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Occupational Occupational Hazards Hazards

Associated with Associated with the the

Moving Image Moving Image Archivists Archivists ProfessionProfession

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What’s behind your door?What’s behind your door?

?Door No. 1 Door No. 2

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ObjectivesObjectives Review different environmental factors or Review different environmental factors or

stresses that may cause sickness, impaired stresses that may cause sickness, impaired health or significant discomfort in workershealth or significant discomfort in workers

Review the film archive work environment, Review the film archive work environment, work activities and potential hazardswork activities and potential hazards

Review film base issues and discuss specific Review film base issues and discuss specific chemical hazardschemical hazards

Review applicable programs that could Review applicable programs that could apply to the film archive apply to the film archive

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Hazard vs. RiskHazard vs. Risk

Hazard = Capable of causing harmHazard = Capable of causing harm

Risk = Hazard + ProbabilityRisk = Hazard + Probability

Risk = Hazard + Outrage Risk = Hazard + Outrage

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Environmental factors or Environmental factors or StressesStresses

Chemical hazardsChemical hazards Physical hazardsPhysical hazards Biological hazardsBiological hazards Ergonomic hazardsErgonomic hazards

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Chemical hazardsChemical hazards

Result from excessive Result from excessive exposure through inhalation, exposure through inhalation, skin contact or ingestion of skin contact or ingestion of chemical agent(s).chemical agent(s).

Physical form of chemicals Physical form of chemicals can be liquids, particulates can be liquids, particulates (dust, fumes, mists, smoke), (dust, fumes, mists, smoke), vapors or gases. vapors or gases.

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Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards

ToxicityToxicity Acute vs. chronic effectsAcute vs. chronic effects Dose responseDose response Individual variationIndividual variation

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties FlammabilityFlammability ReactivityReactivity CorrosivityCorrosivity

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Exposure LimitsExposure Limits

PEL

TLV

OSHA – Permissible Exposure LimitHas the effect of law

ACGIH – Threshold Limit ValueIndependent, non-regulatoryConsidered to represent best available recommendation

Are typically based on an 8-hr full shift exposure

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Exposure limitsExposure limits

ChemicalChemical OSHA-OSHA-PELPEL

8-hr 8-hr Avg.Avg.

ACGIH-ACGIH-TLVTLV

8-hr Avg.8-hr Avg.

Odor Odor Threshold Threshold

Nitric acidNitric acid 2 ppm2 ppm 2 ppm2 ppm

Acetic acidAcetic acid 10 ppm10 ppm 10 ppm10 ppm 0.21–1 ppm0.21–1 ppm

PerchloroethylenePerchloroethylene(tetrachloroethylene)(tetrachloroethylene)

100 ppm100 ppm 25 ppm25 ppm ~ 5 - 50 ~ 5 - 50 ppmppm

1,1,1-1,1,1-TrichloroethaneTrichloroethane(methyl chloroform)(methyl chloroform)

350 ppm350 ppm 350 ppm350 ppm 400 ppm400 ppm

Isopropyl alcoholIsopropyl alcohol(2-propanol)(2-propanol)

400 ppm400 ppm 200 ppm200 ppm 8- 20 ppm8- 20 ppm

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Exposure limits (cont.)Exposure limits (cont.)

ChemicalChemical OSHA-OSHA-PELPEL

8-hr 8-hr Avg.Avg.

ACGIH-ACGIH-TLVTLV

8-hr Avg.8-hr Avg.

Odor Odor Threshold Threshold

AcetoneAcetone 1000 1000 ppmppm

500 ppm500 ppm 30 - 140 30 - 140 ppmppm

MethanolMethanol 200 ppm200 ppm 200 ppm200 ppm 53 ppm53 ppm

Methyl ethyl Methyl ethyl ketoneketone(MEK)(MEK)

200 ppm200 ppm 200 ppm200 ppm 8 - 50 ppm8 - 50 ppm

Methylene Methylene chloridechloride(dichloromethane)(dichloromethane)

25 ppm25 ppm 50 ppm50 ppm 150 - 200 150 - 200 ppmppm

AmmoniaAmmonia 50 ppm50 ppm 25 ppm25 ppm 4 - 10 ppm4 - 10 ppm

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Exposure factorsExposure factors

ConcentrationConcentration TimeTime

8am 10am 12pm 2pm 4pm 6pm

Conc.(ppm)

1

10

20

OSHA PELFor Acetic Acid

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ErgonomicsErgonomics Ergonomics –Ergonomics – is the study of the design of work in is the study of the design of work in

relation to the physiological and psychological capabilities relation to the physiological and psychological capabilities of people…also called biotechnology or human engineeringof people…also called biotechnology or human engineering Office ergonomics (sitting, computer work, etc.)Office ergonomics (sitting, computer work, etc.) Lifting rolls/cans of filmLifting rolls/cans of film

WeightWeight Lifting heightLifting height

Using manual windersUsing manual winders SittingSitting Arms ways from bodyArms ways from body Wrist positionWrist position

LightingLighting Temperature extremesTemperature extremes

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Physical hazardsPhysical hazards SafetySafety

Life safety (egress – Life safety (egress – exit pathways)exit pathways)

Falls (ladders)Falls (ladders) Electrical Electrical

Damaged power Damaged power cordscords

Machine guardingMachine guarding Winders/projectorWinders/projector Slips/fallsSlips/falls

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Physical hazardsPhysical hazards

NoiseNoise From viewing From viewing

movies with sound movies with sound trackstracks

OSHA limit is 85 OSHA limit is 85 dBA as an 8-hr dBA as an 8-hr averageaverage

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Physical hazardsPhysical hazards

Ionizing or non-ionizing radiationIonizing or non-ionizing radiation Projector lamps (Xeon bulbs can Projector lamps (Xeon bulbs can

produce harmful wavelengths of UV produce harmful wavelengths of UV light (270 nm) light (270 nm)

Bright visible light hazards from Bright visible light hazards from projector bulbsprojector bulbs

Some static eliminators use Some static eliminators use radioactive materials (Po-210 or Am-radioactive materials (Po-210 or Am-241)241)

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Biological HazardsBiological Hazards

Blood borne pathogensBlood borne pathogens First aid teamsFirst aid teams Contaminated equipmentContaminated equipment

Molds & BacteriaMolds & Bacteria Contaminated filmContaminated film Contaminated storage facility or Contaminated storage facility or

HVAC equipmentHVAC equipment

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Hazard reviewHazard reviewChemicalChemical

Ergonomic Ergonomic

PhysicalPhysical

BiologicalBiological

ToxicityPhysical properties

Ionizing/Non-ionizing radiationNoiseSafety (egress, mech, elect, falls, etc.)

Blood borne pathogensMolds & bacteria

CTD, (material handling, etc.)

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Hazard Assessment Hazard Assessment ProcessProcess

Anticipate

Recognize

Control

Evaluate

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Hierarchy of Hazard Hierarchy of Hazard ControlControl

SubstitutionSubstitution EngineeringEngineering AdministrativeAdministrative Personal Protective Equipment Personal Protective Equipment

(PPE)(PPE)

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Personal Protective Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Equipment (PPE)

Discuss proper use of PPE

Discuss selection and limitations of gloves

Needs to be done

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Film archive environmentFilm archive environment Typical work activitiesTypical work activities

Receiving and inspection Receiving and inspection of new inventoryof new inventory

Storing film under Storing film under controlled conditions controlled conditions

Conservation of filmsConservation of films Inspection/viewingInspection/viewing CleaningCleaning CopyingCopying RestoringRestoring

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Receiving, Inspection & Receiving, Inspection & ViewingViewing

ActivitiesActivities Material handingMaterial handing InspectionInspection Data entryData entry

HazardsHazards Ergonomic – lifting, carrying, Ergonomic – lifting, carrying,

use of manual winders use of manual winders Cuts from packaging, film can Cuts from packaging, film can

or filmor film Eye issues – dust, impact with Eye issues – dust, impact with

leaderleader Film condition – mold, Film condition – mold,

decomposition, decomposition, chemical/cleaning chemical/cleaning contaminationcontamination

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Rewind – Manual and Rewind – Manual and PowerPower

Discuss manual winding issues, arm and hand positions

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WindersWinders

• Payoff Control• Take up Control• Archival Wind• Speed Setting for:

- acetate- polyester

Non Critical Film Elements Only!!

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SplicersSplicers

Discuss mechanical “pinch” hazards

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ViewersViewers

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Storing filmStoring film

ActivitiesActivities Material handlingMaterial handling Working in Working in

controlled controlled environment environment (cold/dry)(cold/dry)

Data entryData entry

HazardsHazards ErgonomicErgonomic Mechanical – pinch Mechanical – pinch

points, automatic points, automatic rack systemsrack systems

Material fallingMaterial falling Indoor air qualityIndoor air quality Chemical exposureChemical exposure

Film decompositionFilm decomposition Off-gassing Off-gassing

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RacksRacks

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Conservation work - Conservation work - InspectionInspection

ActivitiesActivities Winding and Winding and

unwindingunwinding Visual inspectionVisual inspection Environment Environment

(ambient (ambient temp./higher temp./higher humidity)humidity)

HazardsHazards ErgonomicErgonomic Eye strain/injuryEye strain/injury CutsCuts Exposure to mold Exposure to mold

or chemicalsor chemicals

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RacksRacks

Double roll – 2000 Double roll – 2000 ft 35 mm film ft 35 mm film weighs about 15 weighs about 15 lbslbs

Single roll – 1000 Single roll – 1000 ft weighs about 7 ft weighs about 7 lbslbs

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RacksRacks

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Conservation - CleaningConservation - Cleaning

ActivitiesActivities Loading/unloading Loading/unloading

film into cleaning film into cleaning equipmentequipment

Handling solventsHandling solvents

HazardsHazards Skin contact and Skin contact and

inhalation of inhalation of cleaning solventscleaning solvents

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Conservation - RestorationConservation - Restoration

ActivitiesActivities RetouchingRetouching Re-coloringRe-coloring Mold removalMold removal SplicingSplicing

HazardsHazards ChemicalsChemicals BiocidesBiocides

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Solvent cleaningSolvent cleaning

Solvents used can Solvents used can include:include: TrichloroethaneTrichloroethane PerchloroethanePerchloroethane 3M Solvent3M Solvent IPAIPA

Potential hazards:Potential hazards: Defattening of skinDefattening of skin NarcosisNarcosis liverliver

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Film baseFilm base

Cellulose nitrate: 1893-1952Cellulose nitrate: 1893-1952 35mm35mm

Cellulose triacetate: 1940’s – Cellulose triacetate: 1940’s – presentpresent 8mm, Super 8mm, 9.5mm, 16mm, 8mm, Super 8mm, 9.5mm, 16mm,

28 mm, 35mm & 70mm 28 mm, 35mm & 70mm Polyester: Mid-1950’s to presentPolyester: Mid-1950’s to present

Super 8mm, 16mm, 35mm & 70mmSuper 8mm, 16mm, 35mm & 70mm

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House KeepingHouse Keeping

Film Handling AreasFilm Handling Areas Vault AreasVault Areas Staging AreaStaging Area

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Volatiles released from Volatiles released from filmfilm

Residual casting solventsResidual casting solvents Off-gassing of cleaning solventsOff-gassing of cleaning solvents Volatile degradation productsVolatile degradation products

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Residual solvents from Residual solvents from manufacturingmanufacturing

Methylene chlorideMethylene chloride AcetoneAcetone N-butanolN-butanol CyclohexaneCyclohexane 1,2 dichloropropane1,2 dichloropropane

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Off-gassing from film Off-gassing from film cleaning productscleaning products

1,1,1-Trichloroethane (ozone 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (ozone depletion substance –ODS)depletion substance –ODS)

Perchloroethylene (also known as Perchloroethylene (also known as tetrachloroethylenetetrachloroethylene

Cl-C-CH3

Cl

Cl

--

Cl-C=C-Cl

Cl

Cl

--

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Cellulose nitrate film baseCellulose nitrate film base

Severe fire/explosion riskSevere fire/explosion risk Requires special storage facilitiesRequires special storage facilities Degrades to form oxides of nitrogenDegrades to form oxides of nitrogen

Acidic by-productsAcidic by-products

(accelerates degradation)(accelerates degradation) Skin and respiratorySkin and respiratory

irritantsirritants

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Cellulose triacetate film Cellulose triacetate film basebase

Vinegar syndromeVinegar syndrome 1000 ft roll could release 250 1000 ft roll could release 250

teaspoons of acetic acid equivalent to teaspoons of acetic acid equivalent to ~ 1.3 quarts~ 1.3 quarts

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Vinegar SyndromeVinegar Syndrome

Acetic acid hazards/characteristicsAcetic acid hazards/characteristics Symptoms at various concentrationsSymptoms at various concentrations

Measurement of acetic acidMeasurement of acetic acid Draeger tubesDraeger tubes Passive dosimetersPassive dosimeters IPI stripsIPI strips

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Regulatory impactsRegulatory impacts

Safety & Health

Transportation regulations

Environment-Air-Water-Solid wasteLocal

requirements

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Applicable HSE ProgramsApplicable HSE Programs

Emergency preparedness (exits, fire, Emergency preparedness (exits, fire, medical emergencies)medical emergencies)

Hazard communicationHazard communication ErgonomicsErgonomics Personal protective equipmentPersonal protective equipment Electrical safetyElectrical safety Machine guardingMachine guarding Environment permits (air /water)Environment permits (air /water) Possible transportation issuesPossible transportation issues

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Questions

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An effective Hazard Communication An effective Hazard Communication Program should be able to:Program should be able to:

•Identify typical workplaces where hazardous chemicals are present.

•Identify physical hazards and health hazards of chemicals.

•Identify measures to take to protect yourself from hazards associated with chemicals.

•Explain how to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical.

•Identify who is responsible for your organization's Written Hazard Communication Program and where it is located.

•Explain health effects in terms of toxicity and exposure.

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An effective Hazard Communication An effective Hazard Communication Program should be able to – Cont.:Program should be able to – Cont.:

•Explain toxicity and the factors effecting toxicity.

•Identify the conditions of exposure and the factors effecting exposure.

•Define target organ effects and list associated chemical categories and the general health effects they have on the body.

•Explain the labeling system used in your work area.

•Explain where MSDSs are kept.

•Explain the information on an MSDS.

•Identify how to obtain appropriate hazard information associated with chemicals.

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An Effective Personal Protective An Effective Personal Protective Equipment Program will allow you to:Equipment Program will allow you to:

•Select the correct PPE

•Describe when to use PPE

•Demonstrate how to don PPE

•Demonstrate how to doff PPE

•Demonstrate how to adjust and wear PPE

•Describe the limitations of PPE

•Describe the care of PPE

•Demonstrate how to maintain PPE

•Identify the end of useful life of PPE

•Safely dispose of PPE

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An Effective Ergonomic Program will:An Effective Ergonomic Program will:

•Describe what ergonomics is and how to apply ergonomic principles to the design of workplaces and tasks in an effort to reduce musculoskeletal risk factors.

•Identify the common types of musculoskeletal disorders and the factors that may contribute to their occurrence.

•Perform office assessments using basic task analysis skills and problem solving tools and techniques to identify and reduce musculoskeletal risk factors in the workplace.

•Describe how an ergonomics program functions and explain their roles and responsibilities in the program.

•Train other employees related to the Ergonomics of computers.

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An Electrical Safety Training Course An Electrical Safety Training Course will provide:will provide:

Training on electrical hazards common to employees and the effects of electricity to the body. Topics include de-energizing equipment, inspecting cords and plugs, operating electrical disconnects, GFCI's and alerting techniques used to warn other employees. The course should be intended on meeting the training requirements for OSHA 29 CFR 1910.331 as it relates to "unqualified persons".

•Discuss how electricity can harm you •Recognize how to avoid electrical hazards •Describe how to work safely around electrical equipment •Locate different kinds of electrical hazards

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Emergency Preparedness – Three Emergency Preparedness – Three Parts:Parts:

Part 1: Fire Extinguisher Training

•Identify the types of fire extinguishers used at your facility

•"Size-up" an incipient fire

•Identify and properly operate fire alarms

•Identify methods of extinguishing various types of small fires

•Operate an extinguisher and put out a fire

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Emergency Preparedness – Three Emergency Preparedness – Three Parts:Parts:

Part 2: Blood borne Pathogen Training

•Define BBPs and the risks associated with exposure.

•Identify the tasks that have potential occupational exposure to BBPs.

•Describe how to protect yourself when performing these tasks.

•Describe the proper procedure for removing contaminated gloves.

•Explain the benefits, risks, and OSHA requirements for Hepatitis B vaccinations.

•Define the process, identified in your Exposure Control Plan (ECP), for reporting exposure

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Emergency Preparedness – Three Emergency Preparedness – Three Parts:Parts:

Part 2 Cont. : Standard First Aid

•List the check points of safety to determine if it's safe to respond to an emergency situation.

•Describe and recognize the risks, signs, and symptoms of a heart attack.

•Describe and recognize the signs and symptoms of a breathing emergency.

•Demonstrate how to control bleeding.

•Demonstrate how to care for nonlife-threatening emergencies such as strain, sprain, or fracture.

•Describe how to use the community's emergency medical services (EMS) system effectively.

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Emergency Preparedness – Three Emergency Preparedness – Three Parts:Parts:

(a) An Exit Must Be Permanent

Part 3: Means of Egress (for more information go to www.osha.gov - Exit Routes [Means of Egress] - 61:47712-47722 )

)

(b) The Number Of Exit Routes Must Be Adequate

(c) An Exit Has Limited Openings

(d) An Exit Must Be Separated By Fire Resistant Materials

(e) Exit Route Access Must Be Unobstructed

(f) An Exit Must Lead Outside

What are the design requirements for exit routes?

(g) An Exit Door Must Be Unlocked

(h) A Side-hinged Exit Door Must Be Used

(i) The Capacity Of An Exit Route Must Be Adequate

(j) An Exit Must Meet Minimum Height And Width Requirements

(k) An Outdoor Exit Route Is Permitted

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Emergency Preparedness – Three Emergency Preparedness – Three Parts:Parts:Part 3: Means of Egress (for more information go to www.osha.gov - Exit Routes [Means of Egress] - 61:47712-47722 )

What are the operation and maintenance requirements for exit routes?

(a) The Danger To Employees Must Be Minimized

(b) Lighting Must Be Adequate

(c) An Exit Must Be Marked Appropriately

(d) The Fire Retardant Properties Of Paints Or Other CoatingsMust Be Maintained(e) Each Emergency Safeguard Must Be Maintained

(f) Exits Must Be Maintained During Construction And Repair

(g) An Employee Alarm System Must Be Operable

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Emergency Preparedness – Three Emergency Preparedness – Three Parts: Parts: Part 3: Means of Egress (for more information go to www.osha.gov - Exit Routes [Means of Egress] - 61:47712-47722 )

What are the requirements for an Emergency Action Plan?

(a) An Emergency Action Plan Must Be Available for Employee Review

(b) Minimum Elements Of An Emergency Action Plan

(c) Employee Alarm System

(d) Training

(e) Employee Review

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Emergency Preparedness – Three Emergency Preparedness – Three Parts:Parts:Part 3: Means of Egress (for more information go to www.osha.gov - Exit Routes [Means of Egress] - 61:47712-47722 )

What are the requirements for a Fire Prevention Plan?

(a) A Fire Prevention Plan Must Be Available For Employee Review

(b) Minimum Elements Of A Fire Prevention Plan

(c) Employee Information