox reactions:Nitrification:
NH3 + 2O2 NO3- + H2O + H+
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Ra leaching + recoil
recoil
?
Draft NAWQA data
Chemical and Physical Processes in Different Regions
Atlantic Coastal PlainHigh Plains
New EnglandTexas
Yellowstone
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CONCLUSIONS 1. Higher concentrations of Ra occur
primarily in unconsolidated aquifers - usually in acidic regions of the Eastern US
2. Ra-224 likely source of gross alpha in Eastern US
2. Ra-224 is likely to occur where other radium isotopes are present & correlates with Ra-228.
3. Ra-224 may be a substantial source of alpha activity in western US, but mobilization mechanism not understood (recoil?).
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CONCLUSIONS4. Further characterization of geochemical implications for monitoring programs and treatment applications is warranted!More data collection and analysis is planned Contacts: Zoltan Szabo [email protected] 609-771-3929Jeff Fischer [email protected] 609-771-3953