Ashry Gad Mohamed Prof. of Epidemiology College of Medicine &KKUH KSU.
Occupational Health Prof. Ashry Gad Mohamed Prof. of Epidemiology College of Medicine & KKUH King...
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Transcript of Occupational Health Prof. Ashry Gad Mohamed Prof. of Epidemiology College of Medicine & KKUH King...
Occupational Health
Prof. Ashry Gad MohamedProf. of Epidemiology
College of Medicine & KKUHKing Saud University
Occupational Health
I-Occupational Hygiene
Study of adverse environmental factors and stresses arising at work place.
RecognitionAssessmentEngineering control
II-Occupational Medicine
Science and art concerned with health status of workers engaged in any occupation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Why we study occupational health?
1-Prevention or reduction of loss of machine.
2-Prevention or reduction of sickness and absenteeism.
3-Reduction of cost of medical treatment.
4-Reduction of compensation claims.
5-Increase well-trained workers.
6-Reduction of labor turn over.
7-Increase morals of workers.
Objectives
1- Prevention of occupational diseases and injuries.
2-Prevention of fatigue and malformation.
3-Maintenance and promotion of health of workers (physically, mentally & socially)
Occupational health team.
Engineers &
Chemists• Substitution• Isolation• Enclosure• Ventilation
Physicians & nurses
•Pre-employment
•Periodic
•Rehabilitation
•Medical examination
•First aid
•Health education
•Nutritional programs
Social workers•Working hours
•Transportation
•Housing
•Personal or public problems
•Nutritional programs
Factors affect worker’s health
1-Physical factors: heat, cold, noise, atmospheric pressure, light & radiation.
2-Mechanical factors: friction & vibration.
3-Chemical environment: solids, liquids & gases.
4-Social environment: relation between workers, colleagues & supervisors.
5-Biological environment: micro-organisms.
6-Factors of accidents: causes of accidents.
7-Mode of performance: sclerosis, skin diseases.
Heat
Heat production =Metabolism (M)
Work (W)
Heat lossRadiation ( R )
Convection ( C)
Evaporation ( E )
Heat stress
M + W + C + R = E
• V dilatation of skin vessels = Sweating = Loss of Cl = heat cramps (abd. / thigh ).
• V constriction of central vessels = Heat exhausion ( fatigue, loss of concentration, tendency to sleep & indigestion)
Sun strokeExposure still present = No water = Fatigue of sweat
glands = Humidity = Heat production = Body temperature = Sun stroke.
Prevention and control:
Source: substitution, isolation, enclosure or ventilation.
Environment: ventilation.
Workers: Pre-employment (CVD, Ht or PVD)
Periods of rest (water, NaCl, Vit C)
Personal protection
Health education & nutrition
Atmospheric pressure• At sea level = 76 mmHg “14.7 pounds/inch)• Descent: Capillary rupture. Hemorrhage inside closed cavities Severe pain Sub-conjunctiva hemorrhage.
• Bottom: Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen poisoning
• Ascent: Caison s disease lung emphysema Embolism CNS, heart, lung ..etc. Extremities joints pain Skin itching.
Prevention & control:Pre-employment: Young healthy, No resp. or
cardiac dis., Good lung function, proper nutrition.-Personal protective measures.-Treatment
Noise• Non auditory
Annoyance, anxiety.
Performance is highly affected.
Physiological effects.• Auditory
1- Air conduction deafness
Rupture of the drum.
Dislocation of ossicles.
2-Nerve conduction deafness
Temporary ( due to fatigue)
Permanent (due to atrophy)
• Prevention and control:
Source: Substitution, Isolation, Enclosure & Maintenance.
Environment: Noise proof substances.
Workers: Exclude positive family history.
Audigrams
Health education.
Protective measures (ear plugs)
Dust diseases• Dusts are solid particles produced in the
course of processes such as crushing, grinding, blasting or demolition.
• Factors affecting effects-Concentration of dusts-Size-Length of exposure-Type-Susceptibility
Effects
• Skin dermatitis
• Eye conjunctivitis , ulcers
• Teeth erosion
• Nose Irritation
• Lung Pneumoconiosis
• Systemic Poisoning & cancers
Pneumoconiosis Major Minor Benign Hypersensitivity
Silicosis Anthracosis Baritosis Hay fever
Asbestosis Byssinosis Siderosis Asthma
Coal miners. Bagassossis
Talcosis
Inorganic Dust silicosis
• Inhalation of silica dust (rock, iron, coal, granite &glass)
• Fibrosis + military nodules
Dyspnea
Decrease chest capacity
Increased susceptibility
Asbestosis
• Asbestos silicates of Mg & Fe
• Lung fibrosis
• Carcinoma
• Emphysema
• Bronchopneumonia
• Pul. T.B.
Byssinosis
• Cotton industry
• Stages
• Monday fever tightness, sore throat, dry cough & low grade fever.
• Second stage: +other days , asthma, bronchitis
• Third stage: + emphesema
Metals
• Manganese parkinsonism
• Mercury stomatitis & tremors
• Phosphorus muscle contraction,
glands hypersecrtion,
decrease HR, RR
• Lead decrease IQ & toxicity
GasesI- Asphyxiants Hypoxia, hypercapnea & acidosis.
a- Simple asphyxia: Nitrogen, Hydrogen, carbon dioxide, helium & argon.
b- Chemical asphyxia: Carbon monoxide, nitrous group, hydrogen sulphite & cyanides,
Irritant gases
• URT e.g. arcaldehyde = lacrimation, sore throat, sneezing & laryngitis (warning gas).
• MRT e.g. Chlorine, sulpher dioxide = acute tracheitis, acute bronchitis & bronchiolitis, cough & dypsnea.
• LRT e. g. ozone, nitrose oxide, phosogene = pulmonary edema & death.