Objectives References - Trent Global · Lecture Topic 1 Itdti&St lF Course Outline Introduction...
Transcript of Objectives References - Trent Global · Lecture Topic 1 Itdti&St lF Course Outline Introduction...
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AD01CTS AD01CTS ‐‐ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICESTECHNOLOGY AND SERVICESTECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES
Alfrendo Satyanaga
Lecture Topic1 I t d ti & St l F
Course OutlineCourse Outline
1 Introduction & Steel Frame2 Concrete Frame3 Precast Concrete in Buildings4 Service Integration5 Refurbishment of Buildings 5 e u b s e t o u d gs6 Sustainable Building – Part 17 Sustainable Building – Part 2
Exam preparationClass schedule: Tuesday – 7 pm and Thursday – 7 pm
ObjectivesObjectives
• Construction techniques for different building structures
• Service installation and service integration
• Refurbishment technologies• Sustainability in construction of building
ReferencesReferences
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AssessmentAssessment
• Examination (100 %)• Exam: 3 hours• Exam paper shall consist of 5 compulsory questions
• Passing criteria: 50 %Passing criteria: 50 %
Construction TechnologyConstruction Technology
• Study of construction methods to build structures safely while maintaining their quality conforming to the required specifications, standards and codes.
• It includes selection of materials for frame, construction equipment and temporary works to f ilit t th t tifacilitate the construction process
• The modern trend is towards light construction and tall building which is always a big challenge
Construction TechnologyConstruction Technology
• Good project management contributes to economy, quality, safety, speed and timely completion of a project
Selection of MaterialsSelection of Materials
• The availability of materials and labourC t• Cost
• Speed of construction• Ability to standardize• Size and nature of site• Performance of requirements, i.e. fire resistance, q , ,sustainability
• The arrangement of frame• Type of floor system
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Structural Elements & FramesStructural Elements & Frames Materials used in ConstructionMaterials used in Construction
• Rock materials (blocks of rocks and fragments of rocks)
• Binder materials (lime, plaster cement, etc)• Concrete materials• Ceramic materials (bricks, tiles, stoneware, etc)
• Other materials (steel, aluminium, copper, wood, plastic, glass, etc)
Material Information ResourcesMaterial Information Resources
• American Society for Testing and MaterialsAmerican Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM)
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• British Standards Institution (BSI)• British Standards Institution (BSI)
• Singapore Standards (SS)
International Classification for StandardsInternational Classification for Standards
• International classification for standardsInternational classification for standards
(ICS) used in the Singapore Standards
catalogue:
• 91 – Construction Materials & Building91 Construction Materials & Building
• 93 – Civil Engineering
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Regulation InvolvedRegulation Involved
• Qualified Person (QP) who is a ProfessionalEngineer (PE) in civil & structural orEngineer (PE) in civil & structural orgeotechnical, to prepare and submitstructural plans for approval, apply for apermit to commence works and to supervisethe works.
• Qualified Person (QP) who is a registered architect, to prepare and submit the building plans
Building Control Act & Building Control Regulations
Lecture 1 Lecture 1 –– Steel FrameSteel Frame
SteelSteel
• A building material that has been extensively used
in various structures in Singapore.
• Synonymous with modern architecture.
Advantages of Steel as a Structural Advantages of Steel as a Structural MaterialMaterial
• Steel members have high strength per unit
weight
• Being light, steel members can be conveniently
handled and transported.
• Steel, being a ductile material, does not fail
suddenly, but gives visible evidence of
impending failure by large deflections
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Advantages of Steel as a Structural Advantages of Steel as a Structural MaterialMaterial
• The properties of steel mostly do not change
with time.
• They can be erected at a fast rate.
• Steel has the highest scarp value amongst all
building materials.
Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural MaterialMaterial
• Steel structures when placed in exposed
conditions are subjected to corrosion.
Therefore, steel structure require frequent
painting.
• Steel structures need fire proof treament, which
increases cost.
Uses of Structural Steel MaterialUses of Structural Steel Material
Speed of construction
• Less labour instensive
• Cleaner work site
• Economy y
•Allow design flexibility due to excellent strength
and predictable behavoir under loading
Factors on Selection of Structural Steel Factors on Selection of Structural Steel
• Tensile and yield strength required• Toughness ductility and other propertiesToughness, ductility and other properties required
• Availability and cost• Arbitrary local conditions as may be imposed by specifications and codes of
tipractiseIn Singapore, BCA Design Guides such BC1:2008 and BC1: 2012 are useful documentsfor selection of structural steel materialsfor building and construction
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Various Steel ProductsVarious Steel Products Factors Influencing Design of SteelFactors Influencing Design of Steel
• The spans involved
• The vertical loading
• The horizontal loading
• The service loading
• The ground conditions
Categories of Steel Building ConstructionCategories of Steel Building Construction
The majority of steel building fits within one of
the following categories:
TYPE MAIN USE
Bearing wall Low rise, lightly loaded
Steel frame Wide variety of types and sizes of building
Long span Coverage of long column‐free areas
High rise Tall buildings, i.e. more than 20 storeys
Fabrication & ErectionFabrication & Erection
• Simple connection
• Quality welding should be done at the factory
• Bolting is preferred at the site
• Avoid expensive weld – fillet weld is cheaper
than butt weld
• Design joints based on calculated forces rather
than section capacity
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Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Structural steel
members are erected,
braced, and secured
together to create a
structural framework.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
In beam and column
construction, beams
and girders support
floor and roof loads
and distribute the
loads to the vertical
columns.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
In long span
construction, long
distances are spanned
with built‐up structural
steel girders and
trusses.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
In wall bearing
construction,
horizontal steel beams
and joists are
supported by other
construction materials
such as masonry.
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Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Pre‐engineered metal
buildings consist of
prefabricated structural
steel members
including beams,
columns, girts, and
trusses.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Various types and grades of steel are used in
l lstructural steel construction.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
A variety of steel shapes are commonlyshapes are commonly used in structural steel construction. Standard abbreviations and designations are included on erectionincluded on erection plans to indicate structural steel members.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Columns areColumns are commonly constructed using M‐, S‐, or wide‐flange shapes.
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Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
A wide variety ofA wide variety of structural steel shapes are joined together to form a truss. Common steel truss designs include the bowstring,include the bowstring, flat, Howe, Pratt, scissors, and Warren.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Bridging and bracesBridging and braces maintain alignment between structural steel columns, beams, and joists and increase resistance to loads.resistance to loads.
.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Tie rods are used to brace across long distances
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Composite Beam Primary and secondary beam in composite steel frames are connected to the floor slab using shear studs
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Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Portal Frame For spanning large distances Used for warehouse, factory and other low‐rise building with wide spans
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Trusses For spanning considerable distances For spanning considerable distances Visually light and service is able to pass through
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Space Frames 3 D trusses; span in 2 directions 3‐D trusses; span in 2 directions Flat or curve
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Long Span Structures For large building services For large building services
Troja bridge in Prague
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Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Light Steel Frames Using cold channel section (C section) Using cold channel section (C section) 1.6 to 3.2 mm thickness Galvanized steel
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Modular / Volumetric Construction Constructed in factory Constructed in factory Using light steel section
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Proper bolt and nut installation is essential forinstallation is essential for proper structural fastener performance. Erection plan details are the primary reference for bolted connectionsconnections.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Ribbed bolts may be used where steel members arewhere steel members are drawn tightly together before fastening. High‐strength hex head bolts are identified with markings on the bolt headthe bolt head.
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Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Gas welding:h l h ldi i ill Much less than arc welding, is still an
important process and used quite widely formaintenance and repair work.
It has some advantages for welding carbon andlow alloy steels since the weld area can be
h d d h d i h h flpreheated and post heated with the flame toreduce the cooling rate and, thus, avoid theformation of brittle martensite.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Gas welding:
The flame temperature is lower than thetemperature of an electric arc and thetemperature gradients in the vicinity of a weldare also less.
The filler metal to make the weld is obtainedfrom a metal rod or wire fed into the flame bythe welder and, generally, the filler rod iscoated with a layer of flux. The flux melts andacts to dissolve surface oxides and form aprotective layer over the weld.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Arc weldingl d d ld d d Bare electrode wire and welding rods or coated
electrodes Coating on a electrode is formulated to satisfy three objectives:(1) to form fusible slags;( ) b l h d(2) to stabilise the arc; and(3) to generate an inert gas shield during the welding operation.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Details provide information regarding welded connectionsconnections.
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Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
The standard format used for weld symbols provides information regarding location, length, and type ofinformation regarding location, length, and type of welded joint.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Steel members may be cut to length using ancut to length using an oxyacetylene cutting torch
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Metal floor decking, manufactured in a varietymanufactured in a variety of designs and dimensions, is attached to the top of open web steel joists to create a floor platformplatform.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Roof decks may be formed of metal deckingformed of metal decking only or covered with waterproofing materials and insulation.
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Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
End plate beam to column connectiond l i h i l l d d Endplate connections have a single plate weded
to the end of the beam which is bolted to the column using two or more bolts arranged in pairs.
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Haunch beam to column connectionhi h f For high moment transfer
Increase the effective depth of the section Using multiple pairs of bolts through endplate Common in portal frame
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Endplate beam to beam connectionl d l b l Similar to endplate beam to column
connection, but the incoming beam must be notched
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Pinned tube connectionh d b f l d d ld d b l d The end tube is profiled and welded or bolted using simple fin plates
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Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Column base connectioni b l i h Casting bolts into the
concrete
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
QuiconTM connectioni i l li i h d f Using special connector to eliminate the need for
onsite bolting
Structural Steel ConstructionStructural Steel Construction
Steel to concrete connectionl b k Using steel bracket
CladdingCladding
Cladding is a layer of a building frame structure and it mounted on the outer surface of a structure
Provide an enclosure to the structure which will give the necessary protection against the elements
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CladdingCladding
Exploit dry construction methods where possible, including the use of off‐site prefabrication
Impose the minimal additional dead load onto the frame
Enhance the architectural concept/appearance of the building
Requirement of material for CladdingRequirement of material for Cladding
Strength and stability Compatibility with Integration with vertical and horizontal frame members/elements
Weather resistance Durability Thermal insulation Fire requirements Sound insulation Aesthetic
CladdingCladding
Strongback System
Sub‐frame that supports thin cladding panels
Materials: stone, coated stell and stainless steel
CladdingCladding
Integral Panels
From concrete
Able to support own weight and resist wind
load without additional frame
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CladdingCladding
Stick System
Consists of vertical and
horizontal members to
form a grid
To restrain solid panel To restrain solid panel
or glass
CladdingCladding
Brick
Attach to steel using shelf angles fitted to the
slab edge
CladdingCladding
Light steel cladding
Build up system with liner sheet
Build up system with liner trays
Composite panel system
CladdingCladding
Bolted glazing system
Sophisticated bolted glazing system where
glass panel can be attached to steel without
additional frame
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Fire ProtectionFire Protection
Intumescent Coating
Brush or spray into steel
Fire ProtectionFire Protection
Board System
Forming rectangular encasements around steel
member (i.e internal beam and column)
Fire ProtectionFire Protection
Sprayed Materials
Using cementitious materials and applied onto
surface of steel
Fire ProtectionFire Protection
Concrete Filled Structural Hollow Sections
Structural hollow section can be fire protected
by filling with reinforced concrete
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Tutorial QuestionsTutorial Questions
1. Steel has been extensively used as materials for major
constructions in Singapore. What are advantages and
disadvantages of steel as structural materials? There
are certain requirements must be fulfilled in designing
steel structure. Describe several factors affecting the g
structural design using steel.
Tutorial QuestionsTutorial Questions
2. Two types of steel are commonly used in
construction, i.e. mild steel and high strength steel.
Describe the differences between mild steel and
high strength steel with respect to properties and
their usage in construction. g
Tutorial QuestionsTutorial Questions
3. Steel can be manufactured through different process.
State 5 various types of steel products. Since steel is
flexible and ductile, it can be formed into different
shapes. State 5 different steel shapes that are
commonly used in construction.y
Tutorial QuestionsTutorial Questions
4. Steel frame is used as beam or column and it can be
connected easily between steel materials or between
steel and other materials in construction process.
Describe 4 different type of connections either
between steel to steel or between steel to other
materials.
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Tutorial QuestionsTutorial Questions
5. Cladding is one important aspect that need to be
considered when using steel as structural materials.
What is cladding? Explain at least 4 different type of
cladding.
Tutorial QuestionsTutorial Questions
6. Steel can be easily brittle due to fire attack.
Therefore, fire protection is key aspect that need to
fulfill upon completion of construction using steel
frame. Explain 4 different methods for steel against
fire hazard.
THANK YOU