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![Page 1: Objectives: EE 465 Measurements Measurement is an important tool for engineers. As a student of engineering, You should learn : what can be measured what.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e595503460f94b52610/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Objectives: EE 465 Measurements
Measurement is an important tool for engineers. As a student of engineering, You should learn: • what can be measured • what should be measured • what kinds of instruments are used in measurement • why measurements are needed • how measurements are used • how to measure the important quantities in the branch of engineering you are
studyingLearning to measure requires practice, so laboratories and other “hands-on” experiencesare useful. But pay attention also to the measurements you make in everyday life—they can teach you a lot about measurement.
Large engineering projects require many kinds of measurements and generate an enormous amount of data. Professional engineers need a good background in statistics inorder to use that measurement data effectively. You would be well served by includinga statistics course in your studies.
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EE 465 Instruments and Measurements
Instrumentation System
Transducer
Power
Conditioning Amplifier Recorder
Data Processor
Controller
CommandGenerator
EngineeringAnalysis
ProcessControl
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Transducer
Transducer is an analogue device that converts one form of quantity to another form. Examples: Micro phone: Converts acoustics into
electrical signalsStrain Gage: Converts physical
displacement into electrical
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Power Supply
That provides energy to drive the transducer and other related components.Microphone and Strain Gages require DC
power to activate their functioning.All active devices such as Diodes,
Transistors and IC require Power to activate.
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Signal conditioner:
These modules are electronic circuits that convert, compensate, or manipulate the transducer-output into measurable signals.
Examples:Wheatstone BridgesFilters
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Amplifiers
Mostly the output of the transducers are in the form of weak signals( millivolt): difficult to measure; therefore those are amplified in magnitude using Amplifiers.
Examples:All electrical signals are amplified using
amplifier of variable gains
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Recorders
Voltage Measuring devices those could record and display off-line reading of the cumulated values. They could be analogue or digital:Examples:
Scopes …analogue deviceTape RecordersMemories
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Data Processor
Device those interpret signals in appropriate form to read:
Example:D/A convert for readable displayA/D convert for computer processingGraphical data converters to display in
x-y forms
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Command Generators
Command Generator device generates command to represent any variation in relation to time and therefore proper presentation is made.
Examples:Temperature profile over a day (weather)Pressure profile over a day (weather)
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Process Controller
Process Controller accepts both Command and Measured signals and compare to give error signals details if required.
Examples:Error signals are fed back to control or
adjust the output in a feedback systems
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Engineering Analysis
Data read-out is analyzed to interpret the system behavior in engineering sense.
Examples:X-rays to state the level of abnormailtyMRI to state tumor dimensionsUltra Sound of organs to state their
abnormality, if there is.
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Process control device
Certain electrical device are used as actuators to implement control commands:DC MotorsStepping MortorsSolenoidsMotorized ValvesServo MotorsPositioning Device
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DC Motors
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Stepping Motors
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Step Motor
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Types of Solenoids
Pull Solenoids Force is Directed
Back towards Solenoid.
Push Solenoids Force is Directed
AWAY from Solenoid
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Types of Solenoids
Rotary Solenoids Apply a Torque over
a range of Rotation.
Every Company has different ways to obtain the rotary motion.
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Typical Solenoid Applications Linear Applications
Valve Actuators Latching/Switching Pushing/Pulling Objects
Sorting Shutters
Characteristics Size as Force Limited Stroke Lengths
5/8” is a Long Stroke
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Motorized Valves
http://www.sobjoy.com/motorised-valve.swf
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Servo Control Valves
Examples:Car BrakesAir-conditioner BoilersWater TanksRobots on dutyAutopilotsUnmanned Airborne Vehicles (UAV)
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OT Positioning
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Radar Positioning
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Positioning Device
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Work bench positioning