Occupational Health Prof. Ashry Gad Mohamed Prof. of Epidemiology College of Medicine & KKUH King...

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Occupational Health Prof. Ashry Gad Mohamed Prof. of Epidemiology College of Medicine & KKUH King Saud University

Transcript of Occupational Health Prof. Ashry Gad Mohamed Prof. of Epidemiology College of Medicine & KKUH King...

Occupational Health

Prof. Ashry Gad MohamedProf. of Epidemiology

College of Medicine & KKUHKing Saud University

Occupational Health

I-Occupational Hygiene

Study of adverse environmental factors and stresses arising at work place.

RecognitionAssessmentEngineering control

II-Occupational Medicine

Science and art concerned with health status of workers engaged in any occupation

Diagnosis

Treatment

Why we study occupational health?

1-Prevention or reduction of loss of machine.

2-Prevention or reduction of sickness and absenteeism.

3-Reduction of cost of medical treatment.

4-Reduction of compensation claims.

5-Increase well-trained workers.

6-Reduction of labor turn over.

7-Increase morals of workers.

Objectives

1- Prevention of occupational diseases and injuries.

2-Prevention of fatigue and malformation.

3-Maintenance and promotion of health of workers (physically, mentally & socially)

Occupational health team.

Engineers &

Chemists• Substitution• Isolation• Enclosure• Ventilation

Physicians & nurses

•Pre-employment

•Periodic

•Rehabilitation

•Medical examination

•First aid

•Health education

•Nutritional programs

Social workers•Working hours

•Transportation

•Housing

•Personal or public problems

•Nutritional programs

Factors affect worker’s health

1-Physical factors: heat, cold, noise, atmospheric pressure, light & radiation.

2-Mechanical factors: friction & vibration.

3-Chemical environment: solids, liquids & gases.

4-Social environment: relation between workers, colleagues & supervisors.

5-Biological environment: micro-organisms.

6-Factors of accidents: causes of accidents.

7-Mode of performance: sclerosis, skin diseases.

Heat

Heat production =Metabolism (M)

Work (W)

Heat lossRadiation ( R )

Convection ( C)

Evaporation ( E )

Heat stress

M + W + C + R = E

• V dilatation of skin vessels = Sweating = Loss of Cl = heat cramps (abd. / thigh ).

• V constriction of central vessels = Heat exhausion ( fatigue, loss of concentration, tendency to sleep & indigestion)

Sun strokeExposure still present = No water = Fatigue of sweat

glands = Humidity = Heat production = Body temperature = Sun stroke.

Prevention and control:

Source: substitution, isolation, enclosure or ventilation.

Environment: ventilation.

Workers: Pre-employment (CVD, Ht or PVD)

Periods of rest (water, NaCl, Vit C)

Personal protection

Health education & nutrition

Atmospheric pressure• At sea level = 76 mmHg “14.7 pounds/inch)• Descent: Capillary rupture. Hemorrhage inside closed cavities Severe pain Sub-conjunctiva hemorrhage.

• Bottom: Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen poisoning

• Ascent: Caison s disease lung emphysema Embolism CNS, heart, lung ..etc. Extremities joints pain Skin itching.

Prevention & control:Pre-employment: Young healthy, No resp. or

cardiac dis., Good lung function, proper nutrition.-Personal protective measures.-Treatment

Noise• Non auditory

Annoyance, anxiety.

Performance is highly affected.

Physiological effects.• Auditory

1- Air conduction deafness

Rupture of the drum.

Dislocation of ossicles.

2-Nerve conduction deafness

Temporary ( due to fatigue)

Permanent (due to atrophy)

• Prevention and control:

Source: Substitution, Isolation, Enclosure & Maintenance.

Environment: Noise proof substances.

Workers: Exclude positive family history.

Audigrams

Health education.

Protective measures (ear plugs)

Dust diseases• Dusts are solid particles produced in the

course of processes such as crushing, grinding, blasting or demolition.

• Factors affecting effects-Concentration of dusts-Size-Length of exposure-Type-Susceptibility

Effects

• Skin dermatitis

• Eye conjunctivitis , ulcers

• Teeth erosion

• Nose Irritation

• Lung Pneumoconiosis

• Systemic Poisoning & cancers

Pneumoconiosis Major Minor Benign Hypersensitivity

Silicosis Anthracosis Baritosis Hay fever

Asbestosis Byssinosis Siderosis Asthma

Coal miners. Bagassossis

Talcosis

Inorganic Dust silicosis

• Inhalation of silica dust (rock, iron, coal, granite &glass)

• Fibrosis + military nodules

Dyspnea

Decrease chest capacity

Increased susceptibility

Asbestosis

• Asbestos silicates of Mg & Fe

• Lung fibrosis

• Carcinoma

• Emphysema

• Bronchopneumonia

• Pul. T.B.

Byssinosis

• Cotton industry

• Stages

• Monday fever tightness, sore throat, dry cough & low grade fever.

• Second stage: +other days , asthma, bronchitis

• Third stage: + emphesema

Metals

• Manganese parkinsonism

• Mercury stomatitis & tremors

• Phosphorus muscle contraction,

glands hypersecrtion,

decrease HR, RR

• Lead decrease IQ & toxicity

GasesI- Asphyxiants Hypoxia, hypercapnea & acidosis.

a- Simple asphyxia: Nitrogen, Hydrogen, carbon dioxide, helium & argon.

b- Chemical asphyxia: Carbon monoxide, nitrous group, hydrogen sulphite & cyanides,

Irritant gases

• URT e.g. arcaldehyde = lacrimation, sore throat, sneezing & laryngitis (warning gas).

• MRT e.g. Chlorine, sulpher dioxide = acute tracheitis, acute bronchitis & bronchiolitis, cough & dypsnea.

• LRT e. g. ozone, nitrose oxide, phosogene = pulmonary edema & death.

III- Toxic gases

e.g. PH3, arsine & stibine = affect every organ