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• The basic premise of OPM is that objects and processes are two types of equally important classes of things, that together faithfully describe both the structure and the behavior of systems in a single model in virtually any domain. • At any point in time, each object is at some state, and object states are transformed through the occurrence of a process. • Complexity is controlled through recursive and selective scaling (zooming) of objects and/or processes to any desired level of detail.

Object-Process Methodology (Cont.)Object-Process Methodology (Cont.)

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OPM PrinciplesOPM Principles

ObjectsObjects and and processesprocesses are the two types of are the two types of equally important things (entities) required equally important things (entities) required to describe a system in a single, unifying to describe a system in a single, unifying model.model.

Processes transform objects by changing Processes transform objects by changing their their statestate. Transformation includes creation . Transformation includes creation and elimination.and elimination.

Scaling can be applied recursively and Scaling can be applied recursively and selectively to both objects and processes. selectively to both objects and processes.

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Objects, Processes, ThingsObjects, Processes, Things

Object - Object - has the potential of has the potential of persistent persistent unconditionalunconditional existence for some positive duration existence for some positive duration of time. of time.

ProcessProcess - a pattern of changing that transforms one - a pattern of changing that transforms one or more objects by changing their state or by creating or more objects by changing their state or by creating or destroying them. or destroying them.

ThingThing: : a generalization of an object and a process. a generalization of an object and a process.

BB11

TT11

PP11

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StructureStructure

• The static, relatively stable aspect of the system

• Non-transient, long-term relationships among objects in the system

• A snapshot of the system at a given time point that describes the state of the system - the state of each of its object

• Structure is about the static aspect of the system, while behavior is about its dynamics.

• Structural Relation - an association that holds between two or more things (objects and/or processes) in the system for some non-negligible time.

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Structural relationsStructural relations

bi-directional structural link:

Disk stores

File

Disk storesis stored in

File

(a)

(b)

unidirectional structural link:

2. Fundamental structural relations

1 .General structural relations

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one of the following structural relations:

• Aggregation-Particulation

• Featuring-Characterization

• Generalization-Specialization

• Classification-Instantiation

Since those relations are so widespread, special symbols are assigned for their corresponding links

Fundamental Structural RelationFundamental Structural Relation

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Aggregation-Particulation:Aggregation-Particulation:

OPL:Image consists of Foreground and Background.

Aggregation exists between things of the same kind: An object aggregates objects and process - processes.

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Feature: a thing that characterizes a thing.Attribute: a feature which is an object.Operation: a feature which is a process

(also known as method or service).

OPL: Image exhibits Name and Situation, as well as Display.

Featuring-CharacterizationFeaturing-Characterization

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Cylinder A and Cylinder B are instances of Cylinder.Box C and Box D are instances of Box.Box C is in front of Box D.Box D is in front of Cylinder B.Box D is right of Cylinder A.Cylinder A is left of Cylinder B.

Instantiation-Materialization:Instantiation-Materialization:

A

B

C

D

is in front of

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a structural relation that defines the relation between a general things and its specializations.

• also known as gen-spec;

• induces inheritance

Symbol:

Generalization-Specialization:Generalization-Specialization:

An object generalizes objects and process - processes.

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Structural links: an exampleStructural links: an example

Lens Case

Camera

Capturing-Medium

Electronic-Camera

Analog-Camera

is attached-to

MagneticTape

PhotographicFilm

uses

uses

uses

Operation-mode

Focal-length

holds

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Procedural linkProcedural link is a link that connects a is a link that connects a process with an object that is involved in the process with an object that is involved in the occurrence of that process. occurrence of that process.

There are two types of procedural links:There are two types of procedural links: Enabling linkEnabling link is a procedural link that connects is a procedural link that connects

a process with an Enabler of that process.a process with an Enabler of that process. TransformationTransformation linklink is a procedural link that is a procedural link that

connects a process with a Transformed object connects a process with a Transformed object of that process.of that process.

OPL: OPL: Procedural linkProcedural link generalizes generalizes Enabling Enabling linklink and and TransformationTransformation linklink..

Procedural linksProcedural links

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EnablerEnabler of a process is an object that must be of a process is an object that must be present in order for that process to occur but is not present in order for that process to occur but is not transformed by the processtransformed by the process..

An enabler is a An enabler is a rolerole that an object assumes that an object assumes with with respect to a particular processrespect to a particular process..

Two Enabler types:Two Enabler types: OPL: EnablerOPL: Enabler generalizes generalizes AgentAgent and and

InstrumentInstrument..– AgentAgent: : an intelligent enabler, which can control an intelligent enabler, which can control

the process it enables by exercising common the process it enables by exercising common sense or goal-oriented considerations.sense or goal-oriented considerations.

– InstrumentInstrument: : any non-agent enablerany non-agent enabler..

EnablersEnablers

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AgentsAgents: : human, organization, a unit within a human, organization, a unit within a man-made organization, such as department, man-made organization, such as department, city council, government, team, company, city council, government, team, company, brigade. brigade.

Not any human or organization is necessarily Not any human or organization is necessarily an agent.an agent.

Instruments:Instruments: machines, tools, computers, machines, tools, computers, robots, hardware, software, documents, robots, hardware, software, documents, orders, recipes, algorithms, files, information, orders, recipes, algorithms, files, information, data and commandsdata and commands

Enabler ExamplesEnabler Examples

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EffectEffect linklink is a transformation link that connects a is a transformation link that connects a process with its affected object or with the affected process with its affected object or with the affected object states.object states.

ConsumptionConsumption linklink is a transformation link that is a transformation link that connects a process with a consumed object of that connects a process with a consumed object of that process.process.

ResultResult linklink is a transformation link that connects a is a transformation link that connects a process with a resulting object of that process.process with a resulting object of that process.

Transformation linksTransformation links

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Object-Process Diagram (OPD)Object-Process Diagram (OPD)

An OPD is a diagram An OPD is a diagram showing the objects showing the objects and processes in the and processes in the system, or part of it, at system, or part of it, at some level of detail, some level of detail, along with the structural along with the structural and procedural and procedural relations among them.relations among them.

Scene

Imaging

Image

Imaging-Device

The Imaging System: Top-level OPD

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The Imaging System: Imaging-Device unfoldedThe Imaging System: Imaging-Device unfolded

Scene

Imaging

Image

Imaging-

Device

Range-

Sensor

Lens Case

Camera

Film

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The Imaging System: Imaging unfoldedThe Imaging System: Imaging unfolded

Scene

Imaging

Image

Imaging- Device

Photography

Range-Sensing

Camera Range-Sensor

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The Imaging System: Image unfoldedThe Imaging System: Image unfolded

The OPD shows both the The OPD shows both the static static structurestructure and the and the dynamic dynamic behaviorbehavior of of the system in one the system in one model.model.

Scene

Imaging

Image

Imaging- Device

Photography

Range-Sensing

Camera Range-Sensor

Photographic-Image

Range-Image

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State is a situation at which the object can exist for some time. Status is an attribute of an object whose values are states.

Status and StateStatus and State

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Status RepresentationsStatus Representations

Implicit Status Representation

Explicit Status Representation

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The effect of Process on ObjectThe effect of Process on Object

Left: Lamp can be off or on.Lighting changes Lamp from on to of.

Right: Lamp exhibits Status.Status can be off or on.

Lighting changes Status of Lamp from off to on.

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Scaling (zooming) - the mechanism of exposing more or less details of the system. This enables shifting the focus of interest from one thing to another without loosing the “big picture”.

Each scaling yields a new OPD. The entire system is represented by the OPD set,

in which each OPD is some view emphasizing part of the system.

Scaling up: zooming in; detailing; showing more details of a thing.

Scaling down: zooming out; abstracting; showing less details of a thing.

Scaling: Scaling: a complexity management toola complexity management tool

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• UnfoldingUnfolding - uses , , or , any - uses , , or , any general structural link, or state expression. general structural link, or state expression. Reverse direction:Reverse direction: Folding.Folding.• Zooming-inZooming-in - the frame of the thing is - the frame of the thing is blown up and inner details are exposed. blown up and inner details are exposed. Reverse direction:Reverse direction: Zooming-outZooming-out..

Types of ScalingTypes of Scaling

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Two Types of Scaling: Two Types of Scaling: scaling of an objectscaling of an object

B1

B1

B1.1

B1.2

P1.1

B1

B1.1 B1.2 P1.1

Zooming into B1 Unfolding of B1

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The Flange Drilling SystemThe Flange Drilling System

Computerized Numeric Control (CNC) Machine

Drilling Flange

Disk

Operator

Legend

Transformation link

Agent link

Instrument link

Object

Process

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Structural Links:Structural Links:aggregation as an exampleaggregation as an example

Drilling Flange

Disk

Operator

Legend

Transformation link

Agent link

Instrument link

Object

Process

CNC Machine

ControlController Metal Cutting Unit

Aggregation

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Zooming into ControlZooming into Control

Drilling Flange

Disk

Operator

Control

CNC Machine

Controller

Metal Cutting Unit

Legend

Transformation link

Agent link

Instrument link

Object

Process

Aggregation

Blow-up frame

Command Generation

Command

Command Transfer

Control

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The time line flows from top to bottomThe time line flows from top to bottom

Drilling

FlangeDisk

Operator

Legend

Transformation linkAgent link

Instrument link

Object

Process

Characterization

Attribute value

Location

on in stack

on CNC

Feed

Location

on out stack

Make Holes

on CNC

Remove

Initial state

Final state

MetalCuttingUnit

Blow-up frame

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Automated Telling Machine (ATM) SystemAutomated Telling Machine (ATM) System

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Transaction Execution zoomed-inTransaction Execution zoomed-in

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Account Checking blown upAccount Checking blown up

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Transaction Processing zoomed-inTransaction Processing zoomed-in