Study Guide Page 1 of 113.2.2 & 3.2.3

3.2.2 Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits).

Part A: Punnett Square Basics

1. For each genotype below, indicate whether it is a heterozygous (He) OR homozygous (Ho).TT _____ Bb _____ DD _____ Ff _____ tt _____ dd _____Dd _____ ff _____ Tt _____ bb _____ BB _____ FF _____

2. Which of the genotypes in #1 would be considered purebred? _____________________________

3. Which of the genotypes in #1 would be hybrids? __________________________________________

4. Use the information for SpongeBob’s traits to write the phenotype (physical appearance) for each item.

(a) LL-______________ (e) Rr-_______________(b) yy-_______________ (f) ll- _______________(c) Ss-_______________ (g) ss- _______________(d) RR - _____________ (h) Yy -______________

5. Create a Punnett square to show the cross between a heterozygous Squarepants and a Roundpants. (Use the chart above to help determine the alleles.)

a. What is the ratio of Squarepants to Roundpants? _______ Squarepants : ________ Roundpants

b. What is the genotype of the Squarepants children? _________c. What is the genotype of the Roundpants children? _________

6. SpongeBob’s aunt and uncle, SpongeWilma and SpongeWilbur, have the biggest round eyes in the family. Wilma is believed to be heterozygous for her round eye shape, while Wilbur’s family brags that they are a pure line. Complete the Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if SpongeWilma and SpongeWilbur had children.

(a) Give the genotype for each person. Wilma - _______ Wilbur - ________

(b) Complete the Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if they had

children.

(c) What is the probability that the kids would have round eyes? ____ %

(d) What is the probability that the kids would be oval eyes? ____ %

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Blue’s Clue Box:Law of DominanceLaw of Independent AssortmentLaw of Segregation

D

d

D

d

Dd

Dd

Dd

Dd

Study Guide Page 2 of 113.2.2 & 3.2.3

Part B: The Austrian Monk. (Mendelian Genetics)

1. Who is considered to be the Father of Genetics?

2. Which of Mendel’s laws is demonstrated in the Punnett square below? Explain what this law says is true about some alleles “masking” or “hiding” other alleles.

3. Which of Mendel’s laws is demonstrated in the following diagram? During which type of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) does this particular process occur? Determine how many alleles the gamete gets from the parent cell.

4. A parent sponge has yellow body color, a long nose, and is a Squarepants. During the process of meiosis, the gamete shows one dominant allele for yellow body color, a recessive allele for stubby nose, and a recessive allele for Roundpants. Which of Mendel’s laws does this demonstrate?

5. Examine the diagram and determine in which set of chromosomes independent (random) assortment can occur. Provide evidence to support your answer.

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Set A

Set B

Study Guide Page 3 of 113.2.2 & 3.2.3

Part C: Intermediate Inheritance and Polygenetics1.Look at the diagram to the right. What principle is illustrated?

2. Explain how the F1 generation is all pink. (You may draw a Punnett Square to explain your answer.)

3.Explain how the F2 generation can have red, white, AND pink flowers. (You may draw a Punnett Square to explain your answer.)

4.A cheetah expresses both the gene for dark hair and the gene for yellow hair. This might be considered an example of what type of dominance?

5.In certain types of cows, the gene for white coat color is dominant and the gene for red coat color is also dominant. Their offspring are called “roan” and have red and white spots. Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the F1 offspring of a male and female roan cow.

6.Sometimes a single gene can have more than one allele that might influence its expression. What is this called?

7.Complete the following chart for the multiple alleles of blood type.

PHENOTYPE HOMOZYGOUS ALLELE GENOTYPE

HETEROZYGOUS ALLELE GENOTYPE

CAN GIVE BLOOD TO:

CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM:

A

B

AB

O

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Study Guide Page 4 of 113.2.2 & 3.2.3

8.Which blood type is considered to be codominant?

9.Mrs. Echinoderm, Patrick’s wife has type A blood. Patrick has type O. Their little pink bundle of joy arrived and had type AB blood. Did Patrick’s wife cheat on him? Explain your answer by completing all possible Punnett Squares.

10. Most traits in humans are controlled by more than one set of genes. Explain how this curve demonstrates the polygenic results of height in a human population. In essence, what does polygenic inheritance look like if it is compared across a given population?

11. In certain situations, alleles are linked to the sex chromosomes. Examine the problem to the right.

a. What would go in boxes 1-4?

b. What are the phenotypes of the offspring?

c. Is there a correlation between sex and calico?

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Blue’s Clue Box:Autosomal DominantAutosomal RecessiveSex-linkedNon-disjunctionCodominance

Study Guide Page 5 of 113.2.2 & 3.2.3

12. Red-green colorblindness is a recessive sex-linked trait. What is the probability that a colorblind man who marries a normal woman that is a carrier for color-blindness would produce a colorblind female child?

13. Hemophilia is also a recessive sex-linked trait. What would be the probability that a male with hemophilia and a normal female would have a son with hemophilia?

Part D: Human Genetics

1. Complete the chart.Disease Method of inheritance Sickle- Cell Anemia

Huntington’s DiseaseDown’s Syndrome

Hemophilia

Duchenne’s Muscular DystrophyColorblindness

Kleinfelter’s SyndromeCystic Fibrosis

PKU

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When do you get tested for the disease PKU?

How can this disease be controlled?

3

4

Study Guide Page 6 of 113.2.2 & 3.2.3

2. Explain the relationship between sickle-cell disease and malaria. Why is there an advantage if you are heterozygous for sickle-cell and live in an area with many mosquitoes?

3. Match the appropriate genotypic and phenotypic characterisitics to the diagram.

4. Examine the pedigree below.

a) Give the genotypes of numbers 1-4.

b) Is the allele for attached earlobes autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or sex-linked?

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A genotype = SS not affected by disease can contract malaria

B genotype = ss has sickle cell disease cannot contract malaria

C genotype = Ss not affected by disease, but

carrier cannot contract malaria

Study Guide Page 7 of 113.2.2 & 3.2.3

5. Cindy married Jim. They had two children, Caroline and Johann. Caroline is not colorblind, but Johann is color blind.

a) What can you surmise about Cindy from the information given?

b) How is this disease transmitted?

c) Draw a pedigree showing all the relationships.

d) Cindy is adopted and has never met her father. What can you tell Cindy about her father & colorblindness.

6. Examine the karyotype to the right. a) Is this child a male or female?

b) Does this child have a genetic disorder? If so, which one, and how did you determine your answer? (Circle the problem area.)

3.2.3 Explain how the environment can influence the expression of genetic traits.

1. How might environment influence adaptations?

2. Snuzzles are small furry animals that live in the Hopewell Island. This is the only place they live. Most snuzzles like to eat worms, but some will eat worms and tree bark. One year the habitat experienced a drastic change. The temperatures were very high for long periods of time and the worms died out. What might have happened to the snuzzle population living on Hopewell Island?

3. List at least 5 substances that can be found in the environment that can affect gene expression.

4. Explain the punchline to this cartoon.

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Study Guide Page 8 of 113.2.2 & 3.2.3

Rewind Your Mind

1. Examine the picture below. What process is being demonstrated? What gas will be released?

2. Examine the diagram to the right. a. What cycle is demonstrated?b. What organism would go in the oval

labeled “A”?c. What process would this organism do?

3. Circle one nucleotide (monomer) in the diagram below.

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Study Guide Page 9 of 113.2.2 & 3.2.3

4. What will most likely happen to the CO2 and O2 concentrations in this cell over the next 10 minutes?

Use the following diagram to answer the questions below:

5. What is the structure labeled “X”?

6. Glycine is what type of molecule?

7. Circle and label a tRNA molecule.

8. An mRNA molecule has the following sequence of nitrogenous bases: ACA CUU CAC. What would be the sequence of amino acids that would form a polypeptide from this mRNA sequence?

mRNA ACA CUU CAC

tRNA UGU

amino acid Threonine

9. Look at the picture below. Which process is it illustrating? How might you explain your answer?

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Study Guide Page 10 of 113.2.2 & 3.2.3

Use the following scenario to answer the question.

A science student was looking through a microscope at some dividing cells. Please answer the following questions based on her observations.Observation #1 One cell divided into two cellsObservation #2 The number of chromosomes remained the same in the daughter cells as in

the parent cellObservation #3 The daughter cells were formed by a plate forming between the two new

nucleiObservation #4 The cell appeared to go through 4 stages of chromosome movement before

dividing

10. What kind of cell division occurred based on the observations above?

11. What kind of cell was dividing (plant or animal)? How can you tell?

12. Were the resulting cells diploid or haploid?

13. What were the stages of chromosome movement the cell went through before dividing (IN ORDER!)?

14. Look at the picture below. Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell. For each cell in the diagram below decide if the cell is haploid or diploid and how many chromosomes would be in each cell.

15. A hillbilly moonshiner says that he “Don’t need to know Nothin’ ‘bout no biology, and ain’t gonna try ta learned it!” However, he uses an open container exposed to the air to make his moonshine, and it NEVER WORKS!!! Explain to Cousin Jed why he needs to know about cellular respiration. (Hint! Remember aerobic and anaerobic respiration!!!)

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Study Guide Page 11 of 113.2.2 & 3.2.3

16. Explain the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

17. Complete the chart.

ORGANELLE NAME WHAT TYPE OF CELL WOULD THIS

ORGANELLE BE LOCATED

PROCESS ASSOCIATED

WITH ORGANELLE

WRITE THE EQUATION FOR THIS PROCESS

18. Suppose that for an organism, 2n=16. How many chromosomes do the organism’s gametes contain?

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