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1SHAIKH GUFRAN MOHAMMED

GAFFAR.

*XI-B COMMERCE-18*

OBSERVE SOME UNEMPLOYED PEOPLE AND LIST DOWN THEIR

DAILY ROUTINE.

NAME OF THE GUIDEPREETI

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2WHAT IS

UNEMPLOYMENT ?.A person who is not gainfully employed in

any productive activity is called as unemployed

and collectively it is called as

Unemployment.

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3MEASUREMENT

Economists typically focus on the unemployment rate . The

unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage, and is calculated as

follows: Unemployment rate =unemployed

worker/total labour force. As defined by the International Labour Organization, unemployed

worker’s are those who are currently not working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and actively searching for

work.

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4CAUSES OF

UNEMPLOYMENT High population growth. Absence of employment

opportunities. Seasonal unemployment.

Joint family system. Increasing turnout of students

from Indian Universities. Slow developing of Industries. Insufficient Rate of Economic

Progress.

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5TYPES OF

UNEMPLOYMENT 1.Rural unemployment.

A)Seasonal unemployment. B)Disguised unemployment.

2.Urban unemployment. A)Educated unemployment.

B)Technological unemployment. C)Frictional unemployment. D)Cyclical unemployment.

E)Structural unemployment.

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6RURAL

UNEMPLOYMENTAbout 58.7 percent of

labourers, in Indian villages, are engaged in primary sector. Most of them are

engaged in non-farm sector. Those rural labourers work in

cottage industries as iron-Smiths, carpenters, etc. and in different kinds of services.

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7SEASONAL

EMPLOYMENTOccurs when industries

slow or shutdown for a season or make

seasonal shift in their production schedules.

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8Disguised

Unemployment When some workers have zero marginal productivity so that

their removal will not affect the volume of total output.

Disguised unemployment implies underemployment of labour.

This kind of unemployment is a common feature of under

developed economies especially of their rural sector.

In short, overcrowding in an occupation leads to disguised

unemployment.

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9URBAN

UNEMPLOYMNET Unemployed persons, in urban areas, are quite often registered

with employment exchanges. It is so the urban employment, unlike disguised unemployment of rural

areas, is more like an open unemployment.

The number of registered unemployed, between 1961 and 2008, has soared up more than

eight-fold. Unemployment in urban areas can further be separated into two broad

categories.

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10

EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT

The problem among educated persons in India has touched an alarming point as it has spread across all parts of the country indicating a serious threat to

social peace and harmony. Major factors contributing to educated unemployment are:

It has been recorded that the number of educated persons has increased substantially due to the expansion of educational institutions such as

universities, college and schools. It is important to take note of the fact that quite often

degree holders fail to acquire a job, because the education system in India is not job-oriented; it is rather

degree-oriented. Enhancement in employment opportunities has lagged

behind in comparison with the enhancement in the volume of educated labour force. It is obvious from the

fact that in recent years the number of educated unemployed registered with employment exchanges has

shown the tendency of swelling up.

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TECHNOLOGICAL UNEMPLOYMENT

In urban areas the factory owners prefer machines to worker, so as

to be in a better position to complete. This is done to reduce the cost of production, increase the productivity of workers and

hereby increase profits. When new or superior technique of

production or use of capital – intensive methods, which

displaces the worker and results in technological unemployment.

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FRICTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT

Frictional unemployment occurs when a worker moves from one job to another. It is a result of imperfect information in the labour market, because if job seekers knew that they would

be employed for a particular job vacancy, almost no time would

be lost in getting a new job, eliminating this form of

unemployment.

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CYCLICAL UNEMPLOYMENT

Unemployment that rises during economic

downturns and fall when the economy

improves

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STRUCTURAL EMPLOYMENT

Occurs when workers, skills do not match the jobs that are available. Technological advances

are one cause of structural employment.

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CONCLUSION In conclusion, another erupting challenge

standing before Pakistan is wide-spread unemployment. Thousands of educated

graduates are jobless. Hundreds of thousands of unemployed workers are forced to lead their lives below their status. Large scale unemployment has serious effect’s on the country’s production also, Moreover, the

country’s population has drastically increased during recent years. Therefore every step

taken to improve the living standard of common man proves to be futile and

ineffective. We conclude that there are two major

elements, which can reduce the unemployment i.e., use of labour intensive

industries and adoption of self- reliance policy. Progress and prosperity is impossible

without the reduction in unemployment.

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THE END