Objectives of the WT BREF review - burondt.ru

Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Development6 – 7 June 2018, St Petersburg European IPPC Bureau

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The European Commission’s

science and knowledge service

Joint Research Centre

The collection and analysis of

plant-specific emission data

for the review of

the Waste Incineration BREF

Frederik Neuwahl

European IPPC Bureau


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Outline

1. The Waste Incineration (WI) sector in Europe: general aspects and applicable EU legislation

2. The WI BREF review

3. Highlights of the WI data collection compared to otherexamples

4. Highlights of the data analysis: determination of BAT and BAT-AELs

5. Conclusions: advantages and pitfalls of an increased level of data intensity


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WI Sector: a cornerstone of municipal waste management in EU


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The WI Sector: Waste-to-Energy Plants in Europe 2015


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The WI Sector: legal framework and current review

• Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste Framework Directive): legal framework and basic principles for the treatment of waste in the EU

• Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste (WID): technical requirements on incineration and co-incineration plants. Permit obligations, emission limit values and monitoring for pollutants (repealed by the IED)

• WID became the basis of Chapter IV and Annex VI in Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (IED)

• BREF for Waste Incineration (2006, under the IPPC Directive): BAT for the sector and associated emission level ranges (BAT-AELs)

• Current WI BREF review: first legally binding review of the emission limits of the IED, started 2014. Final TWG meeting in April 2018


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The WI BREF review: the process

Industry(105) Member States (110)

+ EFTA and Accession Countries(3)TWG(246)

kick-off meeting

Draft 1 (D1)

Draft 2 (D2)*

Final TWG meeting (90)

Final draft

Bulk informationQuestionnaires

TWG comments

* optional

Pre-final draft

• Forum opinion on BREF

• Adoption of BAT conclusions through the IED Article 75 Committee

BREF BATconclu-

sions


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Key objectives of the plant-specific data collection

• To support:• the determination of BAT

• the determination of the emission levels associated with BAT (BAT-AELs) and of other environmental performance levels

• BAT:• Best: most effective in achieving a high level of environmental protection

• Available: allowing economically and technically viable implementation, taking into conisderation costs and advantages

• Technique: both the technology and the way it is designed, built, maintained, operated…

• BAT-AEL: • the range of emission levels obtained under normal operating conditions

using a BAT or a combination of BATs


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Some general principles of the data collection and analysis

• For each plant, to collect data on:• the techniques that are in place

• the emission levels that are achieved

• specific conditions and driving forces

• So as to be able to establish relationships between: • techniques

• emission levels

• applicability (including possible technical and economic restrictions)


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36

7V

34

V

25

3V

14

1V

36

8V

17

V

21

9V

C

66

2V

41

5-1

V5

47

V4

15

-2V

12

3V

C1

31

V

19

7V

C1

98

VC

13

2V

C

12

1V

C1

00

5V

14

2V

C

13

4V

C

12

4b

VC

12

4fV

C3

66

V

26

VC

22

1V

C2

67

V2

68

V

13

8V

C2

23

V

13

9V

C

12

2b

VC

12

2a

VC

18

9V

10

1V

14

6V

77

V

37

6N

V

38

6-2

V

38

6-3

V

47

8-2

47

8-1

43

7V

44

4V 24

V

44

3-2

V4

43

-1V

21

2V

47

9V

38

8N

V4

96

VC

21

1V 38

4-2

V

38

4-1

V3

86

-4V

38

6-1

V3

84

-3V

38

0V

44

2V

43

5-2

V

43

4V

44

1-1

V

44

1-2

V

59

3-3

VC

43

8V

49

3V

C

61

7V

44

9V

43

5-1

V

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

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3,5

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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

NH

3-

mg

/Nm

3a

t 6

% O

2

NO

Xa

nd

CO

-m

g/N

m3

at 6

% O

2

Plant codes

Coal-fired boilers PC boilers of > 300 MWth

NOX - CO - NH3 emission concentrations - Yearly averages*BP 1.3.3.2.4 - BATc table 10.3

At least two primary techniques and SCR

One primary technique and SCR

SCR alone

Primary technique and SNCR

SNCR alone

Primary techniques (LNB+Air staging)

Other primary techniques

No information about technique for NOx

CO yearly average emissions

NH3 yearly average emissions

* 5th and 95th percentile of short-term values are represented as * 5th and 95th percentile of short-term values are represented as span

Two clearly distinguished groups of plants:• Fitted with SCR• Fitted with primary

techniques only

Typical data collection and analysis: an example from the LCP BREF

Min

imu

m

5th

pc

Ave

rage

95

th p

c

97

th p

c

Max

imu

m

Ave

ragi

ng

per

iod

Did

OTN

OC

occ

ur?

NOx 78.3 129.8 137.8 150.5 151.1 264.5 Daily No

CO 1.7 22.7 62.3 85.9 87.1 217.7 Daily No

NH3 0.03 Periodic No

(mg/Nm3)

(mg/Nm3)

(mg/Nm3)


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The WI BREF review: some key complexities (1)Waste has variable composition, which can substantially affectemissions (peaks). How far should such peaks be reflected in the BAT-AEL ranges?

Averaging periods:

• Specific events in the operation of the plant (e.g. malfunction of theabatement system) will affect the emission levels the most in theshort term, but, once normal operation has resumed, the longerthe averaging period, the smaller the effect (yearly averages are usually relatively insensitive to such events)

• Under current EU legislation, the WI sector only uses daily and half-hourly ELVs, without any long-term approach. This makes the data analysis potentially very sensitive to how the data is handled. Extreme care is necessary.


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The WI BREF review: some key complexities (2)Compliance assessment:

• BAT-based permit conditions contain ELVs that ensure that, undernormal operating conditions (NOC), the emissions do not exceedthe BAT-AELs

• They also contain measures for other than NOC (OTNOC)

• The IED contains some examples of OTNOC (e.g. start-up, shutdown), but no comprehensive definition. This falls to thecompetent authorities

• However, Chapter IV and Annex VI of the IED also contain detailed provisions for the WI sector, requiring existing ELVs to be complied with under the Effective Operating Time (EOT), as well as certain operating conditions to be respected whenever waste is being incinerated


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The most detailed data collection and analysis done for a BREF

Performance levels are usually derived from indicators as reported by operators

• Typical case: minimum, 5th percentile, average, 95th percentile, maximum (5 values)

• This case: half-hourly values for the entire year (17520 values) for 9 pollutants

• Including operating parameters (temperature, flow rate, wasteinput, fuel input) and qualitative descriptors

• For ~350 WI lines across Europe

• A data set of ~100 million data points


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Analysing the performance of individual plants

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2:3

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1:0

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Dust, mg/Nm3 Temperature, deg C

Example: Dust emissions from an incinerator fitted with bag filter over a five-day period

Stop Restart NOC/OTNOC?

4 April 5 April 6 April 7 April 8 April

Flow rate Operating Dust TOC HCl HF SO2 NOx NH3 Hg CO Temperature Waste input

Support fuel

input

Day Hour Nm3/h Condition mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 Additional information deg C t/h MJ/h

29 March 2014 22:00 17092.103 STOP analyser out of operation 94.72516683 0 0

29 March 2014 22:30 97913.378 STOP analyser out of operation 213.0316427 0 0

29 March 2014 23:00 84035.881 AUX analyser out of operation 184.9281031 0 234.564511

29 March 2014 23:30 64438.385 AUX analyser out of operation 545.2173197 0 59062.1971

30 March 2014 00:00 84324.48 WSTART analyser out of operation 644.3633016 2.6301647 74999.9928



30 March 2014 01:30 51860.018 WSTART 0.285408 7.841046 0.623142 12.68368 72.19995 0.664078 301.4057 793.2023885 28.0297474 31850.2857

30 March 2014 02:00 74901.214 WSTART 0.306542 1.568916 0.883806 0 122.6483 0.906981 16.64876 865.8425741 42.0536385 2349.71005

30 March 2014 02:30 99655.812 1.838987 0.85715 0.823453 0 36.69942 0.842529 10.08386 855.1158936 51.2777341 0

30 March 2014 03:00 108930.87 1.110442 0.707345 0.668074 0 55.69817 0.888425 8.937527 854.012736 57.7825713 0

30 March 2014 03:30 111107.93 0.588161 0.643348 0.581129 0 75.17733 0.862429 8.790571 842.0087118 51.3124092 0


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Objectives of the "data filtering" analysis

Comparing the performance levels that are derived when including or excluding certain categories of operating conditions, which could in principle be considered OTNOC and excluded from the compliance assessment framework

Assessing how much difference this makes, and building confidence in the level of discretion that the Member States and their competent authorities will have in setting permit conditions, while ensuring that the BAT-AELs are achievable under technically and economically viable conditions


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Comparing different methods to calculate performance levels

Larger variability

Small variability

Example: Maxima of daily HCl emissions from Non-Hazardous Waste Incinerators

No data filter

Exclude when minimum T is not fulfilled, or flow rateis near zero

Exclude SU-SD when no waste is on the grate

Exclude extended SU-SD, malfunctions, and breaches of the ½ hourly limits

A smaller variability should in principle reflect stable plant operation, enabling theplant to keep low emission levels throughout a broad range of operating conditions

But could also reflect some limitations in the data collection. Also when thevariability is large


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Associating performance levels to techniques: BAT-AELs Example: Maxima of daily HCl emissions from Non-Hazardous WasteIncinerators

When higher levels are reported, theseare associated with dry techniques

Plants fitted with wet scrubbers always <8 mg/Nm3

And mostly much below

Does this mean that only wet scrubbers should be considered BAT?


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Conclusions (1)

Usually, the data collection supporting a BREF review relies on plant operators to provide a limited number of key indicators for the plant´s performance

With the WI BREF review, a much more data-intensive approach was undertaken, allowing for an in-depth analysis of how the emission levels are influenced by specific operating conditions of the plantThis was found to be particularly relevant when the emphasis is on BAT-AELs expressed for a short-term averaging period, and when there are specific issues related to the assessment of compliance with the emission levels


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Conclusions (2)This also comes at a substantial additional cost in terms of resources: • From each plant operator: filling in an additional questionnaire

with continuously measured emissions, process parameters and feeding crane weight signals. And checking the control roomlogs for all available information on what was happening at eachmoment

• From EIPPCB side: development of a bespoke software tool for data analysis (several months of programming); detailed manual checks, for each plant, of the specific reasons for any substantial differences in emission levels obtained with different data filters

Complete data is very hard to obtain, and without complete data much of the analysis is not possible. A big additional effort, which requires the dedicated cooperation of all parties involved.


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Objectives of the WT BREF review - burondt.ru

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