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Transcript of Occupational Health Hazhard-dr.darwin Bulatao
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OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH HAZARDS AND
HEAT STRESS
Barakah Nuclear Power Plant Project
WORK RELATED ILL-HEALTH
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COURSE CONTENTS
I. CHP, Relevant Legislation & Best
Practices
II. Health Hazards
III. Ergonomics
IV. Personal Hygiene
V. Balance Lifestyle
VI. Stress Awareness
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CHP RELEVANT LEGISLATIONS & BEST PRACTICES
No Harm to Resources
Clear affirmation that accident & harm to people
will be unacceptable in the project.
HSJV target is zero occupational health incidents.
Improve on Current Best Industry Practice.
HSJV will continuously seek Health & Safety
excellence through regular monitoring andimprovement.
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HEALTH HAZARD
TOPICS
1. CHEMICAL HAZARDS2. PHYSICAL HAZARDS
3. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS AND ERGONOMICS
4. Carcinogens, Mutagens, Teratogens
5. Radiation
6. Industrial Dermatitis
7. Noise Induced Deafness
8. Biological Hazards9. Heat Stress
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Occupations Potential Health Hazards
Brickmasons Cement dermatitis, awkward postures, heavy loads
Drywall installers Plaster dust, heavy loads, awkward postures
ElectriciansHeavy metals in solder fumes, awkward posture, heavyloads, asbestos
Painters Solvent vapors, toxic metals in pigments, paint additives
Pipefitters Lead fumes and particles, welding fumes, asbestos dustCarpet layers Knee trauma, awkward postures, glue and glue vapor
Insulation workers Asbestos, synthetic fibers, awkward postures
Roofers Roofing tar, heat
Carpenters Noise, awkward postures, repetitive motionDrillers, earth, rock Silica dust, whole-body vibration, noise
Excavating and loadingmachine operators
Silica dust, histoplasmosis, whole-body vibration, heatstress, noise
Hazardous waste
workersHeat stress, toxic chemicals
Some Examples of Construction Health Hazards
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Types of Health Hazards
Chemical
Physical
Biological
Ergonomic
Health hazards are generally grouped as:
Ergonomic hazards are the most frequently occurring health hazards
in construction and the cause of most injuries.
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Chemical Hazards
Chemicalscan exist in the form of:
dusts, fumes, fibers (solids)
liquids, mists
gases, vapors
welding fumes
spray paints cutting oil mists
solvents
hexavalent chromium
Examples of
chemicalhazardsfound in
constructionwork:
asbestos
lead silica
cadmium
carbonmonoxide
Chemicals are found in variety of products used at construction sites. Workers
may also be exposed to chemicals generated during construction activities.
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Chemical Hazards
inhalation
Chemicals can enter the body through:
breathed in
ingestion
absorption
accidental swallowing througheating, drinking, or smoking
absorbed through contact with skinor eyes
Inhalation is typically the most common waychemicals can enter the body in a work situation.
Injection, in which a chemical enters the body when the skin is
punctured, occurs rarely (e.g., paint from a high-pressure spray gun).
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Chemical Hazards
HEALTH EFFECTS EXPOSURE EXAMPLE
ACUTE
Appears immediately orwithin short time followingexposure, (minutes or
hours); death possiblefrom some hazardoussubstances
Typically sudden,short-term, highconcentration
Headache,collapse ordeath from high
levels of carbonmonoxide
CHRONIC
Usually develops slowly,as long as 15-20 years or
more
Continued orrepeated for a
prolonged period,usually years
Lung cancerfrom exposure
to asbestos
Some chemicals can have both acute and chronic effects,
e.g., carbon monoxide.
Two types of health effects from chemical exposure
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Acute or Chronic
Acute:
Surface immediately after short
exposure
Normally short exposure time and
large dosage
Take from a few minutes to a fewhours for symptoms to show
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Chronic:
Surfaces only after repeated exposure
Normally long exposure time and small
dosage
Take months or years to developsymptoms.
Acute or Chronic
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Localized or Systemic
Localized:
Damage will be sighted on the point/site of
contact.
Example:Burns cause redness/blisters
on skin
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Localized or Systemic
Systemic:
Systemic poisons targets specific organs (Liver,
brain, kidney) Examples are:
Hepatotoxinscause liver damage (Carbon Tetrachloride)
Nephrotoxinscause kidney damage (Uranium)
Neurotoxincause nerve system damage (Mercury)
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Asbestos
AVOID BREATHING AIRBORNE
ASBESTOS FIBERS
asbestos pipe insulation
Construction workers may be exposed toasbestos during demolition or remodeling
of older buildings built before 1980 whichcan contain asbestos insulation, or otherasbestos containing products. Asbestosremoval can only be done by speciallytrained asbestos workers.
Asbestos exposure can cause breathingproblems, lung cancer and cancer of thelung lining many years after exposure.
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ASBESTOSIS
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Welding Fumes
Welding fumes contain avariety of chemicals dependingon what is being welded on,chemical makeup of welding
rods, fluxes and shieldinggases.
Generally, welding in confinedspaces or welding on stainlesssteel which generateshexavalent chromium, are themost hazardous weldingactivities.
Welding on a stainless steel tank
Welding in a confined space
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SolventsA variety of solvents with varying degrees
of toxicity are used in construction. They
are in paints, glues, epoxies and otherproducts.
Generally, the possibility of exposure to
excessive amounts of solvent vapors is
greater when solvents are handled inenclosed or confined spaces.
Solvents can:- Irritate your eyes, nose or throat,
- Make you dizzy, high, sleepy, give you aheadache or cause you to pass out,
- Affect your judgment or coordination,
- Cause internal damage to your body,
- Dry out or irritate your skin.
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Silica more than just dust
Silica or quartz dust exposure is very common in constructionfrom drilling, cutting or grinding on concrete, sandblasting, rock
drilling or in masonry work.
Exposure to excessive silica dust causes lung scarring and lungdisease over time.
Brick cutting Concrete cuttingBlowing concrete dust with
compressed air
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SILICOSIS
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Lead
Construction workers can be exposed to lead on bridge repair
work, lead paint removal on metal structures or buildings or
demolition of old buildings with lead paint, or using lead solder.
Lead is highly toxic and can cause severe, long term health problems.
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Lead poisoning (also known
as plumbism, colica
Pictonum, saturnism, Devon colic,orpainter's
colic) is a medical condition in humans and
other vertebrates,caused by increased levels of
the heavy metal lead in the body.
Lead interferes with a variety of body processes
and is toxic to many organs and tissues including
the heart, bones, intestines, kidneys, andreproductive and nervous systems.
Signs or symptoms that may be related to over-exposure to lead are:
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Signs or symptoms that may be related to over-exposure to lead are:
Tiredness or weakness
Irritability
Trouble sleeping
Headache
Difficulty concentrating
Aches or pains in stomach
Anorexia
Constipation
Nausea
Weight loss
How does lead affect adults?
Impotency
Brain and nervous system damage
High blood pressureDigestive problems
Kidney problems
Anemia
Reproductive system problems
Hearing, vision and muscle coordination problems
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Confined Spaces
Exposure to chemicals or lack of oxygen in confined
spaces can be deadly.Airborne chemicals can quickly
reach dangerous levels in confined
spaces that are not ventilated.
Carbon monoxide, hydrogen
sulfide, welding fumes and solventvapors are typical confined space
chemical hazards.
In some confined spaces, oxygen
deficiency will cause the person
entering to instantly collapse.
Confined spaces include manholes, sewers, vaults, tanks, and boilers in
new construction or in repair and maintenance work.
As many co-workers who attempt rescue die in confined spaces as the
original worker who collapsed.
CONFINED SPACES
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CONFINED SPACES
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Physical Hazards
Noise
Vibration
Temperature extremes
Radiation
Physical hazards are different types of energy which may be
hazardous to workers. They include:
Ph i l H d N i
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Physical Hazards NoiseProbable noise levels of some common construction
equipment at operators ear
Prolonged exposure toexcessive noise levelscan cause noise-inducedhearing loss. Noise levelsabove 85 decibels can
cause hearing loss.
When you are exposed toexcessive noise levels, thefirst stage is temporary
hearing loss.
Over time, the hearing lossbecomes permanent.
Equipment or Tool Noise level willprobably exceed:
Back hoe 85 decibels
Bulldozer 87 decibels
Chopsaw 92 decibels
Grader/scraper 107 decibels
Front end loader 90 decibels
Jackhammer 102 decibels
Nail-gun 97 decibels
Router 90 decibels
Welding equipment 92 decibels
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Physical Hazards Noise
Type of equipment beingoperated
Condition/maintenance ofthe equipment
Other equipment running atthe same time
Enclosed or partially
enclosed spaces
Several factors influence the noise levels to whichworkers are exposed:
High noise levels can be sporadic in construction. Damage to hearing is
cumulative and exposure limits are based on 8-hour averages. Workers not
using or operating equipment are often exposed to excessive noise as
much as the operators.
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Types of Hearing Protection
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Physical Hazards Whole Body Vibration
Whole-body vibration canoccur from operating largemobile equipment, such as
drillers, air hammers, piledrivers, tractors, graders,excavators, earth-movingequipment, and other
large machinery.
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Physical Hazards VibrationHand-arm vibration can result from using hand-held
power tools, such as pneumatic drills and hammers,
and disc grinders.
Hand-arm vibration may cause carpal
tunnel syndrome, a disease that affectsthe fingers and hands. In the long run,permanent damages to the nerves willresult in a loss of the sense of touchand dexterity.
Working in a cold and dampenvironment can aggravate the harmfuleffects of hand-arm vibration.
CARPA TUNNE SYNDROME
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CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
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Physical Hazards Temperature Extremes
A change in body temperature due to extreme work environmental conditions
can lead to stress or illness from heat or cold. If not treated in time, both heat
and cold stress/illness can develop into life-threatening situations.
Heat illnesses:
Heat rash
Fainting
Heat cramps
Heat exhaustion
Heat stroke
Cold illnesses and injuries:
Frost nip
Immersion injury (trench foot) Frost bite
Hypothermia
Heavy work in high temperatures can cause muscle cramps, dehydration,sudden collapse, and unconsciousness.
Cold temperatures can lead to fatigue, irregular breathing, confusion, and
loss of consciousness (hypothermia).
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Physical Hazards Heat
prolonged work underdirect sunlight in summer
(e.g., asphalt paving or
roofing in summer)
wearing impermeable
protective clothing when
doing heavy work
Hot conditions can occur from:
working in an enclosed area with a strong heat source,poor ventilation, and high humidity (e.g., heavy equipmentoperators in an enclosed cab with without sufficientventilation)
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Physical Hazards Cold
cold air temperatures
rain, snow, sleet, or other
wet weather conditions
windy conditions
underground construction
work
working over water and
falling in
Cold conditions:
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Physical Hazards Ionizing Radiation
X-rays and gamma rays fromequipment used to gauge the density
and thickness of pipes, to inspectwelds, or for detecting weakness ofmetal structures
radioactive isotopes from flow meters
Health effects: increased risk of developing cancer and genetic disease.
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Physical Hazards non-ionizing radiation
ultraviolet light from sunlight & welding
infrared radiation from torch weldingand cutting
radio waves from radio transmissiondevices ( roof-top dishes & antennas)
lasers used for aligning, ranging, andsurveying are usually low-powered butcan cause eye injuries if directlyviewed for extended time
skin cancer
eye damage
premature skin aging
burns
Health effects:
Rooftop radio antenna
Welding ultraviolet light
Bi l i l H d
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Biological Hazards
Biomeans life, living.
Hazardmeans a source of danger .
Biohazardsare dangers come from living organisms
and includes Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Parasites,
Insects, Plants, Birds, Animals and Humans.
Infectious Diseasesremains a major cause of death
and debility and are responsible for worsening the
living conditions of millions of people around the world.
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Biological Hazards
Microorganisms (e.g.,bacteria, viruses,fungi, molds)
Diseases or illnesses can occur from biological sources:
Some of these diseases are minor infections; others can be serious or deadly.
SALMONELLA AMOEBA VARICELLA VIRUS
SALMONELLOSIS
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SALMONELLOSIS
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SALMONELLA PATHOGENESIS
AMEBIASIS
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AMEBIASIS
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Biological Hazards
Exposure may occur during demolition, renovation, sewer work, workon air handling systems, or other construction work from contact withcontaminated or disease-carrying:
soil
water insects (mosquitoes, ticks)
bird or bat droppings
animals
structures
Pigeon droppings in abandoned building
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Ergonomic Hazards
Ergonomic hazards can cause painful and disabling injuries to
joints and muscles. The can occur from: heavy, frequent, or awkward lifting
repetitive tasks
awkward grips, postures using excessive force, overexertion
using wrong tools for the jobor using tools improperly
using improperly maintained tools
hand-intensive work
Ergonomic hazards are the most frequently occurring health hazards in
construction and the cause of most injuries.
E i H d
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Ergonomic Hazards
strains and sprains
one of the most common
injuries among
construction workers
tendonitis
carpal tunnel syndrome
low back pain
fatigue
can lead to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and injuries:
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Multiple health hazards
In some cases, workers can be exposed to several health
hazards at the same time or on the same worksite over time.
This worker is simultaneously exposed to noise,
silica dust, vibration and ergonomic hazards.
HEAT STRESS
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HEAT STRESS
H t St
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Heat Stress
Factors Affecting Heat Stress include:
Air movement
Radiant heat ( hot vessels & sun)
Clothing
Humidity ( above 60 %)
Work rate (Mild/ Moderate/Heavy)
If not controlled
HEAT STRESS
MAY OCCUR!!!
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H t St
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Heat Stress
Effects of heat stress on your body
Heat Rash (prickly heat)
Heat Cramps (painful spasms of muscles)
Heat Exhaustion (feeling weak)
Heat Stroke (life threatening!)
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H t St
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Heat Stress
Heat Rash ( prickly heat ) Occur in hot & humid
environments, where sweat is not easily removed from
the skin surface by evaporation.
Heat Crampsare painful spasms of the muscles that
occur when workers drink large amounts of water butfail to replace their electrolyte losses.
Occur when acclimatized worker carry out intense
physical activity.
Cramps may occur during or after working hours, usuallyin the lower extremities, abdomen
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Heat Stress
Heat Exhaustion salt & water (electrolytes) loss due
excessive sweating, symptoms:
Weak, fatigued, tired
Headache, dizziness
Intense thirst Nauseous
Cramps, usually abdominal
Cold clammy pale skin
Rapid shallow breathing Rapid weak pulse
Disoriented
Fainting
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H t St
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Heat Stress
Hot red skin (Over 40C)
No sweating Very rapid weak pulse
Slow shallow breathing
Confused
Tremors, seizures
Delirium
Coma
Heat Strokeoccurs when the bodys heat regulating
Mechanism fail. Too dehydrated to sweat anymore.mortality rate as high as 70%. The signs are:
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Ri k F t
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Risk Factors
Dehydration
Lack of acclimatization
Physically unfit
Lack of sleep
Alcohol consumption, tea, coffee Medical condition (cold, flue)
Some medications & drugs
Education
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Prevention
Drink as much as you need
Rotate work ( from hot to cool areas)
Report to your Supervisor or Nurse at first sign
of any problem
Rest 10-15 minutes for every hour of work or 5
7 minutes every 30 minutes in extremely hotweather
Remember! An Ounce of Prevention is Better than aPound of Cure!!
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Th l f i t ll h d h d t d !
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The color of urine tells you how dehydrated you are!
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Ergonomics= is the scientific discipline concerned with the
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gunderstanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a
system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and
methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall
system performance.
What can be done to minimize this strain?
It is recommended that a person break for 5-10 minutes
for every hour spent at a workstation.
Vary the work tasks, by carrying out other duties or tasks thatinvolve moving around or changing body position.
Stand up and move around.
Look away from the screen occasionally and focus your eyes onan object far away.
Take regular rest breaks to ease muscle aches, eye strain andstress.
Relax your muscles, stretch and change position.
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Ergonomics (Exercises)
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Ergonomics (Exercises)
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Ergonomics (Exercises)
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Ergonomics (Exercises)
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P l H i
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Personal Hygiene
Personal Hygieneis the first step to good groomingand good health.
Good Grooming Practices:
Shampoo with hair conditioner
Use skin lotion with UV protection, skin moisturizers
Protect your hands by using appropriate gloves
Cut fingernails, toenails weekly and clean them
Feet Wash, clean, wipe & let dry thoroughly before
putting your socks on to avoid athletes foot.
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BALANCE LIFESTYLE
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BALANCE LIFESTYLE
Lifestyleis a way of life that reflectspersons attitudes and values.
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BALANCE LIFESTYLE
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BALANCE LIFESTYLE
Health Promoting Behaviors?
Maintain Healthy Body Weight
Eat Nutritious Foods
Regular Physical Activity/Exercise
Enough Sleep
Stress Management
Abstinence from Tobacco & Alcohol
Positive Attitude
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STRESS AWARENESS
Stressis a body condition that occurs in response to
actual or anticipated difficulties in life.
Causes of Stress are called Stressors and
can be caused by:
Biological
Environmental
Life Situations
Behaviors
Cognitive activities
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Awareness is the key to managing stress.
STRESS AWARENESS
Common Signs of Stress:
Headaches
Upset stomach Increased heart rate
Hypertension
Muscle tension
Mental depression
Anxiety Lack of energy
Poor concentration
Sadness
Forgetfulness
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STRESS AWARENESS
Typical Reactions to Stress:
Social withdrawal
Increase use of tobacco, alcoholor drugs
Feelings of helplessness aboutthe situation.
Irritable
Change in eating habits
Difficulty sleeping
Easily Angered
Stress Related Illnesses:
Duodenal Ulcers
Hypertension
Arrhythmias Heart attacks
Colds
Flu
Nervous breakdown
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Ways to Manage Stress:
Think positively and surround yourself with others who do so.
Accept that you cant control everything and be flexible.
Make a list of things to do each day and set reasonable priorities.(Get organised!)
Divide big tasks into smaller ones.
Eat balance nutritious foods.
Regular exercise to boost energy and improve your mood.
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Ways to Manage Stress:
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Make time to relax. Listen to music, meditate, read or do something you
like. Avoid alcohol, tobacco and drugs which acts as a pacifier to stress and
aggravates stress.
Use mistakes to learn.
Talk about things with a friend so that frustrations dont build up.
Appreciate nature.
Laugh and have fun.
Let yourself cry.
Ways to Manage Stress:
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Stress Relievers:
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Stress Relievers: Deep Breathing
Stretching exercises
Aerobic exercises
Mind Over Matter ( Meditation )
Shadow boxing / Sandbag boxing (with picture of your bosspasted on the bag.)
Next time if you feel STRESSED
Remember it is just DESSERTSread backwards!